Country Profile on Disability ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTANsiteresources.worldbank.org/DISABILITY/Resources/Regions/South Asia... · Country Profile on Disability ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

Country Profile on

Disability

ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN

March 2002 Japan International Cooperation Agency

Planning and Evaluation Department

Country Profile on Disability Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Table of Contents

Figures ....................................................................................................................................... ii

Tables ......................................................................................................................................... ii

Abbreviations............................................................................................................................ iii

1. Basic Profile........................................................................................................................... 1

1-1.Basic Indicators ............................................................................................................... 1

1-2.Indicators on Disability ................................................................................................... 3

2. Issues on Disability ................................................................................................................ 5

2-1.Definition of Disability in Pakistan ................................................................................. 5

2-2.Current Situation ............................................................................................................. 5

2-3.Documentation and Surveys on Disability ...................................................................... 6

3. Administration and Policy on Disability................................................................................ 8

3-1. Administration on Disability .......................................................................................... 8

3-2. Laws and Regulations on Disability ............................................................................. 10

3-3. Policies on Disability.................................................................................................... 11

3-4. Measures on Disability ................................................................................................. 11

3-5. Experts and Workers in the Field of Disability............................................................. 16

4. Disability-related organizations and Activities .................................................................... 18

4-1. Activities by Disability-related organizations .............................................................. 18

4-2. Cooperation projects on Disability Organized by International and Other Donors...... 18

5. References............................................................................................................................ 20

i

Figures

Figure 1: Disability-specific data....................................................................................... 3

Figure 2: Area-specific data by gender .............................................................................. 4

Tables

Table 1: Age-specific data, 0-18, and 18 and above. ......................................................... 4

Table 2: Percentage of Persons with Disabilities in the population ................................... 4

ii

Abbreviations A&C Administration and Coordination B&A Budget and Account B.A. Bachelor of Arts B.Ed. Bachelor of Education (14 years of schooling) B.Sc. Bachelor of Science CBR Community Based Rehabilitation DGSE Directorate General of Special Education DIR director F&A Finance and Account FY Fiscal year HQR Headquarters ILO International Labour Organization MA Master of Arts M.Sc. Master of Science MBBS Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery NCRDP National Council for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons NGO Non-governmental Organization NISE National Institute for Special Education NTCD National Training Centre for the Disabled NWFP North West Frontier Province P&D Planning and Development PCRDP Provincial Council for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons PWDs Persons with disabilities TE Training and employment UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

iii

Country Profile onPakistan

1. Basic Profile

1-1. Basic Indicators

Public Sector Expenditure1 Health 0.9% 1996-98 Education 2.7% 1997 Social welfare N/A Defense 5.7% 1997

Population1 Population (total) 138.1 million 2000 % of women 48.2％ 2000 % of urban population 36％ 1999 Life Expectancy2 (total) 59.6 1999 Male 59.8 1999 Female 59.5 1999

Medical Care Medical care personnel2 Population/Doctor 1,754 1990-99

Population/Nurse & midwife 3,125 1992-95

1 World Bank. World Development Report 2000-2001 2 UNDP. Human Development Report 2001

1


Education

Education system3 Primary education 5 year Compulsory education N/A Adult literacy rate1 Male 58% 1998

Female 49% 1998 Enrollment ratio3

Primary education (Net enrollment ratio)

Total 96% 1997 Male 91% 1995-99 Female 92% 1995-99 Primary education4

(Gross enrollment ratio)

Total 65％ 1991 Male 87％ 1991 Female 42％ 1991 Secondary education

(Net enrollment ratio)

Total 61% 1997 Male 37% 1996 Female 39% 1996 Higher education

(Gross enrollment ratio)

Total 10.3% 1996 Male 10.0% 1996 Female 10.7% 1996

3 UNESCO. Statistical Yearbook 1999 4 USAID ESDS. GED2000 Retrieved February 21, 2002, from http//qesdb.cdie.org/ged/index.html

2


1-2. Indicators on Disability

Disability-specific Data

Figure 1: Disability-specific data

Physical Disability40%

Visual Impairment20%

Hearing Impairment10%

Overlapping10%

Mental Disability20%

Physical DisabilityVisual Impairment Hearing ImpairmentMental DisabilityOverlapping

Source: Oracle Research & Information Services. Country Profile Study on Persons with Disabilities

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Age-specific Data

Table 1: Age-specific data, 0-18, and 18 and above.

