DFWUPA Workshop: Design Studios

In drawing, nothing is better than the first attempt. -- Picasso

Running Design Studio Sessions Running Design Studio Sessions DFW-UPA WorkshopDFW-UPA Workshop

Brian SullivanDFW-UPA Workshop

August, 2009

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Design StudiosDesign Studios

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Design Studio Session OverviewDesign Studio Session OverviewDesign Studio Session OverviewDesign Studio Session Overview

What is a Design Studio Session?What is a Design Studio Session?

• Designers express and explore ideas, generate, and evaluate alternatives to ultimately make decisions and take action.

• Artists, industrial designers, graphic designers, and architects use Design Studio sessions.

• Used to: brainstorm, refine, and share ideas, build design skills.

• Main purpose is to saturate the design space with possibilities, which can be refined.

Original Sketch for Flckr

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Design Studio Concept Comes From Several SourcesDesign Studio Concept Comes From Several SourcesDesign Studio Concept Comes From Several SourcesDesign Studio Concept Comes From Several Sources

Sketch for Word Processor Program for One Laptop Per Child

Two excellent sources for design thinking are Bill Buxton’s Sketching the User Experience and Edward De Bono’s Six Thinking Hats.

- Buxton’s book tells of different ways to perform Design Studio projects- De Bono’s “Thinking Hats” helps to control the conversation

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Bill Buxton’s Design FunnelBill Buxton’s Design FunnelBill Buxton’s Design FunnelBill Buxton’s Design Funnel

Project Timeline

Buxton talks about a Design Funnel in the SDLC, where the opportunity to saturate the design space with ideas occurs very early.

The design space is limited (or goes into a funnel) as projects move in the timeline.

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Sketching Early, Prototype LaterSketching Early, Prototype LaterSketching Early, Prototype LaterSketching Early, Prototype Later

Buxton explains that opportunities to saturate the design space decrease, as convergence occurs.

Concept generation narrows the further you move into the SDLC, but there are still opportunities.

Coding limits the design opportunities.

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Why Sketches in a Design Studio Session?Why Sketches in a Design Studio Session?Why Sketches in a Design Studio Session?Why Sketches in a Design Studio Session?

Source: Bill Buxton’s “Sketching the User Experience”

Why Sketches?Why Sketches?

• Worth a 1,000 words

• Disposable

• Quick

• Cheap

• No special skills needed

• No coding needed

The goal is to saturate the design space with ideas…

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Design Stduio Session’s Saturate the Design SpaceDesign Stduio Session’s Saturate the Design SpaceDesign Stduio Session’s Saturate the Design SpaceDesign Stduio Session’s Saturate the Design Space

• Participants produce several rough sketchesParticipants produce several rough sketches

• Discuss and critique the sketchesDiscuss and critique the sketches

• Merge ideas into one design conceptMerge ideas into one design concept

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What Makes a Good Sketch?What Makes a Good Sketch?

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How do make a good sketch?How do make a good sketch?How do make a good sketch?How do make a good sketch?

• You’re making a rough sketch—Use pen & paper, and colored markers. Don’t use a computer.

• Use large paper and use the whole page—Write BIG. Draw BIG. Only use fat-nib markers so a roomful of people can see the idea when you present it.

• “Good enough” is good enough—You’re making a rough sketch.

• Use only enough detail to communicate your main idea.

• Only ONE idea per sketch.

• ANY idea—even crazy or expensive ideas—are OK. Don’t judge your ideas now, just get five on paper.

• Remember: QUANTITY breeds QUALITY.

