Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar power

Design of charging unit for electrical vehicles using solar

power

PRESENTED BY:

M.Sudarshan reddy (10c71a0404)G.Rohit Kumar (10c71a0405)P.V.Narasimha rao (10c71a0454)

Objective of the project:

In this project the electrical vehicles are charged by using the solar power.

This project deals with the development of charging unit where the power

is extracted from solar energy. It allows us to evaluate a wide range of

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) and Plug-in Electric Vehicles

(PEVs) charging scenarios and the corresponding control strategies. In

addition, this allows us to explore a variety of communication technologies

for a PHEV/PEV charging facility. The charging scheme used here is

monitored by lpc1343 board. Some vehicles are parked during the day at

workplace parking garages and can be charged from the solar energy using

Photo-Voltaic (PV) cell based charging facilities.

The charging with solar energy helps to reduce the emissions from

the power grid but increases the cost of charging. Moreover, it

offers more flexibility to prepare for the emergence of new

technologies (e.g., Vehicle-to-Grid, Vehicle-to-Building, and Smart

Charging), which will become a reality in the near future. The

simulation results provide a general overview of the impact of the

proposed charging scenarios in terms of voltage profiles, peak

demand, and charging cost.

Embedded system:

An Embedded system is a special-purpose computer

system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions,

sometimes with real-time computing constraints. It is usually

embedded as part of a complete device including hardware and

mechanical parts. In contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a

personal computer, can do many different tasks depending on

programming. Embedded systems have become very important

today as they control many of the common devices we use. Since

the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, design

engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product,

or increasing the reliability and performance. Some embedded

systems are mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

Block diagram:

Micro-controller LPC1343

The LPC13xx are ARM Cortex-M3 based microcontrollers

for embedded applications featuring a high level of integration and

low power consumption. ARM is a family of instruction set

architectures for computer processors based on a reduced

instruction set computing (RISC) architecture developed by British

company ARM Holdings. A RISC-based computer design approach

means ARM processors require significantly fewer transistors than

typical processors in average computers. This approach reduces

costs, heat and power use. These are desirable traits for light,

portable, battery-powered devices including smart phones,

laptops, tablet and notepad and other embedded systems.

FEATURES:

ARM Cortex-M3 processor, running at frequencies of up to

72MHz.

ARM Cortex-M3 built-in Nested Vectored Interrupt Controller

(NVIC).

32 kB on-chip flash programming memory.

8 kB SRAM.

40 General Purpose I/O (GPIO) pins.

In-System Programming (ISP) and In-Application Programming

(IAP) via on-chip boot loader software.

Selectable boot-up: UART or USB (USB on LPC134x only).•On

LPC134x: USB MSC and HID on-chip drivers.

Power-On Reset (POR).

Single power supply (2.0V to 3.6V).

LPC1343 pin diagram:

Solar panel:

A solar panel is a set of photovoltaic modules electrically

connected and mounted on a supporting structure. A

photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly

of solar cells. The solar panel can be used as a component of

a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply

electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each

module is rated by its DC output power under standard test

conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 320 watts.

How Solar panel works?

A top, phosphorus-diffused silicon

layer carries free electrons–un-anchored

particles with negative charges. A thicker,

boron doped bottom layer contains holes, or

absences of electrons, that also can move

freely. In effect, precise manufacturing has

instilled an electronic imbalance between

the two layers.

Switch: In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that

can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting

it from one conductor to another.

The most familiar form of switch is a manually

operated electromechanical device with one or more sets

of electrical contacts, which are connected to external circuits. Each

set of contacts can be in one of two states: either "closed" meaning

the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or

"open", meaning the contacts are separated and the switch is no

conducting. The mechanism actuating the transition between these

two states (open or closed) can be either a "toggle" (flip switch for

continuous "on" or "off") or "momentary" (push-for "on" or push-

for "off") type.

LCD (Liquid crystal display):

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display

module and find a wide range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is

very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and

circuits. These modules are preferred over seven segments and other

multi segment LEDs. The reasons being: LCDs are economical; easily

programmable; have no limitation of displaying special & even custom

characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on.

A 16x2 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and

there are 2 such lines. In this LCD each character is displayed in 5x7

pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data.

This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The

command register stores the command instructions given to the

LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined

task like initializing it, clearing its screen, setting the cursor

position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to

be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the

character to be displayed on the LCD.

Working of LCD:

As the power is ON, LCD displays “WELCOME HAPPY

JOURNEY”. Now input is given through switches to the microcontroller.

The microcontroller performs its operation in accordance with the

operational code which is already dumped in the microcontroller. The

function of the operational code is, when switch 1 is high then the robot

moves forward, at the same time LCD displays “MOVING FORWARD”.

When switch 2 is high then robot moves forward, at the same time LCD

displays “MOVING BACKWARD”. When switch 3 is high then the

robot moves left, at the same time LCD displays “MOVING LEFT”.

When switch 4 is high then the robot moves right, at the same time LCD

displays “MOVING RIGHT”. When switch 5 is high then the robot stops

functioning and LCD displays “STOP”.

L293D-IC (Motor driving IC):

L293D is a typical Motor driver or Motor Driver IC which

allows DC motor to drive on either

direction. L293D is a 16-pin IC which can

control a set of two DC motors

simultaneously in any direction. It means

that you can control two DC motor with a single L293D IC. Dual

H-bridge Motor Driver integrated circuit (IC).

