Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012 Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 1 B By Jowaman Khajarern Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University 1 Sount East Asia Financial turmoil: South Korea Indonesia Thailand and Malatsia with some peripheral damage in Taiwan & Philippins Devaluation of Currencies Sign trouble in feed industry feed industry Tightly regulated import system Inpact global feed industry. Foot and mouth disease in Taiwan and Avian flu outbreak in Hong Kong Economic losing and 20‐50% decline in shipping agriculture products from U.S. 2 SOUTH EAST ASIA FEED INDUSTRY IN CRISIS Feed industry have retracted over the part two year and production rate have fallen significantly (Table 1) Most feed mills are runing at about 40-50% capacity capacity Feed customers are jumping around from supplier to supplier looking for the best price. 3 Country Production down by % Indonesia Malaysia Taiwan 70 35 20 Table 1. South East Asia feed industry production down by country Thailand Korea Philippines Veitham China 20 16 15 10 2-8 Raghavan 1998, Feed Tech. Vol. 2, Number 5 p.25 4 All most feedmillers today ran their operation on a break ever point with no profits. Most commercial banks have withdrawn South East Asia Feed Industry in Crisis facilities to farmers making it difficult to operate. Feedmillers are not allowed to increase the prices of feed intervention from government side. 5 With hand-to-month economics than long term planning and strategy. Hand-to-month puchaces for lower price and also looking for the best price with or without guarantees for quality Feed Additives Affected and Customers Shop for Lowest Price guarantees for quality. Prompting forward purchases raw materials during the low price of harvest season and also pushing to use local ingredients to minimise foreign exchang. 6
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Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 1
BBy
Jowaman Khajarern
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University
1
Sount East Asia
Financial turmoil:South Korea Indonesia Thailand and Malatsia with some peripheral damage in Taiwan & Philippins
Devaluation of Currencies
Sign trouble in feed industryfeed industry
Tightly regulated import system
Inpact global feed industry. Foot and mouth disease in Taiwan and Avian flu outbreak in Hong Kong
Economic losing and 20‐50% decline in shipping agriculture products from U.S.
2
SOUTH EAST ASIA FEED INDUSTRY IN CRISIS
Feed industry have retracted over the part two year and production rate have fallen significantly (Table 1)
Most feed mills are runing at about 40-50% capacitycapacity
Feed customers are jumping around from supplier to supplier looking for the best price.
3
Country Production down by %
IndonesiaMalaysiaTaiwan
703520
Table 1. South East Asia feed industryproduction down by country
ThailandKorea PhilippinesVeithamChina
201615102-8
Raghavan 1998, Feed Tech. Vol. 2, Number 5 p.25 4
All most feedmillers today ran their operation on a break ever point with no profits.
Most commercial banks have withdrawn
South East Asia Feed Industry in Crisis
facilities to farmers making it difficult to operate.
Feedmillers are not allowed to increase the prices of feed intervention from government side.
5
With hand-to-month economics than long term planning and strategy.
Hand-to-month puchaces for lower price and also looking for the best price with or without guarantees for quality
Feed Additives Affected and Customers Shop for Lowest Price
guarantees for quality. Prompting forward purchases raw materials
during the low price of harvest season and also pushing to use local ingredients to minimise foreign exchang.
6
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 2
Barter trade by selling and buy back raw meterials from Asia country (eg. Selling palm oil to China or India and buy back corn and soybean meal)
Tighter credit control
Feed Additives Affected and Customers Shop for Lowest Price
Tighter credit control. Low/margins to feed manfacturers/livestock or
aquaculture producers. Closure of farm/ workers retrenched.
7
Optimising nutrition inputs-with the method of the economic optimum.
Reduce waste- “operational” losses must be controlled.
Improving efficiency manufacturing system
Insert Strict Control on Manufacturing Process
Improving efficiency manufacturing system performs- gross margin and number of products for low production costs.
8
Premix stability – important to know the oxidation rate of vitamin and know how long can the vitamin and know how long can the vitamin be stored in the premix forms. Need research to fortified and support occasionally for:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
pp ya) Retained potency.b) An aggressive vitamin and mineral premix
during storage.