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Use 11x17 Paper (Use Big Paper for Big Ideas)Use 11x17 Paper (Use Big Paper for Big Ideas)Use 11x17 Paper (Use Big Paper for Big Ideas)Use 11x17 Paper (Use Big Paper for Big Ideas)

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Don’t Worry about the DetailsDon’t Worry about the DetailsDon’t Worry about the DetailsDon’t Worry about the Details

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Sketch Enough Details to Convey Your IdeaSketch Enough Details to Convey Your IdeaSketch Enough Details to Convey Your IdeaSketch Enough Details to Convey Your Idea

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You Can Always Refine the Sketch (It is Disposable)You Can Always Refine the Sketch (It is Disposable)You Can Always Refine the Sketch (It is Disposable)You Can Always Refine the Sketch (It is Disposable)

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Provide Annotations in Red for User Actions and OutcomesProvide Annotations in Red for User Actions and OutcomesProvide Annotations in Red for User Actions and OutcomesProvide Annotations in Red for User Actions and Outcomes

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Provide a Title and a Brief ExplanationProvide a Title and a Brief ExplanationProvide a Title and a Brief ExplanationProvide a Title and a Brief Explanation

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What makes a presentable sketch?What makes a presentable sketch?What makes a presentable sketch?What makes a presentable sketch?

• Add LABELS and arrows that identify the actions and the results. Number the labels and responses.

• Always write labels in red, and use red only for labels. (Text in the GUI and title bars is not a label.)

• Add a SKETCH TITLE to help communicate the idea and to help people remember what it’s about later on.

• Be able to take about 20 seconds to talk about your sketch. (Don’t worry—it’s enough time. Remember, a picture is “worth a thousand words”.)

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What Makes a Good Studio Session?What Makes a Good Studio Session?

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Before you come to the sessionBefore you come to the sessionBefore you come to the sessionBefore you come to the session

• Do your sketches separately from others on the team.

• Expect to spend 2-4 minutes on each sketch, but don’t expect to do all your sketches in one sitting.

• FIVE substantially different ideas—five sketches—for each solution. We need to get out of the common response zone, so five unique sketches, or else (FUSE).

• Don’t be discouraged if you feel uncomfortable when it’s harder to come up with sketches after doing your third one. This is “the sticking point.” Hang in there! Your really creative ideas need a bit more time to come to the surface. They will come. Talk to other people who’ve done sketching sessions about their experience.

• QUANTITY breeds QUALITY. We are saturating the design space.

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Why Five Unique Sketches, or Else (FUSE)?Why Five Unique Sketches, or Else (FUSE)?Why Five Unique Sketches, or Else (FUSE)?Why Five Unique Sketches, or Else (FUSE)?

• You must come with five sketches, or else:You must come with five sketches, or else:

- We are - We are wastingwasting our time. our time.- We are staying in the - We are staying in the common response zonecommon response zone..- We are not - We are not saturatingsaturating the design space. the design space.

• The sketches must be unique, or else:The sketches must be unique, or else:

- You are iterating the same basic idea.- You are iterating the same basic idea.- You risk getting committed to one idea.- You risk getting committed to one idea.- You are still in the - You are still in the common response zone.common response zone.

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DeBono’s Six Hats—A Structured Path to DecisionsDeBono’s Six Hats—A Structured Path to DecisionsDeBono’s Six Hats—A Structured Path to DecisionsDeBono’s Six Hats—A Structured Path to Decisions

• De Bono’s Six Hats help team members think about a problem in the same way at the same time, and in a specific progression.

• This allows the team to complete each step more quickly, and it ensures that all essential details get covered.

• The hats are ordered in a specific way, so we all think about the designs from various perspectives.

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Blue Hat: Facilitator or GuideBlue Hat: Facilitator or GuideBlue Hat: Facilitator or GuideBlue Hat: Facilitator or Guide

• Blue hat: Process (meta-talking). Useful to guide and focus the group.

• For example: “Now let’s think of yellow-hat thoughts about this idea” moves the group to the next step, and “Can you hold that thought? We’ll look at grey-hat thoughts later” postpones a comment to the right time.

• Things You Might Hear:

- What have we done so far?- What decision have we reached?- What do we do next?- Let’s where a different hat for the next few minutes.- Let’s summarize what we have learned.

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White Hat: Neutral, ObjectiveWhite Hat: Neutral, ObjectiveWhite Hat: Neutral, ObjectiveWhite Hat: Neutral, Objective

• White hat: Factual (state the facts). Seeking objective information, without opinions.

• Things you might hear:

- What do we know? - What don’t we know?- What information is missing?- What questions do we need to ask? - How will we get the information we need?

