Cross -layer design for Route Optimization with MIPv6 ...

MIPv6 based multiple mobile routers for Cognitive
Network- a review
School of computing
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology
Gajendra Kumar
final year, School of computing,
Danish Ahmad
final year, School of computing,
Abstract
One of the most important features of internet protocol (IP) is to achieve ubiquity in the internet
which can be accessed from anywhere without the user facing difficulties. NEMO (Network Mobility)
aims at providing mobility in the network to a moving device. This paper aims on MIROC (Mobile
IPv6 Route Optimization for Cognitive Radio Network) using multiple routes in a cross-layer design
to overcome the problems present in NEMO basic support protocol by applying RO (Route
Optimization) in CNS (Cognitive Network System)),
Keywords: Network Mobility (NEMO), MIROC (Mobile IPv6 Route Optimization for Cognitive
Radio Network), CNS (Cognitive Network System), RO (Route Optimization)
INTRODUCTION
Network mobility is defined as the seamlessness of a device when it moves
from one home network to another network, that means when a node moves
from one network to another the user should not experience any
disturbance.Network mobility is an internet standard protocol defined in RFC
5177 for allowing session continuity for each node in a mobile network.As in
this technology prominent worldinternet access has become more ubiquitous,
demand tosupport for mobility is not bounded to a single terminal anymore.In
mobility the main concern is to route the data packet to the mobile node even if
it is not in its home network., which is done by assigning some sort of address
to the mobile node which adds up the problem. There are other problems like
route optimization, pinball problem, handoff latency, triangular routing, security
issues, reverse tunnelling etc.
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 119 No. 16 2018, 2919-2938 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/
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Cross layer design [1-5] enables the layers of an OSI model to transfer the data
of one layer to other making the communication more interactive. CRN
(Cognitive Radio Network) [19] is more like an intelligent network technology
which can evaluate the present conditions of the network and can change its
behaviour accordingly to maximize the throughput. Use of multiple routes [6-7]
can also reduce the packet loss rate in CRN. With the advent of CRA (cognitive
radio architecture) a scheme is proposed for spectrum sharing in cross layer
interaction in the cooperative PCP-OFDM system called DAO-DSMA
(Distributed adaptive opportunistic Distance Sensing Multiple Access) [8-20].
As shown in the figure,cross-layer optimization architecture to allow different
distributed scheduling, spatial diversity with opportunistic transmissions using
Cognitive radio, and techniques like successive interference cancellation (SIC)
[18] for a spectrum sharing scheme [9]. At link layer in CRS priority base
packets transmission [3-,21] is used to access the spectrum. At network layer,
the number of packet dropped, and delay is reduced by using multiple routers.
Cross layer TCPthroughput optimization [5] is used at transport layer for better
performance of CRN. Application layer could select radio bands automatically,
controlled under delay and over delay DF (decode and forward) paradigms [23],
throughput of TCP [12], density of active femto-BS [24]. In cognitive network
internet should be accessed from mobile platform and user needs not to include
any special mobility protocol, which in turn reduces performance as there
comes an increase in length of the path. To maintain the performance RO (route
optimization) is required. This paper aims at providing a RO mechanism for
CNS.
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This paper presents a design using Cross-layer for optimization of routes in cognitive
network strictly speaking a heterogenous cognitive network(HCN) [23] based on using
multiple routing with MIPv6 to overcome the limitations of NEMO basic support protocol
using an address delegation mechanism and a proxy-MR approach. This paper includes the
design for route optimization and an evaluation of performance.
Related Work
The current notion for achieving RO in NEMO is to let MR to directly inform CN regarding MNP’s
location MIPv6 for network prefixes require to upgrade MRs. The modifications in MRs and HAs by
the help of IPv6. It should requires Tree Discovery for allowing MRs for finding out level of hierarchy
for nesting. While leaving packets, it should forward to HA of MR along the path.
Packets for every direction will go towards one tunnel and HA. MIRON for nesting mobile network
for 40 bytes (in size) whiletunnelling that can be avoided by end to end optimization.
One solution[7] is to increase the reliability for mobile networks to increase the count of MRs by
analysing NEMO with the help of many MRs using possible nodes and link failure for service attack
for considerations.
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There are two routing metricises [22], first being throughput and second being cost while PUs
becomes active at routing process. One of the best ways to find routes is to combine two metricises
globally.
At a time when primary user becomes active to block original route to go along NODE2 and NODE1
choose for going along combined route made up by node 2,3 collaboration ofnull interference at
primary user.
