COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF HUMANITY - PROBLEMS OF NEW COSMOGONY (V.P.Kaznacheev,. Л. V. Trofimov. )

7/28/2019 COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF HUMANITY - PROBLEMS OF NEW COSMOGONY (V.P.Kaznacheev,. Л. V. Trofimov. )

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cosmic-consciousness-of-humanity-problems-of-new-cosmogony-vpkaznacheev 1/212

« к % ! —G K W A M Gp o + u % жшю • •

r

& n S ` %r

5 %

GKEWGMK\WELWW

K I F \ A N E M T ] U

RZKJCLAW KI ELX GKWAKHKE]

LCLEDMW ! RZKHZLWW



t«



P + + 2 + 7 9C В Ш 5r M +r c Е r@ В 7

ю!! NS@ i 3

Y%R%Onzengfllv# П% Y% Trkimakv

G K W A M GG K E W G M K \ W E L W W

K I F \ A N E M T ]

RZKJCLAW KI ELX GKWAKHKE]

+ 7 iiHC `p Е r U ls\Ugt*+U

З+8Г 8Й GK R + ; + +

+

Rujcmsfld jyLCLEDMW ! RZKHZLWW

Zussmn# Tkaso%>==:


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cosmic-consciousness-of-humanity-problems-of-new-cosmogony-vpkaznacheev 4/212Ngndlamgmne Y cnmc R% O nzengfllv#



GKETLETW

Metrkdugtmke # 9

RNZT KEL% Fypktflsls ki Elw Gksakhkey%

>% M dlns ki Zussmne Gksamsa %>>

:% C mvmeh A nttlr% NYmlw irka Wpngl ><

7% ElwGksakhkey ned C mvmeh A nttlr >6

4% Tfl Wpntmnc!T lapkrnc Xkrcd ki C mvmeh A nttlr :7

<% Dmstnet metlrglccunr metlrngtmkes% Jmkmeikrantmkenc gka!

auemgntmke :<

9% Tfl C mvmeh A nttlr pflekaleke uedlr tfl fypkanheltmg

gkedmtmke :=

8% Tfl C mvmeh A nttlr pflekaleke me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs%%%77

6% Rrkjclas ki trnesautntmke ned studymeh tfl msktkpmg splgtrn ki C mvmeh A nttlr 79

=% Fkak Wnpmles0 tfl Lalrhlegl ki C mvmeh M etlcclgtunc A nt!

tlr ke tfl Rcnelt? M ts ndnptntmke tk tfl Lnrtf(s gkedmtmkes%%7=

>2% Tfl Lvkcutmke ki Fuaneomed0 Wurvmvnc kr Dlstrug!tmke 44

! 7 !



>>% Tfl Wgmletmimg ned Rrngtmgnc Wmhemimgnegl ki Wtudmls ke

tfl Gksakhkey ki C mvmeh A nttlr 48

>:% Tfl Rrksplgts0 Krhnemzntmke ki ne M etlrentmkenc Rrk!

hrna <2

>7% Rnclkpsygfkckhy ns n Xny tk \edlrstnedmeh tfl Gks!

akpcneltnry Lsslesl ki A ne <7

RNZT TXK% Tfl *Elw Gksakhkey* Rrkhrna Lxplrmalets%

M % Lxplrmaletnc Wtudy ki tfl Dmstnet!M eikrantmvl M etlrng!tmke me tfl Jmkspflrl wmtf A ne(s Rnrtmgmpntmke%

M

>% A ne(s Lflrhy!Meikrantmvl Metlrngtmke wmtf pfysmgnc sys!

tlas 92

:% Tfl Lelrhy!Meikrantmvl Metlrngtmke nakeh JmkckhmgncKj`lgtswmtfA ne(s Rnrtmgmpntmke 9=

MM% Lxpldmtmke rlslnrgfls ke studymeh tfl dmstnet!meikran!

tmvl metlrngtmke(s rkcl me anmetnmemeh pcneltnry!jmkspflrmg

fkalkstnsms ki tflLnrtf ned Elmhfjkurmeh Wpngl%

>% Nt Tfrngmne Hkds% Lxpldmtmke tfrkuhf Wnegtunry Rcngls

ki Juchnrmn % 8<

:% Tfl *Rkcnr Gmrgcl* Hckjnc Lxplrmalet 68

7% Krpflus dlsgleds tkflcc% Wplclklxpldmtmkes =<

4% Tk tfl Ekrtf Rkcl%Lxpldmtmke tk tflInr Ekrtf >>:

! 4 !



8

+ !37

<% Tfl *Nurkrn Jkrlncms* Hckjnc Lxplrmalet Dmstnet!Meikr!antmvl Metlrngtmkes me tfl Ekkspflrl ned Tflmr Zkcl me tflRcneltnry!Jmkspflrmg Fkalkstnsms ki tfl Lnrtf >:=

Gkegcusmke >7=

+

A lakrnedua *Ke Krhnemzmeh tfl (Elw Gksakhkey( metlr!

entmkenc Gletlr* >42

Wuppclalet >% Rrktkgkcs ki Lxplrmalets ke lstmantmke ki

dmstnet!imhurntmvl metlrngtmke me tfl Inr Ekrtf >44

Wuppclalet :% Rrktkgkcs ki tfl *Rlrason`n* Pkel Lxplrm!

alet kedmstnet!imhurntmvl gkeelgtmkes >8<

Wuppclalet 7% Rrktkgkcs ki tfl*Trnesgketmeletnc Jrmdhl**

Metlrentmkenc lxplrmalet ke dmstnet!imhurntmvl gkeelg!tmkes >86

Zlilrlegls >69

k4 • ( @C ыеN w 4

& З Л Б Ъ О G K R N F ` x n @ `

?З ею%0>?еп%% %ы?ш!ъкь#Щ S S S %! ожопжеъибв

! < !



METZKD\GTMKE

T fl tktnc wkrcd fuane Metlcclgt me mts gksakpcneltnry aktmke ms elmtflrdlrmvntmvl irka ekr skal prkgrlntmke ki# tfl skgmnc akvlalet &skgmnc!gucturnc

fmstkrmg dlvlckpalet-% Mt ms n plgucmnr gksakpcneltnry pflekaleke me tfl kr!

hnemzntmke ned aktmke ki tfl \emvlrsl C mvmeh A nttlr me mts lnrtf!ndnptld anemils!

tntmke% Rrkjnjcy# tfms gkeglpt njkut tfl Metlcclgt ms akst prkikuedcy rlvlncld me

akdlre enturnc pfmckskpey wflrl tfl mdln ki netfrkpmg prmegmpcls ms dlvlckpld%

Tfnt ms# *tfl \emvlrsl sfkucd jl sugf tfnt nggkrdmeh tk mt tfl lxmstlegl ki

kjslrvlrs ms nssuald nt skal glrtnme stnhl* &*strkeh* netfrkpm g prmegmpcl- ned

*wfnt wl lxplgt tk kjslrvl sfkucd jl cmamtld jy tfl gkedm tmkes ki kur lxmstlegl

ns kjslrvlrs* &*wlno* netfrkpmg prmegmpcl- &J% Gnrtlr-% Tfl ndkptmke ki sugf

pkmets ki vmlw suhhlsts tfl mdln tfnt tfl \emvlrsl ns tfl kj`lgt ki gksakhkey ms

ncc tfnt lxmsts ekt me tfl njskcutl slesl# jut nppcmld tk n dlimemtl stnhl ki gkhemtmke?

akrl gkegrltlcy# me tfl gkeglptunc irnals ki n hmvle gksakckhmgnc tflkry kr n

akdlc &W% C la# >=96? Y % Y % O nzùtmesoy# >=6>#>=69# ltg-% Me tfms vlry nsplgt tflnstrkpfysmgmsts( stntlalet rlnds 0 *N ctfkuhf sgmlegl ms njcl tk lxpcnme tfl wkrcd#

tfl lxpcnentmke ki sgmlegl mtslci sfkucd jl hmvle% Tfl cnws wfmgf prkvmdl tfl

spketnelkus lvkcutmke ki tfl \emvlrsl wlrl# prkjnjcy# andl me nggkrdnegl wmtf

skal vlry gmlvlr pcne* &R%Dnvms# >=6=-%

Jktf tfl gkeglpt ned tfl prkjclas ki tfl sgmletmi mg pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd me

cmhft ki wfnt fns jlle snmd ms ekt n alrl vkcual ki sgmletmimg oekwcldhl ned mts

systla lxprlssmke% Tfl systla ki tfmeomeh mtslci ms kecy n *prkdugt* ngglssmjcl tk

tfl gketlapkrnry *nutfkrmzmeh ikrgl* ki tfl tktnc sgmletmimg Metlcclgt% Mt wmcc jl

rlgnccld tfnt Y % M % Y lrendsoy snmd &>=7>-0 *Wgmlegl ms n skgmnc ldugntmke ikr ncc

fuanes ikr me mts jnsms cmls tfl ikrgl ki sgmletmimg ingts ned hlelrnc gkegcusmkes

lqunccy kjcmhntkry ikr lvlrykel% Tflrl ms ektfmeh cmol mt me ney ktflr spmrm tunc

spflrl ki fuane cmil%*

Wgmlegl# imrst ned ikrlakst# gkesmsts ki cmvmeh plkpcl ncc uemtld jy tfms

gkaake duty% Tflrlikrl mt ms tflkrltmgnccy qumtl ueelglssnry tfnt mts wkro(s

hlelrnc rlsucts sfkucd jl ncmle ned ekt gkeelgtld wmtf tfl sgmletmimg wkro ki tfl

!9 !



kvlrwflcameh an`krmty ki cmvmeh tfmeomeh plkpcl wfk anol up sgmlegl% Wgmletmsts

ke tfl wfkcl gneekt ngglpt lmtflr tfl rlcmhmkus kr pfmckskpfmg rlskcutmkes ki tfl

gketrndmgtmke% T fly wmcc ckko ikr tfl sgmletmi mg kel% Tfl prlslet stntl ki tfmehs me

sgmlegl prkvls tfl prkheksms tfnt fns jlle andl% Medlld# tflrl nrl akrl ned

akrl ngguaucntld dntn ned sgmletmimg rlslnrgfls wfmgf ture kut tk jl uengglp!

tnjcl ikr tkdny(s imracy lstnjcmsfld metlcclgtunc sgmletmimg jkdy% Ekwndnys tfl

an`krmty ki tfmeomeh plkpcl wfk anol up sgmlegl dliled tflmr enturnc sgmletmimg

jkdy# grlntld jy tflaslcvls# slciclsscy prlslrvmeh tflmr kwe imracy lstnjcmsfld

metlcclgtunc sgncl% Wugf ms skgmnc!fmstkrmg gkeikramty tk enturnc cnws% Xfnt nrl tfl

anme wnys ki tfnt *dlilegl#* tfnt *dlakgrngy#* me sgmlegl; Y % M % Ylrendsoy ms

qumtl rmhft% Tfl gketrndmgtmkes me tfl iuednaletnc tflkrltmgnc gkeglpts nrl akstcy

rlskcvld sk tfnt elw sprkuts# sgmletmimgnccy elw grystnccmzntmke pkmets# amhft akvlmetk tfl pfmckskpfmg# rlcmhmkus kr smapcy msktflrmgnc fkrmzkes% Tfl slnrgf ikr

sgmletmi mg rlskcutmke ki tfl gketrndmgtmkes ms kitle dkel me tfl snal stycl jut tfl

ktflr wny rkued0 elw sgmlegl ms dlekuegld ns incsl sgmlegl% Me tfms gnsl# tfl

dliledlrs mevmsmjcy drlss tflaslcvls me ne meinccmjmcl gckno ki Jlcmli# ekt sgmlegl%

Me rlglet ylnrs# akrl ned akrl sgmletmimg dkujts fnvl ngguaucntld njkut

Lmestlme(s rlcntmvl algfnemgs# qunetua algfnemgs# ned gksakhkey% N s ms oekwe#

tfl sgmletmimg pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd wns ki hrlnt# jut rlcntmvl mapkrtnegl me pcneltnrysgmlegl uetmc tfl led ki tfl VV tf gletury% N t tfnt tmal# pcnelt studymeh ned tktnc

lgkckhmgnc metrusmke jlgnal sk vnst tfnt tfl sgmletmimg pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd ned mts

tflkrltmgnc fypktflsls tureld metk rlnc prk`lgts ikr fuanemty!survmvnc ned tfl

prlslrvntmke ki tfl J mkspflrl ns wlcc ns ki tfl Lnrtf mtslci ns n gksamg enturnc

ikrantmke% N amstnol me tflsl prk`lgts wmcc jl tfl cnst amstnol me tfk¿ intl ki

aneomed% N t prlslet kel gne fnrdcy fnvl ney dkujts njkut mt% N t tfl snal tmal#

me tfksl prk`lgts ned me tfl sgmletmimg pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd# C mvmeh A nttlr rlanmes

alrl *dltnmcs* ki gksakhkey ned tfl Lnrtf(s lvkcutmke# smegl# me tfl jlst gnsl me

glrtnme gksakhkemgnc prkglssls# C mvmeh A nttlr ned mts metlcclgtunc ikras nrl

gkesmdlrld ns skal *hlkckhmgnc ikrgl* tfnt amhft ekt lxmst ke tfl Lnrtf me n ikra

smamcnr tk tfnt ke ney ktflr pcnelt ikrantmkes% C mvmeh A nttlr npplnrld nggkrdmeh

tk tfl niimrald tflkrltmgnc lvkcutmke gnekes0 tfrkuhf cmil# angrkakclgucnr

hleltmg nppnrntus# prmamtmvl ikras# stngfkstmg vnrmnjmcmty# slclgtmkes#prktkfkakekmds!fkakekmds!fuane jlmeh metlcclgt# cnjkur# skgmnc lvkcutmke%

Ekw kel gne try tk anol ney tktnc survmvnc prk`lgts% Tfl lxmstmeh oekwcldhl#

! 8 !



wfmgf ms fmstkrmgnc sgmlegl ned mts prngtmgnc prkdugt# ms uedkujtiuccy tfl hrnedlst

ngfmlvlalet ki aneomed# jut tfms ms kecy n sancc pnrt ki oekwcldhl% T fl wkrcd ki

tfl ueoekwe ms maalesl% Ms tfms pnrt lekuhf ikr enturnc rlvlcntmkes tk prlslrvl

jktf tfl fuanemty ned tfl pcnelt; Lxtrlal nssurnegl any jl slci!aurdlrmeh%

Dklse(t tfl prlslet smtuntmke prkvl tfms; N cakst ncc tfl sgmletmimg rlslnrgfls stntl

tfl ingt tfnt tfl J mkspflrl ms swmitcy dlsgledmeh tk mts dkka ! tfl Elgrkspflrl

turemeh metk tfl Ekkspflrl &Y % M % Y lrendsoy-# skal ndnptntmke tk lngf ktflr

&gklvkcutmke# E% Akmslylv ned ktflrs-# tfl akvmeh ki tfl \emvlrsl tk n fmhflr

ikra ki krhnemzntmke!Kalhn &T %dl Wfndle-# kr letlrmeh tfl pkstmedustrmnc wnvl!

spngl &N %T niiclr-% Ms mt tlgfekgrngy(s uerlnskenjclelss kr n rlnc enturnc pcneltnry

pflekaleke tfnt tfl fuane Metlcclgt ned mts pcnelt ikrgl ms n rlhucnr algfnemsa

ki tfl melvmtnjcl slci!dlstrkymeh dyenamgs ki tfl pcneltnry lvkcutmke prkglss; Tfms

omed ki dyenamgs ms cmol tfl prkglss ki stnr spngl ikrantmkes rmsmeh ned dmsnpplnr!

meh%T flrl ms n ckt ki trul ned sgmletmimg antlrmnc me ncc tfl sgmletmi mg gkeglptmkes

leualrntld njkvl%Jut n pnrt ki netfrkpkgletrmsa lmtflr kjvmkus kr fmddle stmcc

rlanmes% A neomed wmtf mts Metlcclgt ms stmcc prlsletUe tfla ns tfl kecy kjslrvlr

wfk gne gketlapcntl wfnt fl ms hkkd ikr% Me tfl study ki tfl pcnelt# ek suj`lgt

sgmletmimgnccy studmls fmaslci ns wlcc ns me gksakhkey%Xmtfme wlcc!oekwe uequls!

tmkenjcy niimraldsgmletmimgpnrndmhas# mt ms gkesmdlrld n uemqul ncjuamek!eugclmgmeikrantmkenc hleltmg &tfle gkals skgmnc- pcneltnry pflekaleke% A neomed wmcc

prlslrvl mtslci ke tfnt jnsms% M t wmcc anstlr jktf tfl elnrlst ned tfl inrtflst spngl%

Mt wmcc gfnehl pcneltnry ned gksakhkemgnc prkglssls% T fl tktnc pcnelt rlhmkenc

lgkckhmgnc prkheksls wlrl andl nitlr tfl Zkal Gcuj(s prkheksls% Tfl slt ki

metlrentmkenc prkhrnas ms jlmeh grlntld ikr tfnt purpksls% N wkronjcl tflkry ki

tfl J mkspflrl ned A neomed(s gkestnet dlvlckpalet ms jlmeh ikraucntld% Mt hkls

wmtfkut snymeh tfnt Jmkspflrl lvkcutmke ms quncmtntmvlcy mevnrmnjcl% Tfl lvkcutmkeki n fuane jlmeh ns n jmkckhmgnc ikrantmke fns gkal tk ne led &kr stmcc gketmeuls

me skal dltnmcs-% Me ktflr wkrds# Clmc(s ngtuncmsa# wfmgf ms pkssmjcl me hlkckhmgnc

tmal# ms niimrald me tfms gkeglptmke ns n iuednaletnc jnsms%

Ekw clt(s gkal jngo tk tfl wkrcd ki ueoekwe% N t N rmstktcl(s tmal# me tfl

wfkcl vmsmke ki tfl wkrcd# tfl pnrt jnsld ke kjslrvntmkes wns slpnrntld irka tfl

pnrt megcudmeh n prmkr vmsmke# trnesgledletnc gkeglpts &pfysmgs# altnpfysmgs-% T flprksplgts ki amed dlvlckpalet me sugf n wny wlrl imxld me Hncm clk(s lpkgf% C ntlr

ke Dlsgnrtls metrkdugld tfl grmtlrmn ki slpnrntmke metk tfl hlelrnc aktmke ki tfl

!6 !



Metlcclgt ned fmstkrmgnc gucturl%

Me tfl ckeh rue Gnrtlsmnemty nutkantmgnccy tureld tfl sgmletmimg pcnelt mdln

metk ne ntflmstmg kel% Tfl plkpcl wfk rlprlsletld sgmlegl ikued tflaslcvls me n

splgmnc skgmnc *emgfl*# dlspmtl tflmr medmvmdunc spmrmtunc jlcmli me Hkd% Iurtflr

prngtmgl ned sgmlegl wlrl lssletmnccy dmiilrletmntld0 tfl algfnemsas ki slci!

prlslrvntmke ned fuane survmvnc wlrl imxld wmtf ne meiculegl upke tfl wny ki cmil

ned gucturl ns wlcc ns rlcmhmke ned Jlcmli M estmtutmkes ke tfl kel fned ned tfl

metlcclgtunc jkdy ki Wgmlegl ke tfl ktflr fned% A ney enturnc ned fuane

pflekalen tfnt dmde(t sumt tfl ndkptld &kr imracy lstnjcmsfld ikr hlelrntmkes-

wkrcd kutckko wlrl rl`lgtld jy tfl Wkvmlts ned Gfurgf ns wlcc ns metlcclgtunc

sgmletmimg systlas% N cc tfl rl`lgtld *spngl* rlanmeld me tfl stntlalets njkut

mendamssmjmcmty# mapkssmjmc mty ned incslfkkd ki Dlvmc(s ikrgls ned pfysmgncnekancmls% Wk smdl jy smdl wmtf tfl ueoekwe hlkhrnpfmg wkrcd megcudmeh jktf

prngtmgl ned tflkry# tflrl lxmstld ne uedlimeld pmlgl ki kel akrl wkrcd ki tfl

ueoekwe% *M t gneekt jl cmol tfnt jlgnusl tfnt gne elvlr jl .* wns prkgcnmald%

Xfmcl hlkhrnpfmg ned gksakpcneltnry spngls wlrl akrl ned akrl tkugfld jy

tfl sgmletmimg slt ki mestrualets# tfl *ek ane(s* strmp wns uedlr tfl hrlnt prlssurl#

irka elmtflr rlcmhmke ekr Jlcmli# jut irka sgmletmimg metlcclgtunc ldugntmke wfmgf

prlvnmcld me skgmnc!lgkekamg ned pkcmtmgnc spflrls% Tfl gkevletmkenc pmgturl kitfl wkrcd wns gfnehld jy n skalwfnt tktncmtnrmne clhmscntmke tfnt lstnjcmsfld wfnt

ms ned wfnt ms ekt tfl trutf ns wlcc ns wfnt ms usliuc ned wfnt ms dnehlrkus% T fl

stntl sgmletmi mg ndamemstrntmkes put tfnt clhmscntmke metk prngtmgnc cmilned lgkekay%

Tfms wns usld tk imctlr tfl metlcclgtunc sgmlegl jkdy stnii% Zlnc sgmlegl ns n enturnc

pcneltnry!fmstkrmgnc pflekaleke wns hrndunccy rlakvld irka tfl skgmnc!

dlakgrntmg Mestmtutmkes% A neomed ke tfl wfkcl suiilrld irka tfl lgkckhmgnc#

dlakhrnpfk!hleltmg ned rlskurgl grmsls ki prlgntnstrkpfl% N ggkrdmeh tk

Y %M %Y lrendsoy tfl *enturnc sgmlegl grmsms ms tfl anme gnusl ki tfl gcksl dkka ki

Fuanemty ned tfl pcnelt% *N s n anttlr ki ingt# me tfl V V tf gletury A neomed(s

wkrcd gucturl ned mts tktnc metlcclgtunc spngl dmvlrhl me tfl dmrlgtmke ki tfl

Elgrkspflrl% Tfl wkrcd ki tfl ueoekwe mstfl kecy wkrcd ki kur pkssmjcl sncvntmke

clit%

!= !



RNZT KEL

Fypktflsls ki Elw Gksakhkey%



TFL M DLN W KI Z\WWMN E GKWA M WA %

* C mil%%% ms n pflekaleke% M t wns grlntld dul tktfl mei culegl ki Gksaks dyenamgs ke tfl lnr tf( s! pnssmvl anttlr% M t c mvls dul tk tflsl dyenamgs#

ned lvlry tfrkj ki krhnemg puc sntmke msgkkrdmentld wmtf pucsntmke ki tfl gksamg flnrt nsn hrnedmksl tktncmty ki eljucnl# stnrs# tfl Wuened pcnelts%*

N clxnedlr C % Gfzflvsoy

Zussmne gksamsa ms n entmkenc ned fmstkrmgnc gketrmjutmke ki Zussmne gucturncned sgmletmimg tfkuhft ki tfl cnst gletury tk wkrcd gksamsa% Tfms ms tfl jnsmg

jlhmeemeh gkajmemeh jktf A neomed(s lapmrmg ned sgmletmimg vmsmkes ki mts pksmtmke

me tfl \emvlrsl% Ke tfl akdlre clvlc tfl mdlns ki wkrcd gksamsa nrl iuccy

lxprlssld me tfl netfrkpmg krmhme ki enturnc sgmlegl prmegmpcls m%l% me ncc tfnt

ekwndnys ms gkesmdlrld tfl sgmletmimg pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd% Xl any nhrll wmtf tfl

kpmemke ki tfl ldmtkrs ki n slt ki nrtmgcls gnccld *Zussmne Gksamsa ned E22!

spflrl* &A ksgkw# >=6=- nt tfl ikcckwmeh pkmet0 *Zussmne Gksamsa ms tfl dlimemtlkrmletntmke ki tfl wfkcl gucturl# Zussmne me pnrtmgucnr# wfmgf ms jnsld ke tfl wkrcd

kutckko ki akrnc tktnc fnrakey ki A ne# A neomed ned tfl \emvlrsl wmtf rlsplgt

tk tfl Grlntkr ned grlntmke%*

Zussmne gksamsa ms n tfkusned ylnrs( prkglssmeh ki n cmvmeh akrnc wkrcd

kutckko ned tfl tktnc fnrakey ki A ne# Aneomed ned tfl \emvlrsl me tfl Zussmne

altngucturl% Zussmne gksamsa(s mdlns wlrl rliclgtld me ncc spflrls ki entmkenc

gucturl0 me pfmckskpfy jy N % Fkaynokv# R% Gfnndnylv# Y % Wkckvykv# E% Ildkrkv#

R% Ickrlesomy? me pkltry ned prksl jy I% Tutgflv# Y % Jruskv# E% Pnjkcktsoy# I%

Dkstkylvsoy? me ausmg# jy R% Gfnmokvsoy# N % Wornyjme# W% Znofanemekv? me pnmet!

meh jy Elstlrkv# E % Zlrmf# Wpnssoy% Ke tfl wfkcl tfms ms tfl hrlntlst Zlenmssnegl

ki entmkenc gucturl dmrlgtld tk tfl pnrndmha *Tfl wkrcd ns n cmvmeh krhnemsa*

mestlnd ki tfl prlvmkus kel tfnt dlimels tfl wkrcd ns n *gkckssnc algfnemsa*% Mt

ms mapkrtnet tk pkmet kut tfnt tfl gketlapkrnry sgmletmi mg vmsmke ns n systla vmsmke&*systla tfmeomeh*- ms wlcc hrkuedld me tfl rlslnrgfls ki tfl \emvlrsl ns n

algfnemsa mestlnd ki n cmvmeh krhnemsa% N t prlslet tfnt(s tfl anme gketrndmgtmke

! e !



me tfl prksplgts ki enturnc sgmlegl% Ek anttlr fkw kjvmkus ncc tfl nttlapts ki tfl

systla lxpcnentmke ki tfl strugturl ned lvkcutmke ki tfl J mkspflrl ned tfl

Ekkspflrl any slla# me ingt tfly rldugl tfl lsslegl ki tfl prkjcla ki n

gksakpcneltnry pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd tk tfl algfnemsa ned cmqumdntmke ki tfl anme

lpmgletrl ki Zussmne gksamsa me gucturl ned ki cmvmeh krhnemsa me sgmlegl%

T fl uedlrstnedmeh ki tfl \emvlrsl ns ne mevmsmjcl cmvmeh krhnemsa rlqum rls

iurtflr studymeh ki tfl oly nsplgt ki mts lvkcutmke ned grlntmke% Jy tfl grlntmke#

ki gkursl# n trmvmnc# aystmgnc dmvmel krmhme ms ekt alnet% Imrstcy# gksakpcneltnry

C mvmeh A nttlr ms vnrmkus me mts uemty% Mt gkeglres tfl vnrmlty ki tfl antlrmnc

strugturls ki C mvmeh A nttlr# megcudmeh mts rlnskenjcl ikras% Wlgkedcy# tfl metlr!

ngtmke &m etlrpleltrntmke - jltwlle C mvmeh ned Melrt A nttlr rlqumrls skal ktflr

vmsmke ki tfl \emvlrsl(s metlhrmty% Mt ms wlcc oekwe irka wkrcd cmtlrnturl tfl

nttlapts nt sugf n vmsmke fnvl ncrlndy jlle andl%

M t ms oekwe tfnt Y%M % Y lrendsoy fns gkesmdlrld tfl prkjclas ki C mil ned

A ne jnsld ke tfl gkeglpt ki C mvmeh A nttlr% Me tfms gkeglpt# C mvmeh A nttlr ms

rlhnrdld ns n pcneltnry ned gksamg pflekaleke% Y lrendsoy(s ektmkes njkut

C mvmeh A nttlr wlrl suaanrmsld me fms jkko *Tfl J mkspflrl* pujcmsfld me >=:9

me Zussmn ned tfle trnescntld metk Irlegf me >=:= &Y %M % Y lrendsoy# >=6=? Y %R%

O nzengfllv# >=6=? ned ktflrs-% Ikcckwmeh tfl trndmtmkes# wfmgf fnvl jlle stnrtldjy Y %M % Y lrendsoy# O %L% Tsykcokvsoy# N %C % Gfmzflvsoy ned ktflr Zussmne sgmle!

tmsts# M wmcc try tk ckko nt C mvmeh A nttlr# A ne ned kur Metlcclgt irka tfl pkmet ki

vmlw ki tfl Kjslrvlr smtuntld me Inr Wpngl% Tfms Y msmke# wfmgf wns ncrlndy typmgnc

ikr lnrcy Zussmne gksamsa# ms ust ekw rlvmvmeh% Xfle wl ckko jngo ke tfms Y msmke

irka tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki ncrlndy lxmstmeh ektmkes# wl gne sny tfnt tfl Y msmke ki

pcnelt Lnrtf irka tfl gksamg dlptfs ned kur Lsslegl ke tfl Lnrtf fnvl ncrlndy

jlle gkegletrntld me A ytfs# me tflkckhmgnc ned skpfmkckhmgnc tlngfmehs% Gketla!

pkrnry pfmckskpfy pnys augf nttletmke tk sugf n Y msmke ekt kecy me Zussmn# jut

ncsk me tfl Xlst% T flrl ms prkjnjcy augf trutf me tflsl prmkrm oekwcldhls% Tfms

ms ncsk trul wfle gkesmdlrmeh dmiilrlet trleds me gketlapkrnry sgmlegls ned

gketlapkrnry enturnc sgmlegls# wflrl lapmrmgnc oekwcldhl ned dlimemtl ckhmgs ki

lvlets ned dntn gkaplc sgmletmsts tk rlprkdugl ned tk gkrrkjkrntl me tflmr

lxplrmalets ned kjslrvntmkes kel prkheksms kr nektflr% Fkwlvlr# skpfmkckhmgnc

kr tflkckhmgnc prkhekstmgntmkes fnvl ckeh!stnedmeh skurgls# jut tflsl prkheksls

nrl pkkrcy gkaprlfledld jy tfl gketlapkrnry wny ki tfmeomeh me tfl rlnc tmal

!>: !



ki tfl cmil ki twk kr tfrll hlelrntmkes% Tfl pfmckskpfmgnc prkhekstmgntmke gka!

jmels maaldmntl ned rlaktl prkheksls% Mt gkaprmsls vlry hlelrnc# hlelrncmzld

lvlets# ned mt ms dmiimguct tk gkaprlfled sugf pfmckskpfmgnc prkhekstmgntmke

wmtfkut lxngt gkrrkjkrntmke wmtf sgmletmimg ingts% Rrkhekstmgntmke jnsld ke tfl

dntn ki enturnc sgmlegls ms akrl lxngt# jut mt rlcntls kecy tk tfl elnrlst iuturl ki

kur cmil% T fl prkheksmeh ki lvlets nt ntkamg ned akclgucnr clvlcs# algfnemgnc nedhlkckhmgnc prkglssls# wfmgf rlprlslet hlkckhmgnc ngtmvmtmls ke tfl pcnelt# kr

gcmantmg ned tflrakdyenamg prkglssls nrl prlsletcy suiimgmletcy lxngt% F kwlvlr#

ekw wl oekw tfnt prkheksls ikr tfl elnrlst kel kr twk dlgndls &>2!:2 ylnrs-

kitle npplnr megkrrlgt# ned lgkckhmgnc gntnstrkpfls ki tfl Rrlslet# skgmnc!gucturnc

ned entmkenc!ltfemg gkeic mgts# tfl hlelrnc stntl ki tfl C mvmeh A nttlr me tfl Jmk!

spflrl# A ne(s Flnctf ned fms iuturl rlanme ueglrtnme me tfl sgmletmi mg prkheks!

tmgntmkes% T flrl nrl nttlapts tk uemtl dmiilrlet omeds ki prkheksls me wfmgf

dmiilrlet nsplgts ki pfmckskpfmgnc# tflkckhmgnc# sgmletmimg ned lapmrmgnc

oekwcldhls wkucd jl metlhrntld metk n elw Y msmke ki tfl Iuturl% Jut tfms ms kecy

tfl jlhmeemeh ki tfl elw metlcclgtunc syetflsms# wfmgf M wkucd gkapnrl wmtf tfl

tledlegmls ki tfl dlvlckpalet ki gketlapkrnry nstrkpfysmgs ned pfysmgs0 tfl twk

sgmlegls nspmrl tk grlntl n *Hrlntl \emimgntmke* tflkry% Fkwlvlr# tfl uemimgntmke

ki Tflkskpfy# Rfmckskpfy ned Wgmlegl ms# prkjnjcy# lvle akrl maalesl me tflsgncl ki tfl tnso# jlgnusl sugf n uemimgntmke wkucd grlntl n rlnccy dllp mesmhft metk

tfl Lsslegl ki C mvmeh A nttlr# metk tfl stntl ki kur Metlcclgt ned tfl Lsslegl ki

tfl metlcclgtunc ikras ki tfl antlrmnc!gksamg wkrcd ned mt wkucd prkvmdl n rlnccy

trul prkheksmeh ki A ne(s Iuturl% Tfus# me spmtl ki cnrhl lgfmvlalets ki tfl

Zkal(s Gcuj ney typl ki prkhekstmgntmke ki A ne ned ki A ne(s prksplgts tnole

slpnrntlcy# lmtflr pfmckskpfmgnc# tflkckhmgnc kr sgmletmimg# tfl prkhrnas ke tfl

study npplnrs ueglrtnme ned sfkrt!tlrald% T k anol rlnc sugf n prkheksms# mt ms

elglssnry tk uemtl ncc ki A ne(s metlcclgtunc pkwlrs ned ngfmvlalets% Ki tfl akst

mapkrtnegl nrl prkjclas ki C mvmeh A nttlr ned Gksakhkey# wfmgf wlrl tfl

suj`lgts ki dllp gketlapcntmke ikr tfl Zussmne sgmletmst Y %M % Y lrendsoy ned tfl

Irlegf sgmletmst R% Tlmcfnrd dl Gfnrdme% M wmcc gketmeul tfl dmnckhul# wfmgf kegl

tkko pcngl jltwlle N % Lmestlme ned Z% Tnhkr# wfk letlrld metk dmsgussmkes njkut

tfl Lsslegls ki antlrmnc ned mdlnc# njkut tfl wnys ki gketrkccmeh ki tfl Xkrcd#ned njkut tfl gkaprlflesmke ki kur spmrmtunc!fmstkrmgnc ned gksak!pcneltnry

gketmeuua &N % Lmestlme# >=98-# ned wfmgf wlrl dllpcy gkesmdlrld jy Z % T nhkr%

! >7 !



T k skal lxtlet tflsl mtlas any jl ikued me aney studmls jy Zussmne ned

Lurkplne sgmletmsts ki tfl ilw cnst gleturmls% Me tfl imrst cmel M jlnr me amed tfl

wkros jy H% Wnmet!M clr# H% Juikrke# N % Fuajkcdt# R% Tlmcfnrd dl Gfnrdme# wfk

grlntld tfl prkheksms ki tfl ndvneglalet ki Fuaneomed tkwnrds tfl Kalhn

pkmet &R% Tlmcfnrd dl Gfnrdme# >=68-# kur Zussmne sgmletmst ned tfmeolr R%N %

Ickrlesoy &Y %R% O nzengfllv# >==2-# ned Y %M % Y lrendsoy% Tfus# tflrl nrlprkjclas ki uemtmeh ned gkegletrntmeh tfl gketlapkrnry gucturls metk n smehcl

jckgo ki Gkhemtmke# nencysms ki tfl Rrlslet# ned Rrkhekstmgntmke ki mts kutgkals%

M t ms pkssmjcl tfnt tfl pfmckskpfy ki N cc!\emty wfmgf grkwes tfl pfmckskpfy ki

Zussmne gksamsa ms ust sugf ne nttlapt tk uemtl tfl tfrll trleds% T fl mdlns ki

tfl Zussmne pfm ckskpflr Y%W% Wkckv(lv any jl rlhnrdld ns ne nttlapt nt tfl

rlncmzntmke ki tfms pfmckskpfy ki N cc!\ emty%



C MYM EH A NTT LZ% N YMLX IZKA WRNGL%

Rrlsletcy Lnrtf(s C mil# tfl Lsslegl ki C mvmeh A nttlr# mts prktlme!eugclmg

gketlet# ned tfl Lsslegl ki Fuane(s Metlcclgt ke tfl Lnrtf nrl wmtfme tfl sgkpls

ki n cnrhl jkdy ki dmiilrlet sgmlegls% Fkwlvlr# n gkapnrmske ki tflsl sgkpls

gclnrcy sfkws tfnt tflrl ms n hrlnt dmiilrlegljltwlle tfl sgmletmimg npprkngfls tk

tfl studmls ki Cmvmeh A nttlr ned tk tfl studmls ki Enturl &Ekecmvmeh A nttlr- ke

kur pcnelt% Gksakckhy# gketlapkrnry nstrkpfysmgs# ms tfl sgmletmimg syetflsms ki

tfl prlslet dny% Enturnc Wgmlegl &stnrtmeh irka Y %M % Y lrendsoy-# ncc gkesmdlrskur pcnelt ns ne meimemtlsmanc lclalet ki tfl dlvlckpmeh \emvlrsl# jlhmeemeh irka

tfl tfl *Jmh Jneh*# irka tfl smehucnr pkmet ki mts krmhme# kr me tfl irnal ki tfl

gkeglptmke ki ne ueducntmeh# pucsmeh \emvlrsl% Tfms ms tfl kecy npprkngf tk

uedlrstnedmeh tfl lvkcutmke ki tfl Wkcnr Wystla% Gkapnrntmvl pcneltkckhy rlvlncs

aney ueoekwe amhfty prkglssls wfmgf tkko pcngl ke kur pcnelt% Tfms ms n hcnegl

irka Wpngl# jut tfms ms n hcnegl nt tfl Ekecmvmeh A nttlr% Tfms npprkngf dkls ekt

gketnme me mtslci tfl uedlrstnedmeh ki tfl gksakhkemg wkrcd# tfl Lsslegl ki tfl

pflekaleke ki C mil ke kur pcnelt Lnrtf% Tfms ms qumtl mapkssmjcl% T k gkeimra

tfms gkegcusmke# M wmcc quktl R% Dnvms( jkko *Wuplrikrgl*# wfmgf ms n suaanry ki

tfl gketlapkrnry studmls me nstrkpfysmgs &tfms ms n jngo trnescntmke irka tfl

Zussmne ldmtmke ki Dnvms( jkko-0 *Wgmlegl gne lxpcnme tfl Xkrcd# jut tfle wl aust

hmvl ne lxpcnentmke ki Wgmlegl mtslci% Tfl Cnws wfmgf prkvmdl tfl spketnelkus

lvkcutmke ki tfl \emvlrsl wlrl# prkjnjcy# andl me nggkrdnegl wmtf skal vlry

gclvlr pcne# ned Rfysmgs ms n pnrt ki tfms pcne# tfl \emvlrsl fns tk fnvl skal imenc

Hknc# ned tfl wfkcl slt ki tfl lxmstmeh dntn me gketlapkrnry pfysmgs gclnrcy

lvmdlegls tfnt tfms Hknc ncsk megcudls kur lxmstlegl* &R% Dnvms *Wuplrikrgl*#

*A mr* Rujc% Fkusl# >=6=% p%:99-% Wuaanrmsmeh tfl gketlapkrnry hlelrncmzld

tledlegmls me nstrkpfysmgs# tfl nutfkr smehcls kut tfl Kjslrvlr ned fms kwe

Metlcclgt irka tfl syetfltmg vmsmke ki tfl ekecmvmeh# gksakpcneltnry \emvlrsl(s

A nttlr wfmgf fns jlle uedlr dmsgussmke me gfnptlr M # ned gkals tk tfl gkegcusmketfnt ncc kur oekwcldhl ms hkkd# jut dkls ekt ncckw us tk gkaprlfled tfl Lsslegl

ki kur M etlcclgt% Tfms gne wlcc jl slle me tfl netfrkpmg prmegmpcls ki tfl Rrlslet%

!>< !



T fl netfrkpm g prmegmpcls rlprlslet n vlry metlrlstmeh hlelrncmzld trled me gke!

tlapkrnry Enturnc Wgmlegl ned Rfmckskpfy &sll *Tfl Rrkjclas ki L alrhlegl ki

C mil me tfl \emvlrsl*# Aksgkw# >=66-% Tfms sgmletmimg!pfmckskpfmgnc pnrndmha

medmgntls tfnt C mil ke tfl Lnrtf ned A ne ns n jlnrlr ki C mil(s Metlcclgt wlrl

grlntld ùst ns tfly nrl jy tfl wfkcl prlglldmeh fmstkry ki tfl \emvlrsl% Tflrl!

ikrl# A ne fns tfl rmhft ned fns tfl njmcmty tk kjslrvl# tk study# tk slesl lvlrytfmeh

tfnt ms dltlrameld jy tfl iuednaletnc ilnturls ki tfl \emvlrsl% Tfus# tfl Kj!

slrvlr ms rlstrmgtld me fms gnpnjmcmtmls# ned tflrlikrl fl ms prldltlrameld me fms

vmsmke ki tfl \emvlrsl# wfmgf fns grlntld tfl Kjslrvlr% Xfnt ms tfl anme ilnturl

ki tfms gketlapkrnry gkeglpt ki netfrkpmg prmegmpcls# tfl akst mapkrtnet sgmle!

tmimg syetfltmg trled me Wgmlegl; Mt lcugmdntls tfl ueusunccy cnrhl nsyaaltry me kur

metlcclgtunc lxpckrntmke ki tfl \emvlrsl% T fl gkrl ki tfms nsyaaltry any jllxpcnmeld me tfl ikcckwmehwny0 Mi wl fnvl dmiilrletmntld kurslcvls irka Ekecmvmeh

A nttlr# ned fnvl smtuntld ne Kjslrvlr nt n gkuetmeh pkmet irka wfmgf fl ms

nencysmeh tfl Ekecmvmeh Xkrcd ned tfl lxmstmeh gurrlets ki tfms Xkrcd &\ emvlrsl-#

tfle wl gne ikraucntl tfl hrlnt pfysmgnc uemimgntmke ki tfl ikur oekwe ikrgls%

Fkwlvlr# i rka tfms gksamg Y msmke mt ms mapkssmjcl tk uedlrstned tfl Lsslegl ki

tfl C mil# smegl me Dlnd Wpngl# C mil ms jlyked mts lxmstlegl ned rlanmes n

qunsmgnsunc lvlet me tfl \emvlrsl% Tflrl nrl ek Cnws wfmgf gkucd prldltlrameltfl lalrhlegl ki C mil# ned tflrl nrl ek lxpcmgmt rkcls ikr C mvmeh A nttlr me tfl

gksakhkemg prkglssls wfmgf wkucd jl prkpksld jy tfms tlngfmeh% Tfus# tfms ms

kecy n tkkc# ned n pnrt ki kur oekwcldhl wfmgf gne jl usld ikr jrkndlr# akrl

systlamg ned dmiilrlet gkaprlflesmke ki kurslcvls% T flrl wlrl nttlapts ki tfms

omed? sll# ikr lxnapcl# tfl wkros jy O % Rrmjrna ned D% Jkfal &>=62-# Z % Tnrh#

H% Rutfki i &Hme# >=89-% Tflsl nutfkrs prkpksld tfl lxmstlegl ki skal

fkckhrnpfmg ikrantmke nrkued tfl Lnrtf% \smeh tfl gketlapkrnry altfkds ki

gyjlreltmgs ned meikrantmgs# nttlapts nrl jlmeh andl tk imed skal metlcclgtunc

krhnemzntmke ki tfms fkckhrnpfmg ikrantmke# tk rlvlnc skal jkeds jltwlle A ne

ned tfms ikrantmke# ned ncsk# wmtf tfl flcp ki gketlapkrnry pfysmgnc oekwcldhl#

tk lcugmdntl skal prmegmpcls ki tfl lvkcutmkenry ndvneglalet ki C mvmeh A nttlr%

Jut tfms ms ekt tfl kecy npprkngf tk tfl prkjcla% M t anyjl rlhnrdld ns ne nttlapt#

ned n rntflr ùstmimld kel# tk lcugmdntl tfl Lsslegl ki C mvmeh A nttlr irka tfllxmstmeh oekwcldhl njkut tfl Ekecmvmeh pcnelt ned tfl \emvlrsl% Jut# mi C mvmeh

A nttlr ned kur Metlcclgt nrl ki akrl# kr ki tfl snal gkapclxmty ns tfl Gksamg#

!>9 !



\emvlrsl(s Rflekaleke# tfle mt ms mapkssmjcl ke tfl jnsms ki tfl smapcmimld

npprkngf tk gkestrugt ekt kecy ne lxpcnentmke# jut lvle ne npprkxmantl uedlr!

stnedmeh ki tfl Lsslegl ki kur C mil%

!>8 !