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Green Hat: Creative, GenerativeGreen Hat: Creative, GenerativeGreen Hat: Creative, GenerativeGreen Hat: Creative, Generative

• Green hat: Creative (ideation). For each problem, sketch five substantially different ideas.

• During green-hat thinking, do not analyze or judge the ideas; reject nothing; all ideas are acceptable, even “silly” or “impossible” ones.

• After presenting your sketches to the other design participants, mash up—or re-sketch—to add something new and something borrowed.

• Re-sketch one of your sketches, and present it. Re-sketch one of someone else’s sketches, and present it.

• Next, synthesize everything you’ve seen into a few sketches. Present those, and then apply the next two hats to them.

Rules of Creativity:

• Strive for Quantity

• Freewheel

• Piggyback

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Yellow Hat: Positive, SunnyYellow Hat: Positive, SunnyYellow Hat: Positive, SunnyYellow Hat: Positive, Sunny

• Yellow hat: Positive. What are the reasons that a green-hat idea may work?

• Analyze all sketches together, but ask participants to comment on each sketch in turn, so that one sketch never gets two comments in succession.

• Ask participants to start each comment with the words “This idea may succeed because….”

• This allows you to probe for value and benefit of potential ideas.

Things You Might Ask/Hear:

• What are the good points?

• What are the benefits?

• How will it help us?

• Why can it be done?

• Why is this worth doing?

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Black Hat: Critical, CautiousBlack Hat: Critical, CautiousBlack Hat: Critical, CautiousBlack Hat: Critical, Cautious

• Black hat: Critical. What are the reasons that a green-hat idea may not work?

• Analyze all sketches together, but ask participants to comment on each sketch in turn, so that one sketch never gets two comments in succession.

• Require participants to start each comment with “This idea may not succeed because….”

• This is a good time for a usability expert to identify unusable features in all sketches.

• If participants get defensive about a comment, refocus them on black-hat thinking (defensive remarks are often yellow-hat), and remind them that one sketch never gets two comments in succession. Follow the black-hat thinking by another round of yellow-hat thinking.

• After the analysis (yellow- and black-hat thinking), do a further round of green-hat thinking.

• Use this round of green-hat thinking to address the grey-hat and yellow-hat thoughts.

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Red Hat: Emotional, Intuitive DecisionsRed Hat: Emotional, Intuitive DecisionsRed Hat: Emotional, Intuitive DecisionsRed Hat: Emotional, Intuitive Decisions

• Red hat: Decision. Decision-making based on everything you’ve experienced, based on what you think and feel, using your judgment and opinions.

• No consensus? You may need to follow the process for another round, starting with white-hat thinking. Although frustrating, sketching is cheaper than having a developer code and then discard (or worse—not discard) a poor design.

• Things You Might Hear:

- I feel like this idea has potential.- I feel like this idea is very unusual.- How do I feel about this idea right now?

• NOTE: Everyone feels something, even neutrality or apathy.

Your Feelings Could Be:

• Neutral

• Undecided

• Confused

• Doubtful

• Mixed

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Putting All The Pieces TogetherPutting All The Pieces TogetherPutting All The Pieces TogetherPutting All The Pieces Together

• Blue Hat (Facilitator) controls the meeting and the hats.Blue Hat (Facilitator) controls the meeting and the hats.

• White Hat (Group) reviews known facts about design space.White Hat (Group) reviews known facts about design space.

• Green Hat (Group) creates five initial sketches, which get iterated Green Hat (Group) creates five initial sketches, which get iterated (re-sketched) during the Design Studio session. Two minute (re-sketched) during the Design Studio session. Two minute review of each idea at the start of the Design Studio.review of each idea at the start of the Design Studio.

• Yellow Hat (Group) reviews all green-hat sketches, capturing Yellow Hat (Group) reviews all green-hat sketches, capturing positive aspects of the ideas. Four minute yellow-hat discussion positive aspects of the ideas. Four minute yellow-hat discussion of each green-hat design idea. of each green-hat design idea.

