Data presentation

Data PresentationAdapted from the Presentation

Of Mrs. Zennifer Oberio

Presented by:Daleon, Kathryna Maeve V.

Lacsamana, Marco A.Toledano, Anthon Jay B.

<III-SSC>

Outline• Three ways of Presenting Data• Textual• Tabular• Graphical

• How to Write Your Results• Other Types of Figures

Textual - Uses statements or sentences to describe the data,

to draw attention or to emphasize some significant data.Present results clearly and logically.Avoid excess verbiage.Consider providing a one-sentence summary at the

beginning of each paragraph if you think it will help your reader understand your data.

Textual The results should be short and sweet, without verbiage.

Do not say“It is clearly evident from Fig. 1 that bird species

richness increased with habitat complexity.”

Say instead “Bird species richness increased with habitat

complexity (Fig.1)”

• To pinpoint a trend, the best or the representative case

• Do not deliberately leave out anomalous data

Textual Example:

“Nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased soy bean total biomass (p=0.05) regardless of the presence or absence Rhizobium (Table 1).”

i. The result of adding nitrogen is stated concisely.ii. The word significantly is accompanied by the statistical probability level

(p= 0.05)iii. The readers is referred to a table where the data to support the

statement can be found.iv. The measure used (total biomass) is explicitly stated.

Tabular- allows large amount of data to be sorted

and reorganized in a neat format- allows data to be organized for further

analysis- allows the inclusion of only the most

important or relevant data- facilitates dialogue between the text and

the exact numbers in your results

Parts of a tableTable 1 Frequency of Stereotypic Behavior in Captive Lowland Gorillas Under Different Stimulus With and Without Antidepressants

Group

Females With without

Males With Without

FemalesWithWithout

MalesWithWithout

Note: Behaviours were taken at 3 second intervals *1=lowest 4=highest

Title

Stubhead

Stub Morning Responses

Afternoon Responses

Table spanner

1 2 3 4

Table note Divider

56

39

23

48

18 12

32

15

3644

21

41 24

11

25

6

32

53

45

65

22

45

33

56

19

36

25

40

12

29

18

36

Table body

Column heads

Types of tables a. Textual (Word) Table

Table 4. Tannin detection on the crude residue extracted from different parts of mahogany

Test Leaves Bark Seeds

Gelatin test

Ferric Chloride test

Positive

Condensed

Positive

Condensed

Positive

Condensed

Types of tablesb. Statistical table

Table 5. analysis of variance on the mean zones of inhibition produced by Garin Farm fermented molasses at five different fermentation periods

Test organism F value Significance Interpretation

Enterobacter aerogenes

12.006 0.000 Significant

Pseudomonus aeruginosa

24.654 0.000 Significant

Raltonia solanacearum 5.076 0.009 Significant

Xanthomonus oryzae pv oryzicola

3.685 0.028 Significant

Table 2.t – test results of the weights and swim times of mice given mineral water and mice given VCO before and after treatments

t - value significance interpretation

Mineral water

Swim time(Minutes)

- 1.151 0.279 Not significant

VCO Swim time(Minutes)

3.021 0.017 significant

Types of tablesc. Numerical

Table 2. Description of Trees with Nest holes of Visayan Taricite hornbills

(Penelopides panini)

site Common name of tree

Scientific name Circumference(m)

Estimated height

(m)

No. of nest holes

I Talulo Pterocymhium tinctorium 1.845 30 3Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis 1.832 50 1White Lauan Shorea contorta 1.419 35 6Malabuyo 2.616 50 1

II Red Lauan Shorea negrosensus 2.040 45 3Almon Shorea almon 1.893 35 2Red Lauan Shorea negrosensus 1.946 37 1Guijo Shorea guiso 1.875 25 1Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis 1.435 24 1Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis 1.543 37 1

Guidelines for tables…- Limit your data that are relevant to the hypotheses of

the study- Table can stand alone without any explanation- Always give units of measurements in tables- Align decimal places- Choose units of measurements as to avoid the use of

excessive number of digits

Guidelines for tables…- Do not use tables if you only have two or fewer

columns and rows- Organize your table, like elements read down, not

across- If you have identical columns and rows of data in two

or more tables, combine the tables- Don’t include columns of data that contain the same

value throughout. If the value is important to the table include it in the caption or as a footnote to the table

Guidelines for tables…- In presenting numbers, give only significant

figures.- Brief explanatory footnotes may be provided,

but not excessive experimental detail.

Graphical / PictorialThe main objective in using a graphical device is that the reader gains additional information (i.e trends, relationships) from seeing the data in a graphic displayThis is the one main requirement in choosing graphical devices over tables.