Modelling of Network
Many types of cognitive network nodes that is primary network nodes (PNN)
which is also called as local fixed nodes (LFN) which do not move with respect
to mobile routers (MR). It normally resides in Mobile network and movesinto
another network and cognitive mobile nodes called visiting mobile nodes which
get connected to mobile network from different network. Here mobile routers
are directly connected to Internet through Access router (AR). In cognitive
network 2 CR1 can access the internet through primary network. In cognitive
network 2 MR1 can attach to TLMR which can use internet by Access router
(AR). InCMN1 , the visiting mobile network enables to connect to the internet
with the help of MR1 (mobile router) nested under TLMR and then directly
connected to AR (Access router). Cognitive network mobility creates a bi-
directional tunnel through cognitive node (CNN) which is located in network
mobility (NEMO) and CoA of mobile router(MR).
International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue
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It is proposed to support mobility of host , MIPv6 not including route
optimization support.
PANA (Protocol for carrying Authentication and network access): Any
mobile node when comes to a new network, it is needed to be
authenticatedbefore it is allowed to access the network, this is where protocols
like PANA are used.PANA does this authentication based on EAP (Extensible
Authentication Protocol) to authenticate data instead of using any new
mechanism.PANA is deployed as a standard network layer solution as it is
independent of link layer specifications.
Components of PANA
1. PaCc (PANA Cognitive Client): This is the cognitive mobile node which
wants to access network.
2. PACA (PANA Authentication Cognitive Agent): This entity is responsible
for consulting AAA server in order to granting the access to the PaCc.
3.AAA Server(Authorisation, Authentication and Accounting Server):
This server has got all the data that is needed to authenticate the Pac as a
credible user.
4.EP (Enforcement Point): It acts as a packet filtering agent by implementing
access control functions.
Phases of PANA
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1. Discovery and handshake: PaCc sends and receives solicitation or
unsolicited messages to start the PANA session to discover PACA and a
new PANA session can be started after receiving reply from PACA.
2. Authentication and Authorization phase: In this phase the PACA sends all
the information of the PaCc to the AAA server to check the credentials of
PaCc by carrying an EAP payload. AAA server checks it and sends the
reply.
3. Access phase: If the PaCc is found to be an authorised user then the reply
coming from AAA server contains the information to establish a session
like bandwidth allocated, session time, ip configuration etc.Secondary
users can access the network by making use ofcognitive MAC protocol
using EP by sending and receiving IP data traffic.
4. Re-authentication phase: The session between PaCc and PACA is
renewed in this phase.
5. Termination Phase: To terminate the connection PACA or PaCa can
explicit send message.
Optimization of routes
There are several drawbacks in CRMN basic support protocol because the
packet sent from correspondent node to the MR in the visited network has to go
through the Mr-CA bi-directional tunnel. Issues in CRMN are:
A delay is added in the packet delivery whenever a packet is sent through
the CA following a suboptimal routing.
whenever a packet traverses through MR-CA tunnel, an ipv6 header
which is 40 bytes in length is added which is a non-negligible packet
overhead.
- path between CN and CA is not available
- path between CA or MR is not available
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In these cases, CA becomes a single point of failure or bottleneck
In cases like multangular routing when a packet has to traverse by passing
all the CAs in all mobile cognitive network in the upper level hierarchy.
Because of these problems present in CRMN route optimization is needed in
which packet from correspondent node can reach MR in the visited network
without going through any CA in-between. In MIPv6 route optimization is done
in a different way that of in ipv4.
Here BU (binding update) is sent to the correspondent nodes by the CMN
(cognitive mobile node). Correspondent node also has the information of the
COA of CMN, so correspondent node can directly reach to the CMN without
going through CA (cognitive agent) of home network of CNM.
Multipath Routing for Cognitive Network communication
For CMN there are several Ro schemes available.
- Prefix delegation
1. Prefix Delegation [15]
To perform RO in MIPv6 TLMRs (Top layer mobile routers) are given a prefix
using which they advertise to CMN for acquiring COA.
2. Best Path Registration
Delegated prefix is only obtained by MRs. Addresses of packets are translated
into new ones which is done by MR using delegated prefix to Choose the best
path for route optimization. Having done with new addresses translations, these
addresses are then stored in Best Path Registration header to inform CNN about
the translated addresses which is then used to transfer the packet from CNN to
CMN through optimized route.
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After obtaining a COA from the visited network, MR disseminates this COA to
attached CNNs and CMNs, forthcoming communication is done by using this
COA for PMNs.
