PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE This article was downloaded by: On: 23 November 2010 Access details: Access Details: Free Access Publisher Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37- 41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK International Journal of Sustainable Engineering Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t782909026 Design standards for product end-of-life processing Alexander V. C. Plant a ; David J. Harrison a ; Brian J. Griffiths a ; Busayawan Lam a a School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK First published on: 30 March 2010 To cite this Article Plant, Alexander V. C. , Harrison, David J. , Griffiths, Brian J. and Lam, Busayawan(2010) 'Design standards for product end-of-life processing', International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 3: 3, 159 — 169, First published on: 30 March 2010 (iFirst) To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/19397031003686918 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19397031003686918 Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
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PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
This article was downloaded by:On: 23 November 2010Access details: Access Details: Free AccessPublisher Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
International Journal of Sustainable EngineeringPublication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information:http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t782909026
Design standards for product end-of-life processingAlexander V. C. Planta; David J. Harrisona; Brian J. Griffithsa; Busayawan Lama
a School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
First published on: 30 March 2010
To cite this Article Plant, Alexander V. C. , Harrison, David J. , Griffiths, Brian J. and Lam, Busayawan(2010) 'Designstandards for product end-of-life processing', International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 3: 3, 159 — 169, Firstpublished on: 30 March 2010 (iFirst)To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/19397031003686918URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19397031003686918
Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf
This article may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial orsystematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply ordistribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.
The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contentswill be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug dosesshould be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss,actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directlyor indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Design standards for product end-of-life processing
Alexander V.C. Plant*, David J. Harrison, Brian J. Griffiths and Busayawan Lam
School of Engineering and Design, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, UK
(Received 22 September 2009; final version received 2 February 2010)
In 2006, the British Standards Institute (BSI) published BS 8887-1 ‘Design for Manufacture, Assembly, Disassembly andEnd-of-life processing’ (MADE) subtitled ‘General Concepts, Processes and Requirements’. This was the first BritishStandard to address design for efficient post-consumer product reprocessing. By designing and planning for remanufacture,much of the embodied energy and production investment can be retrieved after the consumer no longer requires the originalitem. Therefore, end-of-life products become an asset rather than a liability. Design for disassembly facilitates efficientdeconstruction and thus enables materials to be recycled with minimal loss of purity, thus maximising their value. Theanalysis presented here is based on the Standard Industrial Classification codes of companies and organisations that havepurchased BS 8887-1. These data are considered in relation to the influence of environmental legislation. Company age, sizeand location, as well as ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certifications, are discussed. This paper concludes by suggesting suitabledirections for the continued distribution and development of this environmentally, economically and socially beneficialstandard.
Keywords: sustainable design; British Standards; Standard Industrial Classification; environmental legislation
1. Introduction
The environmental impacts of manufactured goods can be
reduced if designers plan for sustainability throughout the
whole product life cycle. This requires consideration of the
implications of materials selection, sourcing, product
architecture, manufacturing processes and part fixing
methods employed, as well as product energy efficiency
and consumables used. Strategies to address the post-
consumer stage include remanufacture, parts’ reuse,
materials recovery and recycling or design for natural
degradability. The goal of zero landfill can only be
achieved if companies redesign their products to minimise
life-cycle impacts particularly at the end-of-life stage
(Holdway and Walker 2004, p. 7).
In the past, little consideration has been given to the
wider areas of resource depletion, energy consumption,
landfill pollution and toxicity. Therefore, design is, in part,
responsible for the condition of the planet, which becomes
ever more critical (Holdway and Walker 2004, p. 9). If
materials with higher recycling potential and value are
used within products, together with components that can
be reused, there will be a greater incentive for producers to
reprocess them (Rose et al. 2001, p. 192). Planning for
reprocessing is an area of growing importance as reuse and
disassembly are now a vital part of any design brief
(Howarth 2004, p. 12). The four properties decisive in
determining the efficiency with which a product can be
disassembled and reprocessed are: ease of identification,
accessibility, separation and handling of components and
materials (Johansson 2008, p. 35). BS 8887-11 addresses
these issues and also references BS EN ISO 114692 and BS
EN ISO 1043.3
As BS 8887-1 is the initial part of a series, it is general
in nature and applicable to a wide range of manufactured
goods. The standard sets out the design requirements
necessary to meet the challenges of product reprocessing.
This paper reports on the outcome of the first part of a
collaborative research project between the British
Standards Institute and Brunel University.