• Black Hat (Group) reviews all green-hat sketches, capturing why Black Hat (Group) reviews all green-hat sketches, capturing why ideas may not work. Four minute black-hat discussion each green-ideas may not work. Four minute black-hat discussion each green-hat design idea. hat design idea.

• Red Hat (Group) reviews and decides on how to move forward Red Hat (Group) reviews and decides on how to move forward based upon each person’s feelings, intuition, and experience.based upon each person’s feelings, intuition, and experience.

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Design Studio MethodologyDesign Studio MethodologyDesign Studio MethodologyDesign Studio Methodology

• Design Studio Methodology is Design Studio Methodology is not new. GM uses this approach not new. GM uses this approach to build out new designs for their to build out new designs for their automobiles.automobiles.

• Six Hats Method for Software Six Hats Method for Software Design was developed by Design was developed by Jerome Ryckborst, who Jerome Ryckborst, who presented at UPA 2008.presented at UPA 2008.

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Case Study: GT Unused E-ticketsCase Study: GT Unused E-tickets

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White Hat: Understanding the Design SpaceWhite Hat: Understanding the Design SpaceWhite Hat: Understanding the Design SpaceWhite Hat: Understanding the Design Space

• Before the Design Studio Session, Before the Design Studio Session, we put on our White Hat to determine we put on our White Hat to determine design space:design space:

- Two pages identified—Home - Two pages identified—Home and Air Availability pages. and Air Availability pages.- High-level use cases were in the- High-level use cases were in the Business Requirements Document. Business Requirements Document.- Affected user personas are- Affected user personas are Traveler and Travel Arranger. Traveler and Travel Arranger.

• Participants were asked to create five Participants were asked to create five unique designs for the Home and Air unique designs for the Home and Air Availability pages only.Availability pages only. BRD delivered day before Design Studio.

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Blue Hat: What were the Sticking Points?Blue Hat: What were the Sticking Points?Blue Hat: What were the Sticking Points?Blue Hat: What were the Sticking Points?

• Before looking at any of the Before looking at any of the sketches, we asked the sketches, we asked the following question:following question:

“What were your sticking points “What were your sticking points as you sketched?”as you sketched?”

• The answers were similar:The answers were similar:

- Getting to the 5- Getting to the 5thth idea idea- Screen real estate- Screen real estate- Considering current state- Considering current state- Thinking about the future- Thinking about the future- General fear (of rejection)- General fear (of rejection)

For Your Consideration:

Ideas and thoughts are exposed in Design Studios, so people can feel nervous. Acknowledging the emotions helps us to move forward. It helps to know that other people has the same sticking points, too.

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Green Hat: Individuals Sketch—No CollaborationGreen Hat: Individuals Sketch—No CollaborationGreen Hat: Individuals Sketch—No CollaborationGreen Hat: Individuals Sketch—No Collaboration

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Green Hat: Saturating the Design SpaceGreen Hat: Saturating the Design SpaceGreen Hat: Saturating the Design SpaceGreen Hat: Saturating the Design Space

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Blue Hat: Clustering Similar DesignsBlue Hat: Clustering Similar DesignsBlue Hat: Clustering Similar DesignsBlue Hat: Clustering Similar Designs

• For the Air Availability pages, For the Air Availability pages, we clustered the designs that we clustered the designs that were similar to make them were similar to make them easier to analyze.easier to analyze.

• Three predominant page Three predominant page designs emerged from the designs emerged from the Design Studio session.Design Studio session.

• We still reviewed all of the We still reviewed all of the pages using the Yellow Hat pages using the Yellow Hat (positive) and the Black Hat (positive) and the Black Hat (critical). (critical).

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3

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Yellow Hat: Positive CommentsYellow Hat: Positive CommentsYellow Hat: Positive CommentsYellow Hat: Positive Comments

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Black Hat: Critical, CautiousBlack Hat: Critical, CautiousBlack Hat: Critical, CautiousBlack Hat: Critical, Cautious

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Red Hat: Emotional, Intuitive DecisionRed Hat: Emotional, Intuitive DecisionRed Hat: Emotional, Intuitive DecisionRed Hat: Emotional, Intuitive Decision

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Green Hat: Re-Sketch the User ExperienceGreen Hat: Re-Sketch the User ExperienceGreen Hat: Re-Sketch the User ExperienceGreen Hat: Re-Sketch the User Experience

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And the winner is…..

