Designing for Long Spans

5/21/2018 Designing for Long Spans

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Long Span andLong Span and

complex Structurecomplex Structure


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Loads acting onto a structural systemsLoads acting onto a structural systems

1. Dead load2. Live load

3. Wind load

4. Stress created by temperature differences

5. Stress created by other form of disruption

including ground movement, vibration,

deformation or earthquake


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How long is longHow long is long--span for buildingsspan for buildings

Structure with span larger than 20m can beregarded as long span structure for this

span is usually unable to be achieved by

ordinary RC structure.


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Materials suitable for various forms of longMaterials suitable for various forms of long

span and complex structurespan and complex structure1. All reinforced concrete including precast

2. All metal (e.g. mild-steel, structural steel,stainless steel or alloyed alumimum,

3. All timber4. Laminated timber

5. Metal/RC combined6. Plastic-coated Textile material

7. Fiber reinforced plastic


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Common Structural FormsCommon Structural Forms

for Long Span Building Structuresfor Long Span Building Structures

1. Insitu RC, tensioned

2. Precast concrete, tensioned

3. Structural steel erected on spot

4. Structural steel prefabricated and

installed on spot

5. Portal frame insitu RC

6. Portal frame precast

7. Portal frame prefabricated steel


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One way to classify long-span andcomplicated structures

Form active systems

Vector active systems

Section active systems

Surface active systems


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Form active structural systemsForm active structural systems

. . . are systems of flexible, non-rigid matter, in

which the redirection of forces is effected by

particular form design and characteristic

form stabilization

Example of structures:1. Cable structures

2. Tent structures

3. Pneumatic structures

4. Arch structures


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Illustrated examples of parallel cable structures


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Examples of cable structures formed by arch


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Examples of tent structures


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Examples of pneumatic structures


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Examples of pneumatic structures


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Examples of arch structures


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Vector active structural systemsVector active structural systems

. . . are systems of short, solid, straight lineal

members, in which the redirection of forces

is effected by vector partition, i.e. by multi-directional splitting of single force simply

to tension or compressive elementsExample of structures:

1. Flat trusses

2. Curved trusses

3. Space trusses


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Flat truss systems

curved truss systems


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Illustrated examples of flat truss structures


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Illustrated examples of hinged truss structures


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Section active structural systemsSection active structural systems. . . are systems of rigid, solid, linear

elements, in which redirection of forcesis effected by mobilization of sectional

forces

Example of structures:

1. Beam structures

2. Frame structures

3. Slab structures


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1 & 2 bay beams 1 & 2 bay frames

Beam-grid systems Slab structures


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Hinged

framestructures


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Illustrated examples of multi-panel frame structures


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Surface active structural systemsSurface active structural systems

. . . are systems of flexible or rigid planesable to resist tension, compression orshear, in which the redirection of forcesis effected by mobilization of sectional

forcesExample of structures:

1. Plate structures2. Folded structures

3. Shell structures


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Shell structures

Folded plate

Multi-bay

structures


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Various forms of folded structures


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Examples of

shell structures


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Development History of

Long Span Structure

The de elopment of long span str ct res


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The development of long span structures


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How arch was constructed to provide a long

span roof for traditional western buildings


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Long span roof structure as seen from the interior

Vaulted ceiling

Exterior view of the Crystal Palace,


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Exterior view of the Crystal Palace,

built in 1851 for the first World Fair


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The Gallery of Machine, constructedin 1889 for the Paris Exhibition


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Other Overseas Examples

The Munich Olympic Stadium


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The Munich Olympic Stadiumfor the 1972 Olympic


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The Melbourne Central


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An openable roof operating

on a Rail system


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Sky Dome, Toronto


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Toronto Tower

The Skydome

Openable roof


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The Skydome

Features of the roof system


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y

SkyDome's roof system features a series of 3

moveable panels and 1 stationary panel.

the roof operates on a system of steel tracks and is

powered by a series of DC motors

roof area is 31,525 sq metres

weight is 11,000 tons

span at widest point 209 metres height is 85m (from field level to highest point)

roofing material is PVC on insulated acoustic steel

deck 100% of the field & 91% of seating area exposed

with the roof open

pen/close time - 20 minutes (21m per minute)


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Charles-de-Gaulle InternationalAirport, France

Charles-de-Gaulle

International Airport France


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International Airport, France,

completed in 1998

Interior view of the


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airport concourse

Curving trusses extending from the

f t t k th t l l ll


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roof to take up the external glass wall

The Louisiana Superdome, USA a 580m clear span sport

complex opened in 1975


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complex opened in 1975


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Erecting the steel trusses for the Superdome, the towering structures

in majority are the temporary supporting to facilitate the erection


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A pneumatic exhibitionhall in a construction plant

expo in Les Vegas, USA


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exhibition hall and the

air-pressurizing fans


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Another example of Tent Structure German Pavilion, Expo 67,Montreal, Canada


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Tenerife Exhibition Central Stadium

Tenerife Exhibition Centre in Spain, a shallow

h f 270 l d i 1995


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arch structure of 270m span completed in 1995.


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85m-span ribbed arch that formed the podium

deck of the exhibition space which isconstructed by in-situ, post-tensioned concrete


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TGC Station at the Airport of Lyon,

France, completed in 1994. (span 120m)


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Station interior under the 120m span roof


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The

HamburgAirport, UK


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Airport Terminal at Stuttgart, Germany


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Roof plan/detail of

the Stuttgart

Terminal Building


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Example in China

Guangzhou Olympus Stadium


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External view of Stadium


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Detail showing the

form and shape of the

cantilevered roof


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Hoisting the cantilever truss


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Placing the roof

truss in position

Tie systems


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Tie systems to stabilize the cantilevered roof


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Enlarged details

of the Tie systems


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Decking system of the roof


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Laying of the

roof deck


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Piers supporting the

cantilever roof truss

Semi-cladded roof

underside


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The Guangzhou Gymnasium


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The Shanghai Stadium

Beijing 2008 Olympus Centre The Nest


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Beijing 2008 Olympus Centre The Nest


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Example in Hong Kong


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Hong Kong Cultural Centre and Space Museum


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The Hong Kong coliseum


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The Hong Kong coliseum

Span about 35m


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Member Centre of theHong Kong Jockey Club

The Peak Tower


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The Peak Tower


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The Hong Kong Stadium


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Hanger structure for

HK Aircraft

Engineering

Company Ltd.(HAECO) at Chek

Lap Kok Airport


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Headquarter Building, Hong

Kong $ Shanghai Bank


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The Skylight structure

of Festival Walk


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The Interior Space

housed the ShyingRing and food court

inside Festival Walk


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Linking structure between

the International Finance


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the International FinanceCenter Phase I and II


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The deck and roof

structure of the HKConvention and

Exhibition Centre

Hoisting of the

80m-span roof

truss


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Placing of the roof truss

at the top of the core wall


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at the top of the core wall


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Linking structure

between Phase I and II

of the HK Convention


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of the HK Convention

and Exhibition Centre


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The New Hong Kong

International Airport

at Chek Lap Kok


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The New Hong Kong

International Airport at

Chek Lap Kok


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The Sky Dome, Cyber Port


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The Sky Dome, Cyber Port


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View of the mall interior under the Sky

Dome in the Cyber Centre, Cyber Port


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The Arch in

Kowloon Station


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The roof structure ofLangham Place

Shopping Mall

The Grand Atrium

in Langham Mall


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New Lisbon Casino.

Macau


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New Lisbon, the hotel tower


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End of PresentationEnd of Presentation

Designing for Long Spans

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