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Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Mar 26, 2015

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Page 1: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.
Page 2: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or

the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes everything) curriculum will address physical, social, emotional,

and intellectual development.

An integrated or interdisciplinary curriculum is education that is organized in such a way that it cuts across subject-matter lines. Example: if the topic is Nebraska students in social studies learn the geography of the state, students in food’s class learn what food products are manufactured in this state, math students calculate how many hours and minutes it takes to drive the length of the state at 65 MPH, music students play or sing the state song, art students paint a picture of the state flower, English students read a story written by a Nebraska author, etc.

Curriculum types include fine and performing arts (music and art),

vocational or career and technical (business, industrial technology, Family & Consumer Science) core academics (English, math, social studies, science), and physical

education.

Page 3: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

To write an individual lesson plan, you start with an objective. An objective is the “goal” you wish to accomplish within a specific curriculum area.

The objective must be child-directed. You may start each objective with “the child will…” or “the student will…” or “the learner will…”. (If an objective

was teacher-directed, it might read “the teacher will present a lesson on multiplying single digits…”.)

The objective must be measurable. As you write the objective, think of a method you

could use to observe or measure whether or not the student actually accomplished the objective. “The student will add…, draw…, list…, explain…, write…, demonstrate the

ability to…, differentiate between…, recite…,” Those sound like words in a test question.

You cannot see or measure “the student will know…, understand…, visualize…,”.

Later on in the lesson, during assessment, you will refer back to the language of the

objective to evaluate whether or not the child has met the objective.

Page 4: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

When developing objectives for a lesson, you must

consider “scope”. Scope simply means “the range of information” covered in an activity, or on a subject or

topic. Example: if the topic is vegetables, will the scope of the lesson include how to

plant vegetables, how to cook vegetables, daily

nutritional requirements of vegetables, differentiating between vegetables and

other foods, common vegetable colors, how to

spell names of vegetables… or will the scope be limited to

one or more areas.

Sequence refers to the order in which knowledge is learned.

Learning how to add and subtract is a necessary prerequisite (required first in order for something else to

happen) to learning how to multiply. The sequence then, must be to teach adding and subtracting

first and multiplying after.

Page 5: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Suppose the teacher said it was time for a new lesson, and then started by putting on a hat and trenchcoat, pulling out a magnifying glass, and looking around the room through the magnifying lens. How would the children

react?

Of course they would get excited, and “anticipate” what

the lesson was going to be about. They would “look

forward to” what they were going to learn next. They

might guess “are we going to investigate something?...

solve a mystery?... hunt for clues?...” The way the teacher

introduces the new lesson should create this anticipatory

set. Now that you’ve got their attention,

they’re “ready” to learn.

Page 6: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Input is the information that is imparted to the student in a lesson, and the method a teacher chooses in order

to provide the information.

The teacher must look at the type of information to be presented and their own abilities in deciding “how” to present the

lesson. Lab? Lecture? Reading assignment? Video? Game? Discussion?

The younger the child, the more active or interactive the presentation needs to be.

Page 7: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

The way any human being learns anything… is through practice. The only variable is “how

much practice does any one person need?”

There are two different types of practice. Both help reinforce

the teaching of the input.

Guided or monitored practice is done in the presence of the

teacher. After the lesson input, the teacher allows

students to practice and get help as needed.

Independent practice is that which is done away from the classroom. Homework is the

most common form of independent practice, where

students are expected to practice a skill or review

information without assistance of the teacher.

While one child may learn a particular concept with just one practice, another child may need

to practice over and over and over again.

Page 8: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

An assessment is a form of evaluation. How well does the child meet the

objective? Look back at the objective. Did it say “the child will be able to match

states and capitals?” If so, your test question should be matching.

Sometimes criteria becomes a part of assessment. Criteria is an

acceptable standard used in judging how well the child met

the objective. Perhaps the criteria added to the objective is “the child will match states and capitals with 70% accuracy.”

That means the child “achieves or passes” the objective with an allowable percentage or number

of errors.

Page 9: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

If the child is tested on adding single digit numbers such as 2+2, and if the

criteria is “70% accuracy”…

Then what happens if the child scores 55%?

Ideally, if the child does not “pass the objective”, then

the teacher should go back and re-teach the

information again. Re-teach, and then re-assess…

until the child is successful. After all, what

will happen if the child doesn’t know simple

addition, but the teacher goes on to subtraction?

The child falls further and further behind.