Working of L293D-IC:

The 4 input pins for this l293d, pin 2, 7 on the left and pin 15,

10 on the right as shown on the pin diagram. Left input pins will

regulate the rotation of motor connected across left side and right input

for motor on the right hand side. The motors are rotated on the basis of

the inputs provided across the input pins as LOGIC 0 or LOGIC 1. In

simple you need to provide Logic 0 or 1 across the input pins for

rotating the motor.

DC Motor (Electric motor):

An electric motor is an electro mechanical device that

converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

Most electric motors operate through the interaction of

magnetic fields and current-carrying conductors to generate force.

The reverse process, producing electrical energy from mechanical

energy, is done by generators such as an alternator or a dynamo; some

electric motors can also be used as generators, for example, a traction

motor on a vehicle may perform both tasks.

Working:

Electric motors and generators are commonly referred to as electric

machines. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as

industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household

appliances, power tools, and disk drives.

Direct current (DC) motors are widely used to generate

motion in a variety of products. Permanent magnet DC (direct

current)

motors are enjoying increasing popularity in applications requiring

compact size, high torque, high efficiency, and low power

consumption. In a brushed DC motor, the brushes make mechanical

contact with a set of electrical contacts provided on a commutation

secured to an armature, forming an electrical circuit between the

DC electrical source and coil windings on the armature. As the

armature rotates on an axis, the stationary brushes come into

contact with different sections of the rotating commentator.

Battery:

A rechargeable battery, storage battery, or accumulator is a

type of electrical battery. It comprises one or more electrochemical

cells, and is a type of energy accumulator. It is known as a secondary

cell because its electrochemical reactions are electrically reversible.

Rechargeable batteries come in many different shapes and sizes,

ranging from button cells to megawatt systems connected

to stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different

combinations of chemicals are commonly used, including: lead–

acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium

ion(Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).

Charging and discharging:

Battery charging and discharging rates are often discussed by

referencing a "C" rate of current. The C rate is that which

would theoretically fully charge or discharge the battery in

one hour. For example, trickle charging might be performed

at C/20 (or a "20 hour" rate), while typical charging and

discharging may occur at C/2 (two hours for full capacity).

The available capacity of electrochemical cells varies

depending on the discharge rate. Some energy is lost in the

internal resistance of cell components (plates, electrolyte,

interconnections), and the rate of discharge is limited by the

speed at which chemicals in the cell can move about.

For lead-acid cells, the relationship between time and discharge rate

is described by Peukert's law; a lead-acid cell that can no longer

sustain a usable terminal voltage at a high current may still have

usable capacity, if discharged at a much lower rate. Data sheets for

rechargeable cells often list the discharge capacity on 8-hour or 20-

hour or other stated time; cells for uninterruptible power supply

systems may be rated at 15 minute discharge.

Snap shot:

Result:

Assemble the circuit on the PCB as shown in Fig 5.1.1. After

assembling the circuit on the PCB, check it for proper connections

before giving the connection from battery.

After connections are checked properly the battery is connected to

power supply board. As the power is ON, LCD displays

“WELCOME HAPPY JOURNEY”. Now input is given through

switches to the microcontroller. The microcontroller performs its

operation in accordance with the operational code which is already

dumped in the microcontroller.

The function of the operational code is, when switch 1 is high then

the robot moves forward, at the same time LCD displays

“MOVING FORWARD”. When switch 2 is high then robot moves

forward, at the same time LCD displays “MOVING

BACKWARD”. When switch 3 is high then the robot moves left, at

the same time LCD displays “MOVING LEFT”. When switch 4 is

high then the robot moves right, at the same time LCD displays

“MOVING RIGHT”. When switch 5 is high then the robot stops

functioning and LCD displays “STOP”.

Advantages and disadvantages:

Advantages:

The solar vehicles are the future of the automobile industry. They are highly feasible and can be manufactured with ease. The main advantages of a solar vehicle are that they are pollution less and are very economical. Since they cause no pollution they are very eco-friendly and are the only answer to the increasing pollution levels from automobiles in the present scenario. By harvesting the renewable sources of energy like the solar energy we are helping in preserving the non-renewable sources of energy. The other main advantages of the solar vehicle are that they require less maintenance as compared to the conventional auto motives and are very user friendly.

Disadvantages:

Charging of battery is not done in night times.

Conclusion:

The developed digital test-bed for a PHEV/PEV in order to prepare for the commercial deployment of the PHEV/PEV charging facilities in the near future. This work can provide us with potential solutions to facilitate the interaction between plug-in vehicles and grids.

The solar vehicle solves many problems related to the environment and is the best pollution free method. We need to make use of them so that we can reduce our dependence on fossil fuels. Solar vehicles do have some disadvantages like small speed range, initial cost is high. Also, the rate of conversion of energy is not satisfactory (only 17%). But these disadvantages can be easily overcome by conducting further research in this area; like the problem of solar cells can be solved by using the ultra-efficient solar cells that give about 30-35% efficiency.

As this field of automobiles will be explored the problems will get solved. The solar automobiles have a huge prospective market and we should start using them in our day to day life.

Future scope:

Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology is a most promising opportunity in EV adoption. It will become a reality much sooner than anticipated. The developed digital test-bed has the potential capabilities to evaluate a wide range of PHEV/PEV discharging scenarios and their corresponding control strategies. Also, the proposed technologies in this test-bed can be extended to other large-scale PHEV/PEV charging/V2G scenarios as well as large-scale power system applications.

THANK YOU

Any Questions