Physical Disability

Visual Impairment

Hearing Impairment

Mentally Disability

Overlapping

0-18 years old 2.82(million) 1.41 0.705 1.41 0.705

18 and above 2.402 1.201 0.6 1.201 0.6

Area-specific Data

Figure 2: Area-specific data by gender

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Punjab Sind Balouchistan N.W.F.P

Areas

Num

ber o

f PW

Ds

Female

Male

Source: Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare and Special Education, Pakistan Retrieved March 7, 2002 from http://mowd.gov.pk/index.html

Table 2: Percentage of Persons with Disabilities in the population

Total Punjab Sind Balouchistan N.W.F.P 2.49% 2.48% 3.05% 2.23% 2.12%

Grade-specific Data

N/A

Cause-specific Data

N/A

4


2. Issues on Disability

2-1. Definition of Disability in Pakistan

Although there is no widely accepted definition of persons with disabilities (PWDs), two

definitions can be found in the National Policy for Special Education.

1. “Disability” means the lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner that is

considered to be normal.

2. A person with disabilities means a person who, on account of injury, disease, or

congenital deformity, is handicapped in undertaking any gainful profession or

employment, and includes persons who are visually impaired, hearing impaired, and

physically and mentally disabled.

2-2. Current Situation

Persons with disabilities are mostly unseen, unheard and uncounted persons in Pakistan. They

are the most marginalized group. Persons with Disabilities face overwhelming barriers in

education, skills development and daily life. Most currently offered services focus on children,

with little availability for adult Persons with Disabilities.

Persons with disabilities also face multiple social, economic, physical and political handicaps,

hampering their freedom of movement in society. These barriers include stigmatization and a

misunderstanding of the abilities and aspirations of persons with disabilities. There is also a

pronounced lack of informational data, rules and regulations, rehabilitation centers, and

mainstreaming and specialized services for persons with disabilities.

In Pakistan, no single ministry or federal department deals with, issues related to disability. There is only the ministry, responsible for social welfare, women’s development and special education, which touches upon person with disabilities issues. However, at the local level, there are no specific sections or departments responsible for person with disabilities programs at the local level.

Moreover, Pakistanis believe that persons with disabilities are a social burden and a curse on

the family. These beliefs lead to the misunderstanding of disability. They prevent people from

5


obtaining appropriate information and being educated. Employment opportunities for persons

with disabilities are very limited and so they are a financial burden for their families.

2-3. Documentation and Surveys on Disability

Only limited categories of disabilities (physical disabilities such as amputations, foot and leg

deformities, visual and hearing impairments) have been surveyed nationwide and most of the

data has not been categorized by gender. Therefore, quantitative, nationwide, disaggregated

data, by gender and age, is required for comprehensive policymaking and an assessment of

progress. Person with Disabilities-related items taken up by the National Census, specific

theme and regional studies by regional governments, as well as governmental and

international organizations should be collected, and missing information or items should be

surveyed. At the same time, it is important to publish and disseminate the results of these

surveys to persons with disabilities themselves, policy makers, project implementators and aid

donors so that they can be utilized for policy making and international project planning.

The National Population Census is theoretically conducted every 10 years. The latest National

Population Census was conducted in 1998; its predecessor was in 1981.

National Census

【Title】 National Population Census of Pakistan 【Last published】 1998 【Items regarding Person with Disabilities】

Survey on demographic data. A number of persons with disabilities in a household was identified. Disability was classified into five categories: visual, hearing, physical, mental and psychiatric.

Other Surveys

【Title】 Census of Disabled Persons of Rawalpindi and Islamabad, 【Last published】【Conducted by】DGSE, Government of Pakistan Islamabad

【Title】 Survey of Disabled Persons in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP)

【Last published】 1997 【Conducted by】Social Welfare Department, Government of NWFP

6


【Title】 Survey of Non-institutionalized Civilian Disabled Persons 【Last published】 1974-1975 【Conducted by】Social Welfare Department, Government of Sind

【Title】 An Epidemiological Study Of Disabled Children in Pakistan 【Last published】 1990 【Conducted by】Dr. Shah Gul Hayat Hunzai and sponsored by UNICEF

【Title】 Rapid Epidemiological Assessment of Childhood Disability in Pakistan

【Last published】 1990 【Conducted by】 Mr. Meher Hassan (Department of Neuropsychiatry, Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Center