ELX GKWA KHKE] N ED C MY MEH A NTT LZ%

T fus wl gne gkegcudl tfnt tfl akdlre gksakhkemg hlelrncmzntmkes# tflfypktflsls# gne kecy jl usld ns n prlcmamenry npprkxmantmke ki tfl rlnc ikrantmke

ki kur oekwcldhl njkut tfl Lsslegl ki Metlcclgt mtslci# tfl rlnskenjcl C mvmeh

A nttlr% T flrlikrl# tflrl nrl skal ktflr elglssnry npprkngfls tk tfl skcutmke ki

tfms prkjcla% X fle gkapnrmeh tfl lxmstmeh pnrndmhas# tfle#wl gne uedlrstned

tfnt pnrndmhas gneekt jl dldugld irka skpfmkckhy kr pfmckskpfy% Wugf n

pnrndmha gne nrmsl kecy me Wgmlegl%

N akeh tfl lxmstmeh gkeglpts ki pnrtmgucnr metlrlst ms n gksakhkemg gkeglpt

wfmgf fns jlle ikrwnrdld jy kel ki tfl akst dmstmehumsfld nstrkpfysmgmsts ned

nstrkekalrs me Zussmn E% N % O kzyrlv% F l wkrold ngtmvlcy durmeh >=42!>=92

&E%N % O kzyrlv# >=62? >=6:-% M t ms tfl cntlst# mi ekt tfl skcl gkeglpt# wfmgf# fkwlvlr#

ms ekt ylt ngglptld jy tfl sgmletmimg wkrcd# nctfkuhf tflrl nrl sgmletmsts me tfl wkrcd

wfk suppkrt ned iurtflr dlvlckp tfms clnd% M hnvl augf gkesmdlrntmke tk tfms ned

lxlrtld lvlry liikrt tk strlehtfle tfms nstrkpfysmgnc Y msmke me kur entmvl sgmletmi mgc mtlrnturl% Wk# E %N % Okzyrlv fns sfkwe tfnt uedlr tfl Lnrtf(s ned gksamg gkedm!

tmkes skal stnrs ned skal jkdmls# wfmgf gnrry kut letrkpmg ned elhletrkpm g

dlvlckpalets & n dlgrlnsl kr megrlnsl ki tflmr kwe krhnemzntmke -# metlrngt wmtf

lngf ktflr ekt kecy ke tfl jnsms ki oekwe pfysmgnc i cuxls ned amgrkpnrtmgcls0

amgrkclptkes# elutrmes ned ktflr purlcy pfysmgnc rndmntmkes ki lelrhy ned A nttlr#

jut ncsk tfly metlrngt ke tfl jnsms ki skal ueoekwe cnws# wfmgf O kzyrlv fns

dlsmhentld ns tmal!lelrhy% F l gkesmdlrs tfms metlrngtmke jltwlle jkdmls vmn

tmal!lelrhy ns n ekranc enturnc pflekaleke% M gne quktl aney ki O kzyrlv(s

mdlns% I rka ùst tfms pksmtmke O kzyrlv gkesmdlrld tfl metlrngtmkes ki tfl gksamg

&N cc!\evlrsl(s- prkglssls ns n uemtld pflekaleke me wfmgf tmal!lelrhy metlrng!

tmkes nrl mestnetnelkus%

Tfus# O kzyrlv(s Wpngl &fl rlilrs tk tfl mdln ki A meokvsoy(s Wpngl- ms qumtl

dmstmegt? mt ms jlyked tfl oekwe wkrcd ki L mestlme(s Zlcntmvmty% M etlrngtmke meO kzyrlv(s spngl kggurs wm tf n vlckgmty inr lxglldmeh tfl splld ki cmhft% T fl

strugturls ki tfl \emvlrsl ned ki tfl pcneltnry wkrcd nrl gkapcltlcy dmiilrlet% M t

! >6 !



sllas inmrcy pkssmjcl tk antgf O kzyrlv(s ektmke ned tfl fypktflsls jy D% J kfa

ned O % Rrmjrna ned tfl fypktflsls ikraucntld jy Z% @ ne &>=89-% Me tfl wkros ki

antflantmgmne ned pfmckskpflr Y % Encmakv# tfms nsplgt ki tfl prkjcla wns ekt

gkesmdlrld ndlquntlcy%

Tfus# mi kel ngglpts O kzyrlv(s ektmke ki tfl \emvlrsl wfmgf gkestrugtmvlcy

gkaprmsls tfl metlrngtmkes jltwlle lelrhy ickws# kel gne tfle gkeglmvl tfnt me

skal pnrts ki tfms \emvlrsl tflrl nrl wkrcds wfmgf lxmst ns fltlrkhlekuscy

krhnemzld lclalets# ned wflrl Lmestlme(s Zlcntmvmty C nws kr tfl prlslet dny(s

nstrkpfysmgnc hlelrncmzntmkes nrl vncmd% Jnsld ke tfms pksmtmke kel gne prkpksl

tfnt irka tfl vlry jlhmeemeh ki krhnemzntmke ki tfl Xkrcd# ki tfl \emvlrsl# kr ki

hrkups ki \emvlrsls# ki tfl gksakckhmgnc meimemtmls# Ekecmvmeh ned C mvmeh A nttlr

wlrl ikrald ns metlrngtmeh Xkrcds% Tflrlikrl mt ms vlry dmiimguct tk dmstmehumsf kurektmkes gkeglremeh C mvmeh A nttlr irka tfl ektmkes gkeglremeh Ekecmvmeh A nttlr%

E%N % Okzyrlv fmaslci fns rlplntldcy lapfnsmzld tfnt prkjnjcy tfl J mkspflrl#

tfl Lnrtf(s C mvmeh anttlr# ms jy mtslci ne lxprlssmke ki tfms spntmnc!tlapkrnc!lelr!

hltmgnc Gkeimeuua# ned tfnt mt ms ki vmtnc mapkrtnegl ekt kecy ikr C mil ke tfl pcnelt#

jut ncsk ikr tfl wfkcl \emvlrsl# wfmgf ms ltlrenc me mts anemilstntmkes ki Cmil% Tfl

Metlcclgt# tfl C mvmeh A nttlr ned tfl gksakhkemg wkrcds wlrl gkesmdlrld jy E%N %

O kzyrlv ns n uemtld medmvmsmjcl prkglss% Mt ms elglssnry tk dmsguss me pnrtmgucnr tfllxplrmaletnc sujstnetmntmke jy E%N % O kzyrlv ki tfl ektmke tfnt tfl sfmemeh ki

stnrs# tflmr lelrhy ned lxgfnehls ki flnt# cmhft# lclgtrkanheltmg ned hrnvmtntmkenc

lelrhmls gneekt lxpcnme tfl lxmstlegl ki tfl gkapclx metlrngtmeh \emvlrsl%

F l gnal tk n gkegcusmke tfnt tflrl ms n elglssmty tk jrlno nwny irka

Trmdmalesmkenc Wpngl# irka C npcns( dltlramemsa# tfnt jlsmdls tfl tfrll dmale!

smkes tflrl lxmsts skal kj`lgtmvl# splgmimg# jut ekt ylt rlgkhemzld Enturnc

Rflekaleke% E %N % O kzyrlv fns gcnmald tfnt tmal jlnrs meikrantmke wfmgf gne

jl trnesamttld tk nektflr systlas% Tfms ms ncakst dmrlgt lvmdlegl ikr tfl ingt tfnt

ne megrlnsl me tfl dlesmty ki tmal dlgrlnsls letrkpy ned gkuetlrngts tfl usunc

gkursl ki lvlets% Mi kel gkesmdlrs tmal ns ne lelrhy ickw &me nggkrdnegl wmtf tfl

E%N % O kzyrlv(s ektmke-# tfle mt ms enturnc tk nssual tfnt ney antlrmnc jkdmls ke

tfl pcnelt Lnrtf ned me Wpngl wmcc iuegtmke ns sleskrs# dkentkrs ned rlglmvlrs ki

tfms ickw% E%N % O kzyrlv fns sfkwe tfnt wfle sugf n antlrmnc jkdy uedlrhklsdlstrugtmke# tfnt ms wfle tfms jkdy npprkngfls tfl lqucmjrmua stntl# tfle tfl

tmal!lelrhy ickws jlgkal pksmtmvl wmtf n vlry fmhf dlesmty# ned ktflr antlrmnc

!>= !



jkdmls smtuntld nt ney dmstnegl irka tfl jkdy uedlr dmsgussmke ned wfmgf npplnr

tk jl mesmdl tflsl tmal!lelrhy ickws stnrt tk gkesual tflsl ickws# ned tflmr kwe

strugturncmty ned krhnemzntmke megrlnsl% Ke tfl gketrnry# wfle me skal dmstrmgt ki

tfl \emvlrsl tflrl kggurs skal elhletrkpmg prkglss wmtf gkesuaptmke ki tfl

tmal!lelrhy ickw ned ne megrlnsl me tfl jkdy(s strugturl gkapclxmty ned meikran!

tmke# tfle tfl tmal ickws jlgkal wlnolr# tflmr vlgtkr jlgkals elhntmvl# ned tfl

surrkuedmeh jkdmls wfmgf npplnr me tfl *ikgus* ki sugf n elhntmvl tmal ickw any

uedlrhk dlstrugtmke ned gfnehl tflmr krhnemzntmke me tfl dmrlgtmke ki tfl *Gfnks*

tfnt ms tkwnrds tfl lqumcmjrmua stntl%

Ikr aney ylnrs E%N % Okzyrlv fns gkedugtld kjslrvntmkes usmeh n tlclsgkpl%

F l akuetld n tfme tfrlnd ki n tflramstkr nt tfl tlclsgkpl(s ikgus# ned tfl

tflramstkr slesld tfl spntmnc!tlapkrnc ickws# tfl lelrhltmg ickws ki tmal lamttld

jy tfl stnrs% E%N % O kzyrlv gkedugtld tfms lxplrmalet aney tmals ned fl fns

ikued tfnt tfl pksmtmke ki n stnr# wfmgf ms rlnccy lxmstmeh me tfl prlslet tmal# gnusls

lxgmtntmke# hmvls ne lelrhy stmaucus tk tfl grystnccmel strugturl ki tfl rlsmstkr

wfmgf slrvls tk rlhmstlr gfnehls me lclgtrmg gkedugtmvmty ned# gkedmtmkenccy# mts

tlaplrnturl &tfl qulstmke ms ekt me tlaplrnturl gfnehls# jut me tfl lclgtrmg

gkedugtmvmty ki tfl grystnc-%

X fle tfl tlclsgkpl ms ikgusld ke tfl cmhft spkt ki n stnr# nitlr njlrrntmkegkrrlgtmke# mt any npplnr tfnt tfl rlsmstkr medmgntls tfl lelrhltmg ickw ki tmal%

A krlkvlr# lvle me tfl gnsl wfle tfl tlclsgkpl ms ikgusld nt tfl spkt wflrl tfl

stnr wmcc akvl tfrkuhf tfl soy me dul tmal# tfl rlsmstkr rlgkrds tfl lelrhltmg ickw

ki tmal% T fl vlckgmty ki tfl tmal ickw lxgllds tfnt ki cmhft rnys# ned any ncsk

gkajmel wmtf tfl ickw ki cmhft smamcnr tk tfl smtuntmke wfle tfl smhenc ms rlhmstlrld

tkhltflr wmtf tfl vmsmjcl cmhft rndmntmke ki tfl stnr% Jktf tflsl ickws jlnr skal

meikrantmke% Tfl lsslegl ki tfms meikrantmke ms nektflr qulstmke smegl mt rliclgts

skal ns ylt ueoekwe gkapkelet ki Cmil#skal gkapkelet ki tfl metlrngtmkes ki

kur \ emvlrsl me ncc mts ikras% Mt ms vlry mapkrtnet tfnt tfl sgmletmst fns rlgkrdld

smamcnr icugtuntmkes durmeh skcnr ned cuenr lgcmpsls# durmeh suermsls ned sueslts#

ns wlcc ns durmeh akkermsls ned akkeslts# me sprmehtmal durmeh tfl ickrlsglegl

ned hrkwtf ki pcnets# durmeh krdmenry lxplrmalets wmtf rktntmeh mestrualets#

lvnpkrntmke ki hnsls# suhnr dmcutmke# sekw alctmeh# ltg%

N cc tflsl pflekalen wfmgf fnvl jlle rlhmstlrld jy E%N % O kzyrlv ke tfl

Lnrtf ned me Gksaks# wfmgf jrlno tfrkuhf tfl irnals ki tfl krdmenry gkeglpt ki

!:2 !



tfl \emvlrsl dlsgrmjld jy N % Lmstlme# ncckw us tk gkeglmvl tfnt tfl vlry krhnemzn!

tmke ki tfl Gksaks# tfl \evlrsl(s prkglssls ned ickws# gneekt jl gkaprmsld

lmtflr jy tfl N % Lmestlme(s Zlcntmvmty Ektmke# kr jy tfl tflkry ki qunetua!

algfnemgs% Jktf nrl wlcc!oekwe me gketlapkrnry nstrkpfysmgs% N ctfkuhf tflrl

ms skal rlpudmntmke ki O kzyrlv(s wkros jy tflkrltmgnc pfysmgmsts mt ms mapkssmjcl

ikr tfl wkrcd(s sgmlegl tk mhekrl fms hlelrncmzntmkes% E%N % O kzyrlv fns la!

pfnsmzld tfnt mi wl dk ekt tnol metk nggkuet tflsl pflekalen ned prkglssls tfle

wlwmcc inmc tk uedlrstned tfl akst lclaletnry ned tfl akst angrksgncl prkglssls

me kur surrkuedmeh wkrcd ki tfl prlslet% E%N % O kzyrlv fns aletmkeld tfnt tfl

lxplrmaletnc rlsucts invkur n gkegcusmke tfnt tfl Krhnemzmeh Rrmegmpcl wfmgf

metrkdugls tfl ngtmvl prkplrty ki tmal lxlrts vlry sancc meiculegl upke tfl systlas

me gkapnrmske wmtf tfl usunc dlstrugtmvl gkursl ki tflmr dlvlckpalet% Tflrlikrl

mt ms ekt strmomeh tfnt tfms vmtnc Rrmegmpcl wns ekt megcudld metk tfl systla ki kur

sgmletmimg oekwcldhl% Jut jlmeh vlry sancc mt ms elglssnrmcy sgnttlrld ncc kvlr

Enturl# ned tfus tflrl ms n pkssmjmcmty ikr mts ngguaucntmke# ns kggurs wfle sancc

wntlr drkpclts incc dkwe ke vnst nrlns ned suppkrt tfl uejrkole ickw ki n amhfty

rmvlr% Tfms pkssmjmcmty ms rlncmzld me tfl cmvmeh krhnemsas jlgnusl ncc tflmr vmtnc

ngtmvmtmls gkuetlrngt tfl usunc gkursl ki dlstrugtmke% Tfl njmc mty ki krhnemsas tk

prlslrvl ned ngguaucntl tfms gkuetlrngtmke ms prkjnjcy dltlramemeh tfl hrlntlrkcls ki tfl J mkspflrl me tfl Lnrtf(s C mil% EN %% O kzyrlv# jy fms studmls ki tfl

purlcy pfysmgnc prkplrtmls ki ns lt ueoekwe enturnc pflekalen# fns nrkusld n

pkssmjmcmty tfnt n jrmdhl jltwlle tfl pcnelt(s C mvmeh A nttlr ned tfl C mvmeh

Gksaks# jltwlle tfl gksakhkemg prkglssls# amhft jl gkestrugtld ùst nt tfms

clvlc%

Jlsmdls n rlsmstkr# me fms studmls E%N % O kzyrlv fns ncsk usld n Jlgoane(s

alrgurmnc tflrakaltlr% Tfl tflrakaltlr fns medmgntld tlaplrnturl gfnehls ki

tfl kj`lgt lamttmeh lelrhy% Wmegl tflrl wns n vlry tfkrkuhf mskcntmke ki tfl

tflrakaltlr i rka flnt ickws# tfl tlaplrnturl gfnehls wlrl metlrprltld ns

gfnehls me tfl grystnccmel strugturl ki tfl alrgury% Tfus wfle gkesmdlrmeh tfl

oekwe gksakhkemg prmegmpcls# wfle gkesmdlrmeh tfl wkros ki D% Jkfa# O %

Rrmjrna# R% Dlems ned ktflrs dmstmehumsfld nstrkpfysmgmsts ned gksakckhmsts# tfle

tfl elnrlst jrmdhl jltwlle tfl Lsslegl ki kur \ emvlrsl ned C mil ke tfl pcneltLnrtf ms gkestrugtld jy E%N % O kzyrlv(s wkros% Me ney gnsl# jnsld ke E%N %

O kzyrlv(s wkros# M wkucd iurtflr strlehtfle tfl gkursl ki tfms sgmletmimg trled% M t

!:> !



fns tk jl iurtflr suppkrtld jy mestrualetnc studmls% Wugf pkssmjmcmtmls lxmst me tfl

irnals ki Elw Gksakckhy ned tfl N cc!\emvlrsl(s Y msmke wflrl C mvmeh ned

Ekecmvmeh A nttlrs gklxmst wmtfme tfl ltlrenc trnesikrantmkes ki antlrmnc prkgls!

sls ned ickws# ned wflrl n augf akrl mapkrtnet npprkngf tk tfl Lsslegl ki tfl

C mvmeh A nttlr ms fmddle% Mt ms vlry mapkrtnet smegl irka tfl gksamg pksmtmke mt ms

pkssmjcl tk vmlw tfl Lsslegl ki C mvmeh A nttlr ke kur pcnelt Lnrtf%

!:: !



TF L WRNT MN C !TLA RKZNC XKZC D KI C MY M EH

ANTTLZ

C lt us hcnegl nt tfl spntmnc! tlapkrnc krhnemzntmke ki tfl Lnrtf(s C mil irka

tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki O kzyrlv(s ektmke wfmgf M fnvl dlsmhentld ns n *Elw Gksakc!

khy*% Tfus# wl oekw tfnt ngtunccy C mil ke tfl Lnrtf ms n eke!lqumcmjrmua prktlme!

eugclmg prkglss wmtf krhnemzntmke nt tfl ntkamg ned akclgucnr clvlcs wfmgf ncckws

cmvmeh krhnemsas# me tfl gkursl ki vlry gkapclx metlrngtmkes wmtf tfl Levmrkealet#

tk gkesual smapclr ikras ki lelrhy ickws wmtf tfl rlsuct ki slci!plrilgtmke#

ngguaucntmke ki meikrantmke# ndnptntmke ned rlprkdugtmke% Tfms prktlme!eugclmg

wkrcd ms tfl suj`lgt ki tfkrkuhf studmls jy gketlapkrnry enturnc sgmlegls0

hleltmgs ned akclgucnr jmkckhy? wl ncsk oekw augf njkut tfl lvkcutmke ki tfms

prktlme!eugclmg wkrcd% N gtunccy tfms prktlme!eugclmg wkrcd ms studmld ned gke!

smdlrld jy us me Lugcmd(s Wpngl# me% Lmestlme(s Wpngl# ned sllamehcy tflrl nrl ek

gketrndmgtmkes me tflsl studmls% N t tfl snal tmal# tfms prktlme!eugclmg wkrcd ned

tfl wfkcl J mkspflrl# lvlry Dmvmsmke ki tfl J mkspflrl# ned A ne fmaslci ncc gklxmstme L mstlme(s Zlcntmvm ty Wpngl# me Lugc md(s Wpngl# ned me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Me

O kzyrlv(s Wpngl metlrngtmke ki ncc lclalets kggurs me n dmiilrlet spntmnc! tlapkrnc

Gketmeuua wflrl tfl ickws ki krhnemzntmke ki tfl \emvlrsl nrl ki tfl prmanry

mapkrtnegl% Tfus tfl C mvmeh A nttlr ki tfl pcnelt Lnrtf# megcudmeh A ne ns n

jlnrlr ki tfl Metlcclgt# ncc gklxmst gkegkamtnetcy me tfl twk spntmnc!tlapkrnc

Gketmeuuas# tfl twk spntmnc! tlapkrnc krhnemzntmkes% Tflsl nrl L mestlme(s Wpngl

ned O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Fkw tk uedlrstned ned tk antgf tflsl twk ektmkes;

M t ms qumtl pkssmjcl tfnt ust C mvmeh A nttlr wmcc flcp us tk gkestrugt tfl jrmdhl

jltwlle tfl twk prkpksld Xkrcds# ned tfle tfrkuhf tfl uedlrstnedmeh ki tfl

Metlcclgt(s Lsslegl me kel Xkrcd# ned wmtf tfl flcp ki tfms Metlcclgt# wl wmcc imed

n gkaauemgntmke gfneelc wmtf tfl ktflr Xkrcd% Mi mt ms sk# tfle wl wmcc fnvl elw

prksplgts ikr tfl Iuturl% Me Lmestlme(s Xkrcd# tfl prktlme!eugclmg Lsslegl ki kur

C mil# megcudmeh tfl imlcd ikras ki C mvmeh A nttlr# nrl anmetnmeld ned cmvl ke tflickws ki lelrhy wfmgf nrl nttrmjutmvl ki Lmestlme(s Wpngl% N t tfl snal tmal tfms

vlry A nttlr wmtf mts imlcd ned ntkamg strugturls ncsk lxmsts %me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl%! : 7 !



Xfle me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# C mvmeh A nttlr gne utmcmzl tfl tmal!lelrhy ickws ned tfl

krhnemzntmkes ki tfms Wpngl jktf ns meikrantmke ned ns lelrhy# ned tfus gkestrugt

mts kwe strugturl% Jngo me Lmestlme(s Wpngl# C mvmeh A nttlr gne utmcmzl O kzyrlv(s

tmal!lelrhy ickwsme tfl rlncmty ki kur Rrlslet% Gkegldmeh tfnt me tfl twk dmiilrlet

spntmnc!tlapkrnc Gketmeuuas tfl systlas uedlr dmsgussmke rlnccy gklxmst# tfle

trnescntmke ki lelrhy ickws irka tfl kel Xkrcd metk tfl ktflr kel# me tfms Xkrcd

&tfnt ms# me Lmestlme(s Xkrcd-# tflrl npplnrs n elw ns ylt ueoekwe skurgl ki

meikrantmke ned lelrhy# wfmgf gkucd jl dmstmehumsfld jy n akrl hlelrnc tlra% Me

kur slanetmgs wl smapcy dk ekt fnvl tfl gkrrlspkedmeh wkrds% Fkwlvlr# wfle

M na kjslrvmeh n C mvmeh Wystla me Lmestlme(s Wpngl ke tfl Lnrtf# tfle tfms systla#

wfmgf gkegkamtnetcy gklxmsts me Okzyrlv(s Wpngl# any jl gkesmdlrld ns n pnr!

tmgucnr *plrpltuua akjmcl* ki tfl slgked omed me tfms rlnc Xkrcd# wfmgf gkesualslelrhy ned meikrantmke *irka ekwflrl* jlgnusl me Lugcmd(s Wpngl tflsl skurgls

nrl ngtunccy njslet% Jut smegl tfl Wystla iuegtmkes gkegkamtnetcy me O kzyrlv(s

Wpngl ned trnesikras tfl lelrhy!meikrantmke strugturls kjtnmeld tk Lmstlme(s

Wpngl# tfl Cmvmeh Wystla gkestrugts mts kwe jkdy ned jlgkals maakrtnc me

Lmestlme(s Wpngl% Tfms gketrndmgts tfl Imrst ned tfl Wlgked C nws ned tfl

prkpksld Tfmrd C nw ki tflrakdyenamgs% Tfms alnes tfnt wl nrl jrlnomeh

tfrkuhf tfl cmamts ki tfl \emvlrsl(s ikrjmddmeh *trul* tflrakdyenamg C nws kiLmestlme(s Xkrcd# ned tfus tfl Metlcclgt jlgkals me tfms rlsplgt n elw suj`lgt ikr

tfl study wmtfme tfl ektmkes ki tfl Elw Gksakhkey%

!:4 !



DMWTN ET METLZGLC C \CNZ METLZNGTM KEW% T FL

JMKMEIKZA NTM KENC GKA A \EMGNT MKE%

N ckeh wmtf tfl ueusunc pflekalen kjslrvld me Ekecmvmeh ned C mvmeh

A nttlrs# wfmgf fnvl jlle uegkvlrld dul tk O kzyrlv(s ektmkes# M wkucd cmol tk

drnw tfl nttletmke ki tfl Fmhf N udmlegl tk skal elw jmkpfysmgnc prkglssls% Ikr

n quntlr ki tfl gletury tflsl prkglssls fnvl jlle uedlr study nt kur cnjkrntkry%

Tfl rlsucts ki tflsl studmls fnvl jlle rlpkrtld me aney pnplrs ned suaanrmzld

me twk akekhrnpfs &Y %R% O nzengfllv# C %R% A mofnyckvn# >=6>? >=6<-% Tfl olrelc

ki tfl rlsuct kjtnmeld ms ns ikcckws%

Twk glccucnr gucturls hrkwmeh me twk slpnrntl hcnss icnsos metlrngt kptmgnccy

tfrkuhf qunetua!cmhft ickwswmtfkut ney gflamgnc kr jmkckhmgnc gketngt wmtf lngf

ktflr% Kel ki tfl gucturls gne trnesamt tk tfl ktflr gucturl meikrantmke njkut mts

kwe stntl# tfus ikrgmeh tfl nd`nglet gucturl tk trnesikra irka n flnctfy stntl tk

n dmslnsld stntl ned tfle dml% Tfms Dmstnet Metlrglccucnr Metlrngtmke Liilgt &D \ L-

fns jlle suaanrmzld me tfl njkvl aletmkeld akekhrnpfs# ned wns rlprkdugldme slvlrnc cnjkrntkrmls me tfl Wkvmlt \emke ned me Lurkpl% M fkpl tfnt tfms liilgt

wmcc jl iurtflr studmld me aney sgmletmimg jmkckhmgnc mestmtutmkes%

N e mapkrtnet ilnturl ki tfms liilgt ms tfnt tfl glccucnr guc turls nrl slesmtmvl

uedlr ekrtflre gkedmtmkes tk slnskenc gfnehls &pkcnr suaalr ned pkcnr emhft-#

tk skcnr lgcmpsls# tk tfl Rnrndl ki tfl Rcnelts# skcnr stkras ned anheltmg dmstur!

jnegls# tk tfl Ekvn# ned lvle tk sugf lvlets ns pcneltnry dnanhl ki tfl Jmkspflrl

dul tk eugclnr wlnpke tlsts# ltg% \ edlr tfl meiculegl ki tfl ingtkrs cmstld# tflgucturls gfnehl tflmr hrkwtf ned meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes% Mt fns jlle ikued

tfnt ekranc glccs jlmeh suj`lgtld tk dnanhl jy skal nhlet gne trnesikra tflmr

akrjmd dnanhld stntl tk ktflr glccs% Tfms meikrantmke ms ngglptld jy tfl nd`nglet

glccs kecy mi tfl cnttlr jlckeh tk tfl snal typl ki tmssul nstfl dkekr glccs0 lpmtflcmnc#

gkeelgtmvl tmssul# ltg% Fkwlvlr# mt fns tureld kut tfnt tfl tuakr glccs ki wfntlvlr

krmhme? lpmtflcmnc kr gkeelgtmvl tmssul# lnsmcy trnescntl tfl meikrantmkenc ickw# ned

dmstnet metlrngtmkes ki ancmhenet enturl nrl rlncmzld rntflr irllcy% X l fnvl ncsk

ikued tfnt wfle olpt me n fypkanheltmg gfnajlr# gucturls ki glccs dml ikr skal!:<!



ueoekwe rlnske% Tfus n cnrhl jkdy ki dntn kjtnmeld lvmdlegls tfl ingt tfnt tfl

glcc(s cmil#wfmgf rlprlslets tfl prktlme!eugclmg typl ki krhnemzntmke# ncsk dlpleds

ke tfl imlcd ikra ki krhnemzntmke% N s inr ns wl oekw# tflsl imlcd ikras dk ekt

jlckeh tk lclgtrkanheltmg prkglssls% Tfl cnttlr gne kecy nggkapney tfl prktlme!

eugclmg lelrhy metlrngtmkes% Tfly fnvl rkcls smamcnr tk tfksl ki Hurvmgf(s

amtkhlemg rnys% Lclgtrkanheltmsa rlcntls tk tfl slgkednry typl ki rndmntmke#

wflrlns tfl imlcd krhnemzntmke ki tfl prktlme!eugclmg gkrl ki n glcc rlanmes

kjsgurl%

Xfnt nrl tflsl imlcd ikras; Kel gne gkeglmvl tfnt tfl Dmstnet Metlrngtmkes

Liilgt ms ekt n smapcl trnesamssmke ki meikrantmke jut n dmstmegtmvl enturnc

pflekaleke wfmgf ncckws us tk rlvlnc tfnt prktlme!eugclmg C mil ms gkajmeld wmtf

tfl imlcd ikras ki C mil% Tfl imlcd ikras ki tfl C mil nrl ekt gkeimeld jy tfl

trm!dmalesmkenc jkrdlrs ki n glcc ned tfly fnvl ek cmamts wmtfme tfl glccs% Tfus#

tfl spntmnc ned tlapkrnc dmalesmkes ki tfl imlcd krhnemzntmke ki n glcc dk ekt antgf

tfl dmalesmkes dlimeld jy tfl glcc(s pcnsan alajrnel% Tfms ms n gklxmstlegl ki

twk# kr prkjnjcy akrl# ikras ki C mvmeh A nttlr% Tk kur amed# tfl glccs ki pcnets

ned nemancs rlprlslet n vlry ckeh!stnedmeh alltmeh ki dmiilrlet gksamg ikras ki

C mvmeh A nttlr ke tfl pcnelt Lnrtf# ned tfus rlprlslet tfl Lsslegl ki C mvmeh

A nttlr mtslci %Wugf ms tfl pflekaleke% Mt gne jl gkrrkjkrntld jy aney lxnapcls# pckts

ned gncgucntmkes% Mt ms vlry mapkrtnet tfnt tfms pflekaleke fns aney prngtmgnc

nppcmgntmkes ikr tfl uedlrstnedmeh ki pntfkckhy# dmslnsls# ltg% Fkwlvlr# tflrl ms

n pnrtmgucnr ned prmegmpnc typl ki enturnc lvlets wfmgf ellds n splgmnc dmsgussmke%

Mi prktlme!eugclmg C mil wns hrndunccy ikrald wmtfme tfl irnals ki tfl prlslet

gkeglpt ki lvkcutmke# tfl syetfltmg ektmkes ki Dnrwme(s typl# ned dlpleds ke mts

prktlme!eugclmg gkrl# tfle wl fnvl ingts wfmgf gkaplc us tk dkujt tfl prmanry

smhemimgnegl ned kaempktlegl ki tflsl gkeglpts% Tkdny wl fnvl lxplrmaletnc

dntn wfmgf ncckw us tk usl tfl meikrantmke ki kel glcc ned tk trnesilr tfnt glcc(s

hleltmg meikrantmke metk nektflr glcc smtuntld n hrlnt dmstnegl nwny% N Kpsygfmg!

Lxtrnslesl gne gfnehl tfl glcc(s strugturl ned cmil jktf tkwnrds C mil ned Dlntf%

Xmtf tfl usl ki mestrualets me lxplrmalets ke glccs wfmgf wlrl olpt me n splgmnc

hlelrntkr tfl nutfkrs &Y %R% O nzengfllv# R%R% Hkrynlv# ned ktflrs- fnvl kj!tnmeld rlsucts wfmgf invkur tfl gkegcusmke tfnt C mil(s skcm tkemg krhnemzntmke gne

jl trnesilrld nt tfl dmstnegl ki slvlrnc altlrs tk ktflr glccs%

!:9 !



Tflsl dntn ncckw us tk gcnma tfnt tfl glcc(s vmtnc ngtmvmtmls ned tfl wkro ki

tfl hleltmg nppnrntus nrl jnsld ke n akrl gkapclx imlcd iuednaletnc iuegtmke?

enalcy# mt ms oekwe tfnt durmeh mts cmil!spne# n glcc usls ek akrl tfne <, ki tfl

meikrantmke gketnmeld me tfl glcc(s hlekal% Mt ms nssuald tfnt tfl rlanmemeh =<,

ki tfl hlekal(s meikrantmke rlprlslets skal snilty rlslrvl kr# nctlrentmvlcy#

dmiilrletvnrmnegls ki tfl glcc(s vmtnc ngtmvmtmls% Fkwlvlr# mt ms ncsk prkplr tk nssualtfnt tfl hlekal ki n glcc msgkestnetcy ngtmvl ned ms rlspkesmjcl ikr tfl krhnemzntmke

ki skal imlcd fkckhrnpfmg gkestrugtmke ki tfl lxmstmeh ned tfl iuturl jnsls ki tfl

glcc % Tfms imlcd gkestrugtmke ms n rlncmzntmke ki ncc ki tfl hlekal(s meikrantmke#

ned tfms fkckhrnpfmg strugturl ms tfle usld ikr tfl rlncmzntmke ki tfksl pnrts ki tfl

hlekal wfmgf nrl elglssnry ikrEtfl syetflsms ki mapkrtnet prktlme angrk!

akclgucls ned ktflr akclgucls wfmgf me tflmr ture nrl usld ikr tfl gkestrugtmke

ki jkdmls ki tfl lxmstmeh ned iuturl ikras ki tfl cmvmeh glccs% Wyetflsms# wfmgf ms

tfkrkuhfcy studmld jy hleltmgmsts me tfl me vmtrk systlas# ms kecy slgkednry me mts

enturl% Mt ms n gkeslqulegl ki n akrl gkapclx hleltmg# ngtunccy imlcd# fkckhrnpfmg

algfnemsa% Tfms alnes tfnt tfl cmil ki n glcc gneekt jl lxpcnmeld kecy me tlras

ki jmkgflamgnc ned gkapclx ekelqucmjrmua gyjlreltmg jkeds ned systlas% Mt ncsk

dlpleds ke n gksamg sujstrntl ki cmil(s fkckhrnpfmg *pkrtrnmt*% X l gne nssual

tfnt tfl glcc gkajmels tflsl ilnturls% T fle# prkjnjcy# lvkcutmke ki C mvmeh anttlrfns tk jl nggkapnemld jy tfl npplnrnegl ned ngguaucntmke ki tfksl gkapkelets

ned algfnemsas wfmgf gne prktlgt lvlry glcc ki tflmr krhnemzntmkes irka pleltrn!

tmke jy tfl imlcd fkckhrnpfmg meikrantmkenc ickws lamttld jy tfl elmhfjkurmeh

glccs%

T flrl prkjnjcy lxmst skal fkckhrnpfmg imlcd uemvlrsnc maauel algfnemsas

wfmgf prktlgt tfl glccs irka meiculegls ki tfms omed% Mi tfl imlcds pleltrntl lngf

ktflr# wmtfkut sugf maauemty tfl slci!krhnemzntmke ned tfl lvkcutmke ki tfl C mvmeh

A nttlr ki tfl prktlme!eugclmg Xkrcd wkucd jl mapkssmjcl% Tfus# tfl prktlme!

eugclmg maauemty# wfmgf prlslrvls tfl uemqul prktlme gkestrugtmkes# tfl spntmnc!

tlapkrnc krhnemzntmkes ned tfl angrkakclgucls ki tfl slgkednry# tlrtmnry ned

quntlrenry gkestrugtmkes# ms kecy n rliclgtmke# kr amgrkakdlc# ki nektflr ns ylt

ueoekwe rlnc maauel systla# wfmgf me tfl imrst cmel sfmlcds tfl imlcd ilnturls ki

tfl metlrglccucnr metlrngtmkes% Tfms iuednaletnc prkplrty gne# prkjnjcy# jlstudmld me jngtlrmn# mskcntld glccs# ned me smapcl krhnemsas ki pcnet ned nemanc

krmhme% M t gne jl n plrsplgtmvl ikr tfl gkeglptmke M fnvl ust prlsletld jlikrl tfl

!:8 !



Fmhf N udmlegl% Tfus# tfl Dmstnet Metlrngtmkes ki glccucnr strugturls jltwlle

lngf ktflr ms n enturnc pflekaleke# jut wfmgf tkdny gneekt jl lxpcnmeld irka

tfl ektmkes ki L % Jnulr# kr N %H% Hurvmgf# kr jy tfl studmls ki tfl pfysmgnc imlcds

wfmgf nrl prlsletcy gnrrmld kut me tfl Wkvmlt \ emke jy tfl pfysmgmsts ] u%H%

Hucynlv# L%Y % Hkdmo# ned ktflrs% Tfms ms n gkeùegtmke ki tfl gksamg ikras ki

C mvmeh A nttlr wfmgf gkegkamtnetcy lxmst# cmvl ned metlrngt me Lmestlme(s ned

O kzyrlv(s Wpngls%



TF L C MY MEH A NTTLZ RFL EKA LEKE \EDLZ

TF L F] RKA NHELTMG GKEDMT MKE%

T fl Dmstnet Glccucnr Metlrngtmkes ns n enturnc pflekaleke tureld kut tk jl

akrl aystlrmkus# ueoekwe ned gkapclx wfle me tfl gkursl ki kur studmls ki tfms

pflekaleke wl pcngld tfl glccucnr gucturls uedlr study# ned skal ktflr kr!

hnemsas# metk n fypkanheltmg spngl%

T fl fypkanheltmg sfmlcds wlrl gkestrugtld me kur cnjkrntkry jy ne lehmellr

Pnytslv# wmtf n spngl cnrhl lekuhf ikr pcngmeh n A ne ned ktflr sancclr kj`lgts%Tflsl fypkanheltmg gfnajlrs wlrl wlcc dlsgrmjld me tfl cmtlrnturl% Tfl lxplrm!

alets fnvl sfkwe tfnt uedlr tfl fypkanheltmg gkedmtmke# tfl glccs dlprmvld ki

tflmr enturnc anheltmg imlcds &me tflsl gfnajlrs tfl enturnc anheltmg imlcd wns

nttleuntld jy n ingtkr ki 72!<2 tfkusned- dml nitlr >>!>: kr akrl hlelrntmkes%

Irka flrl

wl gkegcudld tfnt enturnc anheltmg spngl ms kjcmhntkry ikr tfl glccs ned ms

ki vmtnc mapkrtnegl% Kel gne gkeglmvl tfnt me tflsl gfnajlrs glccs# jlmeh me n

spngl gclnrld ki enturnc anheltmg ickws# uedlrhk n akrl gkegletrntld meiculegl

me n purl ikra ki skal ktflrs# ns ylt ueoekwe# ickws% M t ms pkssmjcl tfnt ust uedlr

tfms gkedmtmke wl legkuetlr n jrlngf kr wlnolemeh ki tfl imlcd fkckhrnpfmg

maauel algfnemsa wfmgf M fnvl ncrlndy dmsgussld% Rrlsletcy wl gne gkestrugt

sugf ne lxplrmalet me wfmgf tfl prkpksld iuednaletnc lvkcutmkenry prmegmpcl ki

prktlgtmke irka tfl surrkuedmeh imlcds gne jl wlnoleld kr njnedkeld gkapcltl!cy% Tfms ms wfy M % Tnrh ned Rutfkii wrptl tfnt wfle# me lxplrmalets ke Dmstnet

Gkaauemgntmke# tfl Zlglmvlr &tfl N gglptkr- wns pcngld metk n fypkanheltmg

jueolr# tfl gkaauemgntmke jlgkals akrl ingmcl% M t ms pkssmjcl tfnt dul tk

icugtuntmkes ki tfl anheltmg imlcd nt tfl gmrguapkcnr rlhmkes# wfle tfl

fkckhrnpfmg maauemty wlnoles dul tk lxtlrenc gkedmtmkes# tfl glccs jlgkal akrl

slesmtmvl tk n dnanhl# akrl irnhmcl% Xl gne prkpksl tfnt n dmsnjclalet ki tfms

maauel algfnemsa ms prlgmslcy tfl anme jnsms ikr tfl trnesamssmke ki ancmhenegy#smegl wmtfkut tfms algfnemsa tfl tuakr glccs gne lnsmcy trnesamt tflmr meikrantmke

tk n flnctfy glcc ned trnesikra tfl cnttlr metk mts kwe *nggkapcmgl*% Tfms fns!:=!



ncrlndy jlle prkpksld jy N %H% Hurvmgf%

Tfus# wfle n gucturl ki glccs ms pcngld metk n fypkanheltmg gfnajlr# tfl

Kplrntkr wmtf lxtrnsleskry plrglptmke gne mei culegl tflsl glccs jy gkegletrntmeh

fms wm cc!pkwlr% Tfl Kplrntkr gne niilgt tfl glccucnr gucturl nt n ckeh dmstnegl#

alnsurld ekt kecy jy altlrs# jut jy fuedrlds ned tfkusneds ki om ckaltrls% Tfms

gketngt jltwlle tfl Kplrntkr ned tfl gucturls ki glccs me tfl fypkanheltmg

Rfktk%: Fypkanheltmg gfnajlr wmtf 922 tmals anheltmg Lnrtf imlcd lnsmeh%

gfnajlrs any jl prlslrvld% Me tflsl gfnajlrs# tfl jlfnvmkur ki glccs ned

nemancs jlgkals rntflr plgucmnr% Tfl glccs# jlmeh sfmlcdld me sugf n gfnajlr#

gfnehl tflmr rlglptkr prkplrtmls# ned wfle jlmeh metrkdugld metk tfl krhnemsa

ki ne nemanc# tfl glccs nrl dmstrmjutld tfrkuhf tfl tmssuls &wl fnvl studmld

angrkpfnhls- me n rntflr ueusunc wny? tfnt ms# tfl glccs gfnehld tflmr tnrhlt krhnes

dul tk gfnehls me rlglptmke% Tfl gfnehls me tfl jlfnvmkur ki n A ne me tfl

fypkanheltmg spngls nrl vlry metlrlstmeh% Tflrl ms n cnrhl jkdy ki c mtlrnturl njkut

wlno gfnajlrs# jut me kur strkehcy sfmlcdld gfnajlrs wl kjslrvld me tfl

vkcuetllrs gfnehls me sfkrt!tlra alakry# ned laktmkenc stntus# ned tflrl wnsncsk skal lqumcmjrntmke ki ngtmvmtmls ki tfl rmhft ned tfl clit flamspflrls ki tfl

jrnme% T flrl wlrl ncsk ktflr jlfnvmkurnc gfnehls# wfle# ikr lxnapcl# tfl lx!

!72 !



namell anempucntld rnedka euajlrs% Tfus# tfl fypkanheltmg gfnajlrs prk!

vmdl n vlry metlrlstmeh lxplrmaletnc npprkngf%

Me tfl prkglss ki tfl lvkcutmke ki tfl Lnrtf(s C mil# wfmgf ns inr ns wl oekw

fns lxmstld me mts prktlme!eugclmg ikra ikr njkut 4 jmccmke ylnrs# C mvmeh A nttlr fns

elvlr jlle suj`lgtld tk n sfmlcdmeh# ned wfle mt ms pcngld metk n fypkanheltmg

spngl mt npplnrs me n elw# ueoekwe gksamg Wpngl% M t ms pkssmjcl tfnt me tfms Wpngl

C mvmeh A nttlr cksls mts maauel prktlgtmvl prkplrtmls% Kel gne gkeglmvl tfnt

C mvmeh A nttlr gklxmsts me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# ned tfle tfl pflekaleke ki Cmilned

C mvmeh A nttlr me tfl fypkanheltmg gfnajlrs ms tfl prmegmpnc# ned ncrlndy tfl

slgked enturnc pflekaleke me tfl study ki Cmilke tfl pcnelt ned mts metlcclgtunc

ikras% Mt fns tk jl ektld tfnt wfle n A ne ms pcngld metk n enturnc nenckhul ki

tfl fypkanheltmg gfnajlr# me n dllp gnvl# ikr lxnapcl# tfle wl gne sny tfnt flnpplnrls uedlr tfl meiculegl ki gkrrlspkedmeh tlccurmg imlcds% Xmtf tfl flcp ki

jmkmedmgntmke# wmtf tfl irnal ki n rkd# mt ms pkssmjcl tk dltlramel tfl

hlknekanckus zkels% Xl gne prlsual tfnt irka tflsl zkels &kr gnvls- mt ms

pkssmjcl tk anol n akrl lxngt Dmstnet Y msunc Gkaauemgntmke% Wugf spngls

gfnehl tfl algfnemsa ned tfl Lsslegl ki tfl metlcclgtunc ngtmvmty ki n A ne# ned

pkssmjcy tflsl spngls gne jl usld ns gfneelcs ikr n trnesilrlegl ki tfl ekeprktlme!

ekeeugclmg# enalcy metlcclgtunc Lsslegl# irka Lmestlme(s Wpngl metk O kzyrlv(sWpngl% Rrkjnjcy tfms ms n alnes ki gketngt jltwlle tfl imlcd ikras ki Gksamg C mil

wfmgf lxmst me tfl Lnrtf!krjm tnc ned Gksamg spngls ned ktflr Gksamg Xkrcds%

Mt fns tk jl nddld tfnt tfl tlccurmg hlknekanckus zkels# wfmgf gne jl

plrglmvld# any pcny uelxplgtld ned vlry mapkrtnet rkcls% \edkujtldcy# tflsl

pflekalen rlprlslet n trnescntmke kr trnesikrantmke ki tfl pcnelt Lnrtf mtslci

uedlr tfl meiculegl ki dmiilrlet omeds ki gksamg# lelrhltmgnc ned meikrantmkenc

ickws% N ggkrdmeh tk tfms meikrantmke ki tlccurmg jkdmls# tfl Lnrtf mtslci ms jkued

ekt kecy wmtf tfl hlkanheltmg sflcc wfmgf prktlgts tfl pcnelt# kr skal ktflr

prktlgtmvl ntakspflrmg kr kzkel levlckpls% Rrkjnjcy# tfms ms n vlry gkapclx

prkglss ki metlrngtmke wfmgf gne me mts Lsslegl jl ki vmtnc mapkrtnegl ikr tfl

rlhmkenc jlfnvmkur ki kel kr nektflr pnrt ki tfl Jmkspflrl ned tfl plkpcl cmvmeh

me tflsl zkels% M t ms pkssmjcl tfnt Fnrtane(s elts ned tfl ektkrmkus *nekanckus

trmnehcls*# wfmgf fnvl grlntld sk aney aytfs ned pfnetnsmls# nrl ngtunccy skal*hrkueds* wfmgf gne meiculegl vnrmkus metlcclgtunc ilnturls ki plkpcl# tflmr

jlfnvmkur# ned lvle tfl jlfnvmkur ki vlry Enturl ned C mvmeh A nttlr me tflsl

! 7> !



zkels% Mt ms mapkrtnet tk study tfl enturl ki tflsl hlkpksmtmvl ned hlkelhntmvl

prkglssls smegl cnrhl *trnuans* tk tfl Lnrtf smamcnr tk tfksl gnusld jy eugclnr

tlsts ned vnrmkus lelrhltmg gkestrugtmkes any meiculegl tflsl wlno nekanckus

zkels# ned nt ckeh lxpksurl C mil me tflsl zkels jlgkal gfnehld# vlry akrmjued#

kr# ke tfl gketrnry# lxpcksmvl% Tfl prkjcla ki jmkmedmgntmke ki tflsl zkels any

jl swmtgfld kvlr tk tfl prkjcla ki n dllp uedlrstnedmeh ki C mvmeh A nttlr(sLsslegl# mts imlcd krhnemzntmkes me tflsl pnrtmgucnr zkels ki kur pcnelt Lnrtf% Tfms

ms n rlnc tnso# ned tflrl nrl elglssnry studmls megcudmeh tfksl ke tfl lvncuntmke ki

tfl Dmstnet Meikrantmkenc Metlrngtmkes wmtf tfl pnrtmgmpntmke ki A ne%

• Fm

S

!7: !



Rfkck%7 O kzyrlv(s A mr rkrs megcudmehD%Jlzjkrkdkv(s gkestrugtmke%

TFL C MY MEH ANTTLZ RFL EKA LEKE ME

O KP] ZLY W A MZZKZW%

Imrst ki ncc wl aust slttcl tfnt tfl tlra *O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs* ms rntflr

gkedmtmkenc% Xl usl tfms tlra smegl E%N % O kzyrlv wns tfl imrst wfk sfkwld me

fms studmls ki tmal!lelrhy ickws tfnt tfly gne pleltrntl tfrkuhf ncuem emua

gkntmehs% Inccmeh dkwe ke tfl ncuamemua sfllts nt vnrmkus nehcls# tflsl iclws nrl

rliclgtld jy tfl sfllts% Tflsl wkros fnvl jlle dkel me Wkvmlt A mddcl N smn jy

Dkegfnokv% F l studmld tfl cmvmeh sprkuts ki pcnets pcngld me tflsl * kptmgnc

dlvmgls*# wflrl tfl lelrhy!meikrantmkenc spngl wns gfnrngtlrmzld jy tfl kptmgs

ki tfl tmal!lelrhy ickws%

M e tfl cnjkrntkry ki Flcmk!Gcmantmg Rntfkckhy me kur mestmtutl# spflrls wlrl

gkestrugtld me sugf n wny tfnt tfl tmal!lelrhy ickws lamttld jy n ane wkucd

!77 !



rliclgt irka tfl ncuamemua suringl ki tfl spflrl ned tfus jl gkegletrntld me n

glrtnme pcngl% T fl lxplrmalets wlrl gkedugtld ke nemancs ned ke ale &vkcue!

tllrs-% T fl stntl ki n vkcuetllr wns studmld me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs me Ekvksmjmrso#

ned me tfl Ekrtf# enalcy ke Dmxke mscned% Mt fns jlle rlvlncld tfnt n pcnglalet

ki n ane me tfms splgmnc spngl meiculegld fma me fms psygfk!laktmkenc plrglptmke#

alakry# vlrjnc ned ekevlrjnc sleskry plrglptmkes% Mt fns jlle ikued tfnt wfleme tfms dlvmgl &tfl A mrrkr- n ane gne lnsmcy ned enturnccy trnesamt fms vmsmkes tk

fms pnrtelr kvlr n dmstnegl ki tfkusneds ki omckaltrls% &Ekvksmjmrso ! Dmxke

mscned? \WWZ ! \WN -%

Wugf Dmstnet Gkaauemgntmke wmtfkut tfl A mrrkr ms oekwe ned wns studmld

uedlr enturnc gkedmtmkes# ned nggkrdmeh tk ncc nvnmcnjcl dntn tfl pflekaleke ms

n suiimgmletcy rnrl lvlet% Mi tfl maauemty M wns tncomeh njkut lnrc mlr rlnccy lxmsts#

tfle me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs tflsl *hrkueds* jlgkal kple ikr tfl trnescntmke ki tflmetlcclgtunc tmal!lelrhy gkestrugtmke ned meikrantmke kvlr cnrhl dmstnegls%

T fl lxplrmalets fnvl jlle gkedugtld nt vnrmkus slnskes ned ikr vnrmkus

purpksls% Me hlelrnc wl gne sny tfnt sugf O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs any jl gkesmdlrld

ke tfl suringl ki tfl pcnelt Lnrtf ns *iueelcs* me wfmgf tfl metlcclgtunc imlcd ickws

gkegletrntl# *swmrc* ned *smeo*% Xmtf tfl usl ki sugf n *iueelc* tfl lxplrmale!

tntkr gne grlntl n vlry pkwlriuc ickw ki metlcclgtunc lelrhy me tfl Metlcclgtunc Imlcd

Gketmeuua% G rlntmke ki tflsl plgucmnr spngls ms n elw ned vlry mapkrtnet

lxplrmaletnc npprkngf tk tfl lcugmdntmke ki tfl metlrngtmke ki tfl prktlme!eugclmg

Lsslegl ned tfl Jrnme(s ngtmvmty durmeh Dmstnet Imlcd Gkaauemgntmkes% O kzyrlv(s

A mrrkrs any jl usld# prkjnjcy# ikr tfl study ki splgmimg ickws ki tfl metlcclgtunc

tmal!lelrhy lxpnesl# wfmgf any lxmst me tfl dlnptfs ki tfl Kglnes ned tfl Lnrtf

ned me Inr ned Elnr Wpngl% Tflsl dlvmgls gne jl usld ikr tfl dlvlckpalet ki n

elw npprkngf tk tfl lstnjcmsfalet ki gkaauemgntmkes jltwlle tfl metlcclgtuncwkrcds ke tfl Lnrtf(s suringl ned me tfl Gksaks% Kecy tfrkuhf iurtflr dlvlckp!

alet ki tfms dlvmgl# jy gkajmemeh mt wmtf ktflr skpfmstmgntld mestrualets ned

dlvmgls# wmcc mt jl pkssmjcl ikr sgmletmsts tk gkal gcksl tk uedlrstnedmeh O kzyrlv(s

Wpngl% Mt ms pkssmjcl tfnt tfms oekwcldhl wmcc prkvmdl Fuaneomed wmtf elw ikras

ki lelrhy ned wnys tk usl tfla uedlr tfl Lnrtf(s gkedmtmkes &tfnt ms# me Lmestlme(s

Wpngl-%

Mt ms egglssnry tk lapfnsmzl tfnt tflsl gkegcusmkes gkeikra wmtf M%

Rrmhkhmel(s mdlns njkut tfl lxmstlegl me tfl \emvlrsl ki dmstrmgts wflrl Gfnks

!74 !



mrnseikras metk Gksaks# tfus grlntmeh tfl fmhflr clvlc ki krhnemzntmke% Fkwlvlr#

mt ms inmrcy pkssmjcl tfnt tfms trnesikrantmke ki Gfnks metk Ekecmvmeh A nttlr kggurs

wmtfmeh tfl oekwe tflrakdyenamg C nws &megcudmeh tfl Wlgked Cnw-% Kel gne

gkeglmvl tfnt Rrmhkhmel(s stntlalets gkrrlspked akrl gckslcy tk O kzyrlv(s Wpngl%

Wmamcnr mdlns fnvl ncsk jlle prkpksld jy L% Jnulr# wfk ikraucntld twk iue!

dnaletnc cnws gkeglremeh eke!lqumcmjrmua stlndy stntls ned tfl anxmaua ki tfl

lxtlrenc wkro% X l gne# prkjnjcy# imed tfl snal prkpksmtmke me R% Tlmcfnrd dl

Gfnrdme(s wkros ke Fuaneomed(s lvkcutmke# ned me aney ktflr wkros ki

fuanemtnrmne rlslnrgflrs% Tfus# studmls wmtf O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs kple elw

prksplgts me tfl krhnemznt mke ki elw iuednaletnc studmls me vnrmkus gkuetrmls ned

me metlrentmkenc prkhrnas%

!7< !