9
Homogeneity and distribution during mixing – A hygroscopic compounds will absorb moisture and clump together forming large particle making homogeneous mixing on:
a) Type of shape
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
a) Type of shapeb) Densityc) Hygroscopic or nonhygroscopicd) Electostatic or nonelectostatice) Inclusion rate for distribution on proper time
10
Manufacture process stability – aquaculture feed are now in the main manufactured through cooker extruders with temperature of up to 110C and pressure of between 26 to 52 bars. Moist heat and high pressure under such condition should be research data on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
a) Mixing loss before pelletb) Retention after processing from each stepc) Retained potency from size and diameter of dietd) Retained potency from type of binder and
processing techniquee) Retained potency forms on bioavailability to the
animals11
Storage stability– Feed have to stored transported over distances and stock for sale for a period of time which maybe exposed to heat, sunlight or rain causing feed to spoil. Degree of deterioration of vitamin should be research data on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
a) Storage stability on timeb) Storage stability on season variation
(temperature and humidity)c) Storage stability on type of feed and particle
size of feedd) Type of wrapping material of feed
12
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 3
Leaching before feed consumption– the exposure time before feed consumption and feeding behaviour of animal are important factors in the formulation and manufacture of feed. Leaching out before it is consumered should be research data on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
a) Type and form of vitaminb) Type and particle size of feedc) Quality of waterd) Type of binder and processing technique
13
Bioavailability – Vitamin included in feed must be digest and be made available for absorption, utilization and retention into the body for it to be useful. Bioavailability of vitamin should be research data on:
a) Type and form of vitaminb) Type of protected or coated materialc) Digestibilitydue to enzyme of GI tract and aging of
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
animald) Absorption and utilizationnormal, stress and disease
outbreak, water quality and environmental changese) Retention organ/tissue for starvation, growth and
reproductive organ development cyclef) Metabolism form of both coated and vitamin residue in
tissue animal-heath hazard for humang) Excretion forms of both metabolites and coated residues
for environmental pollution14
Analysis – Accuracy, precision and good sensitivity are critical to correct interpretation of dosing of vitamin. Vitamin saler should provided excellent methods for analysis in sale product, feed and tissues or organ of animal. Feedmillers would like to puchasing vitamin on:
a) Easy and fast but provide adequate precision, accuracy sensitivity
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
sensitivityb) Methods not require expensive intruments and special
trained chemists or stuffsc) Expense per sample analysis not so expensive
especially on chemical analysis which require enzymatic digestion
15
Cost-effectiveness – when inclusion in the feed:a) Viatmin form and type : Digestion (enzyme and aging
and also sick from disease outbreak or poor water quality or management), absorption utilization, retention and also metabolite and coated residues for returns cost or health hazard or environment pollution
b) A l i f i f i i i
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
b) Analysis cost for potency or quantity of active vitamin for concentration of vitamin equivalent
c) Premixes retention test (plus analysis test cost)d) Mixing retention test (plus analysis test cost)e) Processing retention test (plus analysis test cost)f) Storage stability for the end-users-end test (plus
analysis test cost)g) Water leaching test (plus analysis test cost) 16
2. Improve reproduction• Breeders both poultry and swine aquaculture etc
Advance Research Test for Approval High Dosage of Vitamins in Animal Feed:
Breeders both poultry and swine, aquaculture, etc.
3. Detoxication of toxins• Poultry, swine, aquaculture, etc.
4. Calcification of bone and egg shell quality• Poultry, swine, cattle, etc.
17
Focus on the Task : Puff and Fluff are out on the market side, as is schmoozing in sale. The way to get the manufactures attention are :
a) Provide helpful informationb) Close to the sale by demonstration expertise
What do Feedmillers Want from Suppiers ?
c) Lack of responese or ignores your voice mail
Offer on Immediate Pavoff :a) What’s it going to give customer now ?b) Fast and superior survice to give a quick payoff.
18
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 4
Take no Chances : Shorter term arrangements and contracts give manufacturers flexibility to move forward without being locked into inappropriate agreements.
Maintain a Competitive Advantage:
What do Feedmillers Want from Suppiers ?
Maintain a Competitive Advantage:a) Stay with competition for talking the lead.b) Marketing and sales tactics for how a product and service
gives.c) Product knowledge is available and in-depth
understaning.