Considerations1. It is constructed in relation to two axes.

2. If displaying only one variable, it is customary to represent the sub-categories of a variable along the X axis and the frequency of the category along the Y axis.

3. It should have a title that describes its contents.

Bar Graph35302520151050

Total numbers of insects per plant density

Actu

al (r

aw) t

otal

s

Plant Density Levels

Scatterplot

Time Plot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 90

2

4

6

8

10

12

Species 1Species 2Species 3

Average Number of Flowers Blooming Over Time

Time in MonthsFigure 6. Each line is for a single treatment. The x-axis shows the time interval and the y-axis depicts the values of the dependent variable.

Guidelines for figures...- Include a legend. It should be succinct yet provide

sufficient information for the reader to interpret the figure without reference to the text.

- Provide each axis with brief but informative title.

- Don’t fill the entire page with the graph.

- Don’t extend the axes vary far beyond the range of the data.

How to Write Chapter 4 Results Section

• The presentation of results is made such that the sequence of data presented answers each of the objectives stated in Chapter 4.

How to Write Chapter 4Results Section• Raw data are never included unless they are

needed.• Present data in converted form.• Use the text of the paper to state the results,

then refer the reader to a table or figure.• Do not include the same data in both a table

and a figure.• Number tables and figures separately beginning

with 1.

How to Write Chapter 4Results Section• Tables should generally report summary-level

data, such as means and standard deviations.• Only use a figure (graph) when the data lend

themselves to a good visual representation.• Avoid using figures that show too many

variables or trends at once.• use text, tables and figures together for a

more effective result.

Example:“A simple test result is obtained with a primer derived from the

human -satellite... This primer... Labels 6 sites in the PRINS reaction... After 10 cycles of PCR-IS, the number of sites labeled has doubled (Fig.2b); after 20 cycles, the number of sites labled is the same but the signals are stringer (fig. 2c)...(Rouwendal et al., July 93:80)”

The sample points out what is important in the accompanying figure. It makes us aware of relationships that we mat not notice quickly and is important to the following discussion.

How to Write Chapter 4Results Section• Do not repeat all of the information in the text

that appears in a table. Summarize it.

Example:“The temperature of the solution increased rapidly at first, going from 50o to 80o in the first three minutes (Table 1).”

How to Write Chapter 4Results Section• Do not abuse data graphics by referring to

them as: “It is clearly seen in Figure 1 that...”• A table’s legend appears above it, while the

legend for a figure appears below the figure.• Sparse or monotonously repetitive data need

not be tabulated or graphed.• If only a few determinations were made or

need to be presented, give data in the text.

Other Types of FiguresLEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IN U.S. : 1990 Estimate

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Diseases of Heart and Blood Vessels 930,500

Cancer 506, 000

Accidents 93,600

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 89,000

Pneumonia and Influenza 78,600

All Other Causes 464,300

Bar Graph: Horizontal

Number of Deaths (on thousands)

Figure 2-6 Wind Chill at 50o F

Effective temperature (o F)

Wind speed (mph)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

5045

4036

32 30

0 5 10 15 20 25

Freezing

Bar Graph: Vertical

Subtypes

Figure 16.4 A stacked bar chart

Attitude towards uranium mining by gender

Strongly

Favo

urs

Favo

urable

Uncerta

in

Unfavourab

le

Strongly

Unfavourab

le0

20

40

60

80

100

MalesFemales

Num

ber o

f res

pond

ents

Attitude

Stacked Bar Graph

Figure 16.5 The 100 per cent chart

Strongly

favo

urable

Favo

urable

Uncerta

in

Unfavourab

le

Strongly

Unfavourab

le0%

10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

FemalesMales

Attitude towards uranium mining by gender (hypothetical data)Pe

rcen

tage

of r

espo

ndet

ns

Female 4 5 3 4 25

Male 12 7 3 8 31

100 Percent Bar Graph

Figure 2-9 Pareto Chart Conditions That Might cause Lateness

Stud

y

Snoo

ze

Breakfas

t

Talk

DressCar

Other

20

15

13

98

53

Pareto Chart

PictogramNumber of Turkeys produced in 1989

Conn.