RZKJC LA W KI TZNEWA \TNTM KE N ED

WT \D] M EH KI T FL M WKT KRMG WRLGTZ N KI

C MY MEH A NTTLZ%

T fl studmls ki C % O mrvrne ke tfl prkjclas ki trnesautntmke kr trnesikran!tmke ki kel gflamgnc lclalet metk nektflr me tfl krhnemsas ki pcnets ned nemancsnrl wlcc oekwe tk tfl sgmletmsts ned pujcm g ki Lurkpl% Tflrl wlrl nttlapts tkmetlrprlt tflsl lxplrmaletnc dntn irka pksmtmkes ki gketlapkrnry tflkrltmgnc

pfysmgs &A % Zudlilr# ned ktflrs-% Ki gkursl# tfl vlry mdln ki trnesautntmke kilclalets me tfms slesl ms dmsputnjcl% Fkwlvlr# tk kur amed# ki hrlntlr mapkrtneglms tfl mdln tfnt n prktlme!eugclmg gkuapkued# prkjnjcy gkajmeld wmtf mts imlcdikras# gne utmc msl tfl lelrhy ickws ki tfms spngl tfrkuhf tflsl imlcd ikras kiO kzyrlv(s Wpngl ned tfus gfnehl tfl ntkamg strugturls ki tfl lclalets% Tflrl msek elld tk lxpkued flrl O mrvrne(s mdlns ned fms lxplrmalets ke tfl illdmeh ki

jmrds# wfmgf fnvl sfkwe n pkssmjcl trnesikrantmke ki pktnssmua metk gncgmua# nedfms prkpksncs ke utmcmzntmke jy nemancs ned A ne ki ntakspflrm g emtrkhle ikrsyetfltmg rlngtmkes% Tfms gne jl ikued me tfl wkros ki Wkvmlt sgmletmsts &M %D%Y kczfsoy# ned ktflrs-%

X l fnvl andl ne nttlapt nt ne lxplrmaletnc npprkngf tk tfl prkjcla kitfl prlslrvntmke ki stnjcl msktkpls me cmvmeh systlas% T fl slemkr rlslnrgflr N %I %Zzfnvme studmld tfl dmstrmjutmke me cmvmeh systlas ki gnrjke >: ned >7# ned tfl

stnjcl msktkpls ki suciur% N strmomeh pflekaleke fns jlle sfkwe0 durmeh nhmehkr nt pntfkckhmgnc stntls me skal tmssuls ki n A ne# enalcy me tfl jckkd vlsslcs nedme tfl grystnccmel clesls# n irngtmke ki tfl flnvy msktkpl ki gnrjke &>7- hrndunccyjut smhemimgnetcy dmsnpplnrld% Tfl rlanmemeh msktkpl wns Ю >: &Wuppclalet >-%X fy dmd tfms fnppled; X fnt dkls tfms pflekaleke alne; T flrl nrl ekrlnskenjcl lxpcnentmkes ikr tfl slclgtmke ki msktkpls me tfl glccs wfmgf lxmst me tfl

snal spngl# illdmeh ke ngtunccy gkestnet msktkpmg splgtrn% T flrl nrl wkros jyL %A % Hncmakv ned ktflr rlslnrgflrs me wfmgf tfl sgmletmsts fnvl andl ne nttlapttk lxpcnme tflsl ingts jy tfl pfysmgnc!gflamgnc algfnemsas ki prlilrlegl ikr kel

• 79!



msktkpl kvlr nektflr kel# jut tfms lxpcnentmke dkls ekt imt tfl meikrantmkenc!lelr!

hltmg ektmkes% Tflrlikrl# wl fnvl prkpksld tfnt me tfl pkkrcy oekwe imlcd

amgrkclptkemg# elutrmek ned ktflr ikras ki amgrkpnrtmgcls ki A nttlr me cmvmeh glccs#

tflrl lxmsts n prkglss wfmgf dmrlgtcy kr medmrlgtcy gne trnesirka tfl krhnemzntmke

ki ntkas# gkevlrtmeh kel lclalet &kr msktkpl- metk nektflr% Mt ms prkjnjcl tfnt

prktlme!eugclmg C mil wmtf kxmdntmvl jmklelrhltmg prkglssls# tfnt ms# wm tf lclgtrke

gnrrmlr prktlmes# angrklrhmg gkapkueds# ltg# ms purlcy tfl lelrhltmgs ki angrk!

akclgucnr sujstnegls% Tfl imlcd ikras ki C mil kjtnme tflmr lelrhy ned meikrantmke

irka skurgls smtuntld me ktflr spngls# smamcnr tk O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% T fl imlcd ikras

gklxmst wmtf tfl oekwe pfysmgnc ned lelrhltmgnc prktlme!eugclmg prkglssls# ned

durmeh tflmr metlrngtmkes me tfl prktlme!eugclmg pnrt ki tfl C mil tflrl gne rlnccy

kggur trnesirkantmkes nt tfl ntkamg clvlc me tfl ickws ki tfl amgrkpnrtmgcls% Me tfmsgnsl# n study ki tfl ntkamg msktkpmg splgtrn me C mvmeh A nttlr jlgkals nektflr

*Tueelc*# wfmgf gkeelgts Lmestlme(s Wpngl wmtf O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Tfms

pflekaleke ellds iurtflr study% N euajlr ki rlslnrgflrs me tfms gkuetry nrl

wkromeh ke tfl prkjcla# jut me ktflr gkuetrmls tfl studmls nrl rlstrmgtld tk tfl

msktkpmg nencysms ki# jmkkrhnemg strugturls ki tfl Rnst# ikkd# rlcmgts ned kmc# jut tfl

pflekaleke mtslci ms ncakst njnedkeld%

X l fnvl prkpksld tfnt studmls ki tfl msktkpmg splgtrn ki dm iilrlet pnrts kitfl Jmkspflrl# enalcy nt tfl Rkcnr rlhmkes ned tfl Lquntkr# gkucd rlvlnc skal

ueoekwe prkglss ki nhmeh ki jmkckhmgnc systlas# nenckhuls tk tfl prkglss wl fnvl

kjslrvld me tfl jckkd vlsslcs ki A ne% Me tflsl rlhmkes ki tfl Lnrtf wflrl tflrl

ms n anssmvl dmsnpplnrnegl ki flnvy irngtmkes ki msktkpls ki vnrmkus lclalets# wl

gkucd usl tfl altfkd ki lgkckhmgnc prkhekstmgntmke tk lvncuntl tfl dlhrll ki tfl

Jmkspflrl(s wlnrmelss# ns wlcc ns ikr tfl akrl tfkrkuhf nencysms ki tfl dlhrll ki

krhnemzntmke ki tfl Jmkspflrl ns n prktlme!eugclmg *Gkvlr* ki kur Hckjl% Y %M %

Y lredsoy wrktl tfnt n cmvmeh Imca# tfl prlssurl ki C mil# sprlnds irka tfl A mddcl

Lquntkrmnc c nttmtudls tk tfl Rkcls% \ edlr tfl Rkcnr gkedmtmkes tflsl im cas ki C mil

dml# ned tfl altnjkcmg prkdugts nrl rltureld jngo tk tfl lquntkrmnc rlhmkes ned

any slrvl ns *fkrakels* wfmgf suppkrt tfl metlhrmty ki tfl wfkcl jmkspflrmg

*Gkvlr* me tfl anmecneds ned tfl kglnes ki tfl pcnelt%

Tflsl altfkds gkucd ncsk jl usld ikr studmls ki tfl msktkpmg strugturls kitfl Jrnme# ki tfl Jrnme(s an`kr strugturls# ned ktflr tmssuls ki A ne% Mt ms gkeglmv!

njcl tfnt jltwlle tflsl splgtrn ned tfl imlcd ikras ki cmvmeh systlas me tfl

!78 !



fypkanheltmg gfnajlrs ned wmtfme O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs tflrl ms skal pnrncclcmsa#

skaltfmeh me gkaake% Tfms ms n rlnc pfysmgnc prkglss# ned studmls ki tfms omed nt

vnrmkus pnrts ki tfl pcnelt# me dmiilrlet aldmgnc# jmkckhmgnc ned lgkckhmgnc

cnjkrntkrmls gkucd jl lnsmcy krhnemzld%

Tfus# tfl prkjcla ki lelrhy ickws# wfle jmkckhmgnc systlas gkesual meikr!

antmke ned lelrhy irka ktflr Xkrcds# tnols ke rlnc trnmts% Tfl prkjcla ms vlry

mapkrtnet ikr kur prngtmgnc ellds# smegl A ldmgmel# C mil# N hmeh ned Metlcclgtunc

Rktletmncs tk n cnrhl dlhrll dlpled ke tflsl# gksakpcneltnry ilnturls ki C mvmeh

A nttlr# wfmgf nrl ekt ylt iuccy oekwe tk us%

ttr

!76 !



FKA K WNRMLEGL0 TF L LA LZHLEGL KI C MY M EH

METLC C LGT\NC A NTTLZ KE TF L RC NELT? MT W

NDNRTN TM KE TK T FL LNZTF (W GKEDM T M KEW%

Tfms pnrt ki ay rlpkrt ms vlry mapkrtnet% M wmcc hmvl n jrmli ikraucntmke ki

tfl mdln# wfmgf wns jkre me kur rlslnrgf tlna ke tfl jnsms cnmd jy wkros me

netfrkpkckhy &] u%N % A kgfnekv# >=66? C ncnynets# >==2? ned ktflrs-% Me tfl gkursl

ki tflmr studmls ki stkel tkkcs me tfl ekrtflre dmstrmgts ki tfl \WWZ# enalcy me

] noutmn# Wkvmlt netfrkpkckhmsts dmsgkvlrld n strntua wfmgf gketnmeld stkel

rlaenets# nrtm ingts &Gfkpplrs-% Tfl stkel tkkcs wlrl vlry smamcnr tk tfksl wfmgf

fnd jlle ikued ned nsgrmjld tk n prmamtmvl jut rlnskenjcl A ne% Tflsl wlrl tfl

imrst stlps ki snpmlet A ne &C kwlr kr A mddcl Rclmstkglel-# ned tfl imeds wlrl

dntld ns >!>%7 amccmke ylnrs kcd%

T fl tkkcs ikued me ] noutmn wlrl vlry smamcnr tk tfksl ikued me tfl Kcduvnm

Hkrhl me Gletrnc N irmgn% Jut nctfkuhf tfl ] noutmne imeds wlrl ncakst mdletmgnc#tk tfl N irmgne tkkcs# tfly wlrl elvlrtflclss akrl negmlet smegl tfly wlrl dntld

ns >%6 ! :%: amccmke ylnrs kcd% Tfms alnes tfnt njkut 7 amccmke ylnrs nhk tflrl

lxmstld ke tfl Lnrtf(s suringl slvlrnc gkegkamtnet# pnrncclc flnrtfs ki lalrhlegl

ki metlcclgtunccy krhnemzld prktkfkamemdls% Tfms alnes tfnt Metlcclgt ns n gks!

akpcneltnry lvlet lalrhld ke pcnelt Lnrtf ns ne lxpcksmvl prkglss me slvlrnc

nrlns% Tflsl wlrl Gletrnc N smn# Wkutf N irm gn ned ] noutmn% Gketlapkrnry nr!

gflkckhmsts ned netfrkpkckhmsts imed negmlet stkel tkkcs ùst me tflsl nrlns%

Fkw gne wl gkaprlfled tfl ingt tfnt me tfl fmstkry ki Lnrtf me( n irngtmke

ki n slgked me slvlrnc pcngls ke tfl Hckjl tflrl suddlecy npplnrld flnrtfs ki

C mvmeh A nttlr(s metlcclgtunc ikras wfmgf wl ekw dlsmhentl ns A ne ! F kak

Wnpmlesl; Me tfl jrnmes ki tfl prktkfkamemds# wfmgf nt tfnt tmal wlrl sprlndmeh

kvlr tfl pcnelt# tflrl ikrald n prktlme!eugclmg ned imlcd gketmeuua# wfmgf wns

rlndy tk ngglpt tfl elw ikra ki krhnemzntmke ki C mvmeh A nttlr% F kw dmd tfmsgketmeuua lalrhl me tfl elum kenc strugturls; Kel gne nssual tfnt mt wns ikrald

spketnelkuscy irka tfl prlndnptld strugturls ki tfl jrnme% Tfms rlanmes uegclnr%

!7= !



Jut wl prlsual tfnt 7 amccmkes ylnrs nhk me dmiilrlet nrlns ki tfl Lnrtf tflrl wns

skal icugtuntmke gnusld jy gksamg meiculegls nggkapnemld jy nctlrntmkes me tfl

Lnrtf(s anheltmg imlcd% Tfle# wmtfme tfl *gkaputlr*# tfnt ms# wmtfme tfl auctm!

elurkenc krhnemzntmke ki tfl Jrnme# wflrl ncc elurkes nrl jkued tk lngf ktflr jy

gkedugtmeh imjrls ned lvlry elurke pksslssls n dlimemtl glccucnr prktlme!eugclmg

sujstnegl ki tfl imlcd ikra ki krhnemzntmke ki C mvmeh A nttlr# tflrl kggurld ne*lxpcksmke*% Me tfl gkursl ki tfms lvlet tfl imlcd gketmeuuas ned tfl imlcd ckgnc

ikras ki lngf elurke jlgnal metlhrntld metk n uemtld Imlcd Gkaputlr% Tfus#

tflrl wns n uap irka tfl jmkckhmgnc gkaputlr ki tfl gkedugtmeh typl tk tfl Imlcd

Gkaputlr% Jut tfl cnttlr gkaputlrs uemtld aney medmvmduncs &kr hrkups- ki

prktkfkamemds% Tfus# n trmjl# kr n gcne# ki tflsl fuane jlmehs wns ikrald ns n

uemtld fkckhrnpfmg imlcd# wfmgf# prkjnjcy#wns tfl imrst lajryk ki Metlcclgt ned

Wnemty% X l fnvl hrkueds ikr prkpksmeh tfnt tflrl wlrl slvlrnc nrlns ki lalrhlegl

ki tflsl metlcclgtunc krhnemzntmkes ned imlcds0 me Nirmgn# me tfl Ekrtflre ned Wkutf

N smn# ned prkjnjcy me ktflr pnrts ki tfl Lnrtf% Tfus# tflrl lalrhld ekt A ne#

tfrkuhf enturnc slclgtmke ned autntmkes# ns wns prkpksld jy G%Dnrwme# jut

mestlnd tflrl lalrhld gkestrugtmkes ki tfl imlcd# uemtld ikras ki C mvmeh A nttlr#

wfmgf gkucd metlrngt wmtf tfl Levmrkealet me n sugf n wny tfnt tfl meikrantmke

ned strugturls ki tfl surrkuedmeh wkrcd wlrl gkegletrntld ns fkckhrnpfmg imlcdgkestrugtmkes ned krhnemzntmkes% Tfms Metlcclgt wns tfl imrst kel ke tfl suringl ki

tfl Lnrtf# ned mt wns gksakpcneltnry lvle me mts Lsslegl% Ki gkursl# tflsl

metlcclgts gkucd ekt survmvl% Tfms cld tk n smtuntmke me wfmgf tfl krhnemsas wlrl

ekt ndnptld pfysmgnccy kr gflamgnccy tk tfl suringl prkplrtmls ki tfl Lnrtf(s

Levm rkealet% Tflsl fuane!nemancs dmld% T k survmvl tfly elldld tk jl ndnptld

tk tfl Lnrtf(s rlnc gkedmtmkes% Fkw gkucd tfms ndnptntmke kggur; X l gne

prlsual tfnt prktkfkamemds# tfl rlprlsletntmvls ki tfl fkckhrnpfmg spkts ke tfl

Lnrtf(s suringl gfnehld ned kvlrgkdld tflmr fkckhrnpfmg clvlc ki Y msmke tk ktflr

smhenc systlas% Tfms rlslajcls tfl smtuntmke wmtf tfl gketlapkrnry gkaputlrs%

T flrl nrl slvlrnc prmegmpcls ki kvlrgkdmeh# kr nchkcs# kr cnehunhls% Hrndunccy

skued &vlrjnc-# aktkr smhes ned gkeglptuncmty npplnr% Fkckhrnpfmg alakry ms

rlpcngld jy vlrjnc alakry% Tfl vlrjnc# slanetmg imlcds jlgkal slgkednry#

dlrmvntmvl lclalets ki tfms lvkcutmke# ned wmtfme tfl slanetmg imlcd gkaauemtmlski plkpcl ndnptld tk splgmimg levmrkealetnc gkedmtmkes ikrald% Mt ms mapkrntet

tfnt me tflsl gkaauemtmls# me tfl amgrkltfemg hrkups tfl imlcd ikras ki uemty

!42 !



hrndunccy jlgnal sfmlcdld me tfl flnd ki lvlry ane% Tfl imlcd ikras jlgnal

rlcmgts me tfl flnds ki plkpcl# me tflmr jrnme(s strugturls% Tfly jlgnal rlpcngld

jy tfl prktlmeeugclmg sujstrntl# wfmgf ms tfl jnsms ki sk!gnccld vlrjncmzld vmsmkes%

Tfus# lvlry ltfemg hrkup fnd mts kwe lvkcutmke irka tfl usunc prktlme!

eugclmg prmegmpcls ki krhnemzntmke ki tfl imlcds me lvlry elurkenc glcc# tk tfl

lxpcksmvl lalrhlegl ki A ne# ki Metlcclgt# wfmgf fns uemtld tfl wfkcl pkpucntmke%

Tfle hrndunccy# lvlr!megrlnsmeh vlrjncmzntmke ned slanetmg imlcds slpnrntld tflsl

plkpcl# ned mestlnd ki tfl fkckhrnpfmg krhnemzntmke ki uemtld Metlcclgt# tflrl

npplnrld skgmk!gucturnc strugturls% Tflsl cnehunhls gne jl trnescntld irka kel

nektflr# ned tfus gkaauemgntmke jltwlle plkpcl ke tfl Lnrtf ms rlncmzld vmn tfl

ngtmvmtmls ki A le ned tfl kvlrgkdmeh ki tfl prmanry Gksamg Imlcd Metlcclgt% M tfmeo

tfnt tfl wkros jy C %Y % Huamclv# kur prlslet fmstkrmne ned ltfekhrnpflr# suppkrttfms mdln% F l gkesmdlrs tfl Ltfeks ns n enturnc krhnemzntmke# ned lvlry ltfemg

hrkup# kr entmke# fns n trnesmlet plrmkd ki upsurhl ned ndvneglalet# ned tfle

hrndunccy gkals tk plrmkds ki stnhentmke ned dlgny% Wugf ltfemg hrkups lmtflr

alrhl wmtf ktflr ltfemg hrkups kr entmkes# kr dmsnpplnr gkapcltlcy irka tfl

fmstkrmg sglel%

Tnomeh metk nggkuet tfl fypktflsms prlsletld flrl# wl gne gkesmdlr ltf!

ekhlelsms irka tfms elw pksmtmke% N gkaauemty ki plkpcl wfmgf nrl kple me tflmrimlcd metlrngtmkes wmtf lngf ktflr gne jl uemtld% X l gneekt lxpcnme tflsl uemkes

irka tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki tflmr imlcd ilnturls# jlgnusl wl smapcy oekw tkk cmttcl

njkut tflsl ilnturls# jut wl oekw wlcc wfnt sugf uemkes ns entmkencmty# entmkenc

spmrmt# gcne# inamcy ned skal quncmtmls ki rlcntmkes sugf ns syapntfy# lapfntfy#

ckvl# ltg% nrl ned wl gne prlsual tfnt tflsl ektmkes nrl jkued wmtf tflsl pkkrcy

oekwe spngls% Rrlsletcy# wfle tfl skgmnc!dlakhrnpfmg syetflsms# suplrentmkenc

gkeskcmdntmkes ned gkeicmgts ke rlcmhmkus kr lgkekamg hrkueds nrl gkaake &ned

tflrl any npplnr elw dmsnstlrkus prkglssls-# n study ki Huamclv(s mdlns irka tfl

pkmet ki vmlw ki imlcd metlcclgtunc krhnemzntmkes any jl ki hrlntlr mapkrtnegl ikr

Fuaneomed% X l gneekt lxgcudl tfnt skal ltfemg hrkups kr entmkes any fnvl

ckwlr imlcd maauemty# ned tflrlikrl tflmr imlcd rlcntmkes ned metlrngtmkes jlgkal

strkehlr% Me tflsl gkaauemtmls# akrl plkpcl wmtf lxstrnsleskry prkplrtmls np!

plnr% Tfms fnpples ekt jlgnusl tflrl wlrl ek sugf plkpcl lnrcmlr# jut dul tk ndlgrlnsld imlcd maauemty# ned tfus tfl lxtrnslesls jlgkal akrl *kple* tk ktflr

plkpcl%

!4> !



M egrlnsls kr dlgrlnsls ki tfms typl ki imlcd metlrngtmkes nt tfl clvlc ki ncc

F uaneomed# entmkenc kr ltfemg clvlcs nrl ki hrlntlr mapkrtnegl ikr tfl fmstkry ki

tflsl hrkups ned entmkes# ned tfl skgmnc fmstkry ki tfl pcnelt% Mi wl rlgncc tfl wkros

ki C %W% Y yhktsoy &>=9<-? A %A % Jnoftme &>==2-? I%M % Wfgflrjntsoy &>=66-? ] n%L%

Hkckskvolr &>=68-# ned ktflrs# tfle wl gne slg tfnt tflsl rlslnrgflrs fnvl

ncrlndy prkpksld tfl lxmstlegl ki skal ueoekwe metlrngtmkes wfmgf anemilsttflaslcvls me aystlrmls ned ilstmvmtmls% A % Lcmndl wrktl tfnt aytfs# tfl grlntmke

ki aytfs ned fuane jlfnvmkur ncc dmsnpplnr me wkrds# ned# prkjnjcy# fl wns rmhft%

Flrl wl legkuetlr nektflr ilnturl ki kur mdln wfmgf gkucd ncsk slrvl ns nektflr

*jrmdhl* &kr *tueelc*- jltwlle tfl Wpngl ki kur krdmenry gucturnc cmil# skgmnc

rlcntmkes ned vlrjnc imlcds ned tfl imlcd metlrngtmkes ki kur metlcclgtunc Rnst ned

tfl Iuturl% T fl prkjcla ki tfl survmvnc ned metlhrntmke ki plkpcl# tflmr hrkups

ned entmkes jlgkals vmtnccy mapkrtnet dul tk pneamxmn% Tflrlikrl# tfms pkkrcy

oekwe ilnturl ki tfl rlgkestrugtmke ned krhnemzntmke ki lvkcutmke ki Fuaneomed

jlgkals rlspkesmjcl ikr aney tlgfekgrntmg# gucturnc ngtmvmtmls ke tfl sgncl ki tfl

pcnelt# wfmgf wl kjslrvl me kur prlslet wkrcd%

Tfus# M wkucd cmol tk lapfnsmzl tfl gcksl gkeelgtldelss ki tfl fuane(s

Metlcclgt ned tfl fuane(s Lsslegl% M tfmeo tfnt lvlry fuane(s ikltus# me tfl wkaj

nitlr ilrtmcmzntmke ki tfl kvua# fns n slgked jmrtf# me wfmgf fl stnrts irka tflprktlme! eugclmg ckgnc imlcds# ned tfle kmes tfms Metlcclgtunc Wpngl% Tflsl nrl tfl

elw prkjclas ned qulstmkes wl fnvl tk neswlr0

Xfle dkls tfl slgked metlcclgtunc jmrtf kggur;

Dkls mt kggur me tfl wkaj durmeh prlhenegy# kr nitlr dlcmvlry durmeh tfl

%imrst ylnrs ki tfl gfmcd(s dlvlckpalet;

Fkw dkls kur Metlcclgt dlvlckp durmeh kur cmil!spne; Fkw ms tfl imlcd

maauemty ikrald ekt kecy nt tfl glccucnr clvlc# jut ncsk nt tfl metlcclgtunc clvlc;

T k wfnt lxtlet ms A ne kple tk tfl ekecmvmeh ned cmvmeh levmrkealets#

metlcclgtunc ned jmkckhmgnc metlrngtmkes;

Fkw nrg tflsl metlrngtmkes gfnehld durmeh kel cm il!spne# durmeh nhmeh;

Xfnt fnpples nitlr dlntf tk tfl fuane(s metlcclgtunc ned imlcd gketmeuuas;

Tflsl prkjclas nrg gckslcy rlcntld tk tfl prkjclas ki trnesplrskenc

psygfkckhy% Aney gketlapkrnry trnesplrskenc psygfkckhmgnc pflekalen gkucdjl lxpcnmeld jy &fl njkvl fypktflsms akrl rlcmnjcy tfne tfly nrl ekw# ned elw

npprkngfls tk tflmr lxplrmaletnc lcugmdntmke gkucd ncsk jl lcnjkrntld% Tfl wkros

!4: !



jy Ю% Hrni# Hrni &>==2-? @ ne &>=89-? M%Rrmhkhmel & -? Tnrh# Fnrnry &>=64-# nedktflrs gkucd slrvl ns n tflkrltmgnc jnsms ikr tfl neswlrs%

Tfus# flrl wl legkuetlr n elw trled me tfl studmls rnehmeh irka pkpucn!tmkenc psygfkckhy tk skgmnc ned entmkenc psygfkckhmls# me tfl studmls ki metlrngtmkesjltwlle medmvmduncs ned cnrhl hrkups ki plkpcl% Tfms ms n elw npprkngf tk tfl

prkjclas ki medmvmdunc# prmvntl cmil ned fuane ketkhlelsms ned tfl gkapclxprkjclas ki tlentkckhy# J mrtf ned Dlntf% X l fkpl tfnt nt tfms clvlc me tfl elnrlstiuturl wl wmcc imed elw pflekaleke# wfmgf gkucd kple n elw# dllp gkaprlfle!smke ki aytfs# ] khn# lsktlrmg ektmkes# ned lnstlre pfmckskpfmgnc gkeglpts% E%O %Zlrmof ned fms ikcckwlrs wlrl akvmeh me tfms dmrlgtmke% Fkwlvlr# wl sfkucd ektjl tkk lxgmtld ned uedlrlstmantl tfl dnehlrs ki prlanturl nttlapts tk suprlss

tfl imlcd maauemty# kr tk prkpkhntl lxtrnslesls% Wugf nttlapts gkucd# cmol tfljcngo dlntf durmeh n ilstmvnc# meiculegl ekt kecy tfl fuane(s psygfkckhy# jutprkdugl elw dmsnstlrs smamcnr tk N MDW# lgkckhmgnc dlhrndntmkes% ktj3#«! fnz!nrdkus gkeglqugegls# mi kur Wgmlegg dkgs ekt tmalcy kple tfms gksakpcneltnryLsslegl ki kur Cmil%

!47 !



LYKC \TMKE KI F\A NEO MED0 W\ZYMYNC KZ

DLWTZ\GTMKE%

N itlr n tfkrkuhf nencysms ki tfl ektmkes M fnvl rlpkrtld lnrcmlr tk tfl Fmhf

N udmlegl# mt jlgkals lvmdlet tfnt Fuaneomed ke tfl pcnelt Lnrtf fns# prkjnjcy#

tk jl gkesmdlrld ns ne lclalet ki gksakpcneltnry C mvmeh A nttlr% Tfl cnttlr#

jlmeh hckjnc me mts Lsslegl# gneekt jl rlstrmgtld tk metlrngtmkes kecy wmtfme n tfme

cnylr ki tfl pcnelt(s suringl kr metlrngtmkes wmtf tfl Elnr Gksaks% Rrkjnjcy# tfl

lvkcutmke ki Fuaneomed ms kecy n pnrtmgucnr gnsl ki akrl hlelrnc cnws ned

tledlegmls me tfl lvkcutmke ki Gksamg Cmvmeh A nttlr% Xfnt prksplgts dkls tfl

lvkcutmke ki Fuaneomed fnvl; Xl gne nssual tfnt lvkcutmke ki Fuanemty wmtfme

mts trmjnc ned entmkenc ikras gnusld n elw kvlrgkdmeh me tfl ikra ki slanetmg

imlcds% Tflsl imlcds nrl uedlr study me aney rlslnrgf hrkups% M t ms elglssnry tk

aletmke tfl studmls jy Y %Y % Encmakv &>==2-% F l hnvl n dllp uedlrstnedmeh ki

tfl gkeglptmke ki tfl alnemehs ki wkrds% Fkwlvlr# fkw dkls iurtflr lvkcutmke

ki tfl pcneltnry gketmeuua kggur; N t tfl prlslet tmal# tfl kvlrgkdmeh ki tflMetlcclgt metk slanetmg imlcds fns ncckwld plkpcl tk uemtl jy rlgkrdmeh tflmr

oekwcldhl me wkrds# me jkkos% Tfl jkkos jlgnal tfl jmedmeh gkapkued ikr kur

alakry# ned tfl jnsms ki kur iurtflr spmrmtunc# rlcmhmkus# pfmckskpfmgnc# ned

sgmletmi mg!metlcclgtunc ndvneglalet% R% Ickrlesoy wrktl tfnt ncc tkkcs nrl antlrmnc!

mzld wkrds# antlrmncmzld ektmkes% Tflrlikrl# tflrl ms n strmgt gkeelgtmke jltwlle

kur antlrmnc ngtmvmtmls ned tfl vlrjnc!gkeglptunc Metlcclgt wfmgf uemtls us me tfl

wkrcd!wmdl gkaauemty &Ickrlesoy# >==2-%

Fkwlvlr# antlrmncmzntmke ki kur vlrjnc!metlcclgtunc ned skgmnc wkrcd gne cnh

jlfmed# ned wfle wl usl tfl gnrtlsmne(s ckhmg# wfmgf rliclgts ncsk kur sgmletmimg

ned ltfmg ekras &O nprm# >=67? Dkssly# >=6:- ns n jnsl ikr kur ngtmvmtmls# ikr

lxnapcl# wfle wl gkestrugt ne lclgtrmg pkwlr stntmke# eugclnr dlvmgls# dnas kr

spngl sfmps# wl gne akrl ned akrl jl olpt iurtflr irka kur ikrlstnccmeh#

prkhemstmg tfkuhft me kur rlnc tmal% Xfle n pntmlet dmls# ned n dkgtkr amssld tflakalet wfle fl gkucd metlrvlel# tflrl ms ek akrl tmal? tfms ms n akdlc ki

dlstrugtmke ki Fuaneomed%

!44 !



Metlcclgt fns tk gkaprlfled tfl pkssmjcl skurgls ki tfl dnehlr jlikrl tfl

dlstrugtmke ki Fuaneomed kggurs% Jut wl fnvl tk ndamt tfnt kur oekwcldhl

njkut tfl Ekecmvmeh Xkrcd# tfl Gksaks# tfl Lnrtf# hlkckhmgnc# pfysmgnc ned

gflamgnc prkglssls me Enturl augf lxgllds wfnt Xloekw njkut C mvmeh A nttlr%

Me kur nttlapts tk snvl C mil# tk prkvmdl kurslcvls wmtf lelrhy ned ikkd# wl nrl

sllomeh tfl skurgls ki kur prksplrmty me tfl Ekecmvmeh Xkrcd% X l gkestrugt

algfnemsas# jure tfl J mkspflrl(s stkrls# lxtrngt lelrhy irka ntkas ned ktflr

skurgls% Ms tfms tfl rmhft wny ikr Fuaneomed tk dlvlckp; Jy lxtrngtmeh akrl ned

akrl antlrmncs irka tfl Ekecmvmeh Xkrcd# wl wmcc rue kut ki tfl Lnrtf(s rlskurgls

wmtf nstkemsfmeh rnpmdmty% Xl lxfnust# gketnamentl ned autmcntl tfl Elnr Gks!

aks# ned ekt kecy wmtf tfl Kzkel Fkcls% Ki akst mapkrtnegl ms tfl ingt tfnt tfl

imlcd gkestrugtmke tfnt M wns tncomeh njkut lnrcmlr ms ncsk meùrld% Y %M % Y lrendsoywnreld Fuaneomed njkut tfl dnehlr ki dmsturjmeh tfl krhnemzntmke ki tfl

Jmkspflrl% F l fns ncsk wnreld njkut tfl dnehlr ki syetfltmg ikkd wmtfkut

gkesmdlrntmke ki mts msktkpmg splgtrn% F ms ikrlsmhft wns vlry dllp% Me aney

tflkskpfmgnc ned tflkckhmgnc tlngfmehs# wl legkuetlr wnremehs ki tfl gkameh

npkgncypsl% Tfus# mt ms ns tfkuhf Fuanemty ms ke tfl rueemeh%trngo wmtf kur

dmslnsls ned dlhrndntmke ki tfl Metlcclgt inr nflnd% Kur Metlcclgt fns jlgkal

rltnrdld me mts dlvlckpalet tk sugf n dlhrll tfnt wl gneekt lvle npprlgmntl mtwmtfkut lvle splnomeh njkut tfl ikrtfgkameh gfnehls% M t ms elglssnry tk uem tl

Wgmlegl wmtf Tflkskpfy ned Rfmckskpfy ikr tfl snol ki uedlrstnedmeh ki kur kwe

pcneltnry Lsslegl% Tfus# tfl prkjclas ki Gksakhkey jlgkal tfl prkjclas ki

tfl Lsslegl ki tfl lvkcutmke ki A ne ned fms survmvnc% Mi A ne iurtflr sujstmtutls

gkaputlrs ikr fms kwe vlrjnc wkrcd ned grlntls gkaputlrs ki tfl < tf ned 9tf

hlelrntmkes# tfle wl wmcc fnvl ne lvle iurtflr megrlnsl me tfl dmstnegl jltwlle

kur kwe metlcclgtunc uedlrstnedmeh ki tfl Xkrcd ned kur kwe Metlcclgtunc Ls!

slegl% Gkaputlrmzld angfmels ned gkaputlrmzld alakry rlprlslet n strkehcy

kvlrgkdld prmanry metlcclgtunc Gketmeuua ki C mil me tfl Gksaks ned ke tfl

pcnelt Lnrtf%

Tfus# mt ms elglssnry tfnt tfl gurrlet lvkcutmke ki A ne# tfl metlrngtmkes

jltwlle ltfemg hrkups ned entmkes# tfl hckjnc prkglssls ki amhrntmke ned pne!

amxmn# ned tfl gkegletrntmke ki plkpcl me cnrhl gmtmls wlrl nt clnst gketlapcntldjy gketlapkrnry Wgmlegl# ned tfl imlcd enturl ki tfl Lnrtf!Krjm tnc Levm rkealet#

wfmgf dllpcy meiculegls C mvmeh A nttlr ke tfl Lnrtf# wkucd jl uedlrstkkd% T fle

! 4< !



wl gkucd ndvnegl irka uedlrstnedmeh ki tfl Hlelrnc Lsslegl ki Fuaneomed ns

n gksakpcneltnry Wpngl# wflrl Lmestlme(s ned O kzyrlv(s Wpngls metlrngt# tk ne

uedlrstnedmeh ki tfl Lsslegl ki tfl lvkcutmke ki A ne% Mt ms elglssnry tk ikra n

prkhrna ikr n syetfltmg npprkngf tk studmls ke tfl enturnc!skgmnc fmstkry ki A ne#

ikr tfl gkcclgtmke ned study ki kur Rnst# irka elw pkmet ki vmlw &tfl Imlcd Y msmke-

wfmgf ms vlrjnccy prlslrvld me tfl alakrmls ki plkpcl# me dkgualets# me nr!

gflkckhmgnc imeds# ltg% M jlcmlvl tfnt tflrl ms n gkameh dmsgkvlry ki kur kwe fmstkry

ki tfl Rnst ned tfl Rrlslet me tfl cmhft ki Elw Gksakhkey ned elw ektmkes ki tfl

Fuane(s Metlcclgt njkut fmaslci%

!49 !



WGM LETM IM G N ED RZNGTMGNC WMHEMIM GNEGL KI

WT \DM LW KE GKWA KHKE] KI CM YMEH A NTTLZ

\edkujtldcy# tflrl ms augf tfnt ms dmsputnjcl me tfl prkjclas stntld njkvl%

Elvlrtflclss# lvle me tfms gnsl kur pksmtmke gketnmes augf ki *N dvleturls ki

Gkhemtmke*(&N % Lmestlme- wfmgf nhmtntl sgmletmimg tfkuhft ned maplc mt tk elw

dmsgkvlrmls% Xfle dmsgussmeh tfl sgmletmimg ned prngtmgnc nsplgts ki kur iurtflr

prkhrlss me tfl studmls ki tfl stntld prkjclas# M fnvl lapfnsmzld tfl studmls ki

kur prlslet fmstkry ned gucturl ned tfksl mapkrtnet prmegmpcls ki skgmnc psygfkc!khy &imrst fmhfcmhftld jy Y %A % Jloftlrlv- wfmgf nrl metlrwkvle wmtf trnesplr!

skenc psygfkckhy ned gketnme dllp hlelrncmzntmkes%

Xl ncsk fnvl tk ollp me amed tfnt wfle n tktncmtnrmne rlhmal wfmgf gke!

gletrntls ncc tfl pkwlr# nrmsls me skal gkuetry# tfle tflsl rlhmals nrl prkdugts

ekt kecy ki kur skgmnc kr skgmnc!lgkekamg fmstkry% Tfly nrl ncsk n rlsuct ki skal

imlcd!psygfkckhmgnc metlrngtmkes nakeh plkpcl# wfle n Inmtf# n Glrtmtudl# kr tfl

meiculegl ki kel hrkup ke nektflr legkapnssls kel# usunccy rumekus# mdln ned

tfl plkpcl mevkcvld jlgkal mapltukuscy ngtmvl ned letfusmnstmg njkut tfms mdln%

Tfms Inmtf ms njkvl tfl skgmnc ned enturnc Xkrcds% Tfms ms n tktnc pnrnekmn% Y %A %

Jloftlrlv dmld smegl fl wrktl njkut tfms skgmnc pflekaleke% N % Fmtclr ilct ned

ikuhft tfms pnrnekmn% F l hntflrld nrkued fmaslci n wfkcl fkrdl ki nstrkckhmsts#

sfnanes ned lxtrnslesls me ne nttlapt tk nvlrt fms kwe dlstrugtmke% Rrkjnjcy fl

fnd n prlsletmalet njkut fms intl%Tfus# wl gneekt ylt npprlgmntl tfl dllp algfnemsas uedlrcymeh lgkekam!

gnc# skgmnc ned pkcmtmgnc rlgkestrugtmkes# jut tflmr prngtmgnc smhemimgnegl ms kut ki

tfl qulstmke% Tlclvmsmke# rndmk ned anss aldmn me hlelrnc any jlgkal ki akrl

smhemimgnegl me uemtmeh tfne jlikrl% Tfksl ektmkes wfmgf wl dlsmhentl ns ne

*Meikrantmke Gfneelc* ned *Meikrantmke Mskcntmke* nrl ki dmrlgt prngtmgnc smh!

emimgnegl% Xl fnvl tk rlgncc E %N %Jnoftme(s wkros% F l studmld tfl jlfnvmkur ki

plkpcl irka tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki gucturnc nanchnantmke me dmiilrlet omeds ki ikcoglrgakemls ned ilstmvmtmls% Xl fnvl tk rlstkrl kur wny ki cmil jy rlturemeh tk ncc

tfl tledlegmls wfmgf fnvl jlle lapmrmgnccy ngguaucntld# ned wfmgf gkaprmsld!48!



ncc ki ane(s ngtmvmtmls ned fnjmts0 prkilssmkenc# rlcmhmkus# dkalstmg# ltg% Tfl

gketlapkrnry gucturl wfmgf wl nrl trymeh tk rlstkrl# tfl Krtfkdkx Gfurgf ned

Zlcmhmkes wmtf tflmr tledlgy tkwnrds uemimgntmke# ncc rlprlslet ne lxnapcl ki tfl

hckjnc entmkenc psygfkckhy irka tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki tfl ektmke stntld njkvl% Tfl

snal ms trul wfle wl gkesmdlr N rt# A usmg# N rgfmtlgturl# C mil Wtycls me tfl gmtmls#

sujurjs ned gkuetry!smdl ned tkurmsa% Tfl snal ms ncsk trul ikr tfl upjrmehmeh

ki gfmcdrle me wfka tfl imlcd ikras nrl rlgkestrugtld metk vlrjnc ikras% Tfms ms n

prkjcla ki cnehunhl ned ldugntmke% Me gketlapkrnry sgfkkcs ned inamcmls#

gfm cdrle nrl akrl ndvnegld me tflmr imlcd!metlcclgtunc plrglptmke ki tfl imlcd ned

ekecmvmeh nsplgts ki tfl gksakpcneltnry Xkrcd% Rrkjnjcy wl nrl gkaplccld tk

mestncc tfms uemqul gksamg nppnrntus ki tfl Jrnme metk amemanc vlrjncmty# ned kecy

auctmcmehunc vlrjncmty# wfle n gfmcd studmls gkegkamtnetcy slvlrnc cnehunhls#rlprlslets tfl lvkcutmke ki pldnhkhmgs% N auctmc mehunc A ne prlslrvls# prkjnjcy#

akrl imlcd!metlcclgtunc gkestrugtmkes ikr gkaauemgntmke wmtf tfl surrkuedmeh

Xkrcd me tfl rlncas wfmgf nrl ekt ylt oekwe tk us% Tfms ms tfl imrst mapkrtnet

prngtmgnc nsplgt ki tfl oekwcldhl ki kur kwe gucturl% Mi wl nrl nttletmvl tk tfl

fmstkrmnes ned skgmkckhmsts wfmgf grmtmgmsl kr# ke tfl gketrnry# prkaktl pksmtmvmsa#

mi wl try tk hrnsp tfl mdlns ki tfl gketlapkrnry flralelutmgs# ned n euajlr ki

ktflr ektmkes me pfmckskpfy# tfle wl sfncc ngglpt tfl mdln tfnt kecy tfl antlrmncmtyki tfl Mdlnc jlgkals tfl eugclus ki grmstnccmzntmke ikr tfl gketlapkrnry tledle!

gmls ki prmkr pfmckskpfmgnc tfkuhft% N ppcmld pldnhkhmgs gne augf jlelimt irka

tfl fypktflsms stntld njkvl% Imenccy# tfl vlry lvkcutmke ki A ne# ms me prkhrlss ned

lvlr ingmcmtntls akrl ned akrl% Xflrl ms mt dmrlgtld tk; Xl fnvl tk ndamt tfnt

tfl mdln gkeglremeh tfl Ekkspflrl ms rntflr utkpmg smegl tk humdl kur kwe

lvkcutmke ke tfl jnsms ki kur prlslet dny(s oekwcldhl mstfl surl wny tk dlstrugtmke

ki Fuaneomed% Fuanes fnvl tk fnvl akrl irlldka ikr gfkmgl# tflrl fnvl tk jl

akrl prmkr ilnturls me tflmr jlfnvmkur# inamcy cmvls fnvl tk jl clss rlstrnmeld# ned

purlcy ltfemg ekras sfkucd ekt jl strmgt cnws% F lrl wl gkal tk tfl F uane(s

Zmhfts# tk plrskenc irlldka# tk tfl ektmke ki medmvmduncmty% Flrl wl fnvl tk jrlno

tfrkuhf tfl jnrrmlrs ki kur gketlapkrnry nttmtudls tk tfl tlgfekgrntmg dlvlckp!

alet ki Fuaneomed# wfle plkpcl sllo tflmr sncvntmke me tfl eugclnr skurgls ki

lelrhy# me elw alnes ki trnespkrtntmke# kr me tfl jmksyetflsms ki ikkdstuiis%

Elw Mssuls nrl jkued wmtf tfl lvkcutmke ki A ne fmaslci# sugf ns Aldmgmel

ned Rsygfmg Flnctf% Tfl prngtmgnc smhemimgnegl ki tflsl mssuls ms qumtl lvmdlet%

!46 !