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3. Administration and Policy on Disability

3-1. Administration on Disability

* See Annex 1 for a list of governmental organizations

Central Government

【Organizational chart】

Organizational chart of the Ministry of Women’s Development, Social Welfare and Special Education

Minister

Secretary

Additional

Secretary／

Director General

Director

(SE-I/P&D)

Director

(SE-I/F&A)

Director

(A&C)

Director

(Works)

Director

(SE-Ⅲ)

Director

(SE-Ⅳ)

Deputy Director

(P&D)

Deputy Director

(A&C)

Accounts Officer

(Works)

Deputy Director

(SE-Ⅱ)

Deputy Director

(SE-Ⅳ)

Accounts Officer

(Adult)

Accounts Officer

(B&A)

Accounts Officer

(SE-Ⅱ)

SE: Special Education P&D: Planning and Development A&C: Administration and Coordination F&A: Finance and Accounts B&A: Budget and Account

【Availability of national coordination committee】Yes 【Committee name】 National Coordination Committee

【Plan and implemented activities】 The National Coordination Committee implements Plans arranged by the Ministry of Women’s Development, Social Welfare and Special Education. The National Coordination Committee includes NCRDP and major NGOs. NCRDP is responsible for formulating policies on employment and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities and for their execution through Provincial Councils.

8


【Disability-related Central governmental Organizations】

【Name】【Description】 Ministry of Women’s Development, Social Welfare and Special Education

The National Council for Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons (NCRDP), under the Social Welfare section, conducts person with disabilities surveys and provides medical examinations and training for persons with disabilities. It also works to promote vocational rehabilitation and employment of persons with disabilities. The Directorate General of Special Education (DGSE) was established to

�promote special education .

Local Government 【Organizational chart】

Local Governments have their own governmental body that includes a Governor, Provincial

Assembly, Provincial Cabinet, and Provincial Government. There are four local government

bodies in the Punjab, Sindh, Balouchistan and NWFP governments.

Organizational chart of Social Welfare Department in the Government of NWFP

Secretary

Social Welfare

Additional Secretary

Social Welfare

Deputy Secretary

Social Welfare

Section

officer (G)

Section

Officer (Ⅲ）

Director Social

Welfare

Section

Officer (Ⅱ)

Section

Officer (Ⅰ)

Asstt DIR

(Budget and

account) HQR

Asstt DIR

Handicapped HQR

Asstt DIR

(Admn) HQR

Planning

Officer HQR

Asstt DIR

(Orphanages)

HQR

Social Welfare

Officer HQR

Field Officer

HQR

Supervisor HQR

Superintendent

HQR

DIR: Director HQR: Headquarters

5 Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare and Special Education. Retrieved March 7, 2002, from http://mowd.gov.pk/index.html

9


【Disability-related Local Governmental organizations】

【Name】【Description】 Unknown

3-2. Laws and Regulations on Disability

Although a law on the employment and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities was passed

in 1981, there is currently no comprehensive legislation covering persons with disabilities.

Therefore, laws and regulations on disability-related sectors other than simply employment

and rehabilitation are required. Parallel to these efforts, governmental policies on person with

disabilities welfare must be strengthened with provision of information and responsibility

sharing amongst ministries outside the Ministry of Women’s Development, Social Welfare and

Special Education.

【Title】 Disabled Persons (Employment & Rehabilitation) Ordinance 1981 【Year legislated】 1981 【Purpose】 To provide employment, rehabilitation and welfare for Persons with

Disabilities 【Description】

Sets a quota of 1% (this 1% quota has now been increased to 2% by a special directive of the Prime Minister) for the public and private sector to employ persons with disabilities. Organizations which do not comply to the employment quota are required to pay 2000 rupees6 per month per person to the NCRDP. This collection is to be used to support persons with disabilities and assistive devices. The NCRDP and PCRDP (Provincial Council for the Rehabilitation of Disabled Persons in each province) have been established to ensure and enhance the employment, welfare and rehabilitation of persons with disabilities. The NCRDP is responsible for policymaking, evaluation and coordination, achievement of policy objectives, as well as law implementation at the provincial level, project implementation, training and job referrals, and provincial physical examinations for persons with disabilities.

[Laws related to anti-discrimination measures, protection of human rights]

10

6 1 rupee = 1.788 yen (as of end March 2002)


【Title】 Zakat 7 & Ushr Ordinance 【Year legislated 】 1980 【Purpose】 Utilization of Zakat Fund 【Description】

【Title】 Voluntary Social Welfare Agencies (Registration & Control) Ordinance

【Year legislated 】 1961 【Purpose】 Registration of NGOs / Welfare Agencies 【Description】

【Title】 Charitable Endowment Act 【Year legislated 】 1980 【Purpose】 Registration/ notification of trusts and foundations in both the public

and private sectors. The National Trust for Disabled in Pakistan is registered under this Act.

【Description】

3-3. Policies on Disability

National Development Plan

【Title】 Five-Year Plan 【Period】 1994-1998 (the eighth plan) 【Items regarding Person with Disabilities】 There are no items or policy that deal with persons with disabilities issues.

3-4. Measures on Disability

Prevention, Identification and Early Intervention

【Current situation】

The National Institute for the Handicapped, which is a government-owned hospital, has been

set up for the prevention of disabilities and provides the following services to persons with

7 Muslims are required to pay a religious tax known as Zakat, which is two and a half percent of year-end savings, cash or assets. Zakat is meant to benefit only the indigent. The state also deducts Zakat on all savings bank accounts on the first day of Ramadan (the month of dawn to dusk fasting). The 12-month Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar.

11


disabilities.

1. Coordinates national efforts to prevent disabilities, plans and develops an integrated

referral system throughout the country and serves as a training center for those

involved in the prevention of disabilities;

2. Plans and develops an early disability detection system for children;

3. Plans and develops a multi-professional assessment and diagnostic system at the

district and divisional level;

4. Plans and develops a health surveillance system through existing institutions;

5. Coordinates and supports services for persons with disabilities through various

institutions;

6. Provides treatment to people with various disabilities;

7. Provides medical rehabilitation services for people with extensive disabilities;

8. Carries out research on artificial limbs (manufacture and assembly) and hearing aids;

9. Provides dormitory and convalescent facilities to 120 hospitalized patients;

10. Forming a primary health care system

【Policy/program title】 The National Health Policy 【Implementation year】 1990 【Description】

Emphasis on mental health disorders, blindness, traffic accidents leading to physical disability, and improvement of prenatal care.

【Policy/program title】 National Social Welfare Policy 【Implementation year】 1994 【Description】Prevention, Education and Rehabilitation (p. 8-9)

Medical Services and Rehabilitation


DGSE is responsible for the formulation and implementation of a national policy and

programs for assistive devices. Major future programs for assistive devices are as follows:

1. Provision of low-vision aids;

2. Establishment of special education centers at district headquarters;

3. Establishment of orthotic-prosthetic workshops;

4. Assembly of hearing aids;

5. Establishment of a regional institute of training and research on special education.

12


The Government does not impose duties or taxes on motorized wheelchairs and special

vehicles. Pakistan produces all prosthetic and orthotic devices indigenously and is able to

meet the “official” demand for these devices. However, many persons with disabilities,

especially in rural areas, have not been identified and are unaccounted for in the “official”

demand8.

Students enrolled in the national or provincial special education centers are fitted with hearing

aids, aids for visual correction, white canes, braces, corrective boots and crutches

free-of-charge.

National Training Center for Disabled Persons

Manages a multi-functional center which conducts orthopedic surgery, physiotherapy,

artificial limb center, vocational training, workshop and education.

Education


The Directorate General of Special Education has established 46 special education centers,

and the National Trust for the Disabled has set up 3 special education centers. Assessment,

diagnostic and special education services are provided, personal aids and devices are

distributed, curricula are developed and sports and recreational activities are planned.

The Directorate General of Special Education runs 11 centers for persons with visual

impairment, 12 for those with intellectual disabilities, 12 for those with hearing impairments

and 11 for those with physical disability. Provincial governments have also set up special

education institutions.

The National Institute for Special Education (NISE) was established in 1986 to develop expert

training programs, long-term and short-term certification courses, build partnerships with

universities, research centers and international organizations as well as develop and publish

instructive materials.

Special education faculties have been established within the Universities of Karachi and

8 United Nations, Production and Distribution of Assistive Devices for People with Disabilities.

13


Punjab. At the same time, school teachers were trained and integrated education promoted

despite some objections from parents of non-disabled children.

There are private Braille libraries in Lahore and Karachi. In Islamabad, there is a National

Talking Book Center and similar private sector centers in Lahore and Karachi. In addition,

there are governmental Braille publishers in Karachi and Bahawalpur as well as a modern

publishing facility in Islamabad.

【Policy/program title】 National Social Welfare Policy 【Implementation year】 1994 【Description】Education (p. 8-9)

【Policy/program title】 National Policy For Special Education 【Implementation year】 1999 【Description】

Expansion of educational services, involvement of community, mainstreaming (p. 20)

Social Service


N/A

【Policy/program title】 Unknown 【Implementation year】【Description】

Vocational Training and Employment promotion Services


The National Training Centre for the Disabled (NTCD) conducts specialized skill training

programs for Persons with Disabilities. The purposes of NTCD are as follows:

1. Provide vocational training and rehabilitation services. Skills training in welding,

bench-fitting (machinists), knitting, tailoring and electrical and electronic equipment

production.

2. Facilitate employment through placement services

3. Educate the community regarding person with disabilities contributions to society;

4. Help persons with disabilities contribute to, and become productive members of

Retrieved from http://www.dinf.org/doc/intl/z15/z15002p2/z1500201.htm

14


society.

The NTCD provides vocational training and rehabilitative services to Persons with

Disabilities in various trades, assisting successful trainees in finding suitable jobs.

Two vocational training centers have also been established in Karachi and Lahore, providing

the same services as the NTCD9.

The NCRDP was established in 1982 to coordinate policies on employment, rehabilitation and

welfare for persons with disabilities. The Disabled Persons Employment and Rehabilitation

Ordinance coordinates and evaluates the implementation of these policies.

Managed by the private organization Pakistan Retintis Pigmentosa Society, is the vocational

rehabilitation center for women in Darakhshan, women with visual, physical and light

intellectual disabilities are taught daily routine skills, income generating skills, mobility skills,

adult and religious education for half a year and is the only facility that targets women with

disabilities.

【Policy/program title】 National Social Welfare Policy 【Implementation year】 1994 【Description】

【Policy/program title】 Office Directive for "Enhancement Quota for Disabled Persons" 【Implementation year】【Description】To raise the quota for Persons with Disabilities in the government sectorfrom 1 to 2 %.

Community-based Rehabilitation (CBR)


•

•

UNICEF and the Pakistani government provide outreach services in medical,

education rehabilitation in the North-East Province.

CBR for the polio disabled in Karachi slums is provided by a branch of the Marie

Adeliade Leprosy Center.

9 United Nations. Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons: Mid-Point ~ Country Perspectives,

1999.

15


• An outreach program in the Gulberg slums is provided by the Pakistani association

for mentally disabled children.


Communication Tools


No information available.


3-5. Experts and Workers in the Field of Disability

Training of guides for the visually impaired takes place at a national center for mobility and

self-training10.

【Job title】【Qualification system】【Training system】 Doctor (General Duty Medical Officer)

MBBS (Bachelor of medicine, Bachelor of Surgery)

5 years of basic medical and clinical science education in all clinical subjects in teaching hospitals during years 3-5. This is usually followed by 6 to 12 month internships ("House Job") in one or two clinical disciplines.

Special Education Teacher

MA (Social Sciences), M.Sc. (Science), or BA + B.Ed. (Bachelor of Education)

5 years training as a junior teacher in a normal education institution

Audiologist M.Sc. (audiological medicine or audiological engineering); duration-one year

Three-month internship with dissertation on a specific subject during academic session

16

10 Nakanishi, Yukiko. Ajia no Shougaisha (PWDs in Asia) Gendaishokan. 1996


Speech Therapist Post Graduate Diploma in

Speech Language Therapy; Duration-one year

One-year compulsory clinical training (after the diploma) on handling patients

Social Case Worker M.A. (Social Work); Duration: two years

Field casework study (1 year) during academic period

Vocational Teacher Matric 11 with 2 year diploma

One year of compulsory teacher training in a vocational field after diploma

Occupational Therapist

B.Sc. (Occupational Therapy); duration-three years

One year of clinical training during academic period for a total of three years

Job Placement Officer M.A. (Social Work) Field casework study (1 year) during academic period, i.e., one year classroom study and one year casework study

Orthotist & Prosthetist B.Sc. (Orthotics & Prosthetic Technology); duration-four years