19
Samplify and Save Time: a) Complex is out and simplified is inb) Saving time and less involvement on management
Reduce Costs : Reduce costs today is far more complicated because cost reduction involves :
What do Feedmillers Want from Suppiers ?
pa) Saving timeb) Maintaining a cutting edge possitionc) Gaining a competitive advantaged) Elimating mistakes
20
1. Vitamins have been reconized as essential micronutrient for growth, reproduction, health, immune stress and disease outbreak response.
2. Variability in the active forms, the levels, stability bioavailability and storage shelflife
Conclusion
stability, bioavailability and storage shelflife has led to the development of commercial available
3. New roles of many vitamins in poultry, livestocks and aquaculture production are being estrablished will lead to revision of the accepted requirements
21 22
QUALITY REQUIREMENT OFVITAMINS FOR FEEDMILLERS
By By Jowaman Khajarern
Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University
23
Sount East Asia
Financial turmoil:South Korea Indonesia Thailand and Malatsia with some peripheral damage in Taiwan & Philippins
Devaluation of Currencies
Sign trouble in feed
24
in feed industry
Tightly regulated import system
Inpact global feed industry. Foot and mouth disease in Taiwan and Avian flu outbreak in Hong Kong
Economic losing and 20-50% decline in shipping agriculture products from U.S.
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 5
SOUTH EAST ASIA FEED INDUSTRY IN CRISIS
Feed industry have retracted over the part two year and production rate have fallen significantly
Most feed mills are running at about 40 50% Most feed mills are running at about 40-50% capacity
Feed customers are jumping around from supplier to supplier looking for the best price.
25
All most feedmillers today ran their operation on a break ever point with no profits.
Most commercial banks have withdrawn facilities to farmers making it difficult to operate
SOUTH EAST ASIA FEED INDUSTRY IN CRISIS
to farmers making it difficult to operate.
Feedmillers are not allowed to increase the prices of feed intervention from government side.
26
With hand-to-month economics than long term planning and strategy.
Hand-to-month purchase for lower price and also looking for the best price with or without
Feed Additives Affected and Customers Shop for Lowest Price
also looking for the best price with or without guarantees for quality.
Prompting forward purchases raw materials during the low price of harvest season and also pushing to use local ingredients to minimize foreign exchange.
27
Barter trade by selling and buy back raw materials from Asia country (e.g. Selling palm oil to China or India and buy back corn and soybean meal)
Feed Additives Affected and Customers Shop for Lowest Price
Tighter credit control.
Low/margins to feed manufacturers/livestock or aquaculture producers.
Closure of farm/ workers retrenched. 28
Optimizing nutrition inputs-with the method of the economic optimum.
Reduce waste- “operational” losses must be controlled
Insert Strict Control on Manufacturing Process
controlled.
Improving efficiency manufacturing system performs- gross margin and number of products for low production costs.
29
Premix stability – important to know the oxidation
rate of vitamin and know how long can the vitamin
and know how long can the vitamin be stored in
the premix forms. Need research to fortified and
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
p
support occasionally for:
a) Retained potency
b) An aggressive vitamin and mineral premix
during storage.30
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 6
Vitaminpremix
Choline-Trace mineralpremixes
Concentrates Pelleting Extrusion
Heat Low Low Low High Very High
Table 1 Level of vitamin stress factors in differentfeed processing
Table 2. Vitamin stability in premixes and pelletedand extruded feed
Premixes without
choline and
trace minerals
0% <0.5% 0.5% 1% 1%
Premixes with choline <0.5% 1% 3% 7% 10%
Premixes with choline
and trace minerals
<0.5% 5% 8% 15% 30%
Pelleted feed 1% 3% 6% 10% 25%
Extruded feed 1% 6% 11% 17% 50%32
Homogeneity and distribution during mixing – A
hygroscopic compounds will absorb moisture and
clump together forming large particle making
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
homogeneous mixing on:
a) Type of shape
b) Density
c) Hygroscopic or nonhygroscopic
d) Electostatic or nonelectostatice) Inclusion rate for distribution on proper time
33
Manufacture process stability – aquaculture feed are now in the main manufactured through cooker extruders with temperature of up to 110C and pressure of between 26 to 52 bars. Moist heat and high pressure under such condition should be research data on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