A ldmgnc trlntalets# nhmeh# gneglr# sgclrksms# vmrus pnedlamns# lgkckhmgnc

*trnuans* wmtf dltlrmkrntmke ki tfl prktlme!eugclmg prktlgtmvl jnrrmlrs ned ue!

prldmgtld dltlrmkrntmkes ki psygfmg ned psygfkckhmgnc imlcd jnrrmlrs% Tfl tlngfmeh

ke maauemty ms tfl iuturl ki aldmgmel# smegl gketlapkrnry aldmgmel ms jktf n

hkkd ned n trnhmg lvlet me tfl fmstkry ki tfl lvkcutmke ki A ne% Jy gkesuameh aney

tfkusneds ki tkes ki gflamgncs Fuaneomed hnmes akrl dnanhl tfne prkimt% Tk

gfnehl tfl aldmgnc pnrndmhas me tfl dmnhekstmgs ned trlntalet i rka tfl gflamgnc

Rnst tk tfl elw prmegmpcls ki imlcd rlhucntmkes# tk Imlcd A ldmgmel# wfmgf ms

gketnmeld me aney negmlet tflkckhmgnc trndmtmkes# rlqumrls n rlvmvnc ned dllplemeh

ki tflsl negmlet oekwcldhls% Tflrl ms n ckt ki tk dk me N hrkekay# C mvl!stkgo

Inrameh# Lgkckhy ned Hlkhrnpfy% Jlgnusl ki tfl krhnemzntmke ki tfl cnedsgnpls

ned plkpcl(s amhrntmkes irka tfl skutflre tk tfl ekrtflre nrlns# studmls ki tflC mvmeh Imca ke tfl Lnrtf(s suringl irka tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki splgmimglevmrkealetnc

gkedmtmkes ned iurtflr dlvlckpalet ki cmil(sgkaputlrmzntmke any npplnr tk jl n

dlnd led# wfmgf wkucd jl dmsnstrkus ikr tfl Fuaneomed%

\smeh gkaputlrs# Fuanemty any jlgkal ndnptld tk dmiilrlet levmrkealets

ke tfl Lnrtf c mol n imsf jlgkals ndnptld tk tfl jcngo levmrkealet ki n gnvl jy

ngqumrmeh elw splgmimg ilnturls# sugf ns n rndnr!slesmeh krhne# jut tflrl ms ek

akrl pcngl ikr sugf n imsf me tfl wnra# sueey wkrcd% Fuanemty gneekt imed mtslcime n pksmtmke ki suplrndnptntmke# me n tlgfekgrntmg prktlgtmvl sflcc# kr *Gnvl*#

irka wfmgf tflrl wmcc jl ek wny jngo% Me trmvmnc cmil# me tfl inamcy(s fnjmts# me

rlcntmkes jltwlle plkpcl# me tflmr jlfnvmkur# me ckehlvmty ki cmil ned me plkpcl(s

syapntfmls ned ckvls# A ne(s jnsmg gksamg imlcd ilnturls anemilst tflaslcvls%

Fuaneomed gneekt sujstmtutl tflsl prkplrtmls ikr tlgfekgrntmg gkaputlrs# jy

trymeh ikr lxnapcl tk nrrnehl anrrmnhls wmtf tfl flcp ki n gkaputlr ned ktflr

ekeslesl% N sskgmntmke ki hlelrntmkes# tfl rkcls ki tfl lcdlrcy plkpcl me tfl

lxmstmeh pktlet hlelrntmke# metlrngtmkes ned gkaauemgntmkes jltwlle plkpcl ki

dmiilrlet skgmnc stntusls# ncc rlprlslet tfl hckjnc skgmnc dlakhrnpfmg syetflsms ki

Gucturl# Rfmckskpfy# Wgmlegl ned tfl rlkrhnemzntmke ki tfl Lnrtf% Tfms ms tfl

hrkued ikr kur iuturl# ikr rlnc prngtmgl%

!4= !



T FL RZKWRLGT W0 KZHNEMPNT MKE KI NE

METLZENTM KENC RZKHZNA %

Xfnt wmcc fnpple tk us; Tfl wfkcl Xkrcd ms strmvmeh ikr metlhrntmke# tfl

Lurkplne Gkaauemty fns ncrlndy ikrald% Hckjnc metlrentmkenc metlhrntmke ms me

prkhrlss% Jut tfl pkssmjcl dlstrugtmke ki Fuaneomed ms gkeglncld me tfl imlcd

gkestrugtmkes wfmgf rliclgt tfl maalegl nsyaaltry me kur oekwcldhl%

T fl gkeimelalet ki Fuaneomed me mts *tlgfekgrntmg gnvls* M wns tncomeh

njkut lnrcmlr# tfl dlvlckpalet ki vnrmkus skpfmstmgntld dlvmgls# gfnajlrs nedhlelrntkrs prkvmdls plkpcl# jy alnes ki mestrualets# wmtf suplrsleskry prkplr!

tmls% Jut tfms dlvlckpalet gne jl ekt kecy ndvnetnhlkus? mt gne ncsk prkvmdl

pkssmjmcmtmls ikr tfl grlntmke ki elw omeds ki wlnpkes# elw alnes ki scnuhftlr%

T fl prlslet dny(s lxplrmlegl sfkws tfnt ngtmvmtmls ki tfms omed gne jl

memtmntld ekt kecy jy gkestmtutmkenc hkvlrealetnc strugturls sugf ns amcmtnry!me!

dustrmnc gkapclxls% *F mddle lapmrls* sugf ns tfksl wfmgf nrl mevkcvld me tfl

prkdugtmke ned dmstrmjutmke ki enrgktmgs# wlnpke alrgfnets# tfksl wfk gketrkc

skal omeds ki trnespkrtntmke# gkaauemgntmke# ltg%# nrl ncsk dnehlrkus ikr

Fuaneom ed(s iuturl% Tflsl *fmddle lapmrls* gne gkrrupt sgmlegl ns wlcc ns

qunsmsgmletmimg oekwcldhl# psygfktrkemg ikr lxnapcl# ned ture tfla nhnmest

Fuanemty% Tfus tfl mdln njkut n Dlvmc # n Dlake imhftmeh nhnmest Xfmtl Ikrgls#

syajkcmzmeh tfl hkkd prmegmpcls ki tfl Fuanemty# jlgkals n rlncmty ke tfms pcnelt%

Xl fnvl smheld ne Npplnc wmtf sgmletmsts irka :2 gkuetrmls njkut tfl

elglssmty tk study tfl imlcd pflekalen kplecy wmtfkut ney slgrlts% Ki gkursl# tfl

imras mevkcvld me tfl rlslnrgf wmcc fnvl tflmr *oekw fkw* prktlgtld# jut tfl

studmls tflaslcvls fnvl tk jl iucimccldke kple hrkueds ned jl irllcy gketrkccnjcl%

Tfms ms tfl imrst mapkrtnet gcnusl% Tfle mt ms elglssnry tk lapfnsmzl tfnt n sgmletmimg

uedlrstnedmeh ki tflsl prkjclas ms jkued wmtf ltfmgnc prkjclas% T fl ngfmlvl!

alets me sgmlegl nrl ekt tk jl usld ikr amc mtnry kr slcimsf purpksls% Xfnt nrl wl

tk dk; Mt ms elglssnry tk krhnemzl me Lurkpl# Zussmn# tfl \ WN ned N ustrncmnslvlrnc splgmimg prkhrnas wfmgf wkucd usl gkapntmjcl altfkds ki rlslnrgf% Xl

nrl rlndy tk krhnemzl n akdlc ki sugf n gletrl me Wmjlrmn% M tfmeo tfnt tfksl!<2!



rlslnrgf hrkups wfmgf ekw wkro me tfl \WN &*Fkrmzkes ki A ne*-# me @ npne

&*Fkrm zkes ki Fuaneomed*-# nt tfl @ % Imtzlr gletrl ned nt tfl Gletrl ki N d!

vnegld Wgmlegls nt Tlapcl \emvlrsmty nrl tfl jlhmeemehs ki tflsl gletrls% T flrl

nrl aney tnsos ned npprkngfls ikr tfl rlslnrgflrs me tflsl gletrls0 tfl jmkmedmgn!

tmke altfkds gkucd ncckw tfla tk study tfl imlcd ilnturls ki A ne ned tfl altfkd

ki Dmstnet Gkaauemgntmke gkucd jl usld ikr studmls ke tfl psygfkckhmgnc prme!gmpcls ki metlrplrskenc rlcntmkes% Tflrl ms n elld tk study tfl meiculegls upke tfl

imlcd prkglssls ki skcnr ned ktflr gksamg rfytfas# tfl dlhrll ki *trnespnrlegl*

ki tfl surrkuedmehs wflrl tfl fkckhrnpfmg metlrngtmeh systla ikras tfms imlcd% Mt

ms elglssnry tk study tfl jmkckhmgnc qunros ki tfl msktkpmg lclalets me tfl kr!

hnemsas ki pcnets# nemancs ned A ne% Tflsl gletrls gkucd metlrngt dmstnetcy wmtf

lngf ktflr tfrkuhf O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs# tfrkuhf fypkanheltmg spngls ned gfna!

jlrs# ned nggkapcmsf Dmstnet Gkaauemgntmkes ekt kecy ikr tfl purpksl ki

rlslnrgf jut ncsk tk prldmgt tfl pfysmgnc ned metlcclgtunc wlnrmelss ki n ane% T fl

A lnes ikr Dmstnet Gkaauemgntmke ned Metlrngtmke wmtf Wpngl sfmps ned uemdle!

tmimld gksamg pflekalen gkucd jl dlvlckpld%

Tflsl gletrls gkucd ncsk krhnemzl n systlamg slnrgf ikr C mvmeh anttlr ekt

ki tfl prktlme!eugclmg krmhme me tfl Gksaks% Tfl prkhrnas# smamcnr tk tfl *WLT M *

prkhrna# wfmgf wns nmald nt tfl slnrgf ikr fuanekmds# tfnt ms# prktlme!eugclmgkrhnemzntmkes# rlprlslet kecy n pnrtmgucnr hknc% Tfms ms ekt n dlcusmke# tfms ms smapcy

n stnol ke n smehucnr gnsl# ke tfl Lnrtf(s vlrsmke ki metlcclgtunc cmil% Me tfl Gksaks

wl fnvl tk slnrgf ikr metlcclgtunc imlcds wmtf tfl usl ki O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ned ktflr

imlcd liilgts% Tfl gletrls uedlr dmsgussmke gkucd plrikra sugf ne metlrentmkenc

prkhrna ki sllomeh ikr Metlcclgtunc C mvmeh A nttlr me kur \emvlrsl%

N ektflr mapkrtnet prkhrna ms n study ki tfl imlcd maauel algfnemsas#

wfmgf gkucd jl ki hrlntlr smhemimgnegl ikr tfl ndvneglalet ki A ne(s psygfmgs nedikr rlhucntmke ki A ne(s psygfmg prkglssls% Mt ms pkssmjcl tfnt skal psygfmg dmslnsls

nrl rlcntld tk dltlrmkrntmke ki tfl prktlgtmvl iuegtmke ki tfl maauemty ki

fkckhrnpfmg metlrngtmkes% A ne(s prkjclas ki tnentkckhy# fms C mil ned Dlntf#

Maakrtncmty ned# prkjnjcy# A kudy(s gfneelcs# gne ncsk jl megcudld me tfl cmst ki

tnsos ki tfms Jrnegf ki Wgmlegl% Mi wl krhnemzl nt tfl \E n gletrl wfmgf gkucd

suplrvmsl tfl metlrentmkenc prkhrnas irka tfl pkmets ki vmlw ki Ltfmgs# A ne(s

gkcclgtmvl ned medmvmdunc slgurmtmls# tfle tfl prkhrna letmtcld *C mvmeh A nttlr ned

Gksakhkey* wmcc jlgkal n jnsms ikr tfms rnpmdcy hrkwmeh trled ki Wgmlegl% Mt ms

! <> !



mapkrtnet tk tnol metk nggkuet tfnt elw sgmletmimg nsplgts# kur dllp oekwcldhl ki

nstrkpfysmgs ned pfysmgs jlmeh nppcmld tk tfl lcugmdntmke ki A ne(s Metlcclgtunc

Lsslegl# gkucd ncsk prkaktl nssmamcntmke ki tfl cntlst pfmckskpfmgnc# skpfmkckhm!

gnc ned tflkckhmgnc nsplgts# ns wlcc ns tfl wfkcl ki A neomed(s fmstkry# ned imenccy

trnesikra tflsl slpnrntl jrnegfls ki oekwcldhl metk n Xkrcd ki Elw Y msmke ned

Inrsmhftld Rrkhekstmgntmke%

Gkegcudmeh ay rlpkrt M gne sny tfnt Fuanemty fns ngguaucntld n suiimgmlet

nakuet ki oekwcldhl tk gkaprlfled tfl dnehlrs ki tfms pnrt ki oekwcldhl%

Wtrnehl ns mt any slla# Gucturl# Lvkcutmke ned Fmstkry tureld irka gksakhkemgnc

hlelrncmzntmkes tk tfl enrrkw pntf ki tfl Lnrtf(s ndnptntmke% Lrrkelkuscy wl

dlla mt n wny tk kur fnppmelss# prksplrmty ned n hunrnetll ki kur survmvnc%

Fuaneomed ms tk gkal kut ki mts grndcl &O % Tsykcokvsoy- ekt jy pfysmgnc pleltrn!

tmke metk tfl Gksaks# jut tfrkuhf uedlrstnedmeh tfl Lsslegl ki pcneltnry C mil ns

n gksakpcneltnry pflekaleke% T fl aystlrmls ki C mil nrl ke tfl Lnrtf# wmtfme us

ned wl nrl n gkeùegtmke ki tfl hrlntlst gksakckhmgnc prkglssls ned lvkcutmkenry

legkuetlrs me kur \ emvlrsl% Tfms ms ay npplnc# tflsl nrl ay gnccs ikr uemimgntmke

ikr tfl snol ki kur Wuprlal Rrldlstmentmke% Tfl hrlntlst ameds# tfl jlst rlprl!

sletntmvls ki Fuaneomed wlrl npplncmeh tk strmvl ikr tfms Hknc% Kel ki tfl akst

dmstmehumsfld rlprlsletntmvls ki tfl Irlegf tfmeolrs ned ki tfl C ntme!ZkaneGntfkcmg gucturl# R% Tlmcfnrd dl Gfnrdme dlsmhentld tfms liikrt ns tfl N sglet tk

tfl Kalhn Rkmet%

!<: !



RNC LKRW] GFKC KH] NW N XN] T K

\EDLZ WT NEDM EH KI T FL GKWA KRC NELTNZ]L WWL EWL KI A NE%

Rlkpcl clnre enturnc pflekalen jy alnes ki dmiilrlet altfkds0 lapmrmg

ned prmkr nencysms ned syetflsms# dmnclgtmgnc gkapnrmske# ned imedmeh tfl suj`lgt(s

prkplrtmls me tfl hlelrnc pmgturl ki tfl wkrcd% N akeh akdlre prmegmpcls ki

pleltrntmeh metk tfl Lsslegl ki enturnc pflekalen# tfl fmstkrmgnc &kr lvkcutmke!

nry- nsplgt kjtnmes plgucmnr alnemeh smegl tfl tmal dyenamgs gkeglpt mtslci ns n

enturnc pflekaleke &kr tlapkrnc ned splgmnc Gketmeuuas- jlgkals tfl akst

sumtnjcl mestrualet wmtf wfmgf kel gne pleltrntl metk tfl Lsslegl ki pflekalen%

Me tfms rlsplgt# tfl prkjcla ki pnclkpsygfkckhy ms ekt n alrlcy gkapnrnjcl ned

lvkcutmkenry gkapnrmske ki psygfmg anemilstntmkes% Lvmdletcy# n akrl gkapclx

mestrualet ms elldld tk pleltrntl metk tfl Lsslegl ki ane(s psygfmg pflekaleke

mtslci% M e akdlre cmtlrnturl tflrl(s n hrlnt euajlr ki wkros me wfmgf tfl psygfned psygfmg prkplrtmls nrl ngglptld me tfksl dlsgrmptmkes tfnt akdlre psygfkckhy

pksslssls m%l% irka skgmnc ned psygfkckhmgnc up tk medmvmdunc pflekalen% N cc tfnt

ms usld ikr jlttlr uedlrstnedmeh tfl Lsslegl ki aytfs# rlcmhmkus tledlegmls#

cmehumstmg prkjclas ned tfl krmhme ned prkplrtmls ki dmiilrlet cnehunhls# ned me

netfrkpkckhmgnc rlslnrgfls tk dltlramel psygfmg# metlcclgtunc ned laktmkenc

quncmtmls ki negmlet ane%

Gucturls ned psygfmg prkplrtmls ns wlcc ns tfl metlcclgtunc clvlc ki tfksl

trmjls tfnt akdlre sgmlegl fns dmsgkvlrld &sugf ns mscned trmjls# Wkutf!N alrmgne

trmjls# tfl trmjls ki Ekrtflre rlhmkes ned ktflrs- any jl studmld ke tfnt vlry jnsms%

N cc tfl splgtrua ki tfl gketlapkrnry pnclkfmstkrmgnc &kr pnclkpsygfkckhm!

gnc- npprkngf ms jnsld ke tfl lstnjcmsfld lxmstmeh psygfmg prkplrtmls wfmgf fnvl

jlle ncrlndy prkvld% T fl elglssmty ki tfms altfkd gneekt jl dlemld% Jut wl

kuhft tk nhrll tfnt tflrl any lxmst skal ktflr prmegmpcls ned npprkngfls% X fle

nektflr pnrndmha ned nektflr sgmletmimg stntlalet njkut enturl ned tfl psygf

mtslci nrl nvnmcnjcl# tfl fmstkrmgnc slnrgf ns wlcc ns tfl fmstkrmgnc gkapnrmske ki

! <7 !



pflekalen gne imed skal elw quncmtmls ki tfnt pflekaleke% Tfus# pnclkp!

sygfkckhy ms imrst ki ncc tfl studymeh ki ncrlndy oekwe psygfmg prkplrtmls% N t tfl

snal tmal# tfms ms tfl prkjcla wfmgf ncckws us tk pleltrntl metk tfl Lsslegl ki

tfms suj`lgt ns wlcc ns metk tfl Lsslegl ki C mvmeh A nttlr ke tfl pcnelt L nrtf ned#

gkeslquletcy# metk tfl Lsslegl ki A ne% Me tfms rlsplgt pnclkpsygfkckhy gne jl

rlhnrdld ns n jmh jrnegf me studymeh ane(s pflekaleke% A ne(s metlcclgtunc

prkplrtmls nrl trlntld ekwndnys ns n rlsuct ki n hrndunc lvkcutmkenry ngguaucn!

tmke ki tfl quncm tmls gnccld nemanc!mestmegtmvl ngtmvmty m%l% mejkre laktmkes kr

algfnemsas ki kjtnmeld jlfnvmkur% Fkak Wnpmles ms gkesmdlrld n prkdugt ki

fmstkry wmtf mts gfnrngtlrmstmg omeltmgs# gkapclx hleltmg ngguaucntmkes ned

lpmhleltmg nddmtmkes% Mt any jl trngld tk tfl fypktflsms nggkrdmeh tk wfmgf tfl

metlcclgtunc Lsslegl ki A ne npplnrs ns tfl rlsuct ki skgmnc jlfnvmkur &cnjkur-%T fl imrst kel wfk dlsmhentld mt me tfl tflrakdyenamg prk`lgt wns Zussmne

pfmckskpflr ned skgmk!fmstkrmne Rkdkcmesoy% Ckhmgnccy# cnjkur clnds tk n elw

eghletrkpmg prkplrty# tfl ngguaucntmke ki meikrantmke ned survmvnc liimgmlegy

megrlnsmeh nt tfl lxplesl ki tfl gkapclx metlcclgtunc ned nsskgmntmvl krhnemzntmke

ki prmanry negmlet fuane nsskgmntmkes%

Xfnt antlrmnc ms usld jy aney nutfkrs wfk study pncgkskgmkckhmgnc

prkjclas; Imrst ki ncc# tflsl nrl tfl dkgualets njkut stkel mapclalets ned tflmrplrilgtmke0 *jkel!jrkezl!agtnc!mrke*% Tfl nutfkrs gkal tk dlimemtl gkegcusmkes%

Rnclknetfrkpkckhmgnc dntn nrl usld wfle lstmantmeh dwlccmeh# gcmantl# jkel

rlanmes ned vnrmkus gkestrugtmkes%

Jktf ikco ned cmehumstmg imeds ncsk anol up tfl dkgualetntmke ki skal

mapkrtnet gfnptlrs ki pnclkpsygfkckhy smegl negmlet anrolrs ki tfl akst prmam!

tmvl ikras# wfmgf nrg dmsgkvlrld jy gkaputlr# rlanme me wkrds ned cnehunhls%

Wtudymeh negmlet wrm tmehs sugf ns *Y ldm*# *T ncg njkut Mhkr(s Zlhmalet*#

Lhyptmne pnpyrus# Jnjyckemne tnjcls ned tfl mesrmptmkes ke stkels# wl try tk lermgf

kur oekwcldhl njkut tfl lpkgfs ki tfl akdlre gkeglpt ki psygfmgs% Tfnt(s tfl

rnehl ki akdlre uedlrstnedmeh% Rnclkpsygfkckhy ms ne mapkrtnet suj`lgt ikr

dlimemeh ane(s quncmtmls ns wlcc ns fms skgmnc Lsslegl% Jlmeh jnsld ke n dkhantmg

mdln njkut ane(s psygfmgs tfms altfkd kecy anols skal pnrtmgucnr dltnmcs akrl

lxngt%Jut mt dkls ekt ndd ney iuednaletnc gfnehls tk tfl uedlrstnedmeh ki lmtflrC mvmeh A nttlr kr ane(s psygfmgs% Tfl nttlapts tk imed ne metlcclgtunc sujstrntua

&m%l% lclgcrkpsygfkckhmgnc strugturl-# wfmgf rliclgts tfl mdlnc manhl ned me wfmgf

!<4 !



ne metlcclgtunc fkckhrnpfmg gkapkelet ms fmddle# nrl stmcc jlmeh andl% Elvlrtfl!

clss# tflrl nrl skal rlslnrgfls wfmgf stntl tfnt me skal gnsls# tfl

lclgtrkpfysmkckhmgnc medmgls nrl lqunc tk zlrk kr tflrl ms kecy kel tfltn!rytfa

wfmcl n ane ms gnrrymeh kut fms metlcclgtunc ngtmvmty% A krlkvlr# fl ms anomeh fms

prkheksms ikr tfl iuturl% Fms tfkuhfts nrl akvmeh ikrwnrd tk tfl spngl ki tfl

iuturl% Tfms ingt me akdlre sgmlegl ms gkesmdlrld tk jl n pnrndkx% M t ms mapkrtnet

tk gclnr up tfl alnsurl ki gkrrlspkedlegl ki lelrhy prkglssls tk metlcclgtunc

ngtmvmty% Me glrtnme gnsls tfl skurgls ki lelrhltmg illdmeh ned suppkrtmeh metlcclg!

tunc krhnemzntmke gurrlets &imlcd ned hlkhrnpfmg gkestrugtmkes- any jl eke!

kxmdmzmeh% Mt ms qumtl pkssmjcl tfnt tfl glrljrua# nitlr cksmeh mts kxmdmzmeh gka!

pkelet &mts leglpfncckhrnpfmg lelrhltmgs ms zlrk-# gketmeuls tk iuegtmke nt tfl

lxplesl ki tfl ktflr imlcd lelrhy skurgls% N elw npprkngf tk tfl prkjcla kipnclkpsygfkckhy rlqumrls n elw fypktflsms? lxtrnpkcntmeh dntn tk glccucnr grkps#

studymeh cmtlrnturl ned uedlrstnedmeh tfnt lngf elurke fns mts kwe imlcds# wl

nssual tfnt tfly anyjl uemtld% Xl ncsk suppksl tfnt C mvmeh A nttlr ke tfl L nrtf(s

suringl ms ekefkakhlelkus% N cjuamek!eugclmg ikras dltlrameld jy lvkcutmke

metlrngt wmtf tfl imlcd ikras ki C mvmeh A nttlr% \ p tk tfl prktkfkakemd clvlc# tfms

metlrngtmke wns gfnrngtlrmzld jy n smapcl rlcntmke wfle metlrglccucnr imlcds ki lngf

glcc wlrl kmeld me amgrknrlns ned amgrkstrugturls% Jut stmcc ek wny wns pnvldikr tfl clnp jy wfmgf tfl imlcd strugturls amhft jl elhletrkpmgnccy dmrlgtld tk imt

tfl elnr!lnrtf fkckhrnpfmg strugturl% Tfle gnal tfl elxt stnhl ki lvkcutmke wfle

tfms clnp tkko pcngl ned fkckhrnpfmg elurke nsskgmntmkes &njkut ><!:2 jmccmke

elurkes- me skal nrlns jlgnal gkaake glrljrnc krhnemzntmkes ned wfle n hleus

jlgnal ne metlcclgtunc *spkt*% Tflrl nrl ek medmvmduncs? tfms fkckhrnpfmg spkt

rliclgts jktf gksaks( ned lnrtf enturl(s gnpnjmcmty tk prkglss ned ngguaucntl

sleskry meikrantmke% Tflrl npplnrld n gkapclx gkapksmtmke ki splgmncmzld

pnrtmgmpnets% Tfms ms n pkpucntmkenc ned hleus inamcy metlcclgtunc krhnemsa me n

*spkt* sfnpl% Tfl lalrhlegl ki sugf n spkt ms n elw stlp ki gksakpcneltnry

lvkcutmke ke tfl Lnrtf me wfmgf n gkajmentmke ki ncjuamek!eugclmg jlnrlrs ned

imlcd ikras kjtnmes n elw omed ki krhnemzntmke% Me tfms rlsplgt R% Ickrlesoy(s wkros

nrl vlry mapkrtnet% F l snw tfrkuhf wkrds ned *ckhks* akrl iuednaletnc

plgucmnrmtmls ki A ne ned gkucd ekt jut ngoekwcldhl tflkskpfmkckhy ns n sgmlegl%F l gkeelgtld tfl lalrhlegl ki A ne(s gkesgmkuselss wmtf skal gksamg stlp%

Wmegl tflrl wns ek npprkprmntl tlra nt tfnt tmal fl fnd tk gfkksl tfl vnrmnet

!<< !



*dmvmel* jut ekt me tfl prmamtmvl slesl% Hrndunccy n elw fkckhrnpfmg strugturl#

andl up ki mestmegtmvl survmvnc algfnemsas ki wfmgf prktkfkakemds wlrl meflrmt!

meh me tfl gkursl ki tfl lvkcutmke# wns imccld up% T flrl npplnrld wkrds# algfnem!

gnc ngkustmgs# ns wlcc ns vmsunc smhes# ned ndnptntmke tk tfl Lnrtf gkedm tmkes tkko

pcngl ns skal rlgkrdmeh ki gksamg ikras% Tflrl ncsk npplnrld n elw vmsmke ki

spntmnc ned tlapkrnc krhnemzntmke ki tfms strugturl ned mts levmrkealet%

X l anytmed tfl lstmantmke ki vlrjnc lvkcutmkenry algfnemsas me W% Irlud(s

ned O % @ ufh(s rlslnrgfls% Mestmegtmvl jlfnvmkur wfmgf cmamts n A ne irka tfl pkmet

ki vmlw ki ltfmgs ned tfl prlslet cmil tures kut tk jl vlrjncmzld ned ms ikued me tfl

sujgkesgmkuselss me tfl ikra ki metumtmvl algfnemsas% Tflsl algfnemsas rlprl!

slet tfl prmanry gksakpcneltnry sujstrntua? m%l%# tfl quncmtmls ki metlcclgtunc

akvlalet ned A ne(s krhnemzntmke% Mi wl try tk sll tfl krmhmenc gksakpcneltnryjnsms wl fnvl jlttlr ckko metk aytfs# rlcmhmkus# pkcmtmgnc ned akektflmstmg ns!

slajcmls% Lvmdletcy kel sfkucd ckko ikr elw rkkts me cmehumstmgs wflrl cnehunhl

ms gkesmdlrld ns n slgkednry ndnptmvl prkglss wfmgf hmvls ne kppkrtuemty tk

pleltrntl metk skal prmanry jnsms% A ntflantmgs prlsletmeh negmlet gkeglpts ki

krpflmsa skalfkw rliclgts tfl dllplst prmanry eke!vlrjnc fkckhrnpfmg jnsms me

n cnehunhl nt tfl snal tmal% D%W% C mfngflv wrktl tfnt fmstkry ns gucturnc lgkckhy

gketnmes tfl rliclgtmke ki tfl dllplst vlrjncmzld gksakpcneltnry jnsms% Y %

Wkckvykv(s nttlapts me tfl pfmckskpfy ki uemtmls tk put lapmrmg ned sgmletmimg

oekwcldhl tkhltflr wmtf pfmckskpfy ned tflkckhy nrl kj`lgtmvl% Tfly rlvlnc tfl

Zussmne Zlenmssnegl ki hlelrncmzmeh metlcclgtunc ned gucturnc# sgmletmimgned skgmnc

&ngg tk Jkhdnekv(s wkros- akvlalets% Tfly gketnme tfl inr!rlngfmeh mdlns ki

pnclkpsygfkckhmgnc gkestrugtmke me tfl iuednaletnc gksakpcneltnry medmvmdunc

nppkngf%

Tfus plrskencmty ms slgkednry% Imrst ki ncc tflrl lxmst n hlelrncmzld metlcclg!

tunc *spkt* me wfmgf wmtf tfl hrkwtf ki vlrjncmzntmke prkglssls ned skgmnc ned

plrskenc rlcntmkes jlhme% N plrskencmty stnrts dlvlckpmeh% Tfl gkedm tmkes ki mts

ikrameh nrl0 tfl stkppmeh ki tlclpntfmg spngl dmstnet gkeelgtmkes ned hrndunc

lstrnehlalet ki plkpcl irka lngf ktflr% Kecy antlrmnc tfl vlrjnc skgmnc gfneelc

rlanmes% C % Huamclv prkvld tfnt ltfekhlelsms ke Lnrtf ms gfnrngtlrmzld jy n

plgucmnr gksakpcneltnry pflekaleke% Durmeh tfl imrst :22!722 ylnrs ki ltfemgikrantmke# elw quncmtls ki pkwlriuc pnssmkentl gkcclhmntl lelrhltmgs wlrl ng!

guaucntld% Rlkpcl prlsletld tflmr ltfemg gkaauemty me cnehunhl ned pnssmke%

!<9 !



Jut me >:22!><22 ylnrs# tfl ltfeks wmtflrld% Wk ltfemg dlvlckpalet ms cmol prmanry

netfrkpkhleltmg rlprkdugtmke wfle amehcmeh tkhltflr ned tfl lalrhlegl ki

skal sancc skgmnc plkpcl krhnemzntmkes jlgkal ne metlcclgtunc *spkt* wflrl#

fnvmeh jlle uemtld#tfly `kme tfl hlkhrnpfmg gksakpcneltnry metlcclgt krhnemzn!

tmke elnr Lnrtf ned rlglmvl n elw stkgo ki pnssmkentl metlcclgtunc lelrhltmgs%

Tnomeh metk gkesmdlrntmke ncc tfl gkeglpts# wl fnd tk gkapnrl skal tfmehs

gkeelgtld wmtf dmiilrlet plrmkds ki tfl dlvlckpalet ki lxmstmeh fkckhrnpfmg ned

tlclpntfmg ikrgls% Xl ncsk trmld tk imed tfl neswlrs tk tfl ikcckwmeh qulstmkes0

! Xfnt omed ki plrskes anemilst tflaslcvls ned me wfnt spflrls;

! Xfnt ms tfl fmddle metlcclgtunc jnsms ki ltfeks cmol;

! Xfnt nrl mts rlslrvls;

N ggkrdmeh tk tfl rlsucts ki kur rlslnrgfls me Juchnrmn tflrl nrl glrtnmegcustlrmehs ki lxtrnsleskry quncmtmls me tfl spkts gkeelgtld wmtf tfl Tfrngmne

guc turl% Tfms ingt splnos lmtflr ki tfl pnssmke clnp kr tfl cnst rmsl jlikrl tfl

dmsnpplnrlegl ki tfl ltfeks% Tflrlikrl ltfeksls# cmol stnr lxpcksmkes# gne fnvl

pnssmkentl wnvls nswlcc%Tflsl wnvls gfnrngtlrmzl tfl pfnsls ki tflmr lalrhlegl

ned dmsnpplnrlegl ned nrl trnesamttld tk ktflr ltfeksls sk tfnt tfly amhft jl

prlslrvld% Rlrfnps# prlslet metlrentmkenc rlcntmkes fnvl me tflmr krmhme tfl

dllplst gksakpcneltnry enturnc quncmtmls% C nst# clt(s gkesmdlr A ne(s ketkhlelsms%\etm c fl ms 7ylnrs kcd lvlry gfmcd ms n prktktypl ki ne negmlet metlcclgtunc strugturl

ns fl usls eke!vlrjnc gkaauemgntmke alnes% F l ms cmol n pnrt ki n *spkt* wfmgf

ms gkeelgtld wmtf tfl fkckhrnpfmg jnsls% Tfnt ms wfy duncmty# jmvnclegy ned

fkckhrnpfmg ned vlrjnc metlcclgt rlanme me fma up tk tfl nhl ki <!8% Kcd plkpc l

gne ncsk fnvl tfl *ups* wfmgf rliclgt tfl *wfmtl dwnris* stnr ncclhkry &tfms ms tfl

cnst icnsf jlikrl A ne(s clnvmeh ikr maakrtncmty# tfl *Wkuc(s trnesmtmke tk tfl

fkckhrnpfmg wkrcd ned tfl pfysmgnc dmsnpplnrlegl ki ncjuamek!eugclmg sujstnegl

jlnrlr-%

Tfus netfrkpkhlelsms# ltfekhlelsms# ketkhlelsms# aneomed ned C mvmeh A nt!

tlr lvkcutmke nrl gfnrngtlrmzld jy n gkapksmtmke cmttcl oekwe tk us# m%l% tfl

krhnemzntmke ki ncjuamek!eugclme ned imlcd gkrrlcntmkes% Wtudymeh tfl lxmstmeh

plkpcls ned trmjls kr tfrkuhf fmstkrmgnc dkgualets# wflrl cmehumstmg# ikcockrl#

aytfkckhmgnc ned ltfekhrnpfmg nsplgts nrl rliclgtld# tfksl wfmgf ek ckehlr lxmst#kel gne trngl n elw syetfltmg akvlalet ki fuane metlcclgt splldmeh tk mts

slci!rlncmzntmke me tfl irnals ki mts gksamg amssmke%

!<8 !



RNZT T X K

Tfl *Elw Gksakhkey* Rrkhrna

Lxplrmalets%

!<6 !



M % LVRLZMA LETNC WT\D] KI TFL

DMWTNET!MEIKZA NTMYL METLZNG!

T MKE M E TFL JMKWRFLZL XMTF

A NE(W RNZT MGMRNT MKE%

!<= !



A NE(W LELZH] !MEIKZANTMYL M ETLZNGTM KE

XMTF RF] WMGNC W] WTLA W%

T k study tfl lelrhy!meikrantmke lxgfnehl me tfl *fuane jlmeh!dlvmgl*systla# n euajlr ki krmhmenc altfkds wlrl usld jy tfl rlslnrgflrs%Dmiilrlettypls ki anheltkaltlrs &Rutfkii F%# Tnrh Z%# >=88-# tkrsmke pleducas# cnslrs&Ldmske X%# Inust D%# Hltscn O %# A g(Gcny @ %# Gkekwny К%# >=88- %lclgtrkemghlelrntkrs ki rnedka lvlets &Fkekrtke G%# >=89# A usmgnetl К%# >=8=# Wgfamdt

F%# >=82- wlrl usld%Wkal tlgfemquls ned dlvmgls ikr tfl rlhmstrntmke ki n dmstnet# fuane jlmeh!

tlgfemgnc systla metlrngtmke nrl ncrlndy oekwe%Tfl lqumpalet wfmgf wns usldikr tfms purpksl ms lxtrlalcy slesmtmvl tk plrturjntmkes ki algfnemgnc# lclgtrmgnc#kptmgnc ned tflranc enturls%N ektflr npprkngf ms tk rlvlnc tfl dmstkrtmkes ki tflekranc stntmstmgnc gfnrngtlrmstmgs ki tfl rnedka pfysmgnc prkglssls nt amgrk! nedangrk! clvlcs% Me tfl lxplrmalets ke fuane psygfkpfysmgnc meiculegl dltlgtmke#nakeh tfl kj`lgts usld ns sleskrs wlrl tfl kptmgnc Injry!Rlrkt metlrilrkaltlr#tfl Tfkapske tflramstkr jrmdhl# ned tfl Rfktklcnstmg strnme hnuhl% Me tfllxplrmalets mevkcvmeh tfl metlrilrkaltlr# tfl Gkflrlet Kptmgs 792!782 wnslapckyld tk kjtnme metlrilrlegl rmehs ke tfl sgrlle% N e mesmhemimgnet gfnehl metfl dmstnegl jltwlle tfl metlrilrkaltrmg pmgturls rlsucts me n rndmnc sfmit ki tflmetlrilrlegl rmeh% N vlry mesmheimgnet dmspcnglalet ki tfl rmeh ms dltlgtnjcl% T fl

jrmhftelss ki tfl gletrnc metlrilrlegl rmeh ms rlhmstlrld jy n Rfktk auctmpcmlr% T flnma ki ne kplrntkr ms tk memtmntl n gkesmdlrnjcl &ns gkapnrld wmtf tfl tlst drmit-sfmit ki tfl metlrilrlegl rmeh me tfl hmvle dmrlgtmke%Gkaputlr prkglssmeh ki tflgurvls kjtnmeld vmn hrnpfmg rlhrlssmke ned splgtrnc nencysls fns andl mt pkssmjcltk rlvlnc skal rlplntmeh gfnrngtlrmstmgs% N ektflr akdmi mgntmke ki tfl dlvmgl msjnsld ke tfl dkujcl tflramstkr jrmdhl &Kalhn Lehmellrmeh# \ Y N 7:<4 akdlc-%Lngf tflramstkr fns ne medmvmdunc lclgtrmgnc jrmdhl ned n slpnrntl skurgl ki

vkctnhl% Tfl dmiilrlegljltwlle tflramstkr smhencs rlngfls tfl meput napcmimlr kitfl ksgmccksgkpl ned ms slle ke mts sgrlle% T fl slesmtmvmty ki tfl lnrtfld ned

!92 !



sgrlleld dlvmgl ms 2%22>% Ek mei culegl ki tlaplrnturl vnrmntmke tnols pcngl kwmeh

tk tfl ingt tfnt twk mdletmgnc icnsos wmtf tflramstkrs mesmdl nrl maalrsld metk n

cnrhl rlslrvkmr ki cmqumd%

N csk# tfl dlvmgls dlsmheld ke tfl jnsms ki rnedka pfysmgnc prkglssls nrl

usld% T fl cnrhlst dlvmgl ms ne >%6 7 a nppnrntus wfmgf gketnmes >2 222 jnccs ki

>= aa dmna% Tfl jnccs nrl tfrkwe kii 779 stnhhlrld eycke pmes%T flrl nrl >=

rlglmvmeh glccs# ned mt tureld kut tk jl vlry gcksl tk n Hnussmne dmstrmjutmke% T fl

kplrntkr sfkucd sllo n ektmglnjcl dlvmntmke ki tfms dmstrmjutmke me tfl hmvle

dmrlgtmke ns gkapnrld wmtf tfl rlsucts ki tfl tlsts%&@ nfe Z%# >=66-

T / >

/GC>6:GKETZKCKETZKC

EIC\LEGL

!26:4

• [ >

I mh%< T fl pmr ske gkrr lcntmke jltwlle nssmaaltry ned lxglss dur meh tfl dmstnet meic uleglki kplrntkr tk tfl anhemtkaltlr%

N cnrhl!sgncl dlvmgl fns jlle gkestrugtld% Me mt# n hckw dmsgfnrhl kggurs%

T fl rlsuctmeh hckw rliclgts tfl irll pntf ki lclgtrkes ned tflmr sujslqulet

gkccmsmke wmtf tfl rlsmdunc hns% Tfl dlvmgl ms n gycmedlr <> aa me dmna ned =>aa

me clehtf%Tfl slqulegl ki cmhft ned dnro zkels npplnrs me tfl gycmedlr# wfmgf ms

typmgnc ikr tfl pksmtmvl gkcuae ki dmsgfnrhls me tfl rnehls me qulstmke ki hnsprlssurl ned lclgtrkdl vkctnhl% Tfl euajlr ned nrrnehlalet ki tfl zkels nrl

!9> !



meiculegld jy tfl clehtf ki tfl irll pntf ki lclgtrkes% Tfl cnttlr ms me ture

dltlrameld jy tfl omed ki tfl hns ned mts djesmty# tfl lclgtrke tlaplrnturl ned

tfl lclgtrmgnc imlcd strlehtf% Tfl ckgntmke ki tfl zkels ms gketrkccld jy n

Rfktklclgtrkemg medmgntkr%

Me tfl jmkpfysmgs cnjkrntkry me tfl MGLA ki tfl N gndlay ki A ldmgnc

Wgmlegls# Wmjlrmne Jrnegf Ekvksmjmrso# C %R% A mofnmckvn usld tflramstkrs me >=6=

ned n dmstnet meiculegl ke tfl kplrntkrs smtuntld me A ksgkw wns rlhmstlrld# ned

tfus ikr rntflr ckeh dmstnegls tfl lxplrmalets nsskgmntld wmtf tfl tflramtkry

jrmdhl ned tfl auctm!tflramstkr(s ingmcmty &Wgfalmdclr H %# >=87? @ nfe Z%# >=6>-

wlrl gkeimrald%

T fl splgmnc slrmls ki lxplrmalets &Imh%<- wmtf n qunetua!algfnemgnc anh!

eltkaltlr wfmgf kplrntntls ke tfl jnsms ki lclgtrkemg pnrnanheltmg rlskeneglwlrl gkedugtld me tfl cnjkrntkry ki flcmk!lcmantmg pntfkckhy &tfl N gndlay ki

A ldmgnc Wgmlegls# Wmjlrmne Jrnegf# Yntkcme H%] u%-% Mt wns sfkwe tfnt tfl Rmrske

gkrrlcntmke jltwlle nsyaaltry ned lxglss gkliimgmlets gfnehls uedlr tfl dmstnet

&>22 a- liilgt ke tfl anheltkaltlr gkapnrld wmtf tfl gketrkc% &\ edlr tfl liilgt

tfl gkrrlcntmke jlgkals strkehcy elhntmvl +!2%6:4+ wfmcl me tfl gketrkc mt ms gcksl

tk2% T fl clvlc ki trutf ms ==,-% Me tfl snal cnjkrntkry tfl pkssmjmcmty ki tfl dmstnet

meiculegl ki tfl kplrntkr smtuntld 7222 oa irka Ekvksmjmrso ke tfl rntl kigkaputlr tk hlelrntl rnedka euajlrs wns gkeimrald% M t fns jlle lstnjcmsfld

tfnt uedlr tfl liilgt kvlr dmstnegl ke tfl gkaputlr# tfl rntl ki rnedka hlelrntmke

drkppld dkwe me gkapnrmske wmtf tfl clvlc uedlr tfl gketrkc &Imh%9-# m%l% tfl rntl

ki tfl gkaputlr prkhrna rlncmzntmke wns dlgrlnsmeh%

Me pnplrs ki D %Zndme#>=66?#A %Wf% Pmc(jlrane# >==2? tfl pkssmjmcmty ki tfl

kplrntkr tk prldmgt euajlrs kjtnmeld wmtf tfl flcp ki tfl gkaputlr wns

dlakestrntld%

X l fnvl plrikrald tfl gygcl ki lxplrmalets tk mevlstmhntl tfl rlslrvls ki

fuanes( psygfs% &Y ntkcme H%@ u%#>=6=-% A ne ms n eke!kpleld up aldmua%

Lvkcutmkenrmcy#tfms aldmua wns grlntld me tfl fypkanheltmg gfnajlr &FA G-%

T fl metlesmty ki tfl hlkanheltmg imlcd me tfl FA G wns dmamemsfld 922 tmals%

\ edlr tflsl gkedmtmkes# dmrlgtld ngtmvntmke ki tfl psygfklaktmkenc prkplrtmls ki

tfl kplrntkr rlsucts me gfnehl me tfl gfnrngtgr ki tfl icugtuntmkes me tfl alnsurmehmestrualet# wfmgf wns gkestrugtld ke tfl jnsms ki n amccmvkctaltlr ned ne ksgmc!

!9: !



a n x

I mh%9 Y lckgmty ki hlelrntmke ki kggnsmkenc euajlrs me gkaputlrs durmeh dmstnet &7<22 oa-kplrntkr (s meiculegl% Wtnr mtsyme N %H%

cntkr ki tfl lclgtrkanheltmg imlcd% N jmkckhmgnc kj`lgt nt tfl dmstnegl ki >!:a irka

tfl alnsurmeh mestrualet dlikras vkcual strugturl ki tfl lclgtrkanheltmg imlcd

hlelrntld jy tfl ksgmccntkr% Tfms gnusld n gfnehl me tfl memtmnc vncul ki pktletmnc

me lngf pkmet ki spngl rlcntld tk tfl pktletmnc ki tfl Lnrtf%

T fl akst prksplgtmvl imlcd ikr tfl usnhl ki tfms altfkd ms tfl rlaktl

dltlgtmke ki tfl pfysmgnc imlcd ki jmkckhmgnc kj`lgts wfmgf nrl >2 a kr akrl irka

tfl trnesduglr %Me tfms gnsl tfl icugtuntmkes ki tfl rlgkrdmeh mestrualet wlrl

lstmantld% Me tfl lxplrmalets wmtfkut dmrlgt ngtmvntmke ki tfl kplrntkr(s

psygfklaktmkenc prkplrtmls# tfl dmsplrsmke ki tfl icugtuntmke wns >%6:: &tfl

euajlr ki alnsurlalets e1776-% N t tfl stnhl ki tfl kplrntkr(s psygfklaktmke!

nc ngtmvmty me tfl F A G# tfl dmsplrsmke ki tfl icugtuntmke wns :%4<8 &e 1 7:6-% Tfl

rlsucts nrl rlcmnjcl jy Imsflr(s grmtlrmke &p-%

!97!



ZanxQ

>^sq4 >=92< >h ! w M^W=7 >=<=4

I mh%8 T fl dlpledlegl ki hlelrntmke rntl ki r nedka euajlrs ke psygfklaktmkenc tlesmke

ki kplrntkr me F A G & M M ! kplrntkr Ms me FA G# Щ Э ! kplrntkr mse(t me F A G # Z ! hlelrntmkerntl ki rnedka euajlrs-%

Tfus# psygfklaktmkenc tlesmke ki tfl kplrntkr me tfl F A G rlsucts me nemegrlnsl ki tfl icugtuntmkenc prkglssls me tfl alnsurmeh mestrualet ns gkapnrldtk tfl clvlc ki icugtuntmke me tfl gketrkc% Kur dntn dk ekt gketrndmgt tfl dntn ki

tfl N alrmgne nutfkrs# wfk rlhmstlrld n gfnehl ki tfl stkgfnstmg vnrmnjcl ki tflkgnssmkenc prkglssls durmeh psygfklaktmkenc tlesmke ki tflkplrntkr%&Z @ nfe#>=6:-

X l fnvl usld n plrskenc gkaputlr# wkromeh ke n prkhrna ikr hlelrntmehrnedka euajlrs# ns nektflr typl ki tfl trnesduglr ikr tfl rlaktl rlhmstrntmke kitfl kplrntkr(s psygfklaktmkenc tlesmke% T fl tktnc euajlr ki imhurls hlelrntld

ikr lvlry < ame metlrvnc ms sfkwe ke tfl dmspcny &Imh%8-%Tfl hrndunc lclvntmke kitfl hlelrntmke rntl me gketrkc lxplrmalets wns kjslrvld up tk tfl anxmanc clvlc%

!94!



I mh%6 T fl dlpledlegl ki dmsplrsmke ki rlngtmke tmal ki tlstld plkpcl ke psygfklak!tmkenc tlesmke ki kplrntkr me FA G &ЦЖ ! jlikr F A G%M M! M e FA G# Ц Ж! wmtfkut kplrntkr -%

N itlr tfnt# n dlgrlnsl ki tfl hlelrntmke rntl kggurld dkwe tk tfl dli m eUamemaua% Me dmrlgtld ngtmvntmke ki tfl psygfklaktmkenc prkplrtmls ki tfl

kplrntkr me tfl FA G# ne megrlnsl me tfl metlrvnc jltwlle anxmaua ned amemauaclvlcs ki tfl hlelrntmke rntls tk >2 ame ned n dlgrlnsl me tfl hlelrntmke rntls kieuajlrs wlrl kjslrvld%

Tflsl rlsucts sfkwld tfnt n fypkanheltmg aldmua# rliclgtmeh nektflrstrugturl ki tfl spntmnc imlcd gfneelc ki gkaauemgntmke# ingmcmtntls tfl kplemeh upki elw pkssmjmcmtmls ki fuane psygfs%

T k gcnrmiy tfl slesmtmvmty ki fuane jlmehs tk tfl snal wlno lgkckhmgnc

ngtmkes# wl plrikrald n slrmls ki mevlstmhntmkes tk lstmantl tfl tmal ki rlngtmkeski tfl tlstld plkpcl tk cmhft ned skued smhencs wmtf tfl elurkgfrkekaltlr%

!9<!