N.J

N.Y

= 50/900 turkeys

Pie ChartPie Chart of Percentage of Plant Species in Habitat

Succulents 30%

Shrubs 25%

Annuals 20%

Trees 25%

Figure 7. Shown in the percentage of each type of pant in a fictitious habitat

SpaceplotTHE RING OF FIRE

HOW PLATE MOVEMENT CAUSES VOLCANOES

Stem and Leaf DisplayFigure 2-37 Stem-and-leaf Display of Carry-On Luggage Weights

Leaf unit = 1 lb

3|2 represents 32

Stem Leaves0 3 01 2 7 8 8 9 2 02 7 7 2 9 1 6 1 8 9 1 63 0 5 8 6 5 8 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 24 2 7 1 5 35 1

Flowchart

FIGURE 27-15Flow sheet for closed-circuit grinding

PRESENTATION OF DATA

DiagramFIGRURE 25-6Copntinuous fluid-bed

dryer

A Guide to Writing in the Biological Scienceshttp://classweb.gmuu.edu/biologyresources/writingguide/Results.htm

How To Write a Scientific PaperBy Susan Cordova for the New Mexico Junior Academy of Science

The Scientific PaperA treatise by Gary Dillard

http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/Biol398/Paper/paperText.html

Writing GuidelinesWriting in Science

http://writing.colostate.edu/guides/processes/science/pop2a.cfm

Elements of Scientific Papers and of Proposalshttp://www.iit.edu/~tc/paper-elements.htm

Notes on the Structure of a Scientific Paper

Descriptive Statistics : RECOMMENDED ALLOWED

Scale of Shape of the distributionmeasurement Symmetrical, Skewed, unimodal unimodal

Mean, Median,Mode Mean, Median

Ordinal Median, SIQR Median, SIQR Median, Mode

Interval, Ratio Mean, SD Median, SIQR Mean, Median, Mode

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

1. Nominal Date• Mode is the only measure of central location that may be used;• May also be expressed in percentage or in terms of frequencies

2. Bimodal Distributions (especially when mode values are widely separated)• Cannot be adequately described by a single measure of central

location• The values of all modes may be reported

3. Use in inferential statistics• The mean and the standard deviations are used, sometimes

overriding the shape of the frequency distribution and the level of measurement.

Descriptive Statistics : SPECIAL CASES

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

INTERPRETING THE MEAN

• Summary of the information in the data – a single value used to describe the entire sample for population.

Example: In Tando Island, Nueva Valencia, Guimaras, seasgrass

density was dominated by Halophila ovalis with a mean value of 933 shoot/sq m.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

INTERPRETING THE MEAN

• It is the typical value for the variable of interest. The sample mean gives a fairly good idea of the true population mean if the sample is representative of the population.

Example: The mean life time of all the 40000 Star light bulbs is

946 hours.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

INTERPRETING THE MEAN

• Maybe used to make relative comparisons that are confined to the data sets. May NOT be used to make inferences about statistically significant differences.

Example: The mean salinity in the 4 study sites ranges from

30.5 ppt to 37.8 ppt. Relatively, the study area in Tando, Guimaras had the most saline waters while that of Looc, Romblon had the least saline waters.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

INTERPRETING THE STANDARD DEVIATION

Example: No. of species of Nerita in selected island in the Phils.

Large Island Mainland 4 2 3 9 6 8 2 2 2 7 10 3 6 2 2 9 6 3 3 3 2 7 2 3

Mean = 2.8 + 1.22 Mean = 6.2 + 2.75

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

INTERPRETING THE STANDARD DEVIATION

Used to asses the extent to which the data disperse; how the values differ from the mean.

Example: Mainland 9 6 8 Stad.Dev. =.2.75

7 10 3 Mean = 6.1

9 6 3 N= 12.00

7 2 3 Magnitude

Mean = 6.1 + 2.75 (3.35-8.85)DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

2 4 6 8 100

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.5

Column1

INTERPRETING THE MEAN

Gives an idea of the consistency of values

Example:In big blossom green house, the mean diameter of

hybrid A rose bushes is 6.0 + 3.07 inches while that of hybrid B is 6.0 + is 1.07 inches. This means that the blossoms of hybrid are less consistent than those of hybrid B. So if a garden wants a bush that consistently produces roses close to 6 inches in diameter, he must use hybrid B.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

REFERENCESAczel AD. 1995. Statistics concepts and applications. Chicago: Irwin. 533 p.

Brase CH, Brase CP. 1995 . Understandable statistics concepts and methods fifth edition. Lexington, Massachusetts; D.C. Health and Company. 849 p.

Freund JE, Simon GA. 1997. Modern Elementary Statistics. Singapore: Prentice Hall International, Inc. 612 p.

Iman RL. 1995. A data based approach to statistics concise version. Belmont: Duxbury Press. 577 p.

Kiess HO. 1996. Statistical concepts for the behavioral scinces second edition. Boston: Allyn and bacon. 604 p.

Milton JS, McTeer PM, Corbet JJ. 1997. Introduction to statistics. New York: The Mcgraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 622 p.

DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS