KEIKO MUTO Heldina Pristanti Sekta Lonir Oscarini Wati Bhakti Sunarmi Sukmawati Theresia Hilda Kayani
Nov 22, 2014
KEIKO MUTO
Heldina PristantiSekta Lonir Oscarini Wati Bhakti
SunarmiSukmawati
Theresia Hilda Kayani
Introduction Language learners will need to develop the full
range of lexical strategies to improve their communicative competence, lexical knowledge must be considered essential to L2 learners.
Introduction The aim
To investigate how a working knowledge of discourse – organizing vocabulary, especially lexical cohesion, can help EFL students is reading and writing.
Previous study DeCarrico (2001)
Learners should initially be taught a large productive vocabulary of at least two thousand high-frequency words. Low-frequency words can be acquire while L2 learners are exposed to reading/listening
Clarke and Nation (1980)Low-frequency words can be learned by practicing
guessing new word meaning through clue words found in discourse. By guessing the word meanings through the knowledge of basic vocabulary, L2 learners can interpret discourse more precisely.
Discourse Organizing VocabularyLexical items can have a significant structuring role in texts Winter (1977) points out,
co-ordinating/subordinating conjunctions , and adverbials can be clue items to understand the lexical relationship in discourse.
Halliday & Hasan (1976) add “general noun” to pronouns, which means “a small set of nouns having generalized reference within the major noun classes, those such as “human noun,” “place noun,” “fact noun’ and the like”
Discourse Organizing Vocabulary Francis (1994) categorizes referring words into
two groups that provides the frame of reference within which the subsequent argument is developed. These labels will help the reader to collect information to understand the text:”Advance label means cataphoric words that allow the
reader to predict the precise information that will follow
Retrospective label means anaphoric that indicates to the reader “exactly how that stretch of discourse is to be interpreted
Discourse Organizing Vocabulary Knowledge of discourse organizing
vocabulary might complement L2 learners’ lack of vocabulary and assist them in text interpretation
Lexical Items It is the best way to find out what the lexical
item semantically. It is to consider how terms of meaning in discourseHalliday & Hasan (1976) categorize lexical item
into groups:○ Grammatical Cohesion: reference, substitution,
ellipsis, and conjunction○ Lexical Cohesion: reiteration and collocation
The semantic relationship between lexical items can be considered to be lexical cohesion
Lexical Cohesion Halliday & Hasan (1976) classify
reiteration into four types: the same word, a synonym/near synonym, superordinate, and general wordA boy ○ The boy the same word○ The lad synonym/near synonym○ The child a superordinate○ The idiot a general word
Lexical Cohesion Halliday & Hasan (1976) states that collocation
is an important part of creating cohesion in connected text. Collocation refers to the semantic and structural relation among words, which native speakers can use subconsciously for comprehension or production of a text
Lexical CohesionCOHESIVE
FORCE
COHESIVE TIE
COHESIVE ITEM
ITEM IN A TEXT
Lexical Cohesion The means by which text are linguistically
connected ….Carter 1998 Cannot exist without sentence A set of “discourse semantic
system”….Martin 2001
Lexical Cohesion and Text Lexical cohesion is not always necessary
for text to produce semantic relation between sentence..Brown & Yule. 1980
A: There’s the doorbell
B: I’m in the bath
Lexical Cohesion and Text Text can exist without lexical cohesion,
though lexical cohesion cannot exist without text..Brown & Yule.1983
I bought a Ford. A car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The Discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days. Every day. I feed my cat.. Cats have four legs. The cat is on the mat. Mat has three letters.
Methodology Instrument
Reading three short storiesWriting one kind of written exercises
Subject80 students of two extensive reading class at
a university in Nagoya, Japan
Reading Activity The instruments were designed to encourage
the students to collect the necessary information in a text to understand the story more accurately by paying attention to lexical cohesion.To find the place of storyTo find the timeTo find the character traits
Those clues were expected to indicate the degree to which students could use the Knowledge of cohesion for the interpretation of stories.
Writing Activity It is designed to investigate how much
students make use of cohesion in their writing. After reading the story, the students were asked to write a sequel to the story.
Discussion: Analysis and Results
Discussion: Analysis and ResultsReading Activity Exercise 1: Understanding the place
This exercise was designed to introduce students to the knowledge of the relationship among word/phrases in the text.
Students were requested to select words delivering the necessary information concerning ‘place’ in the first page
The result○ The mistakes were made by the students were
because of the lack of cultural knowledge prevented them from determining lexical cohesion
Discussion: Analysis and ResultsReading Activity Exercise 2: Understanding time
The students were requested to find clue words determining time in the story.
The result○ 22 students who could answer correctly, could
make cohesion by collecting clue items beyond the first page
Discussion: Analysis and ResultsReading Activity Exercise 3: Understanding the Main Character
The students were requested to explain the main character at the first and show clue items which are used to understand the main character
The results○ The students used different clue words but have the
same answer. It means that the students could understand and build lexical cohesion in a text to find the main character’s traits.
Discussion: Analysis and ResultsWriting Activity The students constructed the plot of their
story. The students are helped by the researcher by giving the aid as the knowledge of lexical cohesion
The resultsThe knowledge of lexical cohesion can help
students interpret the story, develop vocabulary and give coherence to their writing
Conclusion In reading activity, the result of the
analysis showed the considerable effect that the knowledge of lexical cohesion has on their understanding of the story
Conclusion How to improve the general knowledge of
lexical cohesion in reading Acquiring cultural knowledge Expanding the area of lexical cohesion Creating original cohesion Expanding the area of lexical cohesion to the whole text Creating original cohesion Comprehending that collocationally linked words in an argument
can be related to the writer’s evaluation
Knowledge of lexical cohesion can help students in comprehending the coherence of the story as well
Conclusion In the Writing Activity, students made use
of their knowledge of lexical cohesion for interpreting the story and effectively applied it to writing a story.
By using lexical cohesion, students’ stories showed a more varied vocabulary and coherent plot.
A knowledge of lexical cohesion helped students to write more effectively
Critical Evaluation Strong point
It has a strong background about the lexical cohesion in reading and writing
It uses several clear literature to support the articleIt can improve the vocabulary of the students by
knowing the lexical cohesionThe findings of the article can help the readers to
implicate it in the teaching and learning process
Critical Evaluation Weak Point
No detail steps in conducting test. The amount of time in reading and writing activities was not mentioned
It was not shown precisely about the subject of the research. It only said that they were from a university in Nagoya, Japan
It does not give enough examples and data to explain the lexical cohesion
How can the article be improved
The writer should give more detailed examples and data, that can support the experiments.
Statistic data should be provided in this article.
Hypothesis should be explained more detailed.