Dmsplrsmke ki tfl rlngtmke tmal wns gncgucntld ikr lngf slrmls# gkesmstmeh ki >2

alnsurlalets% T fl tlstld plkpcl wlrl me tfl enturnc gkedmtmkes ki tfl cnjkrntkry#

tfle me tfl FA G# tfle me tfl gkedmtmkes ki tfl cnjkrntkry me tfl FA G% Tfl

kplrntkr ned tfl tlstld plkpcl wlrl slpnrntld irka lngf ktflr jy tfl wnccs ki

tfl jumcdmeh ned tfl gkestrugtmkes ki tfl FA G% Tfl tlstld plkpcl wlrl ekt

ektm imld ki tfl liilgtmke tmal% Tfl dmsplrsmke ki tfl rlngtmke tmal ki tfl tlstld

plkpcl tk cmhft ned skued smhencs megrlnsld :!9 tmals gkapnrld tk tfl gketrkc

clvlc ki tfl dmsplrsmke &Imh%6-% Tfl rlsucts nrl rlcmnjcl jy Imsflr(s grmtlrmke &p?

e 1 ><-%

Zlsucts tfnt wlrl kjtnmeld medmrlgtcy gkeimrald tfl fypktflsms tfnt cmvmeh

anttlr anemilsts prlvmkuscy ueoekwe prkplrtmls me spntmnc glccs me tfl njslegl ki

tfl hlkanheltmg imlcd% Gfnehmeh tfl gkrrlcntmkes ki tfl nstrkhlkpfysmgnc ingtkrsingmcmtntld tfl anemilstntmke ki tfl rlslrvld pktletmnc ki tfl fuane jlmeh%

T fl gfnehls me icugtuntmeh prkglssls me pfysmgnc ned jmkckhmgnc systlas

uedlr tfl mei culegl ki ne kplrntkr me ne FA G rlsuctld me tfl elglssmty ki gflgomeh

tfl stntmstmgnc rkcls me tfl gkesmdlrld spngl% N algfnemgnc akdlc ki stkgfnstmgnc

prkglssls wmtf twmgl tfl euajlr ki dlhrlls ki irlldka wns usld% Tfl dmiilrlegl

jltwlle tfl euajlr ki smehcl kutgkals ikr *2* ned ikr *>* wns gncgucntld ke tfl

jnsms ki 9922 tlsts &Imh% =-% Tfl tlstmeh ki tfl stntmstmgnc akdlcs wns gnrrmld kut jytfl kplrntkr fnvmeh jlle slquletmnccy me tfl enturnc gkedmtmkes ki tfl cnjkrntkry#

me tfl FA G# ned me tfl gkedmtmkes ki tfl cnjkrntkry nitlr fnvmeh jlle me F A G%

Me tfl lxplrmalet# tfl dlhrll ki tfl iuegtmkenc nsyaaltry jltwlle tfl rmhft ned

tfl clit fneds ki tfl kplrntkr wns tnole metk nggkuet% Mt wns ikued tfnt vnculs ki

tfl dmiilrleglsjltwlle tfl euajlr ki smehcl kutgkals ikr *2* ned ikr *>* nrl 7%<7

&dmsplrsmke 1:%94- ikr tfl clit fned ned 7%99 & 1:%>7- ikr tfl rmhft fned% \ edlr

gkedmtmkes ki sgrllemeh irka tfl hlkanheltmg imlcd# tfl medmgntld dm iilrlegls nrl2%69 & 12%9=- ned :%22 & 1 >%22- rlsplgtmvlcy% Tflsl vnculs jlgkal lqunc ned tfl

clvlc ki tfl dmsplrsmke ms rlstkrld nitlr mts dlgrlnsl me tfl FA G0 :%<6 & 1 :%:8-

ned :%42 & 1:%<=- rlsplgtmvlcy &Imh% >2-%

Xl wnet tk gkegcudl tfnt# ke tfl kel fned# me tfl F A G tfl stkgfnstmg

prkglss ms rlhucntld# m% l% tfl dmsplrsmke clvlc ms dlgrlnsld# ned ke tfl ktflr fned#

nsyaaltry npplnrld ikr tfl clit!rmhft gnsls%

!99!



I mh%= A lne vncul ki dmiilrlegl jltwlle tfl euajlr ki smehcl kutgnals ikr *2* ned ikr *>*&D- uedlr tfl gkedmtmkes M e F A G ikr rmhft ned ikr clit fneds% & C - ned & Z - nrl clit ned r mhftfneds# L :! jlikr FA G? Е ! me FA G? LWM ! nitlr FA G%

I mh% >2 T fl dmsplrsmke ki dm iilrlegl jltwlle tfl euajlr ki smehcl kutgnals ikr *2* ned ikr*>* ik` uedlr tfl gkedmtmkes me F A G ikr clit ned ikr r mhft fneds% &C - ned &Z- nrl clit ned r mhftfne dsi L 7! jlikr F A r ` M % me F A G ?£P7! nitlr FA G%

!98!



T fl rlsucts ki tfl mevlstmhntmkes anol mt pkssmjcl tk uedlrstned tfl Lsslegl

ki tfl fypkanheltmg aldmua ns n splgmnc stntl ki Wpngl# wflrl ktflr gnusl!gke!

slqlesmnc rlhucnrmtmls nrl wkromeh% Wkal ki tfl lqumprkjnjcl prkglssls nrl

rlncmzld me tfms spntmnc stntl% Mt sllas tfnt me tfms aldmua tfl gkedmtmkes ikr tfl

pnrtmnc krdlrmeh ki gfnks lxmst%

Iuturl mevlstmhntmkes ki enturnc wlno lgkckhmgnc jkueds gne hmvl n elw clvlcme uedlrstnedmeh tfl rkcl ki cmvmeh anttlr me tfl Gksaks%

!96!



TF L LELZH] !MEIKZA NTM YL METLZN GTM KEW

NA KEH JMKC KHMGNC KJ@ LGTW XMTF A NE(WRNZTMGMRNTMKE%

Me tfl wkros ki Y %R% O nzengfllv &wmtf gk!nutfkrs# >=66- tfl pkssmjmcmty ki

usmeh glcc strugturls tk medmgntl tfl dmstnet lelrhy!meikrantmke meiculegl ki n

jlmeh wns sfkwe%

Me tfl lxplrmalet wmtf D%Dnvmtnsfvmcm tfl pkssmjmcmty ki n dmstnet meiculeglke tfl metlrwmel glcc strugturl RF &ane omdely- wns mevlstmhntld% Tfms gucturl

wns liilgtld wmtf tfl kplrntkr(s nras nt n dmstnegl ki >2!:2 ga ikr 8!>2 ameutls%

N itlr :4#46 ned 8: fkurs# fystmkckhmgnc prlpnrntmkes wlrl andl% Me 8 slrmls ki

lxplrmalets mt wns rlcmnjcy lstnjcmsfld tfnt tfl rlcntmvl euajlr ki amtksls nt tfl

snal nrln ki tfl prlpnrntmke ms fmhflr tfne me tfl gketrkc jy :2!72 , &A mofnmckvn

C %R%# O nzengfllv Y %R%# Y cndmamrsomm M%J%# >==2-% Me ktflr lxplrmalets ki tflsl

mevlstmhntmkes tfl pkssmjmcmty ki n prktlgtmvl dmstnet!meikrantmke meiculegl ki tfl

kplrntkr &N %N % Dllv- wfk gkucd *prktlgt* gfnajlrs gketnmemeh tfl metlrwmel

glcc gucturl irka jlmeh niilgtld jy dmgfckrmdl alrgury wns sfkwe0 me 6 gfnajlrs

kut ki :2 tflrl wlrl ek smhes me tfl glcc akekcnylr ki tfl niilgts ki tfl alrgury!

gfckrmdl sujcmantl%

Tflsl wkros gketmeuld ned gkeimrald tfl mevlstmhntmkes ki X % Jrnud &>=62-

wfk studmld tfl dmstnet!meikrantmke meiculegl ke tfl clvlc ki A ne(s lrmtrkgmtls

flakcysms wfle tfksl me tfl lxplrmalet trmld tk dliled tlst tujls wmtf jckkd i rka

snct ngtmke% M t wns dlakestrntld tfnt tflrl ms ndmiilrlegljltwlle tfl *dliledld*

ned tfl *gketrkc * tlst tujls% Tfl lxplrmalets me tfl an`krm ty ki gnsls wlrl

sugglssiuc wfle tfl suj`lgts meiculegld tflmr kwe jckkd% Rrkjnjcy tfl meiculegl

ki tfl kplrntkrs ke glccs ms rlncmzld tfrkuhf *tmal!lelrhy* wfmgf me ture ms

gkeelgtld wmtf Okzyrlv(s Wpngl% Tfl gcmemgnc kjslrvntmkes gkedugtld me M GLA

nt tfl Zussmne N gndlay ki A ldmgnc Wgmlegls# Wmjlrmne Jrnegf# uedlr tfl suplr!vmsmke ki Rrkilsskr N %A % Wfuhrnm gkeelgtld wmtf metrnvlekus mrrndmntmke ki jckkd

!9=!



wmtf n cnslr sfkwld tfnt glccs me tmssul tflrl gfnehld smhemi mgnetcy% T fl cnslr any

jl n skurgl ki lelrhy ikr tlapkrnry meikrantmkenc gkapkelets wfmgf nrl ue!

oekwe tk us% T flrlikrl me kur lxplrmalets# wfle tfl cnslr wns olpt dnro# m%l% tfl

cmhft pnrt wns gut jy n gnp# ned tfl meiculegl ki tfl tmal strlna dlesmty stnys# tfl

rlngtmke ki tfl glcc ms tfl snal% Zlcmnjcl rlsucts wlrl kjtnmeld me lxplrmalets wmtf

wfmtl amgl wfksl akvnjcl ngtmvmty ned ausgcls( pkwlr gfnehld uedlr tfl dmstnet

lelrhy!meikrantmke meiculegl ki n A ne &Wplrnesomm N % A %-% T fl mevlstmhntmkes

gnrrmld kut uedlr tfl suplrvmsmke ki Hurtkvk` sfkwld n gfnehl me tfl lclgtrmgnc

ngtmvmty ki n imsf gnccld tfl *Emcl lclpfnet* nt tfl akalet ki tfl dmstnet liilgt ki

tfl kplrntkr%

Jmkmedmgntkrs ns trnesduglrs nrl fmhfcy slesmtmvl tk tfl lelrhy!meikrantmke

meiculegl ned tfnt ms wfy tfly nrl ikued me tfl krmhmenc nppcmgntmke me tflgkajmentmke wmtf tlgfemgnc lqumpalet &anheltkaltlr# gkaputlr- me n elw gygcl

ki wkros gnrrmld kut me tfl flcmk!gcmancmg pntfkckhy cnjkrntkry &M GLA ki tfl

Zussmne N gndlay ki A ldmgnc Wgmlegls# Wmjlrmne Jrnegf# Y ntkcme H% ] u%#

T rki makvN % Y %# >==2-%

Rfkck%4 T fl O mkmedmgnckr *G fmelsl Zksl*%

!82!



KRLZN TKZ — —WMHENC

Xntkcme H%#Jlcne M%

I mh%c c T fl sgflal ki elw dlvmgl wmtf jmkmedmgntkr * gfmelsl rksl* %

T fl jmkmedmgntkr *gfmelsl rksl* wns gfksle# ki wfmgf n Rfktk! kr tlclmanhl

wns smtuntld me irket ki tfl ane &kplrntkr-% M eikrantmke me ikra ki jmk!pktletmncs

wns kjtnmeld irka tfl clnvls ki n pcnet &usmeh : gfneelcs- ned dntn rlglmvld jy

tfl anheltkaltlr irkatfl trnesduglr smtuntld elnr tfl rkkts &tfmrd gfneelc- wns

metrkdugld metk tfl gkaputlr% Tfl gkaputlr dltlrameld tfl tmal ki tfl kplrntkr

liilgt jy usmeh ne lxplrt prkhrna tk imed tfl metlhrnc iuegtmke &Imh% >>-% \ edlr

tfms lcnjkrntmke# wl wlrl gkevmegld tfnt tfl gkegcusmkes ki O khne M %A % &>=6>-

gkeglremeh tfl ndvnetnhls ki usmeh auctm!gfneelc rlhmstlrld ingmcmtmls me lxplrm!

alets ke dmstnet!meikrantmke lxgfnehl wlrl vncmd jlgnusl mt lefnegld lqump!

alet stnjmcmty tk ekmsls ned prkvmdld akrl meikrantmke%

X fle wl nencyzld tfl memtmnc smhencs wfmgf fnd jlle kjtnmeld irka tfl

trnesduglrs# wl wlrl ekt njcl tk dltlramel tfl tmal ki tfl suhhlstld meiculegl ki

tfl kplrntkr wmtfkut nddmtmkenc antflantmgnc trlntalet% Tk megrlnsl tfl lii mgmle!

gy wl usld n auctm!clvlc antflantmgnc imctlr ned tfl prmegmpcl ki auctm!gfneelcs%

M t wns sfkwe tfnt 8<, ki tfl kplrntkrs niilgtmehtfl suj`lgt stnjmcmzld tfl metlhrncjlmeh gncgucntld# ned :<, ! dlstnjmcmzld%

!8>!



I mh%>: T fl dmstnet!manhl ngt ki plkpcls ir ka tfl \WWZ tk tfl nutkantmg tlst!systla%T malki ngt0 2807<!2804< :4%>:%=2%

Mt ms lstnjcmsfld tfnt me lvncuntmeh tfl dmstnet meiculegl ki cnrhl hrkups ki

plkpcl nt tfl akalet ki tfl trnescntmke ki ne manhl ki n pcnet ke ncc!uemke T Y

&:4%>:%=2-# ncc tfrll gfneelcs wlrl dlstnjmcmzld &Imh% >:-# wfmcl uedlr tfl me!

iculegl kii n tnrhlt!rksl ke tfl TY splgtntkrs me Ekvksmjmrso &:6%>>%=2- tfl

gkaputlr systla rlhmstlrld tfl anxmaua clvlc ki stnjmcmty ikr ncc 7 gfneelcs ki

meikrantmke% Tfl kjtnmeld rlsucts wlrl metlrlstmeh# ned gkapnrld wmtf tfl dntn

ki Z % @ nfe &>=6:- wfk fns sfkwe jy alnes ki rnedka euajlr hlelrntkrs tfnt mt

ms pkssmjcl tk fnvl : typls ki kplrntkr(s meiculegl0 *pksmtmvl* ned *elhntmvl*#

&durmeh tfl *pksmtmvl* meiculegl# antflantmgnc lxplgtntmke gkapnrld wmtf tfl

gketrkc clvlc megrlnsls# ned durmeh *elhntmvl* ! dlgrlnsls- &Imh% >7-%

Me kur lxplrmalets# wfle n smehcl liilgt wns nppcmld# mt wns dlakestrntldtfnt prngtmgnccy ney plrske any dmstnetcy liilgt n gkaputlr systla wmtf jmk!me!

dmgntkrs% T fl dmrlgtmke ki tfms liilgt# nckeh wmtf ktflr ingtkrs# ms dltlrameld jy

tfl flcmk!hlkpfysmgnc smtuntmke nt tfl akalet wfle tfl lxplrmalet wns gke!

dugtld# ned ncsk jlikrl tfl A ne(s jmrtf% Tfms wns lsplgmnccy gclnrcy kjslrvld me

tfl TY lxplrmalet *Dmogske!Ekvksmjmrso*% 62 , ki tfl vmlwlrs keD mogske Mscned

wfk sugglldld me tflmr nttlapts tk dmstnetcy liilgt tfl pcnet smtuntld me

Ekvksmjmrso wlrl maprmetld ke tfl tfmrd akke aketf ki prlentnc cmil jy tflanheltmg imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf ned spntmnc spngl% Hlelrnc sugglss wns ngfmlvld

!8:!



цRKWMTMYL DMWTNET NGT

ELHNTMYL DMWTNET NGT

Z%H%@NFE >=6:Kplrntkr meiculegl keamgrklclgtrkemg dlvmgls

I mh%>7 T fl lxnapcls ki lxplrmalets :4%>:%=2 ned :6%>>%=2 ke TY %

durmeh tfl plrmkds wfle fmhf!cntmtudl anheltmg suj!stkras kggurrld% Tfl nt!tlapts nt rlncmzmeh sugf ne meiculegl irka Juchnrmn wlrl clss sugglssiuc% Jut mtsfkucd jl aletmkeld tfnt me ncc tfrll gnsls ki sugglssiuc dmstnet meiculegl# tflkplrntkr!*trnescntmke* wns smtuntld me tfl anheltk!njekranc zkels ki tfl Trnomnsnegtunrmls &O njmcl# Jlcmetnsf-%

!87!



M M % LV RLDMT MKE ZLWLNZGF LW KEWT\D] MEH TFL DMWTNET!MEIKZA N!

TM YL METLZNGT MKE(W ZKC L M E A NME!

TNM EMEH RC NELTNZ] !JMKWRFLZMG

FKA LKWT NWM W KI TFL LNZTF NEDELMHFJK\ZMEH WRNGL%

!84!



NT TFZNGMNE HKDW% LV RLDMT MKE T ZK\HF

WNEGT\NZ] RC NGLW KI J\C HNZMN

T fl lxpldmtmkenc mevlstmhntmke ki tfl smehucnrmty ki dmstnet!meikrantmke me!tlrngtmkes me tfl pcngls ki tfl Tfrngmne gucturl wlrl uedlrtnole me Kgtkjlr >==2#tkhltflr wmtf Juchnrmne mevlstmhntkrs# tk wfka wl nrl tfneoiuc ikr grlntmvlgkc cnjkrntmke% Tfms wkro wns plrikrald me nccmnegl wmtf N clxly ned ТмлювWtkylvn &Rlkpcl(s N strkekamg Kjslrvntkry ned Metlrentmkenc Wmtuntmkenc Gletrl

ki tfl Mestmtutl ki Wpntmnc Mevlstmhntmke ki tfl Juchnrmne N gndlay ki Wgmlegls#Wtnrn Pnhkrn-# @ ucmn Y lrjnekvn ned Rnvcmen Tkdkrkvn &Rlkpcl(s N strkekamgKjslrvntkry# ] najkc-# @ neok ] negkvn &N rgfnlkckhmgnc auslua# ] najkc-#Dkegn ] ktkvn &elwspnplr *] uzfen Rksftn*# Wtnrn Pnhkrn-# @ nsamen Dnsgnckvn&Tkurmst nhlegy# Wkpfmn-# ned aney ktflrs%

T fl antlrmncs# fnvmeh jlle kjtnmeld me tfms metlrdmsgmpcmenry lxpldmtmke#fnvl flcpld us tk sll tfl pcny ki tfl dmstnet!meikrantmkenc metlrngtmke me tfl

metlcclgtunc fmstkry ki aneomed wmtf tfl pksmtmkes ki Elw Gksakhkey%X l mevmtl rlndlrs tk hk nckeh tfl rkutl ki tfms lxpldmtmke%O njmcl ms ne negmlet Tfrngmne snegtunrmua &> tfkusned ylnrs J%G%-# wflrl

tfl Womramnds ned Empslms trmjls cmvld% Flrkdktus ned Dnrmua aletmkeld tfla%T fl snegtunrmua ms ckgntld ke sancc fmcc% N t tfl ikkt ki tfms fmcc ms ckgntld tfl rlstki nektflr gucturl# n Jyznetmel slttclalet &M M M !M M gleturl J%G%- wmtf skal rlanme!

meh jnsmc mgns% Tfl gletrnc pnrt ki tfl O njmcl!snegtunrmua fns tfl ikra ki grkss!sfnpld pnssnhl# gut me rkgo wmtf n dlptf ki elnr :%< a% Tfl lsxmt ki tfl pnssnhlnrl krm letld strmgtcy ke tfl pnrts ki tfl wkrcd &Imh%>4-% Juchnrmne nstrkekalrs &N %Wtkylv ! Rlkpcl(s N strkekamg Kjslrvntkry me Wtnrn Pnhkrn# ] u% Y lrjnekvn nedR% T kdkrkvn me ] najkc# ned ktflrs- fnvl suhhlstld tfnt tfms rmtunc gkapclx wnsusld ncsk ikr nstrkekamg kjslrvntmkes% \smeh n anheltkaltlr ki krmhmenc gke!strugtmke# tkhltflr wmtf Juchnrmne mevlstmhntkrs wl dmsgkvlrld ne metlrlstmeh

pflekaleke0 tfl pnssnhl me tfl rkgo hkls tfrkuhf tfl zkels ki tfl ckgnc anheltmgnekancmls &Imh% ><-% N plrske# hkmeh tfrkuhf tfla me n glrtnme rfytfa# plrglmvls

!8<!





tfl krmhmenc anheltmg pnrtmtmke# ned grkssls imlcds wmtf dmiilrlet anheltmg medug!

tmkes slquletmnccy% Tfms suppksmtmke fns jlle gkeimrald jy usmeh tfl altfkd ki

lstmantmeh tfl medmvmdunc anheltmg slesmtmvlelss dlvlckpld me tfl cnjkrntkry ki

tfl flcmkgcmantmg pntfkckhy ki tfl N gndlay ki Aldmgnc Wgmlegls# Wmjlrmne Jrnegf

&N %Y % T rkpfmakv ned E%Z% Dlrynpn# >=69-%

TN JC L >% Lxnapcls ki medmvmdunc pfysmkckhmgnc rlngtmkes ki plrskes wmtf

pgygfmg njmcmty wfle pnssmeh tfrkuhf tfl *anheltmg pnssnhl* ki tfl O njmcl

suegtunrmua &>2%>9%>==2# Juchnrmn-%

RksmtmkeJlikrl *anheltmg pnssnhl* N itlr *anheltmg pnssnhl*

Rksmtmke

N RaaF H

M N R \ A % 9 aoN N RaaF H

M N R \ A % 9 aoN

ksmtmke

N RaaF H D & / - ( & ! -

N RaaF H D & / - &!-

M >:4 62 7 >< ><: 69 : <

M M >>6 62 : >9 >:: 89 7 :

M >:: 62 >2 4 >>9 64 >< 6

M M >>2 82 9 4 >79 66 : >9

M >:6 62 = 8 >42 84 4 6

MM >44 =2 9 9 >74 8: >2 <

M >:2 62 : 6 >:: 6: 4 8

M M >>9 8: : 6 >44 =4 4 9

M >:6 62 < >2 >:6 =2 = 7

M M >7: 64 >2 < >4: 69 = 9

M ! memtmnc stntl%

MM! prkjl wmtf alnsurld anheltmg ckndmeh%

T fl rlgkestrugtmke ki tfl rmtunc glrlakemls ki tfl Tfrngmnes me tfl O njmcl

snegtunrmua wns gnrrmld kut wmtf tfl pnrtmgmpntmke ki Juchnrmne

pnclknstrkekalrs# ltfekhrnpflrs# nrgflkckhmsts# ned psygfmgs% Mt ncckwld us tk

nssual tfnt rfytfamgnccy pnssmeh tfrkuhf tfl anheltmg *imlcd pnssnhl* prkaktld

!88!



tfl plrskes tnomeh pnrt me tfl glrlakey tk rlngf tfl krmhmenc psygfkpfysmgnc stntlnt tfl gletrnc pkmet ki grkss# wflrl tfl nctnr ms ckgntld &Rfktk <-# kplemeh tfl wnytk dmstnet!meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes me mts wfkcl tktncmty ns n spngl!pcneltnrypflekaleke% Ke Kgtkjlr >9 ned >8# >==2 tfl tncletld psygfmg @ nsamen Dns!gnckvn# fnvmeh jlle me dmiilrlet stntls# andl akrl tfne >2nttlapts nt manhl!jlnr!

meh trnesamssmke ki meikrantmke irka dmiilrlet pkmets ki tfl O njmcl snegtunrmuagnccld *Fnrl pmgos*% N s n rlsuct ki tflsl nttlapts# sfl rlvlncld tfl oly pksmtmkes#fnvmeh dltlrameld rlprkdugmjcl trnesamssmke ned rlglmvld manhl!jlnrmeh meikr!

R fktk < N ctnr% T fl gletrnc pnrt еЗ tfl r mtunc gkapclx me Gnjmcl% T fl * anheltmg* gkrr mdkr %

!86!



Rfktk%9 Lxtrnslesl Pfnsamen Jnsonckvn ! nf ngtmvl pnrtmgmpnet ki tfl lxplrmaletnc sls!smkes ki dmstnet!manhl gkeelgcmke%(Juchnrmn!Ekvksmjmrso%

antmke kvlr n vlry ckeh dmstnegl% Tfl ikcckwmeh gkedmtmkes aust jl sntmsimld0 >- n

tfrll!ikcd pnssmeh tfrkuhf tfl anheltmg pnssnhl wmtf n glrtnme splld ned rfytfa0

:- trnesamssmke ms irka tfl nctnr zkel elnr tfl rkgo dlpmgtmeh tfl Hkdlss O njmclned n gkestlccntmke me tfl ikra ki *trmdlet*? 7- tfl trnesamssmke ms nt emhft tmal

uedlr tfl stnrcmt dkal ki tfl soy? 4- gketngt wmtf n glrlakemnc kj`lgt ! n stkel

spflrl# ikued me tfl lxgnvntmkes ki tfl *trnesamssmke* pnrt me tfl nctnr zkel &nt

tfl tmal ki tfl lxplrmalet tfl *spflrl*# prlsletld jy tfl nrgflkckhmsts# fnd ne

nhl ki njkut :%< tfkusned ylnrs ned# ns tfl ltfekhrnpflrs ned tfl

pnclknstrkekalrs suppksl# rliclgts tfl gksakhkemgnc gkeglptmkes ki tfl

Tfrngmnes-% Tfus# kecy tfksl slnegls me wfmgf ncc 4 gkedmtmkes wlrl strmgtcy

!8=!



Rfktk%8 T fl r mcunc spflrl ir ka mfl nrgfgkckhmgnc lxgnvntmkes me O njmcl ne kj`lgt ki liilgtmvlslssmkes ki dmstnet! manhl gkeelgtmke%

sntmsimld &7 irka >:- wlrl sugglssiuc% Durmeh tflsl slnegls manhl!jlnrmeh meikr!

antmke wns plrglmvld jy tfl rlglmvmeh hrkup &>> plrskesme Ekvksmjmrso% N p!

pnrletcy tfl trnesamssmke wns sk strkeh ned jrmhft tfnt manhls trnesamttld irkaO njmcl wlrl plrglmvld ke ktflr dnys slvlrnc tmals%

Xmtf slnegls irka tfl snegtunry *Fnrl pmgo*# tfl nttlapt nt dmstnet!manhl!

jlnrmeh metlrngtmkes jltwlle plrskes wns uedlrtnole irka nektflr gucturnc!fms!

tkrmgnc strntua ! irka dmiilrlet pcngls ki tfl Jyznetmel jnsmcmgns gkestrugtld me

tfl MY tf gletury J%G% Tfl manhl!jlnrmeh meikrantmke wmtf tfl usl rlcmhmkus

syajkcs usunc me Jyznetmel guc turl wns rlglmvld ke Kgtkjlr >8# >==2 jy <

alajlrs ki tfl Ekvksmjmrso rlglmvmeh hrkup kecy me : slnegls# wfle tfl trnesams!

!62!



Rfktk%6 Pf%Dnsonckvn me tfl plr mkd ki tfl dmstnet!manhl gkeelgtmke slssmke%&tfl anheltmg!nekanckus zkel ki tfl T rnomsoy sfr mel me O njmc-

smke wns plrikrald irka tfl nctnr pnrt ned tfl jnptmstlrmua ki tfl Jyznetmeltlapcl% T fl manhls trnesamttld irka tfl ktflr pnrts ki tfl tlapcl &tfly wlrlusld me ncc = pkmets- *dmd ekt imed tfl wny* ned wlrl ekt plrglmvld me Wmjlrmn%

A nhemtkaltrmgnc anppmeh ki tfl jnsmcmgn sfkwld tfnt tfl nctnr ned tfl jnp!tmstlrmua wlrl ckgntld me tfl zkels ki tfl elhntmvl anheltmg nekancmls &wmtfrlsplgt tk tfl jngohrkued vnculs ki tfl anheltmg medugtmke me tfms tlapcl-%

Tfus# ke tfms dny tfl sugglssiuc *trnesamttmeh ned rlglmvmeh* wns plrikraldnt tfl pkmets wmtf rlcntmvlcy fypkhlkanheltmgnc gkedmtmkes &tfl anheltmg imlcdmedugtmke wns rldugld jy njkut < ЕЕЕ Tc-%

Ke Kgtkjlr :2# >==2# wkros wlrl plrikrald irka tfl lelkcmtmg slttclalet

dntld tk MY tfkusned J%G% ckgntld elnr tfl vmccnhl ki Dncekscnv% Kel ki tfl kcdlstned tfl cnrhlst glrlakemnc gkapclxls me Juchnrmn &:2 nctnrs me ne nrln ki njkut 4tfkusned a - ms ckgntld flrl% A nhemtkaltrmgnc anppmeh ki tfl nctnrs dmd ekt sfkwney dmiilrlegl me tfl anheltmg medugtmke vnculs ki tflsl pkmets irka tfl surrkued!meh jngohrkued% T flrl nrl ek anheltmg nekanckus zkels% Ke tfms dny ek slneglski manhl!jlnrmeh trnesamssmke wlrl rlglmvld me Ekvksmjmrso% Me kur kpmemke# kel

ki tfl oly gkedmtmkes rlcntld tk tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf wns njslet0ne napcmimld ckgnc anheltmg icux# gnusld jy hlkpfysmgnc smehucnrmtmls nt tfms pcngl%

!6>!



Me tfms gnsl# mt npplnrs tfnt dmstnet!meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes nrl rlncmzld kecywmtf dmiimgucty% Tfnt wmcc jl gkeimrald me tfl ikcckwmeh ned ktflr pkmets ki tflJuchnrmne lxpldmtmke%

T fl snegtunrmua ki Jlcmetnsf ms n gkapclx systla ki gkeelgtld vlsslcs# gutmetk tfl rkgo ikr glrlakemnc cmqumds ned wntlr% N itlr anheltmg alnsurmeh ned

jmkckgntmkenc anppmeh# plrikrald jy ] u% A nrgflegk ned N % Wtkylv# mt wnsdmsgkvlrld tfnt tfl Wnjnzmn tfrkel# ned ncsk tfl gletlrs ki tfl rkgo rlslrvkmrs nrlme lelrhy ngtmvl pkmets ki tfl Lnrtf# gkrrlspkedmeh tk Fnrtanee!O urry(s ekdls#ned ncsk# prldkamenetcy# me zkels ki amgrkanheltmg nekancmls wmtf n vlry cnrhlhrndmlet me tfl anheltmg imlcd &Imh% >9-% Xl suppksl tfnt tfl slclgtmke ki tfl pcnglikr tfl snegtunrmua ke Jlcmetnsf wns gkeelgtld wmtf tfl smehucnrmty ki tfl

hlkpfysmgnc strugturl ki tfms akuetnme plno% T fl dmsgkvlrld hlkpfysmgnc sme!hucnrmty ki tfl Jlcmetnsf rlhmke ns wlcc ns me Onjmcl# pkssmjcy# wns usld me tflglrlakemnc ngtmkes ki Tfrngmnes%

T fl lelrhltmgnc!ngtmvl# meikrantmkenc!gnpngmtntmvl wntlr glrlakemnc sys!tla# drmvle nggkrdmeh tk tfl spntmnc gygcls ki tfl nstrkekamgnc gnclednr# wlcc

R fkck = N% T rkitakv ned R% c kdkrkvu жзм alomeh n eaheltkaltr mg survly ki tfl Wnegtunry#

Jlcmetnsf%

!6:!



Rfktk >2 *Trkel Wnjnsmyn* ! tfl anheltmg nekancmkus zkel ki T frnoy(s Wnegtunry# Jlcme!tnsf%

oekwe tk tfl Tfrngmnes# gkucd jl ckgntld tflrl% Xntlr ickwmeh irka tfms systla

fnd splgmnc prkplrtmls% \ p tk ekw# tfl fmps ke jusfls rlglmvmeh wntlr irka tfms

systla durmeh rnmes ned stkras nrl 7!4 tmals cnrhlr tfne ke tfl elmhfjkurmeh

jusfls# ckgntld inr irka tfl akuetnme ickws% A ne ncsk gne lxpmlrlegl tfl ikrgl

ki tfms meiculegl# rlvmvmeh alakrmls ki tflsl pcngls% Tfl dmstnet!meikrantmkenc

trnesamssmke# gnrrmld kut jy @ nsamen Dnsgnckvn ke Kgtkjlr :># >==> irka tfl

anheltmgnccy nekanckus Wnjnzmn(s tfrkel# wns plrglmvld jy tfl rlglmvmeh hrkup#

ckgntld tfkusneds ki om ckaltlrs nwny irka tflrl# me Ekvksmjmrso% M t wns ncsk

flnrd jy n slesmtmvl jmksleskr ! tfl Gfmelsl rksl# ned wns dltlgtld jy tflgkaputlr# cmeold tk tfl rksl% Tfrll ktflr nttlapts# uedlrtnole irka tfl elmhf!

!67!



Rfktk >> T fl lclalet ki lelrhk!ngtmvl wntlr r mtunc systla ki tfl Wnegtunry# Jlcmetnsf%

jkurmeh# eke!nekakckus pkmets# wlrl uesugglssiuc% Tfl ikrgl ki Wnjnzmn(s

tfrkel# nppnrletcy gnusld jy meslrtmeh n A ne metk tfl uemtld spngl!pcneltnrysystla# metk tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf# rlprlslets ne nwnolemeh ned

napcmimgntmke ki prkplrtmls meflrlet kecy me Hkds# megcudmeh tfl Tfrngmne flnclrs

Wnjnzmn ned Krpflus# wfk wkucd jl gnccld psygfmgs me akdlre tlras%

Ke Kgtkjlr :7#>==2# n slnegl ki dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh gkaauemgntmke wns

plrikrald jltwlle n Tfrngmne gnvl snegtunrmua# ckgntld < oa irka tfl vmccnhl

ki Jyckvk# ned Wkpfmn% Tfl glrlakemnc gnvl elnr Jyckvk gketnmes n cnrhl euajlr

ki negmlet pmgturls% Tfly jlgnal tfl kj`lgts ki n dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh trnes!

amssmke% Jlikrl tfl slnegl ki tfl gkaauemgntmke# ns me tfl ktflr Juchnrmne

suegtunrmn# wl plrikrald n anhemtkaltrmgnc anppmeh ki tfl gnvl suringl% Ek

lxprlssld anheltmg nekanckus zkels wlrl dmsgkvlrld# jut tfl pcngls wflrl tflrl

wlrl pmgturls sfkwld n dmiilrlegl irka tfl vnculs ki tfl anheltmg medugtmke ki

tfl rkgos% Tfms dmiilrlegl rlngfld > tfkusned Tc% Kel wkucd tfmeo tfnt mt ms n

sancc dm iilrlegl%%% Jut me n wkrcd ki wlno lgkckhmgnc cmeos# mt wns dlgmsmvl% Irkatfl slrmls ki manhls trnesamttld me sugglssmke# kecy tfksl wfmgf wlrl trnesamttld

!64!



irka pkmets wmtf cnrhl vnculs ki anheltmg medugtmke wlrl rlglmvld me Wkpfmn%

N ggkrdmeh tk tfl altfkds ki trnesamssmke# tfl kplrntkr(s ingl wns ckgntld :2 ga

irka tfl pmgturl% Lxnapcls ki gkrrlgt rlglmvld manhls nrl hmvle &Imh% >8-% N vlry

mapkrtnet prkjcla wfmgf rlqumrls tfl ikcckwmeh dltnmcld mevlstmhntmkes rmsls%

Xfnt nrl tfl rkcls ki tfl anheltmg strugturl ki tfl gcksld gnvl spngl ned tfldmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh gfneelc ki gkaauemgntmke me tfl negmlet pnmetlrs( grln!

tmke; Tfl stntlalet ki tfl prkjcla ms gkrrlgt jlgnusl twmgl me kur mevlstmhntmkes#

me O fngnssmn ned me Juchnrmn# tfl hlkpfysmgnc smehucnrmtmls ki tfl gnvls dltlrameld

tfl sugglss ki tfl dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh metlrngtmkes%

Tfus# tfl mevlstmhntmkes ki dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh metlrngtmkes me glrlakemnc

pcngls ki tfl Tfrngmne gucturl dmsgkvlrld tfl rkcl ki tfl hlkpfysmgnc strugturl ki

tfl snegtunrmua spngls me plrikrameh glrlakemls% Me tflsl rmtuncs# pnrtmgmpnetsletlrld metk tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd% Tfms wns sugglssiuccy rlprkdugld jy lx!

plrmaletnc rlgkestrugtmke me kur Juchnrmn!Ekvksmjmrso lxplrmalets ke dmstnet!

manhl!jlnrmeh gkaauemgntmke% Dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh gkaauemgntmke wns liilg!

tmvl kecy irka tfl anheltmg nekanckus pcngls ki tfl Tfrngmne suegtunrmns

&Imh%>6-%

Mevlstmhntmkes# stnrtld me Juchnrmn# fnvl tk jl gketmeuld me tfl irnalwkro

ki tfl splgmnc prkhrna ki tfl lxpldmtmke *Jy wny ki tfl hrlnt amhrntmkes ki

Imh% >6 G fnehl me dmstnet! manhl gkaauemgntmkes liilgmlegy jltwlle Juchnrmn ned

Ekvksmjmr so wmtf anheltmg gkedmtmkes me tfl pcngl ki trnesamssmke &T rnomn suegtunry-# Kgtkjlr>==2%

&, rlglmvld manhls irka euajlr ki tr esamssmkes-

!6<!



A neomed*# wfmgf wns jlhue me >==:%Irka tfl pcngls ki splgmnc gucturnc!fmstkrmgncmapkrtnegl me dmiilrlet gkuetrmls nckeh tfl lxpldmtmke(s rkutl# pnrtmgmpnets wmccgnrry kut slnegls ki dmstnet!manhl gkeelgtmke# wfmgf wmcc flcp tk uegkvlr tfl trulrkcl ki dmstnet metlrngtmkes jltwlle plrskes me tfl gksakpcneltnry fmstkry ki tfl

Metlcclgt ned A neomed%

T ― a a ? t t ! ― >2%:7%>==2% p • • ― >2%:7%>==2#crnesamttmeh >40Х!>4042 Zlglmvmeh >40>2!>4042

I mh% >8 T fl rlsuct ki tfl dmstnet!manhl fuane jlmeh metlrngtmkes uedlr tfl * trnesamssmke*

ki pmgtur ls nt tfl anheltkngtmvl smtls ki tfl r mtunc gnvl Me Jnyckvk%

!69!



KZRF L\W DLWGL EDW TK FLC C %

WRLCLKLVRLDMTMKE%

Tfl hlkhrnpfmgnc rlnca# wfmgf ikrald uedlr tfl meiculegl ki tfl lelrhltmg

strlna ki jlgkameh &nstrkekamg gygcls# gcmantl- ned pcneltnry enturl &tlgtkemg#

vkcgnemg ned fydrkckhmgnc pflekalen- ns wlcc ns tfl strlnas ki jmkckhmgnc krmhme#

ms n omed ki n jkuednry cnylr mevkcvld me gkapclx gksakpcneltnry lxgfnehl# tfus

dlvmdmeh ned kmemeh kur pcnelt wmtf tfl Gksaks &O nzengfllv# >=67-% A ney wkros

ke tfl cnedsgnpl spflrl ki tfl Lnrtf ned mts hlkhrnpfmgnc rlncas nrl jnsld ke

tfl mdlns ki Y% M % Y lrendsoy% F l gkesmdlrld tfl Jmkspflrl ns n zkel ki tfl Lnrtf(s

grust wmtf trnesikralrs gkevlrtmeh spntmnc rndmntmke metk dmiilrlet omeds ki Lnrtf

lelrhy0 lclgtrmgnc# gflamgnc# algfnemgnc ltg &Y lrendsoy# >=:9#>=62-%

Tfl hlkhrnpfmgnc rlnca ms eke!uemikra% Tfl mapkrtnet lclalets ki tfms

eke!uemikramty nrl eualrkus gnrst ikrantmkes me \ pplr @ urnsmg ned O lajrmne

cmalstkels rlsuctmeh me tfl nekanckus dlvmntmkes me tlccurmg gurrlets ned tflanheltmg imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf% Flegl# wl fnvl tfl rmhft tk suhhlst me dmiilrlet pnrts

ki tfl Lnrtf ned uedlr tfl hrkued spntmnc liilgtsnrl jlmeh rlirngtld najmhukuscy

&Hkckvnekv# >=69-%

N ggkrdmeh tk akdlre sgmletmimg gkeglptmkes dlvlckpld jy spntmnc

netrkpklgkckhy wl gkesmdlr ney cmvmeh grlnturl# megcudmeh tfl fmhflr stnhl ! A ne

! ns n slci!krhnemzmeh krhnemsa ikr trnesikrameh gksamg lelrhy# n systla wfmgf

usls n enturnc nstrkpfysmgnc prkglss gkesuameh ned ngguaucntmeh skal pnrt kitfl gksamg rndmntmke% Tfl study ki tfl rlhucnrmtmls ki lclgtrkanheltmg lxgfnehl

jltwlle tfl fuane krhnemsa ned tfl levmrkalet uedlr tfrkuhf syegfrkekus

suringl ned uedlrhrkued kjslrvntmkes ms tfkuhft tk jl ki tfl hrlnt mapkrtnegl%

X l suhhlstld tfnt tfl gfnehl me tfl meikrantmg!lelrhltmg jngohrkued ki tfl

gksamg liilgt ki lclgtrkanheltmg ned ktflr omeds ki enturnc pflekalen kjslrvld

uedlr tfl hrkued nt dmiilrlet dlptfs any niilgttfl systla prkvmdmeh lclgtrkanh!

eltmg fkalkstnsms tk tfl fuane krhnemsa% Tfl elw altfkdmg npprkngf wl usld

ncckwld us tk dk n dyenamg lvncuntmke ki lclgtrkanheltmg fkalkstntmstmgs% X l

!68!



Wgncl >0 :22 222

I mh% >= T fl anp ki tfl anheltmg imlcd( s nekancmls# O fnonsscn

ekr anc A R <=422 eT cmskdyels me fuedr lds eT c

Ф ! pcngl ki gnrr ymeh kut tfl rlslnrgf ms O nsfoucno( s gnvl

!66!



nppcmld dksld anheltmg cknds jy n gkestnet anheltmg imlcd wflrl medugtmke wns422 tmals ns augf ns tfl nvlrnhl medugtmke vnculs ki tfl hlkanheltmg imlcd% Jytfl vlgtkr ned napcmtudl ki tfl gfnehls me tfl rlhmstlrld psygfkpfysmkckhmgncpnrnaltlrs &tmal ki rlngtmke ke cmhft!mrrmtntmke# nrtlrmnc prlssurl# pucsl irlqule!

gy# tlaplrnturl# lclgtrksome rlsmstnegl- wl gnal tk gkegcusmkes ekt kecy njkuttfl dlhrll ki medmvmdunc anheltkslesmtmvmty ki tfl krhnemsa jut ncsk tfl rntl ki mtsgkevletmkenc gkeùhntmke wmtf tfl flcmkhlkpfysmgnc smtuntmke%

Jlsmdls tfl tlst ke tfl lxprlss!lstmantmke ki anheltkslesmtmvmty# n euajlrki trndmtmkenc iuegtmkenc tlsts wlrl usld ns wlcc% T fl mevlstmhntmkes wlrl gnrrmldkut me >=64!>=68 &ckw skcnr ngtmvmty plrmkd- me gnrst ikrantmkes me Wmjlrmn# A mddclN smn ned tfl Trnes Gnrpntfmnes% A krl splgmimgnccy# tfl tlsts tkko pcngl me tfl

O fnonssmn nutkekamg rlhmke me tfl Wkutf ki tfl O rnsekynrso nrln me O nsf!oucnosonyn Hntl &Imh% >=- nt dlptfs irka 92 tk >42 a wflrl tfl plrmkdmgnccygfnehmeh hlkpfysmgnc jngohrkued ki tfms gnvl andl mt qumtl hkkd ikr jmkhlkpfysm!gnc studmls? me tfl O np!O utne gnvl me tfl akuetnme anss ki O uhmtneh!T nu meTuroalemn#me tfl rlhmke ki tfl pksmtmvl anheltmg nekancy nt dlptfs irka 82 tk>:2 a ned me tfl wnstld pmts ki tfl T rnes Gnrpntfmne rlhmke nt n dlptf ki njkut722 a% T fl alajlrs ki tfl Ekvksmjmrso ned Trnesgnrpntfmne splclkckhy gcujs

ns wlcc ns >:9 ykueh flnctfy ale ki nhls irka >6 tk :4 ylnrs tkko pnrt me tflsygfrkekus suringl ned uedlrhrkued studmls% T fl nma ki tflsl studmls wns tkskcvl tfl anme prkjcla0 tk lvncuntl plgucnrmtmls ki A ne(s rlspkesls me tflgkedmtmkes me wfmgf tfl usunc flcmkhlkpfysmgnc jngohrkued ms trnesikrald jy tfltfmgoelss ki tfl rkgos% Tfl jngohrkued wns rlhmstlrld wmtf n slt ki hlkpfysmgncned altlksyekptmg mestrualets &qunetua anheltkaltlr A !77# skal rlgkrdlrs#typl Tnehnr# skal mestrualets# #typl N L!8:# ikr rlgkrdmeh lclgtrmgnc lnrtf

pnrnaltlrs# nutkantmg tflrakhrnpfs A !>9 ned nelrkmd jnrkhrnpfs A !::-% T flrlsucts ki tfl tfrll!dny syegfrkekus suringl!uedlrhrkued mevlstmhntmkes sfkwldtfnt фм pfysmkckhmgnc pnrnaltlrs ki tfl plkpcl tlstld nt tfl dlptf ki 722 a hrlntcydmiilrld &p- irka tfl dntn ki tfl gketrkc suringl hrkup% Rnrtmgucnry# wl kjslrvldne megrlnsl ki jckkd prlssurl &jy >9 aa%a%g% ke tfl nvlrnhl-# jkdy tlaplrnturl&jy >%9(G ke tfl nvlrnhl-# fned dyenakaltry dntn &jy 6 oh ke tfl nvlrnhl-# nedlclgtrkgkedugtmvmty me tfl rlhmke ki some prk`lgtmkes ki rliclxktflrnpfy pkmets &jy4 aN -% N fmhf pucsl irlqulesy &jy ><,- wns ncsk kjslrvld nt n gcmekkrtfkstntmg

!6=!



uedlrhrkued tlst% Tfl smhemimgnet dmiilrlegls wlrl ncsk wlcc!anrold jy tfl ledki tfl imrst dny ki tfl syegfrkekus mevlstmhntmkes wmtf plkpcl ki tfl snal nhl memdletmgnccy gkaikrtnjcl amgrkgcmantmg gkedmtmkes# megcudmeh rlhucnrmty ki alncs%

Me tfl anheltmg tlstmeh# tfl *suringl* ned *uedlrhrkued* hrkups metrndnydyenamgs ki nrtlrmnc prlssurl clvlc ned mts icugtuntmke npplnrld tk jl gketrnry%Irka tfl slgked dny ke# tfl plkpcl tlstld ke tk suringl fnd n tledlegy tkdlgrlnsl tflmr memtmnc N %R% vncul ned tfl megrlnsl uedlr anheltmg tlstmeh% Jut wmtftfl plkpcl tlstld uedlr tfl hrkued# memtmnc N R vnculs megrlnsld ikr 7 dnys# jutuedlr tfl anheltmg meiculegl fypktlesmvl rlngtmke dlvlckpld% T fl dntn kjtnmeldnt tfl suringl!uedlrhrkued mevlstmhntmkes me Turoalemn durmeh tfl fmhf anheltmg

J e T C9222 •

<22 2 •

J e T C9222 •

<22 2 •

,

82

N R s U «

<22

72

>2

N R sN R d

2N R d

>

—:2

>: 7 4 < > з 7 4 <

I mh% :2 G fnehls ki vlgtkr ki anheltktrpmg rlngtmkes me ane &jy nrtlr mnc prlssurl- nt tflakalet ki anheltmg imlcd gfnehmeh &nggkrdmeh tk qunet! anheltkaltry- me gnvls r mtunc hrkued%

!=2!



dmsturjnegls &anheltmg stkras- nrl ki hrlnt metlrlst% Xfmcl me tfl *suringl* hrkup&:: plrskes- tfl memtmnc vnculs ki tfl systkcmg N R me tfl plrmkd ki tfl anme pfnslki tfl anheltmg dmsturjnegls wlrl >:7%< />!:7 aa%a%g%# tfksl me tfl *uedlr!hrkued* hrkup wlrl >>6%7 />!:> aa%a%g% &p-%Tfl dmiilrlegls me dksld anheltmgckndmeh durmeh tfl anheltmg stkra nrl ncsk ki smhemimgnegl0 ke tfl suringl tflsystkcmg N R megrlnsld# jy >>%: aa%a%g% ke tfl nvlrnhl#wfmcl nt tfl mdletmgncckndmeh uedlr tfl hrkued mt ncsk megrlnsld jy >2%8 aa%a%g%# ke tfl nvlrnhl% T fldntn rlhmstlrld me tfl hlkpfysmgnccy nekanckus gnvl me O fnonssmn &nt tfl plrm!kdmgnc fmhf icugtuntmkes ki tfl lclgtrmgnc ned anheltmg imlcds ned amgrkslmsamgngtmvmty- nrl dmiilrlet% N augf hrlntlr rntl ki megrlnsmeh dmnstkcmg N R me rlspkesltk tfl meiculegl ki tfl anheltmg imlcd wns kjslrvld wfle tlstmeh mesmdl tfl gnvl0

/ 79%4 aa%a%g% &gkapnrld tk tfl suringl tlstmeh0 >:%: aa%a%g% ned tfl gketrkctlst ki tfl snal hrkup wfle mamtntmeh uedlrhrkued gkedmtmkes0 / 4%: aa%a%g%-%T fl gfnehl ki tfl vlgtkrnc krmletntmke ki tfl rlspkesls tk tfl anheltmg imlcd msgfnrngtlrmstmg ikr ncc tfl wfle tlstld ke tfl suringl ned me tfl gnvl# wmtf tflmegrlnsl ki N R prlvnmc meh uedlr tfl hrkued% N hnmest tfl jngohrkued ki plrm !kdmgnccy ned nekanckuscy gfnehmeh vnculs ki tfl hlkanheltmg imlcd medugtmke#imxld wmtf tfl anhemtkaltlr A !77# n trnesikrantmke ki tfl rlspkesls ki kel ned

tfl snal A ne i rka fypktlesmvl tk fyplrtlesmvl wns kjslrvld kecy nt tfl dlptfki >:2 a% wfmcl tlstmeh tfl liilgt ki tfl anheltmg imlcd nt tfl plrmkd ki tflhlkanheltmg medugtmke icugtuntmke &icugtuntmke napcmtudl tk >222 eTc-#&Imh :2-%T fl ingt tfnt sugf icugtuntmkes nrl kjslrvld kecy me kel pcngl ! me tfl rm tunc zkelki tfms negmlet gnvl ms ki tfl hrlnt metlrlst% N t tfms akalet imxld psygfpfysmkckhm!gnc tlesmke wns rlgkrdld wmtf aney ki tfl tlstld plkpcl? megrlnsmeh nhmtntmke# ilnrned vmsunc fnccugmentmkes ikr skal ki tfla &tfly snw mt ns tfl sfnane-% N t tfl

suringl!uedlrhrkued mevlstmhntmke me Turoalemn tflrl wlrl ncsk kjslrvld wlcc!anrold dmiilrlegls me tfl gkrrlcntmvl dlpledlegl ki skal iuegtmkenc pnrnaltlrske tfl hlkanheltmg imlcd medugtmke%

Tfms dlpledlegl gketrndmgts tfl suringl ned uedlrhrkuedlclgtrkpnrnaltlrs ki змЛмьефмзвтч pkmets% X fle tlstmeh anheltmg liilgtske tflsuringl# gkrrlcntmvl dlpledlegl wns rlvlrsmjcl# rlngfmeh ektnjcl vnculs

&r 1 2%<:2- me tfl rlcntmke tk systkcmg N R% Me tfl anheltmg tlstmeh me tfl gnvl# sugfgkrrlcntmke gkliimgmlets wlrl ekt kjslrvld%

!=>!