Six-month internship after completion of degree. One year clinical training during the four year academic period

Physiotherapist B.Sc. (Physiotherapy); duration-four years

One year of clinical training during the four year academic period

Nurse Matric (10 years of high school) plus Diploma in Nursing; duration-three years

One year of training in gynecology and obstetrics after completion of diploma

Mobility Instructor M.Sc. (Applied Psychology) or M.A. (Special Education)

3 years of training in a visual impairment institution after completion of degree

Social Welfare Officer M.A. (Social Work/Sociology)

Field casework study (1 year) during academic period, i.e., one-year classroom study and one-year casework study

11 Matric is 10 years of high school

17


4. Disability-related organizations and Activities 4-1. Activities by Disability-related organizations

*See Annex 1 for a list of organizations

Current State of Organizations 1. Association of Physically Disabled Persons Established in 1991 and has three branch offices. 2. Pakistan Association of the Blind Established in 1958 and provides library services, produces and supplies educational equipment, conducts eye camp, provides medical eyeglasses and scholarships. 4-2. Cooperation projects on Disability Organized by International and Other

Donors

Assistance by Multilateral/Bilateral Organizations and International NGOs The ILO and the government of Pakistan implemented the project, “Training and Employment for Rural Women in NWFP,” which aims to increase the participation of women in the economy of the NWFP region. This project also intended to strengthen the capacity of existing organizations and institutions to provide technical support and training to women involved in income-generating activities in rural areas 12. In 1992, the ILO and UNDP started the “Project of Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Disabled Persons” in order to improve employment opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. It is an innovative project in terms of shifting the policy from disability-benefit, charity-based services, to the integration of Persons with Disabilities in the local labor market. The programs and activities of this project are13:

1. Identification of approach and platform channels. 2. Contact with key persons and involvement. 3. Formation of groups (students, parents of disabled persons, teachers, traders).

12 ILO. Thematic Evaluation: ILO Projects on Training for Employment. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb280/pdf/tc-1-ax.pdf 13 Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare, and Special Education. Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment of Disabled Persons. Retrieved from http://mowd.gov.pk/social_welfare/vredp.htm

18


4. Exploration of community resources. (institutional, financial, social, human, employment).

5. Identification and registration of persons with disabilities in the community. 6. Evaluation of persons with disabilities for vocational rehabilitation. 7. Provision of counseling and guidance for clients and their families. 8. Preparation of an individual training and employment plan (TE plan) for registered

disabled persons. 9. Provision of loans to self-employed persons with disabilities.

Assistance by Japan 14 Japan’s assistance in FY 2000 1. Project-type Technical Cooperation: The Maternal and Child Health Project in Pakistan 2. Grant Aid: The Project for Expansion of Immunization against Neonatal Tetanus 3. Grant Aid: National Disability Research Institute Construction Project (18 million yen)

14 See: http://www.jica.go.jp/english/publication/annual/2001/pdf/216_234.pdf

19


5. References

This report is based on a report by a local consultant.

Main source:

Oracle Research and Information Services. Country Profile Study on Persons with

Disabilities.

Other references:

International Labor Organization. Thematic Evaluation: ILO Projects on Training for

Employment. Retrieved from

http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/docs/gb280/pdf/tc-1-ax.pdf

Ministry of Women Development, Social Welfare and Special Education, Pakistan. Retrieved

March 7, 2002, from http://mowd.gov.pk/index.html

Nakanishi, Yukiko. Ajia no Shougaisha (Persons with Disabilities in Asia) Gendaishokan.

1996

United Nations. Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons: mid-point ~ country

perspectives, New York: United Nations publication. 1999.

United Nations, Production and Distribution of Assistive Devices for People with Disabilities.

Retrieved March 8, 2002, from http://www.dinf.org/doc/intl/z15/z15002p2/z1500201.htm

UNAIDS (Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS) Report on the Global HIV/AIDS

Epidemic, June 2000

United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report 2001

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Statistical Yearbook. 1999

U.S. Agency for International Development. ESDS. GED2000 Retrieved February 21, 2002,

from http//qesdb.cdie.org/ged/index.html

20


21

World Bank. World Development Report 2000-2001

Country Profile on Disability ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTANsiteresources.worldbank.org/DISABILITY/Resources/Regions/South Asia... · Country Profile on Disability ISLAMIC REPUBLIC

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