a) Mixing loss before pellet
b) Retention after processing from each step
c) Retained potency from size and diameter of diet
d) Retained potency from type of binder and processing technique
e) Retained potency forms on bioavailability to the animals 34
Vitamin
Vitamin retention, %month
0.5 1 3 6 Loss/month%
Loss/month1
%
A 650 (beadlet)D3 325 (beadlet)D3 400E acetateE alcoholMSBC2
959695987580
859485963564
74777293721
5865508700
8.06.09.52.457.038.0
1.00.61.00.235.02.2
Table 3. Average industry vitamin stability in vitamin-tracemineral premixes containing choline
MPB3
Thiamine HCLThiamine monoRiboflavinPyridoxineB12
Ca pantothenateFolic acidBiotinNiacinAscorbic acidCholine
Storage stability– Feed have to stored transported over distances and stock for sale for a period of time which maybe exposed to heat, sunlight or rain causing feed to spoil. Degree of deterioration of vitamin should be research data on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
of vitamin should be research data on:
a) Storage stability on time
b) Storage stability on season variation (temperature and humidity)
c) Storage stability on type of feed and particle size of feed
d) Type of wrapping material of feed38
VitaminVitamin retention, %
monthLoss/month
%
0.5 1 3 6
A 650 (beadlet)D3 325 (beadlet)E acetateE alcoholMSBC1
MPB2
929398788586
838896597576
697892205254
4355880
3237
9.57.52.040.017.015.0
Table 6. Average industry vitamin stability in complete feeds
Leaching before feed consumption– the exposure time before feed consumption and feeding behavior of animal are important factors in the formulation and manufacture of feed. Leaching out before it is consumed should be research data on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
consumed should be research data on:
a) Type and form of vitamin
b) Type and particle size of feed
c) Quality of water
d) Type of binder and processing technique44
EVALUATION TEXTURE OF
VITAMINS BY MICROSCOPY
45
AD3
A B
AD3
C D46
B1
A B
B1
C D47
B2
A B
B2
C D48
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 9
B3
A B
B3
C D49
B5
A B
B5
C D50
B6
A B
B6
C D51
B9
A B
B9
C52
B12
A B
B12
C D53
E50
A B
E50
C D54
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 10
K3
A B
K3
C D55
C
A B
C
C56
AD3Test with Iodine solution
57
B2Test with Iodine solution
58
B3Test with Iodine solution
59
B5Test with Iodine solution
60
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 11
B9Test with Iodine solution
61
E50Test with Iodine solution
62
Bioavailability – Vitamin included in feed must be digest and be made available for absorption, utilization and retention into the body for it to be useful. Bioavailability of vitamin should be research data on:
a) Type and form of vitaminb) Type of protected or coated materialc) Digestibility - due to enzyme of GI tract and aging of
animal
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
animald) Absorption and utilization - normal, stress and
disease outbreak, water quality and environmental changes
e) Retention - organ/tissue for starvation, growth and reproductive organ development cycle
f) Metabolism form of both coated and vitamin residue in tissue animal-heath hazard for human
g) Excretion forms of both metabolites and coated residues for environmental pollution 63
Analysis – Accuracy, precision and good sensitivity are
critical to correct interpretation of dosing of vitamin. Vitamin
seller should provided excellent methods for analysis in sale
product, feed and tissues or organ of animal. Feedmillers
would like to purchasing vitamin on:
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
a) Easy and fast but provide adequate precision,
accuracy sensitivity
b) Methods not require expensive instruments and
special trained chemists or stuffs
c) Expense per sample analysis not so expensive
especially on chemical analysis which require
enzymatic digestion 64
Cost-effectiveness – when inclusion in the feed:
a) Vitamin form and type : Digestion (enzyme and aging and also sick from disease outbreak or poor water quality or management), absorption utilization, retention and also metabolite and coated residues for returns cost or health hazard or environment pollution
What do Feedmillers Look for Vitamins Products ?
b) Analysis cost for potency or quantity of active vitamin for concentration of vitamin equivalent
c) Premixes retention test (plus analysis test cost)
d) Mixing retention test (plus analysis test cost)
e) Processing retention test (plus analysis test cost)
f) Storage stability for the end-users-end test (plus analysis test cost)
g) Water leaching test (plus analysis test cost)65
Advance Research Test for Approval High Dosage of Vitamins in Animal Feed:
Breeders both poultry and swine, aquaculture, etc.