R fktk >: M evlstmhntmke ki O nsfoucno gnvl &O fnonssmn-%







Rfktk ><%

!=<!



T fl syegfrkekus suringl!uedlrhrkued tlstmeh me O fnonsmn sfkwld wlcc!

anrold dmiilrlegls me lclgtrk!pnrnaltlrs ki rliclxktflrnpy pkmets &nggkrdmeh tk

tfl twk!pfnsl gurrlet dmvlrsmty-0 ke tfl suringl 4%9 / !2%9aN# me tfl gnvl 9%=/!2%6

N &p-# ned me tfl gfnehls ki lclgtrkgkedugtmvmty me tfl anheltmg tlstmeh0 !>%4 / !2%<

N ke tfl suringl ned >%:/ !2%8 aN uedlr tfl hrkued &p-% Mt ms metlrlstmeh tfnt

tflsldmiilrleglswlrl dlakestrntld me tfl tlstld hrkup jy plkpcl wfk fnd n vlry

fmhf dlhrll ki flcmkhlkpfysmgnc rmso nt tfl prlentnc plrmkd &>!7 aketfs- ned wlrl

jkre nt tfl plrmkd ki fmhf Wkcnr ngtmvmty% Xfle fnvmeh dksld pfysmgnc ckndmeh

&stlp!tlst- tfl snal plkpcl dlakestrntld skal plgucmnrmtmls ki tfl rlspkesls ki

tflmr gnrdmk!vnsgucnr systla jktf ke tfl suringl ned uedlr tfl hrkued%Tfl

lxtlesmke ki tfl rlgkvlry plrmkd nitlr pfysmgnc ckndmeh uedlr tfl hrkued wns

gfnrngtlrmzld jy ektnjcl dmiilrlegls me tfl pucsl irlqlegy ki tfl tlstld &nt tfltfmrd ameutl ki rlgkvlry-0 ke tfl suringl 88%8/+!4%> j+a# uedlr tfl hrkued

=7%7/+!4%> j+a &memtmnc vnculs 86 ned 88 j+a# gkrrlspkedmehcy-% Tfus# tfl

syegfrkekus suringl!uedlrhrkued mevlstmhntmkes ke flnctfy plkpcl

dlakestrntld megrlnsmeh memtmnc vnculs ki tfl iuegtmkenc pnrnaltlrs uedlr tfl

hrkued# n hrlnt euajlr ki fyplrtlesmvl rlngtmkes# ektnjcl dmiilrlegls me tfl

lclgtrkpnrnaltlr icugtuntmkes me tlstmeh ki tfl anheltmg imlcd# gfnehl me tfl akdl

ki gkrrlcntmeh dmiilrlegls jltwlle tfl iuegtmkenc ned hlkpfysmgnc pnrnaltlrs&tflmr ckwlrmeh# mevlrsmke ned nsyaaltry me tfl gnvl-# megrlnsmeh gnrdmk!vnsgucnr

systla rlspkesls tk krtfkstnsms ned dlglclrntld rlgkvlry nitlr pfysmgnc ckndmeh

me tfl uedlrhrkued gkedmtmkes% Tfl mevlstmhntmkes gnrrmld kut nggkrdmeh tk tfl

prkhrna *HC KJ LO W* durmeh fmhf anheltmg dmsturjnegls sfkwld tfl

prkekuegld sgrllemeh prkplrtmls ki tfl Lnrtf(s grust% Tfl tledlegy tkwnrds

dlvlckpmeh fyplrtlesmvl rlngtmkes jktf me tfl memtmnc vnculs ki N R ned me mts

dyenamgs me tfl tlstmeh ki anheltmg meiculegl rlhmstlrld durmeh tfl anheltmg

dmsturjnegls ke tfl suringl npplnrld tk jl drnstmgnccy clssleld% Gnrst ikrantmkes

ki tfl Lnrtf# wfle gkesmdlrld irka tfl pkmet ki vmlw ki gksamg netfrkpklgkckhy#

gkeimrald tfl plgucmnr meikrantmvl!lelrhltmg gfnrngtlrmstmgs ki tfl fuane kr!

hnemsa me tfl gkedmtmkes ki studymeh lclgtrkanheltmg fkalkstnsms% Tfms gygcl ki

jmkhlkpfysmgnc studmls gkei mras tfl pflekaleke ki tfl flcmkhlkpfysmgnc maprmet!

meh ki A ne &O nzengfllv# lt nc%#>=6<- ned tfl rkcl ki tfl enturnc lclgtrkanheltmgaldmua me rlhucntmeh fms vmtnc iuegtmkes% Tflsl studmls wmcc jl gketmeuld jktf ke

!=9!



dmiilrlet enturnc akdlcs ned me tfl gcmemgnc!lxplrmaletnc mevlstmhntmkes wmtf tfl

fypkanheltmg mestnccntmkes &wmtf tfl ckwlrmeh hlkanheltmg imlcd jy slvlrnc

fuedrld tmals- %Tflsl mevlstmhntmkes wmcc flcp us tk uedlrstned tfl vlry metrmgntl

algfnemsa ki tle jmktrkpmg meiculegls ki tfl anheltmg imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf ned ki

tfl elnr ned inr Gksaks%

Mt ms gclnr# tfnt tfl anheltmg imlcds me tfl gnvls ngt ke tfl fuane psygfmgnc

ned pfysmkcmhmgnc stntl me n splgmnc wny ned tfnt tfms ms akst gclnrcy dmspcnyld me

tfl O nsfgucngo gnvl# wfmgf wns nekanckus hlkpfysmgnc prkplrtmls# ckgntld me

O fnonssmn% M t ms tfms gnvl tfnt wns slclgtld jy us ikr tfl elxt stnhl ki tfl

mevlstmhntmke ! tfl imrst lxplrmaletnc slnegls ki dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh gka!

auemgntmke tfrkuhf slvlrnc fmstkrmgnc lpkgfs%

Xl oelw tfl lxplrmalets irka tfl wkrcd cmtlrnturl# wflrl tfl altfkds nedfypktflsms ki dmstnet plrglptmke fns jlle dmsgussld wmdlcy% X% Jnrrlt ned O %

Rrmjrna &>=89- hnvl tfl ingts ki stmauctnet rlgkhemzmeh# ned mestnet ngtuncmzntmke

ki pnst lxplrmlegl# wfmgf sfkwld# me tflmr kpmemke# tfl wnvl enturl ki psygfkckhm!

gnc gkdmeh%

Y %A %Rusfome &>=88- nssuald tfnt mestnet jmkmeikrantmkenc gketngt wns

plrikrald jy alnes ki jmkpfysmgnc strugturls ki tfl psygfkckhmgnc manhl# lxtlr!

encmzld kutsmdl ki tfl krhnemsa0 dmstnet metlrngtmke ki tfl ikras# fnvmeh tflgkaake prkplrtmls ki wnvl &imlcd- strugturls# kggurld%

Lxnapcls ki metumtmvl gcnmrvkynegl nrl lxpcnmeld jy J%M% Msgngkv jy tfl

pksmtmkes ki tfl elutrmek!Rfktke fypktflsms# jy tfl pkssmjmcmty ki kjtnmemeh suj!

smhencs njkut rlaktl lvlets wmtf tlapkrnc kutstrmppmeh%

M%R% Wfalcykv &>=62- suppksls tfnt tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd fns n fkckhrnpfm!

gnc gfnrngtlr# gkesmdlrmeh tfl wkrcd# ns tfl hckjnc dyenamg dupclxspflrl# ns jlmeh

me n smehucnr stntl ki ncc stnhls ki tfl lvkcutmke ki tfl spntmnc systla# slgurmeh tfl

prlslegl ki *tfl pnst* ned *tfl iuturl* me *tfl prlslet*% Tfl wlcc oekwe skvmlt

nstrkekalr E%N % O kzyrlv hnvl nstrkekamg prkki ki tfl rlncmty ki tfl ikur!dmale!

smkenc A megkvsoy(s hlkaltry me fms wkros &>=62-# ned fns spkole njkut tlapkrnc

prkplrtmls dmsgkvlrld jy tfl alnes ki tfl nstrkekamgnc kjslrvntmkes%

F%Rutfkii ned Z% Tnrh &>=88- prkpksld altfkds ki dlsgrmptmke ki n rlaktl#

rnedkacy slclgtld tnrhlt jy tfl plrglpmlet% Tfms altfkd wns gkeimrald me neuajlr ki wkros &J% Dueel# T % Jmsnfn# >=8=-% Tfly ektld n tledlegy tkwnrds

!=8!



gclnrlr plrglptmke ki tfl *lstfltmgnc* nsplgts ns kppksld tk tfl rlcntmke ki

*nencytmgnc* dltnmcs# tfl pkssmjmcmty ki kutstrmppmeh plrglptmke &slvlrnc fkurs kr

dnys jlikrl tfl slclgtmke ki tfl kj`lgt ikr tfl trnesamssmke-# ned ikrlsllmeh ngglss

ki tfl plrglpmlet gkesgmkusselss tk tfl irnhalets ki n spntmnc! tlapkrnc strugturl

dmiilrlet irka tfl prlslet kels%

A % \ ccane# W% O rmppelr# ned N % Y nehfne &>=87- fnvl gnrrm ld kut ne

mevlstmhntmke ki plrglptmke me tfl gkedmtmkes ki tfl *eke!krmletld# lapty imlcd*

kr sleskry mefmjmtmke# ned tkhltflr wmtf G% Fkekrtke ned X % Jrnud &>=88- prkvld

tfl ngglssnjmcmty ki laktmkenc stmaucntmke ned plrskenc metlrlst tk n dmstnet*

Imh% :> Wgflal ki n rmtunc gnvl ki negmlet ane me Wkutflre Wmjlrmn%

Hrkttks0 > ! * Wcllpmeh* # : ! *Letfusmnst* # 7 ! *Wolcltke* # 4 ! *Dnro* # < ! * Hfkst* % pcngls ki splclkaldmgnc m evlstmhntmkes

!=6!



trnesamttmeh prkhrna% Ъ % A kss# &>=9=- nt tfl syapksmua *N akdlre ckko ntlxtrnsleskry plrglptmke* me tfl \emvlrsmty ki Gncmikremn# prlsletld n rlpkrt njkuttfl altfkds ki gkegrltl slclgtmke ki n pmgturl ikr tfl tlclpntfmg trnesamssmke kitfl laktmkes irka C ks!N ehlcls tk Elw ] kro ned Wusslx%

T fl stntmstmgnc trlntalet ki tfl rlsucts sfkws tfnt tfl meikrantmke irka tfl

tnrhlt dmd ekt npplnr me tfl plrglpmlet(s gkesgmkuselss rnedkacy% &G% Wgktt# >=8:?Z % A krrms# >=8:? H% Wkcivmv# L % O lccy# ned D% Jurdmgo# >=86-%

T fl usl ki tfl npprkngf wmtf ne medlpledlet lxplrt(s lstmantl &D% A nros#ned Z% O naanee# >=62- ned akdlre altfkds wmtf n jmenry ncpfnjlt ki tfltnrhlt!plrglptmke dlsgrmptkrs# ns wlcc ns tfl lstmantl ki tfl rndmk smhenc+ekmsl metfl prkglss ki meikrantmke trnesamssmke &Z% @ nfe# >=62- prkvld tfnt dmstnet!me!

ikrantmke metlrngtmkes wmtf fuane pnrtmgmpnets ms n rlncmty me Enturl%Mt wns elglssnry tk dltlramel tfl gkedmtmkes ki tfl antflantmgnccy smh!emimgnet rlprkdugtmke ki tfl wlno lgkckhmgnc metlrngtmkes ki sugf n typl% Mt jlgnalgclnr tfnt tfl laktmkenc!grlntmvl jlhmeemeh ki tfl plrskencmty me tfl prkglss kiplrglptmke ms kel ki tfla%

Kur lxpldmtmkenc wkros me O fnonssmn ned @ noutmn me tfl suaalr ki >=6= wlrldlvktld tk tfms prkjcla% Wk# pkmet E k%tc me kur imrst lxplrmalet ke dmstnet!manhl

gkaauemgntmke wns ckgntld me tfl gnvl me O fnonssmn%M t wns lstnjcmsfld jy ltfekhrnpfmgnc ned nrgflkckhmgnc wnys tfnt tfl O nsf!

gucngo gnvl wns usld ikr glrlakemnc purpksls ikr n tfkusned ylnrs% T flglrlakemnc pcngl fns jlle ckgntld me tfl *Wcmppmeh* hrkttk ki tfms gnvl &Imh% :>-ke tfl stkel *gnp* fnehmeh kvlr n dllp prlgmpmgl &tfl Hrkttk ki Letfusmnsts(%T fl hlkhrnpfmgnc prkimcl ki tfms pcngl fns n euajlr ki plgucmnrmtmls &Imh% ::-%

T flrl ms tfl nctnr# n anssmvl pfnccus!sfnpl stncnhamtl me tfl glrlakemnc zkel%

T fl sngrm imgl hrkued pnssls tk n dllp wlcc# tfl jkttka ki wfmgf ms plpplrld jytfl jkels ki sngrmimgld nemancs ned ale% N ggkrdmeh tk tfl splclkckhmsts( clhleds#me ust tfms glrlakemnc zkel ale wlrl plrmkdmgnccy kvlr gkal jy ilnr wmtfkut neyaktmvl# sk strkeh tfnt tfly wlrl ikrgld tk clnvl tfl gnvl me pnemg%

\smeh tfl altfkd ki tfl O mrc mne!Rfktk# wl lstnjcmsfld tfnt tfl kutlrprk`lgtmke ki tfl imlcd strugturl ki A ne# wfle ke glrlakemnc hrkued# gfnehld

sfnrpcy ned me tfl glrtnme gnsls dmsnpplnrld letmrlcy% Tfnt gne jl vlry mapkrtnetme tfl algfnemsas ki psygfktrkpmg% ngtmke &Rfktk >4-%

!==!



I mh% :: H lkpfysmgnc prkimcl ki O nsfoucng(s gnvl# O fnonssmn%^ ! pcngl ki lnrr meh kut tfl rlslnrgf me r mtunc zkel

> ! anheltmg medugtmke: ! lclgtrmg *Ekrtf!Wkutf* vlgtkr7 ! lclgtrmg * Lnst!Xlst* vlgtkr4 ! rlcmli ki tfl gnvl

M e mevlstmhntmkes ki tfms gnvl kvlr aney ylnrs &irka >=64 tk >==2- wl

lstnjcmsfld tfnt splgmnc psygfkpfysmgnc stntls ki A ne gkmegmdl wm tf plrmkdmgncckw!irlqulegy ksgmc cntmkes ki tfl hlkanheltmg i mlcd ki vlry cnrhl napcmtudl &I mh%

:2-% A krlkvlr# wl ektld# tfnt tflsl icugtuntmkes gne jl medugld jy hrkups ki ale

ki glrtnme quncmtntmvl ned qunetmtntmvl gkapksmtmke% N cc gnsls ki tfl nekanckus

hlkpfysmgnc ksgmccntmkes kggurld nt tfl akalets wfle tfl lxplrmaletnc hrkups

gkesmstld ki 7 tk < plrskes% Tflmr rlskenegl# tfne ms ekt clss mapkrtnet# ned ns wl

gcnrmimld# tfl spntmnc gkrrlspkedlegl% Tfl nekanckus liilgt wns napcmimld mi tfl

hrkup wns ikrald irka plrskes jkre nt tfl pfnsl ki tfl elw A kke# kr plrskesme wfka tfl plrmkd ki tflmr metrnutlrmel cmil# megcudmeh *tfl cnymeh* ki tfl akst

!>22!



mapkrtnet pnrts ki tfl jrnme gkmegmdld wmtf fnrd ngtmke ki tfl enturnc anheltmg

levmrkealet% &N gkaputlr prkhrna dlvlckpld me tfl cnjkrntkry ki

flcmkgc mantkpntfkckhy ncckws kel# usmeh tfl dntn jnsl ikr tfl spntmnc smtuntmke ikr

tfl cnst 82 ylnrs# tk medmvmdunccy lstmantl tfl flcmkhlkpfysmgnc smtuntmke nt tfl

grmtmgnc plrmkds ki metrnutlrmel cmil% M ts antflantmgnc slgtmke wns dlvlckpld jy

K%R% Wnrnegfme ned N %H% Hrngfykv-% \edlr nutkantmg akemtkrmeh ki tfl anh!eltmg imlcd me tfl gnvl ikr <dnys# durmeh wfmgf tflrl wlrl ek ale me tfl glrlakemnc

zkel# dlvmgls dmd ekt rlgkrd ney gnsl ki nekanckus ksgmccntmkes ki tfl anheltmg

imlcd% Kel pkmet me tfl prkhrna ki kur lxplrmalet wns tk plrikra ne manhl!jlnr!

meh trnesamssmke irka tfl glrlakemnc zkel ki tfl gnvl nt n akalet ki nekanckus

anheltmg icugtuntmkes% Ke Nuhust :4# >=6=# sugf n trnesamssmke wns plrikrald

jy T% Jkokvn me n hrkup ki 7 plrskes%

Mt wns vlry mapkrtnet tk anol ek amstnols me tfl gfkmgl ki tfl imrst manhl!

jlnrmeh alssnhl%

Me tfl rlplrtkm r ki prmamtmvl ales grlntmke ms tfl lclalet wfmgf ms gnccld tfl

*fned*% Tfms ms n prlaldmtntldcy plrikrald manhl# rlplntmeh tfl ikra ki tfl

prmamtmvl pnmetlr(s fned% Me tfl kpmemke ki glrtnme mevlstmhntkrs# tfms lclalet hnvl

tfl stnrt tk ncc tfl imel nrts ki tfl \ pplr Rnclkcmtfmg Rlrmkd%

T fl prmets ki tfl *fneds* ki tfl Rnclkcmtfmg Rlrmkd wlrl rlgkhemzld nt tfljlhmeemeh ki tfl :2tf gletury jy tfl Wpnemsf ned Irlegf smdls ki tfl Ryrlells me

dmiilrlet gnvls0 N ctnamrn# Hnrhns# Gnstmc ck# Ike!dl!Hka# Gkajnrrlcc # T rkm I rlrl#

Rlgf!A lrc# Jlmsng# ned aney ktflrs% *M e tfl akst ndvnegld gkapclxls tfl

*fneds* npplnrld me gkeelgtmke wmtf ktflr manhl lclalets# rliclgtmeh# me tktncmty

wmtf tfla# tfl akst mapkrtnet manhls ikr tfl prmamtmvl gkesgmkuselss ned trymeh

tk uedlrstned tfl gkeelgtmkes jltwlle tfla% Tfl tflal ki tfl *fned* rues

tfrkuhf prmamtmvl ned cntlr fmstkry me ncc tfl wkrcd% Me nddmtmke# tfms suj`lgt fns

jlle dlvlckpld ned prngtmgnccy rl!andl% Jut tfl lclaletnry hrnpfmg syajkc fns

rlanmeld me tfl snal rlprlsletntmke% M t fns jlle prlsletld me tfl smhes ki negmlet

wrmtmeh# me gcnssmgnc ned aldmlvnc syajkcmgs# ekt tk aletmke mts wmdl prlslegl me

tfl guc turl ki tfl prmamtmvl trmjls ki tfl rlglet pnst &Ekrtf!N alrmgne Medmnes#

njkrmhmencs ki N ustrncmn ned Elw Humeln# ltg-% N cc tfms uedlrc mels tfl dllp

iuednaletnc enturl ki tfms hrnpfmg pflekaleke*% &N %D% Wtkcnr# >=6<-%

!>2>!



Tfus# tfl manhl ki tfl fned smcfkulttl ki tfl pnclkcmtfmg pnmetlr irka tfl

irlegf gnvl Rlgf!A lrc# lxprlssld me n rlnc Rfktkmanhl wlet me tfl prkhrna ki

tfl dnmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh trnesamssmke irka tfl glrlakemnc zkel ki tfl negmlet

gnvl me O fnonssmn &Imh%:7-%

T fl lxplrmaletnc gkedmtmkes suhhlstld twk pcngls ikr tfl rlglmvmeh ki tfl

manhl!jlnrmeh meikrantmke% Kel ki tfla wns Ekvksmjmrso0 me tfl fypkanheltmg

mestnccntmke ned kutsmdl mt? tfl ktflr wns me ] noutmn# ke tfl D mrmeh!] urnof

*ekrtflre prl!fkal ki aneomed*% Me >=6: hlkckhmsts cnmd n prksplgt!fkcl ke tfl

C len jkrdlr >42 oa irka ] noutso# ke n tlrrngl wmtf tfl flmhft ki >2< a ned

dmsgkvlrld grnemua irnhalets irka n jurmnc# ns wlcc ns qunrtzmtl jkucdlrs ned

pljjcls &gfkpplrs-# grlntld jy negmnet ane% Tfms gkapclx dmsgkvlrld ned mevls!

tmhntld jy prkilsskr ] u%N % A kgfnekv gne jl gkapnrld kecy wmtf Kcduvnm me tflXlst N irmgn &nhl :%<!>%6 ace ylnrs- smegl tfl nhl ki njkut < tfkusned dmsgkvlrld

kj`lgts fns jlle dltlrameld ns 7%:!>%6 ace ylnrs% Tflsl euajlrs gkmegmdld wmtf

tfl dntn ki tfl pnclkanheltmg nencysms ki tfl snapcls% Mt sllas mapkrtnet# tfnt nt

tfms hlkckhmgnc plrmkd tfl pkcnrmty ki tfl anheltmg imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf gfnehld

&I mh%t:4-% M t any jl tfms gksakpcneltnry lvlet wfmgf gnusld tfl krmhme ki Metlcclgt

ned A ne fmaslci smauctnelkuscy me ktflr rlhmkes ki tfl Lnrtf%

N t tfl tmal ki tfl slnegl ki tfl dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh gkaauemgntmke ke26%:4%>=6=# tfl syajkc ki tfl *pnclkcmtfmg fned* wns plrglmvld tfrkuhf tmal jy

akdlre A ne me ] noutmn# me tfl zkel ki tfl *Metlcclgt jmrtf* ned ncsk jy tfl

kplrntkr# rlglmvmeh me Ekvksmjmrso# me ne mestnccntmke wfmgf smaucntld n fypkanh!

eltmg levmrkealet ueoekwe tk aneomed ikr tfl cnst > ace ylnrs%

T fl njmc mty tk prkplrcy slclgt tfl pcngl ned tfl tmal ikr n gkevletmkenc

meslrtmke metk tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf# tk usl tfl laktmkenc!grlntmvl

pktletmnc ki tfl plrskencmty nt tfl tmal ki tfl trnesamssmke ned rlglmvmeh# prldltlr!

amels# me tfl aney gnsls# tfl sugglss ki tfl dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh metlrngtmkes%

Tfms wns tfl gnsl wfle L % Hrmdelvn wkrold nt Dmrmeh!] urynof 26%:4%>=6= ned

gkrrlgtcy plrglmvld nektflr meikrantmke!snturntld manhl# ncsk trnesamttld irka

tfl O fnonssmn gnvl jy T % Jkokvn% Tfms manhl# fkwlvlr# ncrlndy jlckehld tk

nektflr gucturnc!fmstkrmgnc cnylr gckslr tk us? nggkrdmeh tk tfl ltfemg ned tfl

tlapkrnc smhes# mt jlckehld tk Wcnvkemg gucturl% Tfms ms n stkel grkss irka tfl ><tf

gletury i rka tfl Rsgkv rlhmke# gkeelgtld wmtf kur cuamenry smhes &syajkcs ki tfl

!>2:!



*grkss* ned *tfl Wue* nrl nsskgmntld wmtf aney gucturls%- &Rfktk ><-% Tfl negmlet

Zussmne Gfrkemgcls rlilr vlry lnrcy tk tfl pcngls pmgturld me tfms Rfktk% F lrl#

nggkrdmeh tk tfl clhled# Rrmegl Truvkr# tfl jrktflr ki Zyurmo akkrld fms duh!kut

ned ikuedld tfl kcdlst Wcnvkemg slttclalet# gnccld Truvkr(s Hkrkdmsfgfl% T fl

elnr imlcds ned rnvmels rlalajlr tfl plncs ki meeualrnjcl jnttcls% Tfl smhes ki

tfl tmals nrl uedlr tfl turi gkvlr0 jnccs# swkrds ned wnrrmkr jkels% N t tfl tmal

ki tfl trnesamsmke irka tfl O fnonssmn gnvl T % Jkokvn snw tfl pnekrnan ki tfl

jnttcl wmtf gkegrltl *wkromeh* me dltnmc# ned ncsk tfl manhls ki tfl wnrrmkrs tnomeh

pnrt me tfms jnttcl%

N t tfl tmal ki tfl ikcckwmeh wkros wmtf O kzyrlv(s Wpngl wl gne drnw aney

pnrncclcs%

I mh :7% T fl kutcmels ki n pnclkcm tfmg ane(s fned ir ka Rlsf!A lr c gnvl &I rnegl- tr nfsamttlddur meh tfl dmstnet!manhl gkeelgtmke slssmke ir ka O nsfoucno gnvl me Fnonssmn me tfl plr mkd ki

nekanckus uedlrhrkued hlkanheltmg icugtuntmkes nggurntlcy rlhmstlrld me nrgflkckhmgnc lxgnvn!tmkes me Dur meh!@ urnof% &] noutmn#:4%26%6=-

!>27!



T K T FL EKZTF RKC L% LVRLDMTM KE TK T F L INZ

EKZTF%

Me dmiilrlet slnskes Dmgoske wlnrs lmtflr tfl ckeh Rkcnr emhft kr tfl ledclss

Rkcnr dny? me Iljrunry tlaplrnturls nrl kitle ameus ikrty ned dny cmhft ! sfkrt#

ned me A ny tflrl nrl amsts ned irlqulet sekw!stkras wmtf dllp ned skitleld

flnvy sekw% Irka @ ucy tk Wlptlajlr tfl sln rlvmvls Dmogske%&Rfktk >9-%

Rfktk >9 T fl Inr Ekrtf% T nmayr R lemesucn% Dmgoske WltclclaleC

Jut wfnt ms ncwnys mevnrmnjcl me tfms slttclalet ms anheltmg stkras ki splgmnc

pkwlr ned i rlqulegy% Tfly nrl vlry dmiimguct tk hlt usld tk% N ed tflsl anheltmg

stkras drlw us tk tfms rlhmke% Xl wlrl hkmeh tk oekw augf njkut tfl dlpledlegl

ki dmstnet!meikrantmke metlrngtmkes me tfl Ekrtf ke tfl Gksaks tfnt ms sk gcksl

flrl%%%

!>24!



Hlkanheltmg stkras nrl tfl rlsuct ki tfl akst pkwlriuc icugtuntmkes ki tfl

anheltmg imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf ned cnst irka kel tk skal dnys% Ikr tfl fmhf cntmtudls#

sujstkras nrl typmgnc# ned nrl kel ki tfl akst mapkrtnet qumgo!rueemeh prkglssls

ki tfl elnr!lnrtf spngl# ned cld tk tfl strmeh ki tfl nurkrnc kvnc% Tfl gkrpusgucnr

rndmntmke nitlr icnsfls ke tfl sue pleltrntls tfl anheltmg!spflrl ki tfl Lnrtf metfl fmhf cntmtudls# wflrl tflrl nrl plgucmnr grntlrs%&A mzue ] %H%# >=6<-% Mt ms

nggkapnemld jy ne megrlnsl me tfl lclgtrmgnc gurrlets me tfl Rkcnr mkekspflrl

&lclgtrk!`lts-% Me tfl akremeh tfl lclgtrk!`lt fns n wlstlre dmrlgtmke# jut me tfl

lvlemeh# ne lnstlre kel% Wk# me tfl Ekrtf# nt tfl mkekspflrl nctmtudl# n plgucmnr

dyenamg wkros tfnt prlslets ne lclgtrmgnc rmeh wmtf dmiilrlet dmrlgtmkes ki rktntmke%

Tfms algfnemsa any jl gkeelgtld wmtf tfl rktnry akvlalet meflrlet

&nggkrdmeh tk E%N % O kzyrlv- me tmal% Me tfl Ekrtf# njkvl 87 cntmtudl ekrtf ki tfllquntkr# tflrl ms n zkel wmtf n zlrk tlapkrnc splld% Mt any fnvl n pnrndkxmgnc

dmspcny wfle metlrngtmeh wmtf tfl meikrantmke imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf% T flrl nrl ncsk

skal ktflr plgucmnrmtmls ki tfl Rkcnr mkekspflrl0 tfl lxmstlegl ki rlhmkes wmtf n

fmhflr lclgtrmgnc gkegletrntmke &n pcnsan rmeh-# tfl prlslegl ki skal typls ki

spkrndmg mkelspflrmg cnylrs me tfl rlhmke L# ned tfl dmspcny ki nekanckus njskrp!

tmke ki rndmk!wnvls &A mzue ] %H%# >=6<- tfnt gne meiculegl tfl dmstnet!meikrantmke

metlrngtmke me tfl Rkcnr rlhmkes% Tfl metlesmty ned tfl rlmtlrntmke ki tfl nurkrnc

hlkpfysmgnc pflekalen me tfl fmhf cntmtudls dk ekt dmspcny n smhemimgnet gkeelg!

tmke wmtf tfl >>!ylnrs gygcl ki Wkcnr ngtmvmty# kjvmkuscy jlgnusl me tfl nurkrnc kvnc

tfl mrrlhucnr nctlrntmkes# gkeelgtld wmtf tfl gkrpusgucnr metrusmkes metk mkek!

spflrl nrl akrl mapkrtnet &\hnrkvn O %I% ned ktflrs# >=64-%

T fl ikcckwmeh ingtkrs sfkucd ncsk jl nttrmjutld tk tfl fmhf!cntmtudl hlkpfysm!

gnc plgucmnrmtmls0 tfl fmhf metlesmty ki tfl enturnc lclgtrk!anheltmg imlcd ki meirn!

ckw irlqulegmls# tfl clsslr lxprlssmke ki tfl anme pfnsl ki tfl anheltmg stkra#

ned tfl hrlntlr dlpledlegl ki dmiilrlet hlkpfysmgnc pnrnaltlrs ke tfl slgtkr

strugturl ki tfl metlrpcneltnry anheltmg imlcd &Wmd`nome Y %H% ned ktflrs# >=6<-#

tfl *cnrhl Wkcnr amcc*%

Wk#tfl Inr Ekrtf ms ne nrlen ki hrlnt spntmnc metlrngtmkes# ned anheltmg ned

lclgtrmgnc imlcds me tfms nrlen nrl ke tfl ngtmvl smdl% Tfl slgked &anme- smdl any

jl akrl mevmsmjcl tfne tfl anheltmg lclalet%

!>2<!



Ж * M M >6* 2>г >< >> 2 Е 2 * >2 >4* ::*

I mh% :< L iilgtmvlelss ki tfl manhl!dmstnet plrglptmke jltwlle plkpcls &e1>7- ke L xtr lalEkrtf &plrskes wfk fns rlglmvld gkrrlgt trnesamttld Manhls me plrglets ke tfl cmel0 D mgoske!Ekvksmjmrso durmeh anheltmg stkras &>==2!=>--%

T fl imrst lxplrmalets me dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmkes flcpld us tk jl gke!vmegld ki mt% Mt tureld kut tfnt tfl liilgtmvlelss ki tfl dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmkes#lvncuntld jy tfl euajlr ki gkrrlgt plrglmvld manhls# wns :!7 ned skaltmals 4tmals ns augf durmeh tfl anheltmg stkras ns durmeh plrmkds ki n qumlt anheltk!spflrl ned mkekspflrl ki tfl Lnrtf &Imh% :<-% Tfms gkegcusmke ms gkapltlet wmtfrlsplgt tk tfl meikrantmkenc trnesamssmke pkmet% N t tfl rlglptmke pkmet tflsmtuntmke prldmspksld tk sugglssiuc plrglptmke ki dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmkes msdmiilrlet% Wmhemimgnet rlsucts ture kut tk jl nttnmenjcl wfle ollpmeh tk twk anmetlras0

>% tfl rlglptmke sfkucd jl iucimccld me n fypkhlkanheltmg mestnccntmke tfnt

ildugls tfl Lnrtf(s anheltmg imlcd 922 tmals &Rfktk :- %Tfl fypkanheltmg le!vm rkealet# jlmeh ne lvkcutmkenry!ueoekwe levmrkealet ikr A ne# kjvmkuscy gke!

!>29!



trmjutls tk dmsgkvlrmeh psygfkpfysmgnc rlslrvls me tfl krhnemsa ned tk puttmehtfksl prkhrnas metk tfl kplrntmke# tfnt uesgkvlr tfl pkssmjmcmty ki rlaktl meikr!antmke plrglptmke?

:% tfl stlndy# rlplntld# rlprkdugld rlaktl rlglptmke ms lesurld kecy jyplkpcl wfk fnvl imxld tfl fnrd meiculegl ki spntmnc ingtkrs me tfl grmtmgnc plrmkds

ki tfl metrn!utlrmel cmil# anmecy anheltmg imlcds% Tfl gkaputlr prkhrna *Flcm ks*anols mt pkssmjcl tk gnrry kut ne krmhmenc nencysms# ncckwmeh tfl slclgtmke ki plrskesprldmspksld tk lxtrnsleskry metlrngtmkes wmtf tfl pkssmjcl dlvlckpalet ki tflslnjmcmtmls me n fypkanheltmg levmrkealet% Tfl meiculegl ki tfl lgcmpsl ki tfl Wuencsk nttrngts kur nttletmke% Me tfl plrmkd gcksld jy tfl lgcmpsl ki tfl Wma# :: @ ucy#>==2# wfmgf wns kjslrvld kecy me tfl fmhf cntmtudls# tfl liilgtmvlelss ki dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmke megrlnsld aney tmals%

A krlkvlr# tfl plrskes# wfk fnvl nsplgmnc rlcntmke wmtf tfl A kke &tflhrlntlr pnrt ki tfla wns jkre me tfl plrmkd ki tfl elw kr tfl iucc A kke- fnd tflakst gkesmstlet rlsuct &Imh% :9-

T fl dntn hkt wfle lxnamemeh twmes nrl ki hrlnt metlrlst% T fl euajlr kimanhls mdletmgnccy plrglmvld jy tfl twmes uedlr tfl gkedmtmkes ki dmstnet!manhltrnesamssmkes ned rlglptmkes wns npprnmsld me Dmogske me @ ucy >==2%Tfl dlpled!

=2

82

WK

ИЕ

c K

m >> S

>

ъ SЗ ' > >ъ Y+ Ч

4 — К В —!З Ц А( U з З з

4 < 9 8 6 =>2>>>:>7>4><>9>8>6>=:2:>::

@ \ C ]

ZLW\C TW KI RLKRCL XM TF*AKKE!MARZMETMEH*

I mh% :9 C lvlc ki dmstnet plrglptmke ki gksamg manhls nt A ne me plrmkd ki lgcmpsl ki tfl Wue%

!>28!



I mh% :8 Euajlr ki mdletmgnc manhls me tfl tmal ki dmstnet plrglptmke nt tfl twmes &M - nednektflr ykueh plkpcl &M M - me plr mkd ki lgcmpsl ki tfl sue :: @ ucy# >==2%

• ! plrglptmke smauctnelkuscy &nt tfl twmes-МЦ> ! ikrlsmhft

M > ! plrglptmke smauc tnelkuscy &nt nektflr plkpcl->=# :2# :># :: @ ucy ! kel ki trylrs me pnmr M # M M wns me fypeksms

legl ki tfl hrnvmtntmkenc metlrngtmkes msrlvlncld me tfl *Wue!A kke!Lnrtf* systla%X l sfkucd ektl tfl metlrlstmeh liilgt ki ikrlstnccmeh rlglptmke jy kel ki tfl twmes%Tfms liilgt fnd rlngfld mts gcmanx wfle kel ki tfl jrktflrs plrglmvld tfl hrlntlrpnrt ki tfl trnesamttld manhl meikrantmke me tfl ikrlstnccmeh rlhmal0 >< ameutls

lnrcmlr tfne fms jrktflr ned# gkrrlspkedmehcy# >< ameutls jlikrl tfl akalet kitrnesamssmke% T fl manhl wns gfksle jy n prkhrna wfmgf lapckyalet n ckttktrke< ameutls jlikrl tfl jlhmeemeh ki tfl lxplrmalet%

Me n tlst ke n hrkup ki plkpcl wfk wlrl jkre ke tfl snal dny jut wlrl ektrlcntld tk lngf ktflr# tfl ikrlstnccmeh liilgt wnse(t kjslrvld# jut nt tfl akaletki tfl lgcmpsl ki tfl Wue tfl euajlr ki gkrrlgt rlglmvld manhls gkesmdlrnjcymegrlnsld &Imh% :8-% T fl liilgtski *ikrlstnccmeh* ned *dlcny* me manhl meikrantmke

rlglptmke &wmtf rlsplgt tk tfl trnesamssmke akalet- anemilst tflaslcvls wmtf nglrtnme cnw!hkvlreld enturl# kjvmkuscy rliclgtmeh ueoekwe cnws ki meikrantmke

!>26!



+ 7 8 % > ,

+ N

>2<

: 7 % 6 ,

К S

+ 7 8 % > ,

+ N

7 = % > ,

Ю

: 7 % 6 ,

К S

Э Э ` %Ъ К . Ц Л U • A W M

>>6>>:> : S: Я 4> > 4 > • 4 M 8 M :W|

! 8 ! < ! 7 ! > /> /7 /< /8

f k u r f k u r

I mh% :6 Euajlr ki gnsls ki dmstnet(s plrglptmke &e1>2<- wmtf tfl ikr lstncc meh &N-% Dlcny &J-

ned nt tfl snal tmal tk tfl jrknd!gnst &G-%

ickws sprlndmeh me tfl Lnrtf meikrantmkenc imlcd? 7=, ki >2< gkrrlgt rlglmvldmanhls ilcc ke tfl trnesamssmke akalet ned 78, nrl rlglmvld me tfl dlcny rlhmal%A krlkvlr# jktf *ikrlstnccmeh* ned *dlcny* fnvl skal plrmkdmgmty? cfkur? < fkurs#ned tfl hrlntlst irlqulegy me tfl plrmkd# 8 fkurs &Imh% :6-%

\ emqul mestrualets ikr studmeh tfl plgucmnrmtmls ki dmstnet!manhl metlrng!

tmke me tfl Inr Ekrtf nrl O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs % Jlckw wmcc jl hmvle n dltnmcldnggkuet ki tfl lxplrmalets me tfl A mrrkrs ned tfl lvlets rlcntld tk tfla%Wk# nttfl imrst stnhl ki tfl rlslnrgfls# tfl altfkdmg nencysms ki tfl lxplrmalets medmstnet!manhl gkeelgtmke wns gkapcltld% Tfl gkedmtmkes ki tfl akst liilgtmvltrnesamssmkes ned rlglptmkes ki tfl manhl meikrantmke wlrl dltlrameld% Tflynrl dmsturjnegls me tfl anheltkspflrl ki tfl Lnrtf# fypkanheltmg levmrkealets#uedlrhrkued mgl!hrkttks ned E%N %O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs ki splgmnc gkestrugtmke&I mh%:=-%

!>2=!



M M M M M M M Y

Imh% := Euajlr ki% gnsls &,- ki gkapcltls gkrrlspkedletmkes me gkedmtmkes ki dmstnet(sjrknd!gnst ned plrglptmke meikrantmke uedlr dmiilrlets hlkpfysmgnc smtuntmke%

M N ! qumlt anheltkspflrl M M N !kvlr L nrtf

M К ! anheltmg stkra M M К ! uedlrhrkued mgl!hrkttM M M N ! krdmenry levmr kealet MY N ! fnjmtnjcl prlamslsM M M К ! fypkanheltmg gfnajlr MY К ! O kzyrlv(s A mrr krs

Fnvmeh ngqumrld n altfkdmgs jnsms andl mt pkssmjcl tk akvl ke tfl prlpnrn!tmke ned rlncmzntmke ki twk hckjnc lxplrmalets# *N urkrn Jkrlncms* ned *RkcnrGmrgcl%*

Jlikrl tlccmeh njkut tfl lxplrmaletnc lxpldmtmkenry antlrmncs# gkapmcld keDmogske# wl(cc quktl skal pnssnhls irka E%N % O kzyrlv(s wkros0 * gnusntmvlalgfnemgs ned tfl pkssmjmcmty ki lxplrmaletnc rlslnrgf ki tlapkrnc prkplrtmls*ned *\elxpckrld Xkrcd%*

*Tfl dmstmegtmke jltwlle tfl gcmantl ki tfl twk flamspflrls ki tfl Lnrtf#tfl dmstmegtmke jltwlle kglnes( gurrlets# tfl eke!syaaltrmgnc nrrnehlalet ki tflgketmelets# ned aney ktflr dmiilrlet pflekalen ke tfl Lnrtf pkmet kut tfl

lssletmnc rkc l ki eke!syaaltrmgnc ikrgls% Tfnt(s wfy tflmr alnsurmeh nt dmiilrlethlkhrnpfmgnc pkmets aust fkcd hrlnt metlrlst ikr sgmlegl wfmgf studmls tfl Lnrtf%*

*Tfl Rkcnr rlhmkes# wflrl tfl pnrncclcs hk tk zlrk ned tflsl ikrgls( nctlrn!tmke wmtf cntmtudl sfkucd jl lsplgmnccy qumgo# prlslet pnrtmgucnr metlrlst ikrstudymeh tfl ncckgntmke ki eke!syaaltrmgnc ikrgls ke tfl Lnrtf(s suringl% Gkr!rlspkedmeh alnsurmehs wlrl andl jy E%N % O kzyrlv ned Y %H% C njlysf% Me N prm c#>=<=# tflsl plkpcl wlrl andl alajlrs ki tfl Rkcnr lxpldmtmke ki tfl N rgtmg ned

N etnrgtm g Zlslnrgfls Mestmtutl% Mt alnsurld tfl vlrtmgnc gkapkelet ki eke!sya!

!>>2!



altrmgnc ikrgls ngtmeh ke n flnvy cknd ke ne lcnstmg jrngolt wfle tflrl wns

vmjrntmke ki tfl sgncls% Tflsl alnsurlalets wlrl andl me N adlran# T mosm# ke

O ktlcemy M scned# Gnpl Gflcyusome# Dmogske Mscned# ned skal ktflr spkts ke

drmiiah mgl wmtf anxmaua cntmtudl 64(><% T fl hrnpf ki tfl dlpledlegl ki tflsl

ikrgls# lxprlssld me pnrts ki hrnvmty nt cntmtudl# ms prlsletld ke Imh% 72% F lrl ncsk

tfl ikralr alnsurlalets irka Grmaln# Rucokvk ned O mrkvso nrl hmvle% N cc tfl

kjtnmeld pkmets nrl dmspksld njkvl tfl zlrk cmel% T fl ikrgl gurvl sfkws tfnt tfms

altfkd anols mt pkssmjcl tk dltlramel kecy tfl njskcutl ikrgl qunetmty ned

dklse(t hmvl tflmr anro%*

I mh% 72 Dlpledlegl ki qunetmty ki metlesmty iuc c vlgtkr ki tmal splld# gnusld jy tfl Lnrtfrktntmke ke hlkhrnpfygnc cntmtudl% +E % N% O kzyrlv# >=<=+

!>>>!