When re-teaching a lesson, the teacher may need to use a different method of input. To re-teach using the same methods may cause a

greater degree of frustration for the student.

Consider this problem: If only 1 or 2 students need re-teaching, and the rest of the students are ready to proceed… what should the teacher do?

Page 10: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Within a single classroom, student abilities may vary

widely, from slow to average to high ability learners.The goal of education is to stimulate

and challenge each child at their own level of development.

Expectations of students that are too high cause students to become

frustrated.

Expectations of students that are too low damage self-esteem, promote

laziness, or cause boredom.

Caution: bored students create their

own stimulation!

Objectives are written for the average student learner. The teacher may take the basic objective and make changes

or “modifications” in the input or practice portions in order to

accommodate special needs of students.

Page 11: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Benjamin S. Bloom developed this taxonomy

(system of classification) of assessments. They progress from simple to challenging.

In order to challenge all cognitive levels of students, you should

vary types of assessment.

1913-1999

This taxonomy has been revised several times since its inception in the early 1950’s. This illustration shows the now-widely-accepted

revisions of Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001.

Page 12: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.
Page 13: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

The purpose of grading and reporting student progress is to engage teachers, students, and parents in the process of increasing student

achievement. An effective system allows educators to clearly communicate student

progress towards curriculum objectives in a form that is equitable,

accurate, and useful.

Grading younger children usually

requires the frequent use of an extrinsic rewards

system. They need to see gold stars,

smiley and frowning faces, scratch-n-sniff

stickers, a special prize such as a pencil, awards

certificates, small trophies, blue

ribbons, etc. These rewards provide

recognition, motivation, an

encouragement.

The older a child gets, less frequent extrinsic rewards are necessary, and more frequent

intrinsic rewards are used. How many ways can you think of to tell a child they did a good job?

Page 14: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Intramural activities or programs are those occurring within or involving members of a single school. An

example might be an intramural science fair. Students work with students from their own school on

science projects and compete against other similar teams from their own school.

Extracurricular activities or programs are those happening outside the normal curriculum. These activities often

involve participants from another school. An example would be an extracurricular sports team from a school that competes with team members from another school.

An activity that is considered an enrichment or enhancement to the

curriculum is supplemental to instruction.

Actually constructing and trying out this catapult might supplement a

history or physics lesson.

A basketball game might supplement physical

education or encourage a

sense of competition.

Page 15: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

Education costs money. School districts must budget money for teacher salaries, the electric

bills, transportation, maintenance staff, textbooks, and consumable supplies. Private

schools solicit donations and may charge students fees and tuition to cover these costs; public schools must operate within the confines

of a tax-dollar-supported budget. Resources are limited!

Teachers cannot afford, nor do school districts expect them to

purchase supplies with their own money…although temptation to

do so is great!

Page 16: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

3 Qualities of a good teacher: clarity - the ability to convey ideas and concepts to students; includes good background knowledge and careful planning and organization. ability to actively interact with students; includes getting down on the child’s level of thinking and activity, questions and answers during lesson presentation

professional attitude; includes ability to command authority and respect, courage to admit limitations, ability to assess student strengths and weaknesses, enthusiasm for his/her field of expertise, caring for children

The quality of lesson presentation rests with

the teacher.

Page 17: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

1. Read the book and rehearse in front of a

mirror…perform!

2. Hold the book to the front so the children can see the pictures (you have to know the story well in order to do this); point out things in pictures that go with the story

3. Use props whenever possible.

4. Allow time for questions and comments.

5. Change your voice to fit different characters in the book.

6. Speak louder or make a funny sound if you see you are losing children’s interest…or stop and ask a question.

7. Act out, act out, and over act! Ham it up!

8. Over-exaggerate your emotions, your voice, and your gestures.

Page 18: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.

1. I didn’t sleep at all well last night because my back was hurting. I must have hurt it lifting furniture for my grandmother. It hurts to move this way and it hurts to move that way. All I do is hurt, hurt, hurt.

2. What has happened here? This place is a mess! You need to get this cleaned up immediately! We’re having company and they will be here any minute. Get moving, don’t just sit there!

3. The little kitten looked at it’s mother and purred, “mama, mama, I saw a furry little creature running across the floor, what was it?” The mother cat replied in a quiet but excited voice, “Where did you see it? Where did it go? Tell me little one, tell me quickly!”

Page 19: Curriculum refers to the subjects taught at an educational institution, or the elements taught in a particular subject. A comprehensive (complete, includes.