Red Hat: Decision Point (4 of 4 Pick)Red Hat: Decision Point (4 of 4 Pick)Red Hat: Decision Point (4 of 4 Pick)Red Hat: Decision Point (4 of 4 Pick)

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Blue Hat: DebriefBlue Hat: DebriefBlue Hat: DebriefBlue Hat: Debrief

• 4 Sketchers/1 Facilitator4 Sketchers/1 Facilitator

• 20 Original Sketches20 Original Sketches

• 40 Positive Comments40 Positive Comments

• 40 Critical Comments40 Critical Comments

• 3 Basic Page Designs Emerge3 Basic Page Designs Emerge

• 4 Designs go to 24 Designs go to 2ndnd Round Round

• Iterate on 2 of 3 Page DesignsIterate on 2 of 3 Page Designs

• 4 New Designs for 24 New Designs for 2ndnd Round Round

• 1 Design Voted on 4-41 Design Voted on 4-4

• 2 Hours to Complete2 Hours to Complete

Final sketch mashes up ideas from all participants.

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Green Hat: Refines Sketch into JPG RenderingGreen Hat: Refines Sketch into JPG RenderingGreen Hat: Refines Sketch into JPG RenderingGreen Hat: Refines Sketch into JPG Rendering

• Using Final Sketch, a designer Using Final Sketch, a designer can turn the initial drawing into can turn the initial drawing into a JPG rendering.a JPG rendering.

• Key things to note here:Key things to note here:- About 2 hours to sketch- About 2 hours to sketch- About 2 hours to render JPG- About 2 hours to render JPG- Further down Design Funnel- Further down Design Funnel

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10-Minute Break, Then Exercise10-Minute Break, Then Exercise

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World Usability Day SiteWorld Usability Day SiteWorld Usability Day SiteWorld Usability Day Site

• The World Usability Site wants to create a Sustainability program, where users The World Usability Site wants to create a Sustainability program, where users can sign up to get a free LED light bulb. can sign up to get a free LED light bulb.

• Design Challenge: Create an Energy Calculator to show how changing out a Design Challenge: Create an Energy Calculator to show how changing out a 50-watt light bulb with an energy-saving LED bulb saves money and energy.50-watt light bulb with an energy-saving LED bulb saves money and energy.

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Green Hat: Each Person Sketches 5 DesignsGreen Hat: Each Person Sketches 5 DesignsGreen Hat: Each Person Sketches 5 DesignsGreen Hat: Each Person Sketches 5 Designs

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Some General Numbers Some General Numbers Some General Numbers Some General Numbers

Standard LEDBulb Power 50 w atts 4.2 w attsInitial Price $2.00 $42.50KwH per Year 146 32Yearly Operating Costs $15.50 $3.25Lifetime of Bulbs (Hours) 715 5000Total Dollar Costs $197.50 $85.00Total Energy Used 250,000 21,000

Total Energy Used assumes 5000 hours of usage, which is the standard life of an LED bulb.

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Regroup: Share Our DesignRegroup: Share Our DesignRegroup: Share Our DesignRegroup: Share Our Design

• Pick Your Best DesignPick Your Best Design

• Talk about Your Design For 20 seconds or lessTalk about Your Design For 20 seconds or less

• Place Your Design on the WallPlace Your Design on the Wall

• Do not worry about GroupingDo not worry about Grouping

• What were your sticking points?What were your sticking points?

• Did you freewheel and piggyback?Did you freewheel and piggyback?

• Did you get out of the common response zone?Did you get out of the common response zone?

• Were your five sketches significantly unique?Were your five sketches significantly unique?

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Regroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make Decisions

• Sort the Designs Into Any Grouping that You WantSort the Designs Into Any Grouping that You Want

• Only time you will wear the Blue HatOnly time you will wear the Blue Hat

• Name the Grouping (should have 30 designs)Name the Grouping (should have 30 designs)

• Provide two yellow-hat comments at group levelProvide two yellow-hat comments at group level

• Normally, we do for each design!!!Normally, we do for each design!!!