3. Detoxification of toxins Poultry, swine, aquaculture, etc.
4. Calcification of bone and egg shell quality Poultry, swine, cattle, etc. 66
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 12
Focus on the Task : Puff and Fluff are out on the market side, as is schmoozing in sale. The way to get the manufactures attention are :
Provide helpful information
Close to the sale by demonstration expertise
Lack of response or ignores your voice mail
What do Feedmillers Want from Suppliers ?
Lack of response or ignores your voice mail
Offer on Immediate Pavoff :
What’s it going to give customer now ?
Fast and superior service to give a quick payoff.
67
Take no Chances : Shorter term arrangements and contracts give manufacturers flexibility to move forward without being locked into inappropriate agreements.
What do Feedmillers Want from Suppliers ?
Maintain a Competitive Advantage: Stay with competition for talking the lead.
Marketing and sales tactics for how a product and service gives.
Product knowledge is available and in-depth understanding.
68
Simplify and Save Time :
a) Complex is out and simplified is in
b) Saving time and less involvement on management
What do Feedmillers Want from Suppliers ?
Reduce Costs : Reduce costs today is far more complicated because cost reduction involves :
a) Saving time
b) Maintaining a cutting edge position
c) Gaining a competitive advantage
d) Estimating mistakes 69
1. Vitamins have been recognized as essential micronutrient for growth, reproduction, health, immune stress and disease outbreak response.
2. Variability in the active forms, the levels, stability, bi il bilit d t h lf lif h l d t th
Conclusion
bioavailability and storage shelf life has led to the development of commercial available
3. New roles of many vitamins in poultry, livestocks and aquaculture production are being established will lead to revision of the accepted requirements
1 Poor grade: contained copper powder and copper scale. The particles appear to have numerous red round which unavialable to the biological system (zero value)
2 Good grade : dark gray to blackish with a very light 2 Good grade : dark gray to blackish with a very light scattering of reddish particle.
Manganese sulfate :1 Heptahydrate form (25% Cu) appears as a light blue
geometric crystal which normally use in feed industry.
2 Lack of crystalline structure indicates unreacted sulfuric acid and unbound water and will have a very high tendency to set up or cake.
159
Cobalt
Cobalt carbonate :1 Distinct lavender color with small particle size.2 Under high magnification trends to make it lose
any inherent color.
Cobalt s lfate (mono and heptah drate)Cobalt sulfate (mono and heptahydrate):1 Haptahydrate form is most of normal use in feed
industry.2 Appears as a very large rose color.3 Monohydrate salt is very fine and also loses its
crystalline intregrity when the six additional water molecules are driven out of the crystal.
160
TESTING CO, FE AND CU
1. Drop solution A on filter paper and sprinkle sample on
2. Drop solution B 3. Pink : CoBrown : CuGreen : Fe 161
IODINE
Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI) :1 EDDI is used by feed industry as a 79.5 - 80% I2 Particle appears a very large transpalent rounded
cube and very easy to distinguish.
Calcium iodate:1 Anhydrous and mono hydrate salt are narmally
uses in animal feeds.2 Under the microscope the hexagonal needle
structure becomes apparent.
162
Assoc.prof. Jowaman Khajarern 7/24/2012
Applied Animal Nutrition, Sem-I, 2012 28
SULFURSulfur powder :1 Commonly called Flowers of Sulfur or rubber markers.
2 Under microscope appears as a group of small yellow “marbles”.
3 The inherent hygroscopicity of sulfur and caused it to 3 The inherent hygroscopicity of sulfur and caused it to form over-sized balls or agglomerates of materials.
Calcium sulfate and Sodium sulfate :
1 Both are very difficult to distinguish under the microscope.
163
TESTING S
1. Add testing solution and dry in oven
2. Add H2CO4 และ FeCl3 (dil) 3. Red color = positive