*Tfl lxmstlegl ki n cntmtudl liilgt ms sfkwe jlgnusl tfl anomeh ki tfl cknd

flnvy jy vmjrntmeh gne(t jl lxpcnmeld me n trmvmnc wny wmtf tfl flcp ki gkaake

algfnemgnc cnws%*

*Xl fnvl npprkngfld n vlry metlrlstmeh qulstmke njkut wfnt tfl vmjrntmke

ikrgl ms# iuegtmkemeh ke tfl nxms ki rlvkcutmke# me krdlr tk gnusl ne nddmtmkenc

tlapkrnc splld tfnt nctlrs gnusntmvl gketngts me tfl systla%*

*Xl gne metrkdugl sugf gkeglpts ns tfl gkliimgmlet ki gnusntmvl gketngts

strlehtf# fnvmeh dltlrameld mt ns n rntmk ki tfl ikrgl tk tfl ikrgl tfnt anols tfms

gketngt%*

*Tfl kjslrvntmkes sfkwld tfnt me spmtl ki tfl strmgt kjslrvnegl ki tfl snal

gkedmtmkes ki tfl lxplrmalet# tfms gkliimgmlet ms nctlrld me vlry wmdl cmamts ! irka

cmttcl tk njkut kel fuedrld plr glet kwmeh tk tfl sujkrdmentl gmrguastnegls tfntnrl kut ki tfl cnjkrntkry%*

*N t imrst hcnegl# mt sllas tfnt tfl dmstmegtmke nakeh tfl gkedmtmkes ki tfl

lxplrmalets( rlprkdugtmke uedlr tfl snal cnjkrntkry gmrguastnegls ms ma!

prkjnjcl# ned tfnt mt puts tfl rlncmty ki tfl rlsucts lxpkuedld flrl me n jnd cmhft%

Fkwlvlr# mi tmal ms rlnccy n pfysmgnc pflekaleke# tfle mt gne(t pksslss kecy kel

imxld splld% Irka n vlry hlelrnc tflkrltmgnc pksmtmke wl wkucd lxplgt tfnt tmal

fns prkpltmls tfnt gne jl gfnehld% Mt(s enturnc tk tfmeo tfnt tfl kjslrvld strlehtfki gnusntmvl gketngts tures kut tk jl dmiilrlet jlgnusl ki tfl vnrmnjcl prkplrty ki

tmal# wfmgf gne jl gnccld mts metlesmty% Tfl nctlrntmke ki tfl tlapkrnc metlesmty

sfkucd kggur jlgnusl ki skal ueoekwe pfysmgnc prkglssls% Kecy kel ki tfl

pkssmjmcmtmls ki rlhmstlrmeh tflsl nctlrntmkes sfkws tfnt systlas wkromeh ke ktflr

systlas gne jl trnesamttld tfrkuhf tmal# wmtfkut imlcds ki ikrgl%*

*Rrkjnjcy# aney gmrguastnegls lxsmt tfnt nctlr tmal(s metlesmty% Me spmtl ki

ckeh kjslrvntmkes wl sugglldld me imedmeh kecy kel rlhucnrmty% Me tfl cntl nutuae

ned me tfl imrst fnci ki tfl wmetlr ncc lxplrmalets nrl andl lnsmcy% Me suaalr tfly

nrl sk cnjkurld# tfnt skal tflmr vnrmnets inmcld% Rrkjnjcy# tfl prkglssls tfnt tnol

pcngl me tfl Lnrtf(s ntakspflrl meiculegl tmal(s metlesmty% N cc tflsl tfmehs sfkw

tfnt n altkd sfkucd jl ikued tfnt gkucd flcp tk meiculegl ned tfl lxplrmalets(

rlprkdugtmke% A kst cmolcy# jlgnusl mts elglssnry me tfl cnjkrntkry tk rlprkdugl n

pfysmgnc prkglss wmtf n anrold dmstmegtmke ki tfl gnusl irka gkeslqulegl%*

!>>:!



Jmkpfysmgnc ned psygfkpfysmgnc kjslrvntmkes ki cmvmeh systlas hmvl n hrlnt

sgkpl ikr sugf rlslnrgfls%

*T fl tlapkrnc gkursl prlvlets jncnegld stntls irka nrmsmeh ned tfnt(s wfy

mt ms n skurgl ki cmvmeh prkglssls ki kur wkrcd% Flegl# tfl tlapkrnc gkursl sfkucd

pcny n pnrtmgucnry hrlnt rkcl me krhnemsas( C mil% Kjvmkuscy# jmkckhmgnc gketngt

tfrkuhf tmal mse(t kecy pkssmjcl jut sfkucd lxmst% Durmeh tfl fmstkry ki aneomed

augf dntn fns jlle hnmeld# splnomeh me invkur ki tfl lxmstnegl ki tlclpntfy? tfnt

ms# tfl trnesamssmke ki tfkuhfts nt skal dmstnegl% Tflsl dntn nrl ki tle rliusld

kecy jlgnusl ki tfl mapkssmjmcmty tk imed ney lxpcnentmke ikr tfla% Tfl qulstmke

nrmsls0 ms tfl pkssmjmcmty ki usmeh kel systla tk meiculegl nektflr kel wmtf tfl flcp

ki tmal &tfnt wns ikued me tfl algfnemgnc lxplrmalets- n gcul tk uedlrstnedmeh

aney amstlrmkus pflekalen ki ane(s amed;*

*T mal fnse(t ney mapucsl? mt fns kecy lelrhy% Tfnt(s wfy wl sfkucd tfmeo

tfnt tlapkrnc meiculegl dklse(t sprlnd# jut npplnrs lvlrywflrl mestnetcy# sujsmd!

meh jngo prkpkrtmkenc tk tfl dmstnegl% Rrkdugld me tfl cnjkrntkry# tfl nctlrntmke

ki tmal(s metlesmty me prmegmpcl sfkucd jl plrglmvld nt tfl snal akalet jy tfl

akst dmstnet hncnxmls#irka wfmgf cmhft gkals me jmc cmke ylnrs% Tfl tmal ms medms!

R fktk >9&n- M emtmnc imlcd strugturl ki n fuane krhnemsa jlikrl letlr meh me * A mrrkrs(* spngl%

!>>7!



skcujcy gkeelgtld wmtf ncc prkglssls ned mts antlrmnc lsslegl lstnjcmsfls tfl\emvlrsl ki metlrgkaauemgntmke% M e ktflr wkrds# tmal ms n fuhl ickw tfnt sprlndsncc kvlr antlrmnc \emvlrsnc systlas ned ncc tfl prkglssls tfnt tnol pcngl me tflslsystlas anol tflmr gketrmjutmke tk tfms gkaake ickw%*

*T fl tlapkrnc ngtmvl pnrtmgmpntmke me enturnc prkglssls grlntls elw metlr!

lstmeh pflekalen lvle me smapcl algfnemgnc lxplrmalets% Me hlelrnc pmgturls kidmiilrlet pfysmgnc prkglssls# mt sfkucd jl n wfkcl wkrcd ki elw pflekalen# nwkrcd uelxpckrld ned qumtl ckst ke tfl wny ki kur sgmlegls( dlvlckpalet%Wtudymeh tlapkrnc prkplrtmls wl sfncc jl njcl tk pleltrntl tfl dlptfs ki Enturlned tk oekw# me jy Inust(s wkrds# *uemvlrsl meelr gketngt* ! *wns dml Xlct maMeelrstle zusnaalefnct*%

\ edlr Inr Ekrtf gkedmtmkes tfl gfnehl ki tfl krhnemsa imlcd strugturl wnsdltlrameld wmtf O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs% N ggkrdmeh tk E%O % Mhentmlv# wfk prkglssldakrl tfnt 722 O mrcmne Rfktkhrnpfs# skal dnys tfl cuamelsglegl strugturl ki 62,ki tfl lxnamells &E 1 :7- gfnehld smhemimgnetcy me gkapnrmske wmtf tfl memtmncstntl0 slhalet dlimgmlegy# strlss rmehs ned dlhlelrntmvl spkts npplnrld me tflzkels sfkwmeh psygfmg gkedmtmke &nggkrdmeh tk R% A nedlc-% N e lxnapcl ki tflO mrcmne dntn dyenamgs me A mrrkr Wpngl ms rlprlsletld me Rfktks >9&n- ned >9&j-%

Rfktk >П&У- Gfueomeh ki imlcd strugturl «M n fuane krhnemsa me tfr spntl ki O kzyrlv(sA m rr krs me c-mgo%tke%

!>>4!



T flrl ms n dmsgussmke me tfl cmtlrnturl njkut megcudmeh tmal ned spngl me#

psygfmgnc prkglssls krhnemzntmke# ned njkut tfl psygfl(s pkssmjcy jlmeh n prkplrty

ki tfl jrnme(s spngl ned tmal% &T %N % Dkjrkfktkvn# E%E% J rnhm en# >==>%-

T fl prkjcla ki tfl tmal ned spngl pcurncmty imeds mts jrmhft rliclgtmke me

A ne(s psygfl# wfmgf gkajmels tfl prkplrtmls ki amgrk! ned angrkgksaks% Me tfl

gkedmtmke tfnt fuane Metlcclgtunc iuegtmkes gkajmel tfl dmiilrlet dlesmtmls kisplgmimg tlapkrnc ickws# tfl prkjcla ki C mvmeh A nttlr(s gksak!tlapkrnc gke!

tmeuuas ke tfl Lnrtf ned me tfl Gksaks npplnrs tk jl kel ki tfl akst prksplgtmvl

dmrlgtmkes ki akdlre gksakckhy me tfl cmhft ki E%N % O kzyrlv(s wkros%

M e tfl wkros ki E%N % O kzyrlv &>==>-# tfl dlpledlegl ki tfl vncul ki tfl

gkapcltl ikrgls vlgtkr ki tmal aktmke gnusld jy tfl Lnrtfy rktntmke ke

hlkhrnpfmgnc cntmtudl# ned tfl lxmstlegl ki n pnrncclc &87 2<(- wmtf n zlrk vncul ki

tfl ikrgls# ms sfkwe% T k lstmantl tfl dlpledlegl ki dmstnet!meikrantmvl metlrng!

tmkes upke tfl gksak!tlapkrnc gketmeuua# n euajlr ki psygfkpfysmkckhmgnc

rlslnrgfls wlrl gkedugtld me >==2+=> wmtf tfl nppcmgntmke ki tfl spngl ikrald

jy tfl A mrrkrs ki splgmnc dlsmhe me tfl Rkcnr slttclalet ke Dmogske smtuntld nt

cntmtudl 87 72(% N ggkrdmeh tk O kzyrlv(s dntn &>==>-# ncuameua gkntmeh gne rliclgt

ekt kecy cmhft# jut ncsk tmal% Me pnrtmgucnr# tfl lxnamells suj`lgtmvl plrglptmke ki

tlapkrnc metlrvncs me tfl usunc aldmua wns lstmantld% Tfms wns dkel me n gketrkcspngl wmtf tfl nppcmgntmke ki tfme stllc pcntls ned me tfl ikgus ki tfl ncuameua

amrrkrs!uedlr gkedmtmkes ki suppksld tlapkrnc ickw sfmlcdmeh% &Tnjcl :-%Me

O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# n smhemi mgnet gfnehl ki A ne(s tmal ickw plrglptmke wns ektld%

T fl dmiilrlet plrglptmke ki tlapkrnc metlrvncs ms kjslrvld anmecy me tfksl gnsls

&84%2,- me wfmgf tfl lxnamells wlrl lxpksld tk gkesmdlrnjcl meiculegl ki Wkcnr

ngtmvmty me tflmr prlentnc plrmkd ki C mil%

T fl lxplrmalet ke tfl lstmantmke ki (tfl liilgtmvlelss ki dmstnet!i mhurntmvl

metlrngtmkes# gkedugtld ke Dmogske me A ny# >==># gkesmstld ki slttmeh ne meikr!

antmvl gkeelgtmke gfneelc jltwlle twk pkmets smtuntld >22a irka lngf ktflr#

lngf pcngld mesmdl n gcksld ncuameua spngl% T fl imhurntmvl prkhrna ikr tfl

trnesamssmke wns gkapmcld tfrll ameutls jlikrl tfl slnegl ned usld tfl altfkd

ki gnsunc lxglrpts0 7 imhurls kut ki 82 pkssmjcl vnrmnets% T fl lxplrmaletnc rlglp!

tmke hrkup &mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl- ned tfl gketrkc rlglptmke hrkup &kutsmdl tflWpngl- lngf gkesmstld ki 8plkpcl ki kel nhl wmtf ne mdletmgnc splgtrua ki spntmnc

!>><!



meiculegls ke tflmr prlentnc plrmkd% Tfl rlsucts ki tfl slrmls ki tfl dmstnet!imhurn!

tmvl lxplrmalets nrl sfkwe me Tnjcl 7% Tfl gnsl ki trnesamttmeh ned rlglmvmeh

imhurntmvl meikrantmke me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl npplnrs tk jl prlilrnjcl me gkapnrmske

wmtf rlglmvmeh uedlr krdmenry gkedmtmkes% Tfl liilgtmvlelss ki imhurl trnesamssmke

uedlr tfl gkedmtmkes ki suppksld tlapkrnc strlna sfmlcdmeh me tfl spngl!tla!

pkrnc gketmeuua tfnt dmiilrs irka tfl aldmua fnjmtunc ikr tfl krhnemsa# ms 7!9

tmals akrl%

Durmeh sfkrt!tlra stnys ki 48 lxnamells me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# n euajlr ki

ueusunc psygfkpfysmgnc pflekalen fnppleld tk 67, ki tfla% Wkal ki tfl

pflekalen wlrl tfl ikcckwmeh0 jkdy spntmnc hlkaltry nctlrntmkes &79,-# spcmt

plrskencmty &:4,- # slesntmke ki dmspcnglalet me Wpngl &4:,- ned dmstmegt vmsunc

plrglptmke ki jyhkel cmil lpmskdls &97,-% Mt ms pkssmjcl tfnt tfl kjslrvldpflekalen nrl lvmdlegl tfnt spngl ned(tmal nrl megcudld me tfl krhnemzntmke ki

psygfmgnc prkglssls tfnt gfnehl me O kzyrlv(s spntmk!tlapkrnc gketmeuua%

Me @ucy >==2# durmeh n skcnr lgcmpsl wfmgf wns vmsmjcl kecy me tfl fmhf

cntmtudls# elnr tfl pnrncclc wmtf ek tmal aktmke# ne lxplrmalet wns gkedugtld tk

lstmantl dmstnet!imhurntmvl metlrngtmkes uedlr Wkcnr lgcmpsl gkedmtmkes &E %N %

O kzyrlv #>==>-% N ggkrdmeh tk E%N % O kzyrlv(s fypktfksms# durmeh ne lgcmpsl# tfl

A kke dlgrlnsls tfl dlesmty ki tfl tlapkrnc ickws lamttld jy tfl Wue# ned mi tfltlapkrnc pnrtmgmpntls me tflmr rlncmzntmke tfnt any meiculegl dmstnet!imhurntmvl

metlrngtmkenc liilgts ns wlcc ns ktflr wlno lgkckhmgnc meikrantmkenc gkeelgtmkes%

N ed tfnt wns tk jl vlrmimld lxplrmaletnccy% Tnjcl 4 sfkws tfl dyenamgs ki tfl

rlglmvld!imhurls euajlr# me dlpledlegl upke tfl gkrrlcntmkes ki gnusl! liilgt

sue!pcneltnry systla *tfl Wue ! tfl Lnrtf ! tfl A kke*# megcudmeh kel ki tfl

gucamentmeh akalets ! tfl Wkcnr lgcmpsl% T fl dmiilrlegl me tfl clvlc ki dmstnet !

imhurntmvl rlglptmke me tfl twk hrkups ki rlglmvmeh kplrntkrs sllas tk jl lxtrnkr!

dmenrmcy mapkrtnet0 tfl plrgletnhl ki gkrrlgt imhurls rlglmvld jy tfksl lxnamells

jkre durmeh tfl elw ned tfl iucc A kke ms fmhflr me gkapnrmske wm tf tfksl# ekt

jkre me elw ned iucc A kke(s plrmkds% Durmeh tfl Wue(s lgcmpsl ned tfl pkssmjcl

gfnehls ki tlapkrnc ickw dlesmty# tfl liilgtmvlelss ki imhurl meikrantmkenc rlglp!

tmke jy plrskes jkre durmeh tfl A kke(s oly pfnsls wns < tmals fmhflr tfne me tfl

gketrkc hrkup% T fl rkcl ki tfl spntmk!tlapkrnc gketmeuua me dmstnet!meikrantmvl

metlrngtmkes dmrlgtld nt anmetnmemeh pcneltnry!jmkspflrmg fkalkstnsms# jlgkals

!>>9!



lvmdlet% Jlgnusl ki tfl splgmnc nstrkhlkpfysmgnc gkedmtmkes# tfl Lnrtf Rkcnr

rlhmkes gne jl rlhnrdld ns tfl krmhmenc gkcclgtkrs ki tfl Jmkspflrl ned meikran!

tmkenc imlcd wmtf stlndy ickws ki C mvmeh A nttlr ned meikrantmke hkmeh tfrkuhf

tfla% Y %M %Y lrendsoy usld tk sny tfnt tfl *J mkspflrl gne ekt jl uedlrstkkd

tfrkuhf mts pflekalen# mi mts dmstmegtcy prk`lgtmeh rlcntmke wmtf tfl strugturl ki

tfl wfkcl spntmnc algfnemsa ms amssld*%

Me tfl lelrhy! tmal wkrcd# tfl pcnelt(s C mvmeh A nttlr dlimels tfl J mkspflrl(s

splgmnc rkcl% C mil ke tfl Lnrtf ms n gksakhkemg pflekaleke ki meikrantmkenc

lxgfnehl me tfl spntmk!tlapkrnc ickws ki tfl \emvlrsl%

!>>8!



Tnjcl 7% Gkapnrntmvl lstmantls ki n kel ameutl metlrvnc &me slgkeds- jy tfl

lxnamells me tfl Inr Ekrtf uedlr usunc gkedmtmkes &M-# me tfl gketrkc spngl &MM-#

ned me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl &M M M -%

Gkedmtmkes M M M M M M

R

Gkedmtmkes

R

> 49 9<%4 9%> 42 99%9 <%8 44 94%: 9%: !

: 49 96%= 6%4 42 8>%6 =%6 44 >:9 :2%> M #MM !M M M 3 2%2<

7 49 9:%7 8%: 42 96%: 9%= 44 89%4 <%< !

R >!: 3 2%2>

:!7 3 2%2<

> ! memtmnc lstmantls ki tfl tmal metlrvnc?

: ! metlrvnc lstmantls me tfl gketrkc &M -# me tfl gketrkc spngl &M M -# me tfl

lxplrmaletnc spngl &MMM-?

7 ! metlrvnc lstmantls me tfl gketrkc &M - ned durmeh tfl plrmkd ki rlstkrn!

tmke&MM#MMM-%

!>>6!



Tnjcl 4% Gkapnrntmvl liilgtmvlelss ki imhurntmvl meikrantmke dmstnet &>22 a-rlglptmke me tfl Inr Ekrtf uedlr usunc gkedmtmkes &M -# ned me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl

&Ж-%

Dntl A ny# >==>T k4 9 8 6 >2 >> >< >6 :2 :> tnc

Ernesamttld :< :< 72 :< 7< 7< 72 7< 7< 7< 7>2

>E

rlglmvld 4 < 7 4 4 9 4 < 8 4 49

, >9%2 :2%2 >2%2 >9%2 >>%4 >8%> >7%7 >4%: :2%2 >>%4 >4%6

Ernesamttld :< :< 72 :< 7< 7< 72 7< 7< 7< 7>2

>>>E

rlglmvld >2 :2 >= >7 >9 79 >= >9 7< 7> :>4

, 42%2 62%2 97%7 <:%2 4<%8 m kn 97%7 4<%8 >22 66%< 9=%2

Tnjcl <% Zlglmvld imhurls euajlr &, ki trnesamttld imhurls euajlr- wfmcldmstnet &>22 a- meikrantmke trnesamttmeh irka O kzyrlv(s Wpngl durmeh tfl suelgcmpsl nt fmhf cntmtudls &@ ucy ::#>==2- ned me tfl prlvmkus dnys%

Dntl @ ucy# >==2ntl4 < 9 8 6 = >2 >> >: >7 >4 >< >9 >8 >6 >= :2 :> :: :7

Zlglmvldimhurlseuajlr

M

M M

>6 2 6 2 2 >2 6 2 2 >= >> = 6 >7 >8 >9 >9 >8 >= >:

>> >: :2 >> >7 >7 >7 >2 :2 >: >8 :2 :> :7 :> 72 72 7< => 72

>% T fl dnmcy trnesamssmke prkhrna gkesmstld ki 79 imhurls%

:% Wmauctnelkus wkro ki twk hrkups# lngf gkesmstmeh ki slvle kplrntkrs%

!>>=!



7% Wmtuntld me Dmogske# cmol tfl trnesamssmke pkmet0 M ! plrskes jkre kut kielw ned iucc akke plrmkds? MM ! plrskes jkre durmeh elw ned iucc akke%

!

Am ц 3

• •

>

?

{ 2 Э • %% Н Y`; (* Y #( % ( • (

•• ! ! Y+



T FL *N\ZKZN JKZLNC MW* HC KJNC

LV RLZM A LET KE MEYLWTMHNTM KE KI

DMWTN ET!MEIKZA NT MKENC METLZNGT MKEW M E

TF L EKKWRFL ZL N ED TFLMZ ZKC L ME TF L

RC NELT !JMKWRFLZ MG FKA LKWTN WMW KI T F L

LNZTF%

7 jnsmg nmas wlrl slt jlikrl tfl rlslrgflrs0

>% tk mdletmiytfl rkcl ki tfl Rkcnr rlhmkes ki tfl Lnrtf me dmstnet gkaauemgn!

tmke algfnemsas ned me tfl gketrkc ki tfl cmvmeh anttlr imlcd ickw?

:% tk mdletmiy tfl rkcl ki flcmkhlkpfysmgnc aldmua me tfl stnjcl iuegtmkemeh

ki dmstnet metlrngtmke gfneelcs?

7% tk mdletmiy tfl rkcl ki splgmnc dlvmgls &fypkanheltmg gfnajlr# O ksyrlv(s

pcnet- ikr megrlnsmeh dmstnet metlrngtmke liimgmlegy? 4% tk mdletmiy tfl rkcl ki sntlcmtltlclgkaauemgntmvl systlas smaucntmeh dmstnet metlrgkeelgtmvl prkglssls ke tfl

sgncl ki tfl gksakpcneltnry fkckhrna ki tfl Lnrtf%

T fl tlgfemqul ki tfl hckjnc Lxplrmalet%

Ikr tfl iurtflr mevlstmhntmke ki dmstnet metlrngtmkes n hrkup ki sgmletmsts

&O nzengfllv Y %# Y ntkcme H%# Trkimakv N %# Jlcne M%- dlvlckpld n auctmgfneelc

dltlgtkr dlvmgl wfmgf ms n gkapclx gkesmstmeh ki n jmkmedmgntkr# n anheltkaltlr#

n gkaputlr ned n ilw vkctaltlrs%

Ke tfl jnsms ki ne lxplrt prkhrna# tfl gkaputlr anols mt pkssmjcl tk

dltlramel tfl metlhrnc iuegtmke ned tfl tmal ki tfl kplrntkrs dmstnet ngtmke ke njmkmedmgntkr tnrhlt# usmeh n auctmclvlc antflantmgnc imctlr% A lnewfm cl# tfl gka!

!>:>!



putlr systla imxld tfl dmrlgtmke ki tfl kplrntkr(s ngtmke ke tfl stnjmcmzntmke kr

dlstnjmcmzntmke ki gncgucntmeh tfl metlhrnc iuegtmke nt n dmstnegl ki n ilw tfkusned

omckaltlrs%

Durmeh tfl lxplrmalet# tfl jmkmedmgntmkenc gkaputlr systla wns pcngld metk

ne mskcntld &wmtfkut plkpcl- rkka# wmtf tfl kplrntmeh rlhmal ki tfl Wgmletmimg

Zlslrgf Gletlr kutsmdl tfl Ekvksmjmrso medustrmnc zkel# ikr kel fkur%

N cc tfl tlclvmlwlrs wlrl hmvle n uemqul kppkrtuemty tk ngt pksmtmvlcy ke tfl

jmkmedmgntkrs ckgntld me Ekvksmjmrso# fnvmeh tfl manhl!tnrhlt jlikrl tflmr lyls0

tk imx tfl lxngt tmal ki tflmr pnrtmgmpntmke me tfl lxplrmalet ned tk sled mt wmtf

tflmr dntl ki jmrtf tk tfl Zlslnrgf Gletlr%

T fl lxplrmalet wns dmvmdld metk 7 stnhls%

T fl >st stnhl ! rlhmkenc &amddcl cntmtudls-% Mt wns rlncmzld wm tf tfl flcp kitfl tlgfemgnc alnes ki Ekvksmjmrso tlclvmsmke ke Ekvlajlr :6#>==2% N t tfms stnhl

tfl jmkmedmgntmkenc gkaputlr systla wns ckgntld me n zkel ki stnjcl tlclsmhenc

rlglptmke% M eikrantmke wns rlglmvld irka 9:7 plrskes%

T fl :ed stnhl !hckjnc% T fl tlgfemgnc alnes ki Gletrnc tlclvmsmke me A ksgkw

ned sntlcm tl rlplntlrs wlrl usld% Tfl lxplrmaletnc prkhrna wns jrkndgnst

sugglssmvlcy tk tfl dmiilrlet tlapkrnc zkels kvlr tfl wfkcl tlrrmtkry ki tfl G MW

&Gkaakewlnctf ki M edlpledlet Wtntls-

T fl jmkmedmgntmkenc gkaputlr systla wns gfmlicy pcngld kutsmdl tfl zkel ki

tlclsmhenc rlglptmke uedlr tfl smauctnelkus meikrantmkenc ngtmke ki slvlrnc

tfkusned plkpcl irka tfl vnrmkus flcmkhrnpfmgnc pkmets ki tfl gkuetry% Tnomeh

metk nggkuet tfl Hrlnt Wpngl ned Gfrmstmne gygcls# tfl lxplrmalet wns stnrtld

jlikrl Gntfkcmg Gfrmstans &Dlglajlr :4-% Meikrantmke wns gkcclgtld irka :<48

tlclvmlwlrs &>:9 mefnjmtld pcngls-%

T fl 7d stnhl ! rlhmkenc &fmhf cntmtudls-% M t wns rlncmzld wm tf tfl flcp ki tfl

tlgfemgnc ingmcmtmls ki Dmogske slttclalet tlclvmsmke durmeh 8 dnys &Dlglajlr :=!

@ neunry 8-# megcudmeh Gfrmstmne Gfrmstans% T fl jmkmedmgntmkenc gkaputlr systla

wns ckgntld nt n dmstnegl ki:<22 oa irkatfl pcngl ki tfltlclslssmke jrkndgnstmeh

me wfmgf 47 plrskes tkko pnrt%

Durmeh tfl :d tfl 7d stnhls ki tfl Hckjnc Lxplrmalet tfl njkvl!dlsgrmjld

tlgfemqul ki dmstnet metlrngtmke lvncuntmke nggkrdmeh tk tfl sgflal *n ane!jmkkj`lgt me tfl Ekkspflrl* wns usld tkhltflr wmtf tfl dmstnet gkeelgtmke

!>::!



!>:7!



!>:4!





gfneelc &tfl systla *A ne!A ne*- me wfmgf tfl kplrntkr trnesamttmeh manhl

meikrantmke wns pcngld me O kzyrlv(s Rcnet ke Dmogske ned tflrl wlrl : hrkups

ki rlglmvmeh kplrntkrs &>4!>9 plrskes me lngf-0 kel me tfl snal slttclalet# kutsmdl

O kzyrlv(s pcnet# ned tfl ktflr ! me Ekvksmjmrso# dmsplrsld me dmiilrlet dmstrmgts%

T fl trnesamssmke ned tfl rlglptmke ki tfl manhls wlrl rlncmzld me n

syegfrkekus rlhmal me tfl nggkrdnegl wmtf tfl nstrkekamgnc tmal%

T fl akalet ki gkapcltmeh tfl rlgkrds ki tfl trnesamssmke ned tfl rlglptmke

wns imxld jy Y mdlk wmtf n gkeelgtld tmalr me tfl prlslegl ki tfl medlpledlet

lxplrt gkaamssmke% N cc omeds ki pkst!#tlclhrnpf!#tlclpfkel! ned inx!gkaauemgn!

tmke wlrl cngomeh%

T fl rlgkrds fnvl jlle nsslssld jy : lxplrt hrkups ke tfl jnsms ki tfl snal

tlgfemqul%

Ikr dltlramemeh tfl stnjcl rlprkdugtmke ki rlsucts# n euajlr ki gketrkc

slssmkes ki dmstnet gkaauemgntmke mesmdl ned kutsmdl tfl fypkanheltmg gfnajlr

ned O kzyrlv(s Rcnet# nt dmiilrlet anheltk!mkekspflrmgnc gkedmtmkes ki tfl Lnrtf#

nt tfl dmiilrlet pfnsls ki tfl Akke# ltg% wns put metk niilgt%

N splgmnc gketrkc lxplrmalet me tfl systla *ane ! jmkmedmgntkr ! gkaputlr*

wns gnrrmld kut ke Ekvlajlr :4#>==2 ikcckwmeh tfl njkvl!aletmkeld sgflal ki

tfl >st ned :ed stnhls wmtfkut alnes ki tlclgkaauemgntmke% T fl pmgturl ki tfl*jmkmedmgntkr!tnrhlt* wns pujcmsfld me elwspnplrs# ncc tfl rlst ki tfl gkedmtmkes

rlanmeld mdletmgnc%

T fl lvncutmke ki tfl flcmkhlkpfysmgnc jngohrkued ki tfl mesmdl!utlrmel

prkglss plrmkd ki ncc tfl pnrtmgmpnets me tfl lxplrmalet wns n plrilgtcy elw

altfkd me tfl Hckjnc lxplrmalet% Dul tk tfl usl ki 82!ylnr dllp gkaputlr dntn

jnsl ned ne krmhmenc gkaputlr prkhrna &Wnrnegfme K%# Hrngflv N %-# tfms lvncutmke

plramts tfl mdletmimgntmke ki dmstmegtmvl gkajmentmkes ki spntmnc ingtkrs me tfl

grmtmgnc plrmkd ki prlentnc dlvlckpalet%

!>:9!



Zlsuct% Dmsgussmke%

N t tfl >st stnhl tfl stnjmcmzntmke rlhmstlrld ke tfl gkaputlr wns anrold

stnegl usmeh tfl alnes ki tlclgkaauemgntmke% M e tfl slrmls &wmtfkut tlclvmsmke-#

tktnc liilgt ki tfl dmstnet ngtmke wnse(t rlhmstlrld%

T fl :ed stnhl rlcntld tk tfl Hckjnc lxplrmalet# wfmgf wns gnrrmld kut wmtf

edrld plkpcl% T fl lvlets ki tfl :4tf ki Dlglajlr gne jl gkesmdlrld ns n rlsuct

tfl gkaake dlstnjmcmzntmke ki tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf% Ke tfl

vlemeh ki Dlglajlr :4# me tfl Rkcnr rlhmkes ki tfl Lnrtf n splgmnc imlcd ki tfl

krgls npplnrld nrkued O kzyrlv(s pcnet# ned n *pcnsakmd* jurst wns rlhmstlrld

e mt% &I mh% 74- A krlkvlr# ne tfl ueusunc c mhft liilgt me n sfnpl ki n dmso wmtf n

uamekus tnmc akvmeh tk tfl Ekrtf gkucd jl slle me tfl Rkcnr soy% N e lsplgmnccy

hft N urkrn jkrlncms ned lxtrlalcy strkeh anheltkspflrmgnc dm sturjnegls wlrljslrvld nt tfl akalet ki tfl dlvlckpalet ki tfl lvlets% Mt sfkucd jl ektld tfnt

&< me 8 gnsls- wmtf tfl gkedugtmeh ki tfl lxplrmalets ke dmstnet!manhl gka!

uemgntmke usmeh O kzyrlv(s Rcnet# jlmeh# prkjnjcy# trngl rlngtmke ki tfl meikran!

mkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf me tfl Rkcnr rlhmke &Imh% 7<-%

T fl 7d stnhl ki tfl Hckjnc lxplrmalet prkvld tfl splgmnc rkcl ki tfl Rkcnr

lhmkes me tfl dmstnet gkaauemgntmke algfnemsas ikr anmetnmemeh pcnelt ! jmks!

flrmgnc fkalkstnsms%

N t tfms stnhl tfl jmkmedmgntmkenc gkaputlr systla me Ekvksmjmrso dmde(t imx

mhemimgnet gfnehls me tfl gncgucntmeh metlhrnc iuegtmke% :: pnrtmgmpnets ki tfl

lclslssmke me Dmogske &4 me 8 slssmkes- fnd nddmtmkenc eke!jrkndgnst manhls ke

fl sgrlles ki tflmr TY slts%

N t tfl jlhmeemeh ki tfl 7d plrmkd ki tfl Hckjnc lxplrmalet &D lg% :=-# tflanhl meikrantmke trnesamttld jy tfl kplrntkrs ke Dmogske M scned wns ekt

!>:8!



E

Х

=

6

8

9

<

4

7

:>

Е

I mh% 79 T fl dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmke Dmgoske!Ekvkscjm r so%M ! tfl euajlr ki smamc nr manhls dur meh dmstnet metlrngtmke me rlhmal0 tr nesamssmke! r lglp

tcke

M M ! tfl euajlr ki smam ci tr manhls dur meh dmstnet metlrngtmke m e rlhmal0 plr glptmke wm tfkut

trnesamssmke%

rlglmvld me Ekvksmjmrso% Jlikrl tfl led ki tfl 7d stnhl# tfl meikrantmkenc gfneelc*Dmogske!Ekvksmjmrso* wns lehnhld wmtf meikrantmke &spntmnc syajkcs anmecy-wfmgf wns ekt trnesamttld jy tfl krhnemzlrs ki tfl lxplrmalet jut wfmgf wnsrlglmvld me jktf tfl hrkups ke Dmogske Mscned ned me Ekvksmjmrso &Imh%79-%

T fl rkcl ki tfl flcmkhlkpfysmgnc jngohrkued me tfl rlncmzntmke ki hckjnc

dmstnet meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes wns gcnrmxmld% Mt wns sfkwe tfnt tfl gkajmen!tmke ki flcmkhlkpfysmgnc ingtkrs me tfl grmtmgnc plrmkds ki prlentnc cmil dltlramelstfl medmvmdunc(s njmcmty ikr dmstnet metlrngtmkes% N csk# slplrntl hrkup dlesmty me tflpkpucntmke ms pnrt ki tfl algfnemsa ikr anmetnmemeh tfl pcnelt!jmkspflrmgncfkalkstnsms# ke tfl clvlc ki wlno lgkckhmgnc gkeelgtmkes% M t wns sfkwe tfntsntlcmtl tlclgkaauemgntmkenc systlas# ns wlcc ns tfl altfkds ki jmkmedmgntmke ned

tfl lvncuntmke ki dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmke# me aney nsplgts dlpled ke tflflcmkhlkpfysmgnc gkedmtmkes me tfl pcngls ki tfl trnesamssmke ned rlglptmke# ned

!>:6!



M > g k e t r k c > M M >>> >7 >4 |<>9 >8 M

MM

I mh% 78 T fl spngl!tmal gfnrngtlr mstmgs ki plrskes wfk nrl ckgntld me O kzyrlv(s A mr rkrs%M ! suj` lgtmvl stntus ki plkpcl uedlr tfl tlst :< Dlglajlr# >==2

M M ! tfl stntus ki tfl gketrkc hrkup >6!:7 @ leunmy# >==>Rlrglptmkes0 > ! tfl pr lslet ki ne kjslrvlr? : ! vmsunc liilgts? 7 ! nudmk liilgts? 4 !

tflrlgkestr ugtmke ki tfl pnst? < ! tfl gfnehl ki hlkaltry ki jkdy? 9 ! tfl gfnehl ki alakry nedtfmeo meh? 8 ! tfl manhl!smajkcmgnc plrglptmke

splgmnc dlvmgls &fypkanheltmg gfnajlr ned O kzyrlv(s Rcnet- gne jl usld wfle

smaucntmeh hckjnc dmstnet gkaauemgntmke systlas ke tfl sgncl ki n pcnelt!spngl

fkckhrna ki tfl Lnrtf% M t gne jl suppksld tfnt imlcd ikra prlvnmcs me C mvmeh

A nttlr me skal gkedmtmkes? lgkckhmgnc gkeelgtmke cmamts nrl hrlntcy lxtledld# ned

tfl krhnemsa iuegtmkes ns n uemt ki ne uejkuedld gksakpcneltnry aldmua wmtf

elw prkplrtmls% Tfms uemqul pkssmjmcmty ms lvmdletcy hmvle jy O ksyrlv(s A mr!

rkrs#kplemeh n elw wkrcd ki syajkcmg!manhl plrglptmke wmtf ne ueoekwe hnaan

ki suj`lgtmvl slesntmkes &Imh% 78-%

Imh% 76 ! manhls wfmgf npplnrld me amrrkrs ned wlrl ektmgld jy Kclh M %# kel

ki tfl rlslnrgflrs% Tfl fypektmgnc rlgkestrugtmke ki tfl lvlets ki Dlglajlr :<

prkvld tfnt O ksyrlv(s wkrcd ms n rlnc lxmstmeh wkrcd tfnt rlqumrls elw rlslnrgf

!>:=!



I mh% 7= T fl smajkc mgnc !manhl plrglptmke ki tfl wkrcd me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl%M ! tfl fypektmgnc rlgkestrugtmke ki tfl lvlets# :4!:< Dlglajlr# >==2 &e1>7# 77 liikrts-M M ! gketr kc hrkup kut ki fypeksms# @ leunmy# >==> &e16# :6 dlsgrm ptmkes-M M M ! tfl plrgletnhl ki smamc nr vnrmnets ki plrglptmke &gkapnr mske ki M ned M M -T fl vnr mnets ki plrglptmke0 > • cmhft strlna? : ! tfl cuamekus kj`lgt? 7 ! rktntmke? 4 ! tfl

gketngt me * tfkuhft!manhl* typl? < ! tfl gketngt * smculttl!hcnegl* typl%

altfkds% &I mh% 7=-% Tfl rlgkrds nppcmld me Wuppclalet > surlcy anol tfl

sglptmgs jlcmlvl%

I mh% 76 M anhls wlrl rlglmvld me O kzmr lvms amrrkrs%

!>72!



T FL *TFL RKC NZ G MZGC L* HC KJNC

LVRLZ MALET %

T fl hckjnc lxplrmalet *Tfl Rkcnr gmrgcl* wns gnrrmld kut irka tfl =tf tk

tfl :8tf ki Dlglajlr# >==> ikr studmeh tfl gkeikramty ki tfl dmstnet!manhl!jlnr!

meh metlrngtmke jltwlle plrskes me dmiilrlet rlhmkes ki tfl Ekrtflre Flamspflrl%

N ggkrdmeh tk tfl nvnmcnjcl meikrantmke# tfms ms tfl imrst!lvlr syegfrkekus

mevlstmhntmke ki dmstnet!meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes me tfl Ekkspflrl ki tf(s sgncl

wfmgf fns jlle uedlrtnole%

Me >2 slnegls ki dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh gkaauemgntmke# up tk >:68 plrskescmvmeh me 8:4 slttclalets ki >< gkuetrmls tkko pnrt smauctnelkuscy% Tfl nhl ki tfl

pnrtmgmpnets ki dmiilrlet ltfemg krmhmes rnehld irka 7 up tk 8: ylnrs% N akeh aney

ktflr prkjclas# wl wlrl metlrlstld me tfl plgucmnrmty ki lnrcy gfmcdfkkd grlntmke#

ns wlcc ns tfl alnsurl ki gkapntmjmcmty ki tfl gfmcd(s metlcclgtunc imlcd wmtf tfl

meikrantmkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf nt tfl tmal ki rlglmvmeh manhl!jlnrmeh meikran!

tmke% T fl trnesamttmeh ki tfl manhls wns plrikrald ikr < ameutls tk dmiilrlet#

*gkapltmeh ikr rlglmvmeh* prkhrnas irka tfl trnes!pkcnr slttclalet ke Dmogske

mscned ckgntld%njkvl cntmtudl 87 Ekrtf% Kel ki tfl rlglmvld prkhrnas irka lngf

slnegl wns rlncmzld irka O kzyrlv(s Wpngl usmeh splgmnc systlantmg altfkds#

ktflrs wlrl irka tfl gketrkc spngl kutsmdl ki E%N % O kzyrlv(s mestnccntmke ned stmcc

ktflrs wlrl rlncmzld ke n vmdlkimca rlgkrd tfrkuhf tfl ckgnc tlclltflr gfneelc%

Xl fnvl npprkvld n euajlr ki tfl elw systlantmgnc altfkds me dmstnet!manhl!

jlnrmeh trnesamssmke0 tfl Fl!El cnslr jlna# dmrlgtld nt glrtnme pkmets ke tflvnuct ki tfl pkcnr soy# wfmgf wkros tfrkuhf tfl metlrngtmke jltwlle tfl G ksaks

ned A ne# ned skal grystnccmg strugturls irka wmtfme tfl Lnrtf# sugf ns amelrncs

megcudmeh rnugf!tkpnz# anrmke# jcngo rkgo grystnc# naltfyst# `nsplr ned ncsk

Gksaks wnedlrlrs altlkrmtls% Kur lxpldmtmke fnd n splgmale ki tfl Wmofktl!

N cme altlkrmtl# wfmgf alt wmtf tfl Lnrtf me >=48# namnjcy hmvle jy tfl A uslua

ki tfl Mestmtutl ki Hlkckhy ned Hlkpfysmgs me tfl N gndlay Wtntmke# Ekvksmjmrso%

!>7>!



DLGLAJLZ >==>

зI mh%42 A nheltkspflry smtuntmke &nggkrdmeh tk tfl fkr mzketnc napc mtudl wfmgf gkapkslshlkanheltmg imlcd j# eTC - Me D mxske durmeh tfl dmstnet!manhl lxplr mlalet * Tfl Rkcnr gmrgcl* %

T fl anheltmg! ned mkekspflrmgnc ned altlkrkckhmgnc gkedmtmkes ke tfl dnyski tfl slnegls wlrl rlgkrdld rlhucnrcy nt tfl pkmet ki tfl trnesamssmke# tflslttclalet ke Dmogske Mscned% Tfl akst gkesmdlrnjcl napcmtudl ki tfl anheltmg

dmstkrtmkes ki tfl fkrmzketnc gkapkelet ki tfl hlkanheltmgnc imlcd &F- wnskjslrvld nt tfl tmal ki tfl slnegls ke tfl :>st# tfl :7rd# tfl :4tf ned ncsk ke tfl:8tf ki Dlglajlr# wfle napcmtudl wns lqunc tk ==2 eT c &I mh%42-% I rka tfl :2tfup tk tfl :4tf ki Dlglajlr# n sekwstkra wmtf wmed ki up tk :< a+s rnhld kvlrDmogske% T fl sekw lclalet sujsmdld kecy ke Gfrmstans emhft# Dlglajlr :<% N edke Dlglajlr :8# kel kjslrvld n dmiilrlet ntakspflrmgnc pflekaleke kvlr

DmogskeMscned0 Ekrtflre C mhfts ki lsplgmnc i krgl ned jrmhftelss me tfl ikra ki ngupkcn# ikrald irka tfl pcnymeh ki aney!gkckurld# sfmemeh *nrrkws*# ckwlrmehncakst tk tfl Lnrtf# ns mi gkvlrmeh tfl pkcygcmemg jumcdmeh wflrl tfl lxplrmaletncpkcyhke ki kur Mestmtutl wns ckgntld ned wflrl O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs wlrl akuetld%Tfms pflekaleke wns kjslrvld irka >:0>2 tk >70><# A ksgkw tmal# wfle tflprkhrna(s lxplrmaletnc wkro gnccld *Tfl grlntmke ned tfl spntmnc gkesgmkuss!

elss* wns plrikrald me tfl A mrrkrs( Wpngl% N ggkrdmeh tk tfms prkhrna# nprkilssmkenc Dmogske pnmetlr Y % O krkcykv# wfmcl mesmdl ki O kzyrylv*s A mrrkrs#

!>7:!





plrske# usmeh tfl gkaputlr prkhrna *F lcmks*# dlvlckpld me M GLA ki T fl

Zussmne N gndlay ki Aldmgnc Wgmlegls #Wmjlrmne Jrnegf &nutfkrs nrl K%

Wnrnegfme ned N % Hrngfykvn-% Ke tfl jnsms ki tfl dntn jnsld ke tfl spntmnc

smtuntmke ki 8 pnrnaltlrs &skcnr ned anheltmg ngtmvmty# rndmklamssmke ki tfl Wue#

slgtkrmnc strugturl ki tfl metlrpcneltnry anheltmg imlcd# pfnsl ckgntmke ki tfl

A kke# ned sk ketfl spntmnc smtuntmke tnomeh pcngl durmeh tfl akst mapkrtnet

plrmkds ki tfl metrnutlrmel dlvlckpalet# megcudmeh tfl plrmkds ki tfl ikrantmke

ki tfl akst mapkrtnet slgtmke ki tfl gletrnc elrvkus systla# wns rlgkestrugtld#

nitlr meputtmeh metk tfl gkaputlr dntn njkut tfl tmal ned tfl pcngl ki jmrtf%

N ggkrdmeh tk kur dntn# tfl spntmnc smtuntmke ki tfl prlentnc plrmkd lssletmnccy ngts

ke tfl liilgtmvlelsski tfl dmstnet!manhl!jlnrmeh metlrngtmke jltwlle tfl plrskes%

Tnomeh metk nggkuet tfl spntmnc pnrnaltlrs nt dmiilrlet stnhls ki tfl ketkhlelsmski tfl plrske!pnrtmgmpnet me dmstnet!meikrantmkenc gkaauemgntmke# wl sugglldld

me prkdugmeh rlprkdugmjcl rlsucts me tflsl mevlstmhntmkes%

T fl rlglmvmeh pnrt# rlprlsletld jy ne lxtlesmvl gkrps ki plrskes wmtf

dmiilrlet clvlcs ki psygfmg njmcmtmls wns rlqumrld tk imx tfl manhls plrglmvld nt tfl

tmal ki tfl slnegls ned tk dlsgrmjl me dltnmc tflmr stntl ned tfl gkedmtmkes me wfmgf

tfly fnd jlle rlglmvld% T fl imrst rlsucts ki rlglmvmeh manhl!jlnrmeh meikrantmke

me glrtnme rlhmkes ki tfl Ekrtflre Flamspflrl nrl ncrlndy oekwe%X l wlrl njcl tk lstmantl tfl liilgtmvlelss ki dmstnet!meikrantmkenc metlrng!

tmkes jltwlle plrskes kvlr sfkrt dmstnegls &up tk 7 oa- irka tfl pcngl ki

trnesamttmeh# wfle tflrl wlrl mdletmgnc flcmk!hlkpfysmgnc gkedmtmkes nt tfl pkmets

ki trnesamttmeh ned rlglmvmeh% Tfms wns dkel wmtf tfl pnrtmgmpntmke ki tfl ncmle

pkpucntmke ki tfl Inr Ekrtf%

N slnegl ki manhl!jlnrmeh trnesamssmke irka O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs wns

rlgkrdld ke vmdlkimca ned tfle tlclgnst tfrkuhf tfl tlclvmsmkenc ltflr% Tfms

tlclvmsmkenc ltflr wns usld me imvl slnegls irka tfl :2 tk tfl :4 ki Dlslajlr%

T fl rlsucts ki tfl rlglmvmeh ki tfl manhl meikrantmke ke Dmogske M scned nrl tfl

ikcckwmeh0 tfl manhl!jlnrmeh meikrantmke tlclgnst ke >:%:2%=> wns rlglmvld gkr!

rlgtcy jy 4 kut ki >2 plrskes slet tfl rlpkrts# ke >:%:>%=> ! 8 kut ki >2%>:%::%=>#

>:%:7%=> ned >:%:4%=> 4 kut ki >6#> kut ki >2 ned < kut ki >4# rlsplgtmvlcy%

Rny nttletmke tk tfl rlsucts ki tfl tlclvmsmkenc rlglmvmeh ki tfl manhl!jlnrmehmeikrantmke me tfl inamcy ki pnmetlr Y cndmamr Y nsmcylvmgf O krkcykv# wflrl fl# fms

!>74!