2. Technical product realisation
Technical product realisation (TPR) comprises a triumvi-
rate of British Standards. BS 8887, BS 88884 and BS 8889
refer to manufacture, specification and verification,
respectively. The standards within TPR are written and
maintained by the BSI committee TDW/4. The members
of the committee are representatives from both industry
and academia. Dr Brian Griffiths is currently the Chairman
of the TDW/4 panel dealing with the BS 8887 series,
TDW/4/-/5, and it is through him that this research has
arisen between the BSI and Brunel University, where he is
a Reader in Manufacturing Engineering. None of the
standards in the series should be taken in isolation, as
together they support each other and there is some overlap
interest. This is perhaps the most positive finding,
suggesting that sustainable environmentally sensitive
design will become the norm rather than the exception,
as these new graduates enter the workplace.
International distribution of BS 8887-1 was good,
especially via online download. The BSI is the UK’s NSB
and therefore has its greatest influence within its home
country.
The age distribution of the BS 8887-1 commercial
customer organisations approximately follows a normal
distribution pattern. This suggests that firms of all ages are
investing in design for sustainability.
Having compared the sizes of BS 8887-1 customer firms
with national averages, it appears that small- and micro-
enterprises are under-represented. This is true for both the
number of businesses nationally within these size categories,
and the percentage of UK turnover that they represent.
Customers of BS 8887-1 show high commitment to the
value of standards with exceptional levels of ISO 9001
certification, and high rates for ISO 14001 certification.
Very few motor vehicle manufacturers have bought BS
8887-1 and producers of packaging are absent from the
sales data. The standard is relevant to both of these
industries, especially the automotive business, given the
complexity of assemblies, variety of materials used and
the high potential for recycling, repair, reconditioning and
remanufacturing.
The recent introduction of multiple pieces of
environmental legislation relating to electrical and
electronic product manufacture may have stimulated
orders for BS 8887-1 as a high proportion of such
businesses were evident within the customer data.
9. Recommendations
The BS 8887 series should become the basis of a similar
ISO standard. It has proved popular in its home country
and its principles should now be communicated inter-
nationally through ISO. This should be actively pursued to
Figure 5. Age distribution graph.
Figure 6. (a) BS 8887-1 customer business sizes. (b) All UK business sizes (data source: ONS 2000). (c) All UK business turnover data(data source: ONS 2000).
International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 167
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support industry in an age of global manufacturing. The
standard should be further promoted to automotive and
packaging producers as uptake in these sectors has been
disappointing, despite the standard’s relevance to them.
It is important that students of design and engineering
have access to, and training in, BS 8887-1 and sustainable
design, at their educational institutions. They will
influence the sustainability and environmental impacts of
tomorrow’s products. A BSOL subscription has already
proven to be a popular way of achieving this.
UK manufacturing companies with ISO 9001 and ISO
14001 certifications have shown considerable interest in
BS 8887-1. It is therefore likely that other similar firms
would be a receptive audience for the standard. However,
design for sustainability, and the value of the standard,
needs to be promoted more generally to firms that have not
The next stage of this research is to visit companies that
have purchased BS 8887-1 and discuss the implementation
of its requirements in commercial projects. The interview
series will explore the benefits of applying the standard as
well as any difficulties experienced by the designers and
engineers that use it. Thus, the study will provide an
opportunity to identify and address any issues arising.
Contact has already been made with several electrical
and electronics manufacturers for the purposes of a pilot
study, the results of which should be ready for publication
later in the year. This pilot study will be followed by a
much broader study involving all types of companies from
within the customer base.
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank all those who have contributed tothis research: Prof. David Harrison, Dr Brian Griffiths and DrBusayawan Lam for their guidance and support; Sarah Kelly,Committee Manager at BSI, and Dan Palmer, Head of MarketDevelopment at BSI, who kindly proof read and edited the text;also my sincere thanks to Ben Walsh, Technical Consultant,Centre for Remanufacturing and Reuse, for his helpfulsuggestions. Finally, the author would like to thank the OrmsbyTrust for funding my work within the Cleaner ElectronicsResearch Group at Brunel University.
Notes
1. BS 8887-1:2006, Design for Manufacture, Assembly,Disassembly and End-of-Life Processing (MADE) – Part 1:General Concepts, Process and Requirements.
2. BS EN ISO 11469, Generic Identification and Marking ofPlastics Products.
3. BS EN ISO 1043 (all parts), Plastics – Symbols andAbbreviated Terms.
5. PD 6470:1975, The Management of Design for EconomicProduction.
6. BS 8887-2:2009, Design for Manufacture, Assembly,Disassembly and End-of-Life Processing (MADE) – Part 2:Terms and Definitions.
Figure 7. Age, size and classification. (Available in colour online).
A.V.C. Plant et al.168
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7. BS EN ISO 14001:2004, Environmental ManagementSystems – Requirements with Guidance for Use.
8. BS EN ISO 9001:2008, Quality Management Systems –Requirements.
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