• Provide two black-hat comments at group levelProvide two black-hat comments at group level

• Normally, we do for each design!!!Normally, we do for each design!!!

• Vote on the best designs (10% of total)Vote on the best designs (10% of total)

• Use marker to vote (be quick)Use marker to vote (be quick)

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Re-sketch: Round Two (3 Sketches Only)Re-sketch: Round Two (3 Sketches Only)Re-sketch: Round Two (3 Sketches Only)Re-sketch: Round Two (3 Sketches Only)

• Re-sketch the Design (only 3 sketches this time)Re-sketch the Design (only 3 sketches this time)

• Remember use what you have learned:Remember use what you have learned:

- Freewheel (draw something new, if desired)- Freewheel (draw something new, if desired)- Piggyback (draw upon what you have learned)- Piggyback (draw upon what you have learned)

• You have 30 minutes only!!!You have 30 minutes only!!!

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Regroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make Decisions

• Sort the Designs Into Any Grouping that You WantSort the Designs Into Any Grouping that You Want

• Only time you will wear the Blue HatOnly time you will wear the Blue Hat

• Name the Grouping (should have 15 designs)Name the Grouping (should have 15 designs)

• Provide two yellow-hat comments at group levelProvide two yellow-hat comments at group level

• Normally, we do for each design!!!Normally, we do for each design!!!

• Provide two black-hat comments at group levelProvide two black-hat comments at group level

• Normally, we do for each design!!!Normally, we do for each design!!!

• Vote on the best designs (10% of total)Vote on the best designs (10% of total)

• Use marker to vote (be quick)Use marker to vote (be quick)

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Re-sketch: Make Your Ideal DesignRe-sketch: Make Your Ideal DesignRe-sketch: Make Your Ideal DesignRe-sketch: Make Your Ideal Design

• Re-sketch the Design (only 3 sketches this time)Re-sketch the Design (only 3 sketches this time)

• Remember use what you have learned:Remember use what you have learned:

- Freewheel (draw something new, if desired)- Freewheel (draw something new, if desired)- Piggyback (draw upon what you have learned)- Piggyback (draw upon what you have learned)

• You have 30 minutes only!!!You have 30 minutes only!!!

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Regroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make DecisionsRegroup: Use the Thinking Hats to Make Decisions

• Sort the Designs Into Any Grouping that You WantSort the Designs Into Any Grouping that You Want

• Only time you will wear the Blue HatOnly time you will wear the Blue Hat

• Name the Grouping (should have 7 designs)Name the Grouping (should have 7 designs)

• Provide two yellow-hat comments at group levelProvide two yellow-hat comments at group level

• Normally, we do for each design!!!Normally, we do for each design!!!

• Provide two black-hat comments at group levelProvide two black-hat comments at group level

• Normally, we do for each design!!!Normally, we do for each design!!!

• Final Vote on Final DesignsFinal Vote on Final Designs

• Can you do a mashup? (to reach consensus)Can you do a mashup? (to reach consensus)

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Tips and TricksTips and TricksTips and TricksTips and Tricks

• Use teams of 6-8 people (too many people is too hard)Use teams of 6-8 people (too many people is too hard)

• Stick to the process (use the hats—they work)Stick to the process (use the hats—they work)

• Do 5 sketches, then 3 sketches, and 1 sketchDo 5 sketches, then 3 sketches, and 1 sketch

• Vote using a 10% rule:Vote using a 10% rule:- 30 sketches = 3 votes- 30 sketches = 3 votes- 15 sketches = 2 votes- 15 sketches = 2 votes- 7 sketches = 1 vote- 7 sketches = 1 vote

• Use mashups for the final sketch. Use mashups for the final sketch.

NOTE: It is best to have business requirements defined before a NOTE: It is best to have business requirements defined before a Design Studio, so each person is trying to solve the same Design Studio, so each person is trying to solve the same problem.problem.

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Question & AnswerQuestion & Answer