In multihop transmission, to maximize end-end throughput the encoded
packets are delivered on multiple paths which also provides fractional path
diversity.
Protocol for Route Optimization using MIPv6 for CRMN
A solution for route optimization is provided for CRMN using MIROC by
providing a direct communicating path between CMN and CNN.
Overview of the protocol
Along with the route optimization to improve the performance of cognitive
communication MIROC makes sure that data packet passing through the MR’s
CA should be avoided to follow that path and an extra Ipv6 header (40 bytes)
should not be added which is an overhead as in CRMN basic support protocol.
Different kinds of CMNs in RO can be:
Fixed Nodes: Such as laptops, mobile or internal servers, these nodes do not
have mobility support and are called LFN (local fixed nodes) or PNN (primary
network nodes).
Mobile Nodes: These nodes have capability to support mobility and are called
as VCMN (visiting cognitive mobile nodes).
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Nested Mobile network: AS MR of one device is connected with MR of other
device to form a hierarchy, the MR at the top of that hierarchy is called TLMR
(Top Level Mobile Router).
Two aspects of RO handled by MIROC
1. Angular Routing: The forwarding of a packet by the correspondent node to
CMN is done by forwarding the packet via HA of CMN through a HA-MR bi-
directional tunnel, this causes angular routing in the Cognitive Mobile network.
Depending on the types of node MIROC handles it in two ways:
- If the CNN doesn’t support MIPv6 (LFN), then MR is given the task of RO
making the MR acting as a proxy-MR.
- If the CNN supports MIPv6 (VCMN), then to keep VCMNs updated on each
move of CMN an IPv6 address is provided by MN using the modified PANA
and DHCPv6.
2. Multiangular Routing: This occurs when a packet moves through nested
MR bi-directional tunnel. Here in nested CMN, TLMRs get Ipv6 addresses in
the visiting network.
In MIROC, MR only gets some changes while HA and CN remain unchanged.
Instead of using HA-MR bi-directional path, a direct communicating path is
established between VCMN and CMN.
Angular RO
When an MR (here CMN) reaches a foreign network,it send a COA to its HA
acquired from the foreign network it visits using Binding Update message
which also has the information of the type of node it is, which should be known
before Ro is done.
1.To find the type of node: There are two types of nodes possible in CMN
1. CNN: These kinds of nodes do not have MIPv6 support capability.
2. VCMN: These kinds of nodes have inbuilt MIPv6 support capability.
2. Optimizing routes for CNN: CNN being a node without mobility support
Mr has to do all the task in place of a CNN node (CNN node is a local fixed
node).
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• All the routes that a CNN is using are examined by MR to select the
routes to be optimized.
• The selected routes which are to be optimized, MR sends RO signalling
to their CNN-CMN pair.
• This BU information contains information like PNN’s address PoA
(primary user of address) along with MR’s COA acquired from visited
network. Also, to verify that the node is able to communicate with given
COA return routability is checked before BU is sent.
In the solution given in this paper the MR acting as a proxy-MR does the tasks
in place of CMN which includes sending messages like home test init (HoTI)
and care-of test unit (CoTI) to CN with CNNs address as a source address.
Then CN also sends the replies as Home test message (HOT) and care of test
message (CoT) to MR with COA of MR address as a destination address along
with a Type 2 routing header.
• After receiving the packets from CNN, source Ipv6 address is set as the
MR’s COA and Ipv6 HOA as destination option with the address of
CNN.
After completing RR procedure MR should make sure for two rules:
• Those addresses only which PNN once had a desired communication link
with can be initiated for RO procedure for MR.
• For proxy-MR functionalities amount of all the resources like memory,
bandwidth, processing time etc, should be decided.
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Optimization of routes for VCMN: Since VCMNs are nodes with MIPv6
mobility support so unlike CNN it does not need MR for optimization of routes.
VCMNs are connected to the internet with PNN’s TLMR acting as an access
router and an address that it gets from MNP. RO signals are generated by
VCMN with its CNS. RO and RR signals cannot be modified by MR. VCMN’s
HA sends HoTI message protected by IP sec ESP.
IN MIROC to avoid bi-directional tunnel, RO is performed with CNS
Following rules should be applied:
• The network that TLMR visits should provide a meaningful Ipv6 address.
• For this address a proxy neighbour is needed to be discovered in the
interface with which the network is attached , is done by MR. Also, the
route packets for this network should get a host route inserted by MR.
• Source address routing is performed by MR to directly send packets by
VCMN.
• Whenever PMN or CMN moves the address of VCMN should be
updated.
This mechanism provides COA whenever MR wants. In VCMN, while
optimizing the routes a node must alter its ip address and should acquire a new
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one (also implemented in PANA), so a PaCa software is needed in VCMNs for
RO. To optimize nested CMNs, PaCa software is required. For supporting RO
for VCMN going in PMN, a PACA software in MR is needed.
Whenever a CMN visits a foreign network, using a new PANA reauthentication
phase, new Ipv6 addresses requested by TLMR which is then provided to the
VCMNs linked with CMN. Using DHCPv6 TLMR makes a request to the
VCMNs for configuring an Ipv6 address which is new. In HCN, visiting
VCMNs get Ipv6 address by using a different protocol along with using
reconfigure mechanism of DHCPv6. Some authentication mechanism is used
between VCMN and TLMR for authorization of TLMR.
The figures show the mechanism utilized by VCMN to generate an
Ipv6 address using modifies PANA. The moment VCNM connects to a
NEMO, a PANA session is initiated including PANA discovery and
handshake, followed by a session between PaCc andPACA for
authentication and authorization using EAP. An Ipv6 address is acquired
by VCMN by making use of an address configuration mechanism at
CNEMO [14] using which VCMN can access the primary network. Now,
the location of VCMN must be known to its HA using a BU. Now the
CNEMO must be linked with the new VCMN when MR receives BU.
MR starts a new PANA authentication phase by discarding this BU
message. At the MR a DHCPv6 component gets a request to generate an
Ipv6 address from VCMN. In the reply of this request from VCMN,
DHCPv6 component implements the complete server and client
functionality.An IPv6 address which is configured newly is then
conveyed to PACA in MR using PANA-update-request type of message.
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Because of the change in the Ipv6 address in VCMN, a process to update
the location of MIPv6, by sending a BU to VCMN’s HA. The location
information can be updated by VCMN with communicating CMNs, by
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considering CNN’s address as next hop address. Routing header of the
packet is removed by MR, if the next hop address is one of its CNNs
address. The VCMN performing RR, MIPv6 specifies Ipv6 node and
sends a BU message to each CMN for optimizing route traffic. Whenever
a CNEMO visits to a foreign network, the VCMN attached to the NEMO
gets a new Ipv6 address by MR to initiate a new PANA authentication
phase to configure a new Ipv6 address using DHCPv6 on the MR’s
request. HereMIROC to finish handover takes a longer time than that it
takes in CNEMO as it uses both PANA and DHCPv6
Queuing Model:
Queuing model is used in simulation. It provides the analyst with a
powerful tool for designing and evaluating the performance of
cognitive network. A queuing model can measure parameters like
simulation time, Bandwidth, arrival rate of packets, transmission rate
of packets, node failure rate, rate of packet loss etc.
1. M/M/n queue: This queueing model is multi-server where packetarrivals
form a single queue system following Poisson process, there are present
n servers and job service times aredistributed exponentially.
2. M/M/∞ queue: This queueing model is multi-server where every packet gets
service without waiting a moment. Since there is no scarcity of the servers so
jobs (packets) need not to wait. Here arrivals are governed by a Poisson process.
The service time of each job is distributed exponentially. It is a special case of
the M/M/n queue model where the number of servers n becomes very large.
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Simulator and other software
NEMO is a software available in Network simulation is being used here for
calculating parameters like simulation number of routers, mean delay, node
failure rate etc.
Performance evaluation
It is evident from the observation that with the increase in the number of router
from ten to twenty, the mean delay is being decreased remarkably.
Case a: Node Failure rate = 0.002 and Link Failure rate = 0.004
S. No. Number of MRs (Nr) Mean Delay (second)
1 2 17.1
2 3 12.6
3 4 11.3
4 5 10.5
5 6 10.1
6 7 10
7 8 9.7
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Case b:Node Failure rate = 0.005 and Link Failure rate = 0.001
S. No. Number of MRs Mean Delay (second)
1 2 16.9
2 3 12.5
3 4 11.1
4 5 10.4
5 6 10.1
6 7 9.9
7 8 9.6
8 9 9.5
9 10 9.4
Case c: Node Failure rate = 0.01 and Link Failure rate = 0.02
S. No. Number of MRs Mean Delay (second)
1 2 17
2 3 12.6
3 4 11.2
4 5 10.5
5 6 10.1
6 7 9.9
7 8 9.7
8 9 9.6
9 10 9.3
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Cross -layer design for Route Optimization with MIPv6 ...

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