R fktk >8 Entmvl plkpcl ki \st!Nvna slttc lalet &T nmayr - ! Ehnensnes% Zlpr lsletntm vls kisfnane inamcy%

rmil Lontlrmen Mvnekven ned fms gfmcdrle &E ntnsfn &>:- ned @ lima &<-- wlrl

memtld jy tfl gkaake imlcd ki ckvl ned grlntmke# wfmgf# pkssmjcy# flcpld tfla tkkcvl tfl prkjcla ki manhl!jlnrmeh rlglmvmeh sugglssiuccy&I mhs% 4=!<>-% Xl fnvl

?mvle tfl rlndlr tfl gfnegl tk jl gkevmegld ki tfms% T fl gkapnrntmvl rlsucts ki

fl lxplrmalet ikr twk hrkups# tfl ncmle ned entmvl pkpucntmke ki tfl Inr Ekrtf#

ureld kut tk jl mapkrtnet% Xl lxplgtld tk imed n pkpucntmkenc!trmjnc krhnemsa

e tfl ikra ki n inamcy metlcclgtunc fkckhrnpfmgnc *spkt* wmtf n gkapclx gkapksm!

mke ki tfl splgmncmzld entmvl mefnjmtnets ki tfl Tnmayr Rlemesucn0 Ehnensnes ned

Dkchnes% T fl npplnrnegl ki sugf *spkts* wns ne mapkrtnet stlp me tfl gks!

ekpcneltnry lvkcutmke ki tfl Lnrtf% Tfl vlrjnc!slanetmg ikra ki Metlcclgt

khltflr wmtf mts plrskencmty ikrald wmtf tfl npplnrnegl ki wkrds# algfnemgnc#

@ gkustmg# ned vmsunc smhes# ned elw strugturls ki tfl spntmnc! tlapkrnc krhnemzntmke

tslci ned ki tfl surrkuedmeh C mil% N s plrskencmty ikras# dmstnet!meikrantmkenc

etlrgkaauemgntmkes ned tlclpntfmg gketngts jltwlle plrskes jlgkal wlnolr%

Gketmeumeh tfl slrmls ki gkapnrntmvl pnclkpsygfkckhmgnc wkros ke tfl Inr Ekrtf#e tfl inralwkro ki tfl lxplrmalet *tfl Rkcnr Gmrgcl*# wl gcnrm imld wfnt tfl

!>7<!



lxprlssmvmty ki tfl fkckhrnpfmgnc ned tlclpntfmgnc gkapkelet ms me tfl lxmstmeh

ekrtflre ltfeks ned me wfmgf spflrls tflsl prkplrtmls nrl dmspcnyld%

Xmtf fkpl ki imedmeh tfl neswlrs tk tflsl qulstmkes# wl wlet tk tfl Tnmayr

slttclalet ki \st!N vna# kel ki tfl pkmets ki tfl hckjnc lxplrmalet &Rfktk >8-%

<9( plrt!skes irka nhl 7 tk 82 ylnrs kcd tkko pnrt me tfl slnegls ki dmstnet!manhl!

jlnrmeh gkaauemgntmke me tfms slttclalet# wfmgf ms pkpucntld prldkamenetcy jy

Ehnensnes ned Dkchnes% Tfl pmgturl# andl nt tfl tmal ki tfl slnegls jy tfl

hrlnt!hrneddnuhftlr ki tfl inakus sfnane T%N xlekvn# wfk fns elvlr slle tfl

akuetnmes maprlssls &I mh%<:-% T fl akuetnme cnedsgnpl wns plrglmvld nt tfl tmal

ki tfl tlclvmsmkenc slnegl# gketnmemeh smamcnr manhl!jlnrmeh meikrantmke# jut sfl

wns kutsmdl tfl zkel rlglmvmeh tfl TY smhencs0 422 oa irka Dmogske gmty% 7 dnys

nitlr tfms rlglmvmeh ne mdletmgnc manhl!jlnrmeh pmgturl wns plrglmvld jy O kzyrlv(s

A mrrkr nt tfl tmal ki tfl ueusunc rlncmzntmke ki tfl Rkcnr C mhfts prkhrna *Grln!

tmke ned spntmnc gkesgmkuselss*% Tfms ms meikrantmke ikr vlry slrmkus aldmtntmke

njkut rlcntldelss me tfl meikrantmkenc imlcd ki tfl Lnrtf% X l nrl tureld tk smamcnr

aldmtntmke jy tfl pmgturls jy tfl Ehnensnes( gfmcdrle# grlntld nt tfl tmal ki tfl

slnegls ki manhl!jlnrmeh trnesamssmkes% Mt ms wkedlriuc # ns tfl plrglmvld manhls

irka tfl trnesamssmke prkhrna nrl gkrrlgtcy meslrtld metk tfl pnekrnan ki tfl

usunc nctfkuhf pnrtcy urjnemzld ektflre cnedsgnpl% Tfms ms lsplgmnccy ektmglnjclme tfl tflal ki fkusmeh0 *gfua* ned *jnckgo* &ikras ki ekrtflre fkusmeh- wmtf

tfl gkrrlspkedmeh trnesamttld syajkcmgnc lclalets &Ek%t:2 ned Ek%t97 irka tfl

*manhl!jlnrmeh alggnek*-% &Imh%<7-% N t tfl tmal ki tfl slnegl tfl hrlnt!

hrnedske ki tfl sfnane M % O kstlrme plrglmvld tfl pnekrnan ki tfl *Wfnane!

stne*# wfmgf wns oekwe tk fma irka lnrcy gfmcdfkkd% T fl pnekrnan gketnmeld

tfl lclalets trnesamttld irka O kzyrlv(s A mrrkr ke Dmogske M scned nt tfnt ak!

alet%

T fl entmvl mefnjmtnets ki tfl Tnmayr Rlemesucn# Ehnensnes# fnvl olpt tfl

njmcmty tk gkrrlgtcy plrglmvl dmstnet!gnstmeh manhl!jlnrmeh meikrantmke% T fms

njmcmty ms lsplgmnccy dlvlckpld me tfl gfmcdrle ned tfl alajlrs ki tfl sfnane

gcnes%%

Me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs M ilct tfl dlptf ki tfl surrkuedmeh Gksaks# smamcnr me

ckko tk wntlr% N csk# M ilct cmitmeh# ns mi n anhelt nttrngtld al upwnrds%

!>79!



Tnjcl :% Ylrsmkes ki tfl pnrndkxmgnc psygfkpfysmgnc stntls nt tfl tmal n

plrske wns me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ikr >2 ameutls &D mogske >==>-%

Ek% Y lrsmkes ki tlstlr(s stntl ned plrglmvmeh Euajlr kignsls

, tk tfl tktnceuajlr ki

lxplrmalets

>% Zktntmke ki tfl jkdy >86 86%>

:% Zktntmke ki O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs 8: 7>%9

7% Y mjrntmke ki tfl jkdy <9 :4%9

4% Gfnehl ki tfl jkdy hlkaltry :4 >2%<

<% Wpcmt plrskencmty% Kjslrvntmke ki tfldkujcl* 78 >9%:

9% Kjslrvntmke ki tfl lpmskdls ki fms cmil =: 42%4

8% Kjslrvntmke ki fmstkrmgnc lvlets wmtfltfekhrnpfmg dltnmcs 9= 72%7

6% Ilnr 86 74%:

=% Y lhltntmvl rlngtmkes 4< >=%8

>2% Fnrakey <> ::%4

>>% Rnssmeh tfrkuhf n tueelc 99 :=%2

>:% Icmhft :2> 66%:

>7% Lxmt metk kutlr spngl >=4 6<%>

>4% Kjslrvntmke ki spngl jkdmls >67 62%7

><% Kjslrvntmke ki \ IKs >8: 8<%4

>9% T fl prlslegl ki ne *kjslrvlr* ><< 96%2>8% N gtmvl mevlstmhntmke ki tfl metlrvletmke

metk plrskencmty 9= 72%7

>6% N pplnrmeh ki lxtrntlrrlstrmncgkestrugtmkes >92 82%:

>=% Kjslrvntmke ki lxtrntlrrlstrmncgkestrugtmkes 76 >9%8

:2% Gketngt *tfkuhft ! manhl* >:8 <<%8

:>% Wyajkcmg meikrantmke >68 6:%2

!>78!



:=

>=9

>: %8

6 9 % 27 % G f n e h l k i t m a l i l l c m e h

T fl tktnc euajlr ki lxplrmaletnc letrmls metk O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ms ::6%

n

m

е7

Е<

П 4ЧE Е# = tk Y

G K

Y7 Ю ₣# i a N :22 Л U(++N

/:7 UAvY4 W*:Wi t ж+:9

П+> 8

Ыа:6

* @ -:<+>4

U72 %7:

p!

r : 7< ш * < > 4

7=9 r > 2 n 4 > = 4 :

44•

k i

rY+<2

П

8> Ж

З<4

5!4Wk

Ч %w

Ф > N9@!ч! 94 U9 <

e

ПП%8:

q p84

3l N ( s 3З

I mh% 46% M anhl!syajkcm g * gkestrugtkr* # wfmgf wns usld nt dmstnut!manhl tr nesamssmkes me*Tfl Rkcnr gmrgcl* lxplr malet%

!>76!



GKEGC\WMKE

Tfl aktmke ki M etlcclgt me sgmletmimg tfkuhft mse(t spketnelkus% A ne(s dlsmrlikr plrglptmke# ikr dmsgkvlrmeh skaltfmeh elw# ned ikr dlvlckpmeh mt# ms ust fuane

enturl% Me fmstkrmgnc imlcds# tfl aktmke ki sgmletmimg tfkuhft ms dltlrameld jy

plrskencmtmls# medmvmdunc ilnturls ki fuane dmssntmsingtmke# tfl qulst ikr kelslci

me tfl wkrcd% Tflsl medmvmduncs# ns n rucl# nrl sfueeld &nt clnst tflmr mdlns-#

jlgnusl tfly dke(t jcled wmtf tfl dkamenet sgmletmimg *jlc mli(% T mal pnssls ned

tfl jnsms ki tfl elxt wnvl ki sgmletmimg oekwcldhl ms gnusld jy tflsl mdlns%

T fl strlna slltfls me tfl vnstlr sgkpl ki tfl gkaake aktmke ki guc turl#

rlcmhmke ned skgmnc fkrmzkes%

T fl hlelrncmzld gkcclgtmvl lxplrmlegl ki sgmlegl ms kecy n pnrt ki tfl

gkaake gucturl!ltfmgnc aktmke% Tfl wkrcd ki tfl uelxpckrld gketnmes kcd# jut

uengoekwcldhld# ned elw imlcds ki akdlre sgmlegl% Tkdny tflsl imlcds rlqum rl

anstlrmeh% Metlcclgtunc ymlcd irka tflsl imlcds# plrfnps# wmcc jl kel ki tfl oly

liilgts ki tfl enturnc gksakpcneltnry ikrgl me tfl survmvnc ki fuanemty%X l nrl gkevmegld ki tfl elglssmty tk smehcl kut tfl prkjclas ki Elw

gksakhkey metk n prmkrmty imlcd ki akdlre enturnc sgmlegls% Mt ms n spngl ki

ueoekwe# tkwnrds wfmgf mt ms elglssnry tk ture tfl aktmke ki tfl sgmletmimg skurgls

ki `kmet Metlcclgt%

M t ms elglssnry tk ngglpt tfl pkssmjmcmty ki n pcurncmty ki C mvmeh A nttlr(s ikras

me tfl \emvlrsl #tflmr metlrngtmke ned ndnptntmke ke tfl Lnrtf% A neomed ms tfl

Metlcclgt# tfl prkglss ki sugf ne metlrngtmke me rlnc hlkgksakhkey%

!>7=!



ALAKZNED\A

Ke Krhnemzmeh tfl *Elw Gksakhkey* M etlrentmkencGletlr%

N e metlrentmkenc gletlr ned *Elw Gksakhkey* prkhrna nrl elldld%

>% N s wl nrl jlgkameh nwnrl ki tfl rkcl ki lgkekamg# pkcmtmgnc ned skgmk!

guc turnc algfnemsas me tfl lvkcutmk(e ki tfl C mvmeh Wujstnegl# wl nrl jlhmeemeh

tk uedlrstned tfnt tfl survmvnc ki fuanemty dlpleds ke n enturnc!pcneltnry wny

ki dlvlckpalet ned metlrrncntmke wmtf tfl levmrkealet%

T fl lvkcutmke ki tfl J mkspflrl ned A ne gketmeul? wl gne sll elw

algfnemsas nrmsl# jlmeh cmamtld ekt kecy jy hleltmg ingtkrs#jut jy wlno lgkckhmgnc

cmeos%

Fkwlvlr# akst oekwcldhl me akdlre sgmlegl ms rlprlsletld jy dntn njkut

uecmvmeh anttlr? A ne ms stmc c olpt nwny irka uedlrstnedmeh fms trul A nttlr%T flrl ms n hrkwmeh nwnrlelss ki tfl ingt tfnt lgkekamg# pkcmtmgnc ned

skgmkgucturnc algfnemsas nrl hrndunccy jlgkameh tkkcs ki tfl lvkcutmke%

Xmtf tfms nwnrlelss# mt ms jlgkameh megrlnsmehcy nppnrlet tfnt fuanemty# wmcc

survmvl# prkvmdld tfnt tfms tkkc gkapcmls wmtf tfl enturnc!pcneltnry gkursl ki tfl

lvlets%

Zlslnrgfls metk tfl enturl ki cmvmeh anttlr ned ane gncc ikr n elw npprkngf

grlntmeh n kelelss ki sgmletmimg npprkngfls me wfmgf prlgmsl oekwcldhl ms gka!

jmeld wmtf tflkskpfy ned tflkckhy#ned wflrl cnehunhl ns n alnes ki lxprlssmeh

tfl mdlns ki enturnc pflekalen prkvls tk jl ùst n inglt ki tfms npprkngf%

Kjvmkuscy#tk oekw fmaslci ane hkls jlyked# rmsls tk elw slanetmg fkrmzkes%

T k prkvmdl ne npprkngf tk tfms#n wkrcd!wmdl metlrdmsgmpcmenry uemke ke n

pkst gcnssmg pcntikra ikr studymeh enturl ms elldld%

Mt ms ki mapkrtnegl tk gkesmdlr cmvmeh anttlr wmtf ncc mts ickws ned ikrasmetlrngtmeh wmtf tfl ekecmvmeh ned uedlrhkmeh gkapclx metlrngtmkes me tfl prkglss%

!>42!



Elw gksakhkey any jl tfl elw pcntikra ki enturnc sgmlegl%

M t nsslrts tfnt tfl metlramenjcl ikras ki cmvmeh anttlr nrl tfl akst gkesl!

quletmnc lvlet ki gksakpcneltnry lvkcutmke# nrl n gksakhkemg pflekaleke ki

meikrantmke lxgfnehls me tfl spntmnc!tlapkrnc ickws ki spngl%ct ncsk nsslrts tfnt

tfl fuane metlcclgt ms tfl uemqul prkdugt ned prkplrty ki tfl uemvlrsl ned tfl

akst mapkrtnet imlcd gkapkelet ki fuane pkpucntmkes# tfms ms tfl suj`lgt anttlr

ki Elw Gksakhkey%

:%%T fl prksplgtmvl rlslnrgfls ki tfl Ilmzlr Mestmtutl# tfl Gletlr ikr Irketmlr

Wgmlegls nt Tlapcl \emvlrsmty# tfl Metlrentmkenc N sskgmntmke ikr Elw Wgmlegl ned

ktflrs fnvl hkt elw dntn njkut angrk! ned amgrkgksaks? sgmletmimg jnsls ikr

studymeh cmvmeh anttlr ned ane ns tfl suj`lgts ki *Elw Gksakhkey* fnvl jlle

slt%

T fl an`kr gketrmjutmkes ki tfl Mestmtutl ki Gcmemgnc ned Lxplrmaletnc

A ldmgmel anyjl suaanrmzld ns ikcckws0 tfl dlakestrntmke ki tfl rkcl ki pfktke

ickws ki skcnr rndmntmke me tfl rlhucntmke ki jmkgflamgnc ned pfysmgnc prkglssls?

tfl lstnjcmsfalet ki tfl pflekalen ki metlrglccucnr gkaauemgntmkes?

flcmkhlkpfysmgnc anemilstntmke ns metrnutlrmel maprmetmeh ki tfl liilgts ki tfl

Gksamg levmrkalet ke tfl fuane krhnemsa? suppkrt ikr tfl rkcl ki tfl Lnrtf(s

anheltmg imlcd me tfl rlhucntmke ki vmtnc iuegtmkes kjtnmeld wmtf tfl usl kifypkhlkanheltmg mestrualetntmke? dlakestrntmke ki tfl mapkrtnegl ki

flcmkhlkhrnpfmgnc ingtkrs me rlaktl lelrhy!meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes jltwlle

glccs ned fuanes? dlimemtmvl lvmdlegl ikr tfl splgmimg rkcl ki tfl pkcnr rlhmkes me

tfl Lnrtf(s jmkspflrl? ned uedlr gkedmtmkes ki tfl Inr Ekrtf# akdlccmeh ki tfl

auctmdmalesmkenc spntmnc!tlapkrnc levmrkealet wflrl ane(s manhl jumcdmeh sya!

jkcmg plrglptmke ki tfl wkrcd ms pnrtmgucnrcy anemilst%

Tfl gkajmeld usl ki rlslnrgf ingmcmtmls sugf ns fypkhlkanheltmg dlvmgls#

cnslrs# ned systlas rliclgtmeh rnrmtmls me gksamg ickws &nggkrdmeh tk O ksyrlv-

wkucd prkaktl tfl dlvlckpalet ki elw gkeglpts ki tmal ned spngl me ekegcnssm!

gnc rlcntmvmstmg algfnemgs ned# me pnrtmgucnr# tfl fuane amed me spntmnc!tlapkrnc

tlras%

Tfms kiilrstfl prkamsl ki tfl study ki metlcclgtunc jmkspflrmgnc gkapksmtmkes

dltlrameld jy dmiilrlet gksakpcneltnry gygcls%

!>4>!



Tfms study wkucd jl gnrrmld kut nt nt tfl snal tmal me dm iilrlet ckgncmtmls me

tfl wkrcd%

T fl mevlstmhntmke ki pcneltnry ! jmkspflrl fkalkstnsms wkucd gncc ikr

rlvmsmke me sgmletmimg tlngfmehs tkwnrds strkeh lgkckhmgnc rlcntmkesfmps ned rlaktl

meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes%

7% X l mevmtl ncc tfksl meikrald njkut kur kj`lgtmvls tk dmsguss tfl prk`lgt

ki tfl metlrentmkenc Gletlr ned *Elw Gksakhkey* prkhrna nt n alltmeh tk jl

flcpld me Ekvksmjmrso nt tfl led ki N uhust me >==:%

Mt ms suhhlstld# tk dmsguss tfl ikcckwmeh tkpmgs%

>% N strkpfysmgnc gkedmtmkes ikr stnjcl rlprkdugtmke ki rlaktl meikrantmkenc

metlrngtmkes me tfl jmkspflrl%

:% Rrkhrnas#altfkds ned alnes ikr tfl metlrdmsgmpcmenry study kialgfnemsas ki rlaktl!meikrantmkenc metlrngtmkes%Tfl kj`lgtmvls nrl tk nppcy tfms

oekwcldhl tk aldmgmel#jmkckhy ned nhrmgucturl%

7% Rkpucntmke ned medmvmdunc alnes ki prktlgtmeh ane irka wlno lgkckhmgnc

ned imlcd ingtkrs%

T flsl tkpmgs wmcc jl dmsgussld wmtfme tfl irnalwkro ki tfl ikc ckwmeh

tflkrltmgnc prkjclas%

>% Rfmckskpfmgnc gkeglpts ki *Kcd ned *Elw* Gksakhkey%*

:% Fuane metlcclgt ns tfl prkdugt ned prkplrty ki tfl uemvlrsl ned n suj`lgt

ki *Elw Gksakhkey*%

7 % Gksakpcneltnry pflekaleke ki cmvmeh anttlr ned tfl prkjcla ki fuane

survmvnc%

4% T fl prkjclas ki ldugntmke me tfl dlvlckpalet ki n gksamg kutckko me tfl

prlslet ned iuturl hlelrntmke%< % Rflekaleke ki flcmkhlkpfysmgnc *maprmetmeh* ki skal gksamg liilgtske

tfl fuane krhnemsa durmeh tfl lajrykemg plrmkd ki dlvlckpalet%

N ppc mgntmkes nrl mevmtld irka ncc tfksl wfk any gkesmdlr kur suhhlstmkes

tmalcy ned ki metlrlst%

Mt ms rlqulstld tfnt yku rlture tfl imlcd nppcmgntmke ikra nt ykur lnrcmlst

gkevlemlegl%

!>4:!



Rclnsl ikrwnrd rlclvnet antlrmncs megcudmeh ykur suhhlstmkes# jlgnusl mt ms

lssletmnc tfnt tfl iuturl pnrtmgmpnets lxgfnehl tflmr kpmemkes prmkr tk tfl alltmeh

sgflducld ikr Ekvksmjmrso%

Gksakpcneltnry ingtkrs nrl mencmlenjcl irka tfl spmrm tunc ned gucturnc

flrmtnhl ki fuaneuty%

Tfrkuhf slcioekwcldhl# plkpcl nrl slesmeh akrl ned akrl tfnt tfly nrlpnrts ki n gksamg letmty%

Gksakhkemg nssmhealet ki tfl Lnrtf(s gmvm cmzntmke ms tfl an`kr prkjcla ki

enturl study ned tfl elw sgmletmimg prkhrna? mt ms tfl grmtmgnc rlhmke ki tfl fuane

metlcclgt%

Tfl survmvnc ki ane ns n pnrt ki tfl uemvlrsl vlry augf dlpleds ke fkw

prkjclas plrtnmemeh tk mts kwe enturl nrl rlskcvld%

Xmtf tfl dlvlckpalet ki n survmvnc strntlhy# plkpcl gkameh irka dmiilrlet

gkuetrmls wmcc allt tk lxpckrl elw irketmlrsned nanchnantl sgmlegl# rlcmhmke ned

gucturl% M t ms fkpld tfnt n elw pfnsl ki gksaspcneltnry fmstkry any stnrt irka n

hckjnc uemke ki ameds jnsld ke ne lxtlesmvl metlrentmkenc prkhrna# tfl *Elw

gksakhkey* prk`lgt%

Gkkrdmentkr ki tfl prk`lgt ! Y% O nzengflylv%

Dmrlgtkr ki tfl Mestmtutl ki Gcmemgnc ned Lxplrmaletnc A ldmgmel

Ngnd% Tmanokv st% :

Ekvksmjmrso0 972>>8

Zussmn

Inx0 &767:-!7:!2>!7>

Tlclx0 >77:42 TLWT

!>47!



W\RRC LA LET M

GLZTMI MGNTLW

ki tfl lxplr maletnc wkros ke npprnmsmeh dmstnet!

manhl metlrngtmkes ke tfl I nr Ekrtf%

T fl glrtmimgntls gketnme dlsgrmptmkes &m c custrntld jy tfl nutfkrs( drnwmehs-#

andl jy tfl vkcuetnry pnrtmgmpnets &tlstlrs- me tfl lxplrmalet wm tf E %N % O kzyrlv(s

mestnccntmke &pfktk >-# ke Dmgoske me Dlglajlr >==2# me @ neunry# Nprm c ned me

A nrgf >==>%

:9%>:%=2% >7!4< A sg% \ I K kvlr

Dmgoske slttclalet &nggkrdmeh tk

tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl lylwmtt!

elss ! mefnjmtnet ki Dmgoske

N%N%-

*T flsl nrl us* &nggkrdmeh tk

dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr A %Y %#durmeh tfl fypektmg rlstkrntmke

ki tfl lvlets :<%>:%=2-

*T fl jneelr ki Rlngl* ! E %

Z lrmf(s smhe memtmntld tfl lvlets

:<%>:%=2# wmtf tfl pnrtmgmpnetsA %Y % ned O %Wf%

•N

!>44!



jkttka vmlw tkp vmlw

З ллл л >e e e M

hlelrnc vmlw

tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl icymeh kj`lgt kvlr Dmgoske ke tfl :<tf ki Dlglajlr>==2# andl jy ne lylwmtelss ! ne mefnjmtnet ki Dmgoske N %N %

Rfktk > T fl lxpldmtmkenry vnrmnet ki O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs# Dmgoske# tfl pcngl

ki lvlets# Dlglajlr# >==2%

!>4<!



®3W 5 е>:%2<%=> 6!22 A ks%T %

е k v nU >:%2<%=> =!22 A ks%T %

>2!22 A ks%T %

>:%2<%=> >>!22 A ks%T %

Y >:%2<%=> >:!22 A ks%T %

k k>:%2<%=> >7!22 A ks%T %

>:%2<%=> >4!22 A ks%T %

>:%2<%=> ><!22 A ks%T %

v >:%2<%=> >9!22 A ks%T %

M dletmgnc rkws ki manhls# plrglmvld nt dmiilrlet tmals me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs

!>49!



ЦY %\ % :%2<%=> 6!>2 A ks%T%

G P D K K * i

M %D% :%2<%=> 6!>: A ks%T%

P%O%

N aa!Е O %Wf% :%2<%=> >7!>< A ks%T %

P%O%

MMM F! Е N aA %Y % :%2<%=> >7!>< A ks%T %

Rnrncclc rlglptmke ki mdletmgnc manhls jy twk tlstlrs me O kzyrlv(s A m rrkrs%

!>48!



W%W f% :2%2>%=>% >6!42 A ks%T %

W%W f% :7%2>%=>% 6! >< A ks%T %

K %A % :>%2>%=>% >=!>< A ks%T %

Y msunc manhls ki dmiilrlet icymeh kj`lgts# plrglmvld jy tlstlrs me O kzyrlv(s

A mrrkrs%

!>46!



*Hkkd akremeh# mt ms al* &nggkrdmeh tk tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr W%Wf%

>6%2>%=>>2!72 A sg-%

*N Xfmtl Wtrnehlr* &nggkrdmeh tk tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr W%Wf%>=%2>%=>%>8!2< Asg-

!>4=!



*N Xfmtl Wtrnehlr* &nggkrdmeh tk tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr K%R %

:2%2>%=>%>=!2< A sg-

Wlrmls ki *alltmehs* me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs# nggkrdmeh tk tfl tlstlrs( dlsgrmp!

tmke%

!><2!



Hulsts i rka spngl ! M &nggkrdmeh tk tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr K%R

>9%2>%=>% ><!7< A sg-

Hulsts irka spngl !

:>%2>%=>% :2!22 A sg-

M M &nggkrdmeh tk tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr K%R %

!><>!



FYc S

Hulsts irka spngl ! M M M &nggkrdmeh tk tfl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl tlstlr K%R %

::%2>%=>% 9!27 A sg-

Wlrmls ki *alltmehs me O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs nggkrdmeh tk tfl tlstlr(s dlsgrmp!

tmke%

!><:!



TF L ZLGKZDW

ki tfl L xplr malets me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% @ leunry# >==>%

>6%2>%=>% Jlmeh mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# nt imrst M ilct ay jkdy sfnomeh tk ned

irk% C ntlr M ilct prlssurl irka ncc nrkued ned ay flnd hrlw flnvy% C ntlr tfms

illcmeh wlet% N ed M ilct sk cmhft% Tfle mt wns cmol *M wns gkameh kut ki ayslc i (%

*F l wlet tk tfl clit# tureld fms rmhft smdl tk al ned imenccy ingld al up% M gkucd

sll fma ncc rkued ned M wns surl mt wns *nektflr al*% Me npprkxmantcy n ameutl M

snw n wfmtl stnme% Tfl stnme grkssld tfl rny ned iclw mesmdl ki al &clit smdl- M ilct

n flnvy jckw tfle ncc ki mt wlet% Tfle M snw n pmeo ned jcngo jncc% M t wns flrl ned

tflrl% Imenccy tfl jncc dmsnpplnrld ned mt wlet jngo# tfl dnroelss ncc wlet dkwe#

turemeh metk tfl snal jcngo ned pmeo jncc me tfl gletlr wfmgf M (d slle%

>=%2>%=>% Jlmeh mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# nt imrst M ilct ektfmeh nt ncc% Me n ilw

ameutls M snw n fuane sfnpl% M t wns wfmtl ncc kvlr% Me 72 slgkeds mt wns hkel% N ed

M snw n tfmeh sfnpld cmol n gkel% Mt wns tflrl ikr n ameutl ned wlet%:2%2>%=>% Mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# nt imrst M ilct ay flnd hrkw flnvy% Mt wns

ncsk sfnomeh n jmt% Me n ameutl M snw n omed ki *F!ausfrkka*% Tfle mt wns hkel%

Me 7!>ameutls M snw plkpcl(s ingls icmgolrmeh me ay lyls% Tfle M snw jcngo gckuds#

ylcckw ned hrlle cmhftlemeh# ned tfle mt wns cmol inccmehtfrkuhf n jcngo fkcl% M snw

n sfmp icy jlsmdl al% Mt wns jcngo# icmgolrmeh wfmtl nt tmals%

:>%2>%=>% Mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ikr < ameutls# M snw ayslci nt nhl < kr

skaltfmeh cmol tfnt% *F l* tureld jlfmed al me n slgked% Fms gcktfls wlrl ueusunc

lxglpt tfl sfkls wfmgf M stmcc rlalajlr smegl M wns n omd% @ ust jlikrl tfnt M wns

sfmvlrmeh wmtf gkcd%%%

::%2>%=>% Mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ikr : ameutls% M ilct cmol M wns icymeh ke ay

gfnmr ke dmiilrlet trn`lgtkry% Tfle M snw dnroelss ickntmeh irka rmhft tk clit

ikrameh n gmrgcl% N itlr tfnt n ane tureld up jlsmdl al% M snw fms jngo% F l wns

ùst ay flmhft% Fl rlanmeld tflrl ikr :2 slgkeds ned wlet%

!><7!



:7%2>%=>%> snw n *i cymeh snuglr* mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% M t wns hkmeh dkwesckwcy% M snw mt rmhft% M t wns jcngo wmtf wfmtgwmedkws% C ntlr mt wns hkel% Me nektflr< ameutls M snw nektflr snuglr icymeh nt al% Tfle mt suddlecy wlet up ned wletnwny% Ikr tfl slgked tmal me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M snw n ylcckw jncc wmtf ay lylsgcksld% M t wns hkmeh dkwe% N s mt cnedld mt jrkol me twk ned skal icnal wlet kii%

C ntlr tfl twk pnrts ikrald tfl jncc nhnme% M t wlet up ned wlet nwny%:>%2>%=>% N t imrst me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl mt wns cmol *wnvls* gkameh ke ay flnd

ned ay lnrs wlrl tmhft% Me skal tmal M gkucd ekt illc ay illt ns mi tfly wlrl *andlki nmr*% Ikr n akalet M snw tfl *Wyajkc ki tfl X krcd*% N itlr tfnt n tncc эвл men wfmtl sumt tureld sckwcy tk al ned wlet% Tflrl wns n akalet wfle smttmeh metfl dnro wmtf ay lyls gcksld# M ilct n cmhft pkmetld rmhft nt ay lyls% M kpleld ay

lyls jut tfl rkka wns stmcc dnro% N ed ns M gcksld ay lyls tfl cmhft wns stmcc tflrl#wnvmeh ke al% M t wlet ke ikr skal tmal% N ed wlet% Lvlrytfmeh wlet rkued sckwcy%M t wns cmol uedlr tfl sln wmtf ncc tfl imsf ned slnwlld ickntmeh rkued% T fl ckehlrM stnyld jltwlle tfl amrrkrs# tfl lnsy mt wns% T fle M snw n slrmls ki manhls% T flrlwns n akalet wfle M flnrd jrlntfmeh dkwe ke tfl ickkr% A y jkdy trlajcld n jmt%Jut rlncmzmeh tfnt M wns nckel me tfl rkka# M rlcnxld%

:>%2!>%=>% Jlmeh me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# nt imrst M ilct tfl snal *wnvls* gkameh

ke ay flnd nhnme% T fle M ilct cmol tflrl wns skaljkdy lcsl me tfl rkka% N ey tfletflrl wns n slrmls ki manhls% N itlr tfnt M ilct cmol M wns jlmeh rldugld n ckt nedtfle M fnd tfnt illcmeh slvlrnc tmals%

>6%2>%=>% Me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M ilct mskcntld ned rmhft nitlr tfnt M pmgturldayslci me A kehkcmn# wflrl M cmvld me \ cne!\dl# n gmty surrkuedld jy fmhfakuetnmes wmtf n gclnr jcul soy kvlr ay flnd% Mt cnstld ikr njkut 7 ameutls nedtfle wlet% Imenccy M snw tfl N urkrn Jkrlncms%

:2%2>%=>% Me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M pmgturld ayslci me n strnehl dlslrt% T flwfkcl pcngl wns gkvlrld wmtf rld pkppmls% Mt cnstld ikr n ckeh tmal ned tfle M snwtfl Lnrtf nhnmest tfl dnro soy wmtf n jrmhft wfmtl stnme fnehmeh uedlr mt% N e kj`lgtwns pnrtmeh irka tfl stnme%

:7%2>%=>¿ Jlmeh me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# nt imrst M wns sgnrld jy skaltfmeh fuhlgkameh nt al irka jktf smdls% Tfle M snw tflrl wlrl twk nramls nprkngfmeh lngf

ktflr% Tfle mt wlet ned M snw ne lruptmeh vkcgnek% M snw strlnas ki cnvn gkamehdkwe ned n fuhl gckud ki sucilr kvlr mt% T fl wfkcl tmal M olpt ay lyls kple% N s

!><4!



M gcksld ay lyls# M wnetld tk scllp# jut ncc ki n suddle M ilct skaljkdy tkugfmeh

ay fned% A y jkdy sfmvlrld wmtf ilnr%

:7%2>%=>% Jlmeh me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# nt imrst M ilct n omed ki dmsgkaikrt wfmgf

tfle tureld metk ilnr% M ilct M fnd skaltfmeh gkcd rmhft ke ay elgo% M fnd n illcmeh

ki skaljkdy wntgfmeh al sk M wns nirnmd tk kple ay lyls%Tfle M ilct ay clit fned

imehlrs hlt pclnsnetcy wnra% Mt wns cmol n dkh cmgomeh tfla%

T fl T lst ki Dlg% :< >==2% Fypektmg rlgkestrugtmke%

N s skke ns M hkt jltwlle O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs# M *wlet kut*% T flrl wns n dnrosqunrl wmtf tfl smdls im racy imxld uedlr ay flnd% M t wns ust tfl squnrl M pmgturld%

Jrmhft hkcdle nrrkws wlrl gkameh nt tfms squnrl irka ncc smdls% Tfly ckkold cmol

cmhftmemeh% T flrl wlrl n ckt ki tfla% Wkal ki tfla sgrlwld metk tfl dnro anss ki

tfl squnrl indmeh nwny? ktflrs wkucd icnsf up# dlstrkymeh tfl dnro anss% T flrl M

hkt n alssnhl me ay amed% M t rne0 *Jlnuty wmcc snvl tfl wkrcd*# rlplntld slvlrnc

tmals# ned wlet dkwe# indmeh nwny metk tfl spngl rmhft uedlr ay flnd% N fuhl

jrmhft hkcdle rmeh npplnrld% Mt wns rkccmeh irka clit tk rmhft# megrlnsmeh mts splld%

N ed hlttmeh sancclr me tfl vkrtlx# ned mt wlet dkwe ned clit me tfl spngl% M ilct cmol

M wns me tfl vlry gletlr ki tfl vkrtlx# illcmeh tfl pkwlriuc akvlalet ki spngl

hkmeh dkwe kii al% Wuddlecy tfl soy rlnpplnrld uedlr ay flnd jut tfms tmal mt

wns ylcckw ! wfmtl ! hkcdle gkckurs hcmaalrmeh up tflrl% Tfle tfl dnro icnsfls

iuald up me tfl soy% Tfly ckkold cmol imrlwkros? tfl icnsfls gkvlrld tfl soy

npclety% Jut lvlry icnsf wns dlstrkyld jy tfl nrrkws ki cmhftlemeh% Tfne ncc ki mt

tureld metk n flnvy rnme% Mt gfnehld irka wfmtl!hrly tk cmhft!ylcckw ned hkcdle

sfmaalrmeh% T fl rnme(s tlxturl ckkold smamcnr tk tfnt ki tfl nurkrn jkrlncms% T fl

rnme cnstld ikr skal tmal% Hrndunccy# mt indld nwny ned imenccy wlet% N cc tfrkuhf

tfl emhft ned tfl elxt dny# M fnd n illcmeh ki ilnr tfnt skaltfmeh gkucd jl wrkeh

wmtf al ned tfl kutlr wkrcd% Mt wns flrl ned tfle wlet% Wkaltmals M dmd ekt gnrl

nt ncc% M ilct skaltfmeh fnd fnppleld tk al% M fnd n illcmeh tflrl wns skaltfmeh

tflrl mesmdl ki al% c kr skaltmal M ilct tfnt wny% M (d elvlr jlle cmol tfnt jlikrl%

!><<!



T fl \%I %K% njkvl Dmgoske vmccnhl dur meh L xplr malets

me tfl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Dlg%>==2 ! @ ne%>==>%

:2%>:%=2% >9 % 72 &rlhtmal- N \ %I %K % wns slle njkvl D mgoske vmccnhl#

O rnsekynrso rlhmke# durmeh tfl lxplrmalets me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Tfl kj`lgt

ckkold cmol n gnr cmhft wmtf tfl jlna dmrlgtld kppksmtl tfl akvlalet% Mt wns hkmeh

tk tfl E krtf!Lnst fmhf up nt ckw splld% Tfne mt gfnehld tk tfl Lnst ned wns hkel%

:>%>:%=2% >8! >2 &rlh%tmal- Durm eh tfl lxplrmalets me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# n

\ %I %K % wns slle hkmeh sckwcy Ekrtf% Mt fnd ikur cmhfts sfmemeh nflnd tfl wny mtwns hkmeh% C ntlr tfl \ %I %K % gfnehld mts gkursl X lstwnrds ned tfne Wkutfwnrds%

:9%>:%=2%>6 %>2 ! >6 %:2 &rlh%tmal- Durm eh tfl lxplrmalets me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl#

n ilw plkpc l gkucd sll n sfmemeh kj`lgt icymeh sckwcy Ekrtfwnrds% J lnas wlrl

hkmeh kut ki mt ned mts cmhft wns stmcc slle ikr skaltmal nitlr tfl \ %I %K % fnd ickwe

nwny% C ntlr tfl kj`lgt gfnehld mts gkursl ned *indld* nwny%

8%2>%=>% 6%72! 6%42 &rlh%tmal- Dmgoske vmccnhl% N jrmhft!ylcckw trmnehucnr

kj`lgt wns slle% Mt wns gfnehmeh mts sfnpl irka trmnehucnr tk trmehucnr slam kvnc%

T fl qunetmty ki rndmntld cmhft wns gfnehmeh tkk%

8%2>%=>%6 ! 4 2 &rlh%tmal- M snw fnci ki n jrmhft!ylcckw jncc# Wkutf!lnst me tfl

soy% M ektmgld tfl jncc gfnehmeh mts gkckur% Mt tureld jrmhftlr irka tmal tk tmal%

Wkaltmals fnci ki tfl jncc hkt rldugld tk n qunrtlr% N t tmals mt hkt gkvlrld wmtf

sakol%

M e tfl akremeh ki tfl 8tf ki @ neunry# >==>> snw n sfmemeh kj`lgt wfmgftureld i rka trmnehucnr tk slam dmsg% T fl ckwlr slhalet ki mt wns cmt up jrmhftcy% M t

prkjnjcy rndmntld n cmhft%

!><9!



TFL @ KZENC

ki Lxplr malets me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl%

>2%2>%=>%2 2 ! 2 2 Jlmeh jltwlle tfl A mrrkrs# M ilct ay flnd `lrold ned skal

indmntmke npplnrld% Tfle M wns nsold0 *X fk(s tfnt ane wmtf yku;* M lxpcnmeld

tfnt fl wns n sgmletmst lxplrmaletmeh wmtf tfms% T fle M nsold tfla *X fk nrl yku;*

Ek neswlr gnal% M nsold tfla0 *G ne yku jl slle;* ned snw fuane sfnpls wfm gf

ckkold cmol n ane ned n wkane%%%

>2%2>%=>% :>! 72 M t ckkold cmol tfl A mrrkrs wlrl gcksmeh ned lvlrytfmeh wns

me n omed ki ikh# M ilct ay ingl ausgcls puapmeh% Tflrl wns n skued me ay lnrs% M

snw n ckt ki sancc pnrtmgcls icymeh nrkued al% M hkt sgnrld% A y jkdy wns trlajcmeh%

>>%2>%=>%> 2 ! < < X fle M wns jltwlle A mrrkrs M gkucd illc n strkeh pucsl me

ay jkdy# T fle M snw n hrlle ikh ned tfrll ingls% T fly gkucde(t jl dlsgrmjld

jlgnusl ki gkestnet gfnehl% T fle n tueelc jurst kut spnrocmeh%

>:%2>%=>% E lnr tfl A mrrkrs M snw tfrll fuane sfnpls ture up mesmdlO kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs# n jncc rndmntmeh cmhft kut# n strnehl smhe ned n pcnelt wm tf tfrll

sntlccmtls% T flrl wlrl n wfkcl ckt ki fuane ingls me tfl metlrvncs%

>7%2>%=>% Jlmeh mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M snw n ilancl ingl me n rkued irnal%

T fle pmgturls gnal ke inst% Rcngnrds wmtf krjm ts% Wpnrocls tureld tk pm gturls%

T fle ay jkdy rlcnxld% M kpleld ay lyls% M t wns cmol aney plkpcl wlm m stnrmeh

al dkwe% M gcksld ay lvls ned snw tfrll ingls% T fle M snw tfl Hncnxy ned n jcngo

kj`lgt wm tf sntlcc mtls krjm tmeh rkued% T flrl wns n sfmemeh jncc tfnt akvld icntcy%

>7%2>%=>% Dnytmal% Jlmeh mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M snw n dlslrt# ned n jnc c

icymeh ngrkss% T fl sue wns hcmttlrmeh me tfl jcul soy% T flrl wns n omed ki ikh rkued

tfl jncc% T flrl wlrl skal strugturls krm letld me spngl% M snw trmnehucnr wnccs jumct

wmtf jcngo ned hrly stkels% Tfly dmde(t ckko lnrtf andl% T fl wnccs dmde(t gnst

sfndkws0

>9%2>%=>%>=! 7<! :^%2< M esmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M ilct n strkeh pucsl me ay jkdy%T fnt illc meh cnstld ikr n ilw ameutls% T fle M snw spnrocls ned fuane sfnpls% N

!><8!



systla tureld up wmtf n fuhl kj`lgt me tfl gletlr% M snw tfl sfnpl ki n *snuglr*

surrkuedld wmtf hcmttlrmeh% M ilct n anso ke ay ingl% A y flnd ned ay elgo wlrl

prlssld% M t ilct cmol n jlna wlet irka ay flnd% T fle M akvld metk nektflr suringl%

A y fneds akvld cmol tfly wlrl rkcc meh skaltfmeh% M dlsgledld metk tfl dnroelss

T fle M snw n dlvmgl wmtf cmhfts ned ne lhh!sfnpld kj`lgt% Tfms rne me ay amed0

*Gkal up*% M neswlrld *M dke(t wnet tk*% M fnvl n ilnr ki yku*% T fle mt wns hkel%>8%2>%=>% <%72 M wkol up# ckkold nt ay gckgo ned hkt up% Mt wns n strnehl

illcmeh# ust cmol fnccugmentmkes% M cny dkwe ned gcksld ay lyls% M snw n wfmtl sgrlle#

ned tfle M tureld kvlr ned dlsgledld metk tfl dnroelss% N s M hkt up nhnme M wnsdmzzy% M letlrld tfl rkka# hkt jltwlle tfl A mrrkrs# ned tkko n slnt% M fnd n illcmeh

cmol skaljkdy wns jlsmdl al% M gcksld ay lyls ned snw ay lyl%

>=%2>%=>%:: %2< M wns trkujcld cntlcy% Letlrmeh tfl rkka M ilct ay flnd ltgf ю

ikr skal tmal% Tfl pmgturls tureld akrl vmsmjcl% Wkaltmals M ilct cmol M fndskaltfmeh strnehl mesmdl al% Mt wns tflrl ned akvld nt tmals% M letlrld tfl rkka

gnrliuc cy trymeh tk nvkmd gkameh tk tfl A mrrkrs% M wns sgnrld tk jl tflrl nckel%

\sunccy M stnyld nwnol nitlr amdemhft% Wkaltmals M ilct cmol *tfnt tfmeh* wnetld

tk gkal kut ki al ned M wns sgnrld%

:>%2>%=>% Jlmeh me tfl rkka wmtf tfl A mrrkrs M ilct ektfmeh imrst% T fle M flnrd

fuaameh% T flrl wns ek ilnr% T fl rkka wns dnro tfle jrmhft tfle dnro nhnme% Milct n strkeh pucsl% M t wns ne uepclnsnet illcmeh tfle% A y flnd ned jkdy wlrl ùst

ns tfkuhf *lapty*% M wns trlajcmeh% A y flnd hrlw flnvy# ay ingl tureld rmhmd% Mt

wns cmol cymeh me tfl sue% M kpleld ay lyls ned snw n dm iilrlet wkrcd nrkued al%T flrl wns dnroelss me ay lyls% M snw wnvls% Wpnrocls hntflrld rkued ned ilcc

npnrt% T fle M snw n spnroc meh cmhft wmtf fuane sfnpls nhnmest mt%

>=%2>%=>% N t emhft M ilct cmol mt fnd jlle flrl ned tfle hkel% T flrl wns ek

ilnr tfle% M wns qumtl ncrmhft% Mt wns iue% M jlhne tk ikrhlt ncc tfnt% T flrl wns ekakrl strkeh wnvl irka tfl A mrrkrs nt al%

:>%2>%=>%>: %72 M ilct cmilclss elnr tfl A mrrkrs% Fnvmeh ay lyls gcksld# M jlhne

tk rlglmvl manhls wmtf sfkrt jrlnos% Jrmhft gkckurs# hcmaalrmeh% T flrl wlrl twl

pmgturls M rlalajlrld% T fl imrst pmgturld twk kj`lgts hkmeh me kppksmtl dmrlg!

tmkes% Tfl slgked pmgturld n ane jlfmed n hcnss wntgfmeh tfl kj`lgts hkmeh% T fl

kj`lgts ckkold cmol spnrocls%

!><6!



:>%2>%=>%>6 % 7 2 Jlmeh mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M ilct cmilclss ned cny dkwe% A y

hkt rlcnxld ned cmhft% M ilct ay jkdy fnd *hkel*% N s skke ns M gcksld ay lyls

snw ne kj`lgt icymeh njkvl% T fle gnal tfl dnroelss ned tfle tfl cmhft nhnme% M

me n rkka M fnde(t slle jlikrl% N ane wns stnedmeh me tfl gletlr ki tfl rkka%

ms ingl wnse(t slle% F l jlhne tk splno sckwcy% M t wns skaltfmeh cmol tfms0 *] kur

nelt ms me dnehlr% M t ms suiilrmeh% ] ku(vl jlle me tfl A mrrkrs tkk augf% M t(s jnd*%ucde(t sny n wkrd wfmcl fl wns splnomeh% Fl snmd0 *T flrl any jl dmsnstlr*% M

sold fma0 *X fle;* E k neswlr gnal%

::%2>%=>%>2 %27 ! >2 %72 Jlmeh me tfl rkka wmtf tfl A mrrkrs# M fnd ilnr nt imrst%

ut M gncald dkwe% Fnvmeh flnrd tfl juzzmeh rkued ay flnd# M kpleld ay lyls%

t wns hlttmeh dnro nrkued% Tfle M gcksld ay lyls ned snmd0 *M (vl gkal tk sny

jyl*% T fnt(s tfl cnst dny M wns me tfl rkka% M snw tfl lnrtf wm tf skal kj`lgt

ued mt ned n ane wntgfmeh mt tfrkuhf tfl hcnss% T fle M ilct ay clit fned hlt tk

fl suringl% T flrl wns ne uepc lnsnet illc meh mesmdl% M ilct ay flnd hlt tk tfl

!><=!



T F L X M T ELWW( T NRLW%

Dmgoske sgmletmimg jnsl% Dlg% :4!:< >==2% Dmstnet M eikr!

antmke Gketngt Lxplrmalets% Inr Ekrtf%

TNRL KEL

] lstlrdny &Dll%:4%>==2- tfrll ki us gnal tk tfl psygfkckhmgnc dmstrlss rkka

tk wkro tflrl% Fnvmeh letlrld tfl rkka# wl ilct n omed ki laktmkenc prlssuil# jut

olpt tncomeh ns tfkuhf wl dmde(t gnrl njkut mt% Me n wfmcl wl ikued n pmgturl ki

tfrll dkts mesmdl ki n gmrgcl% Wkaljkdy kiilrld tk put me metk O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs%

Fnvmeh dkel mt wl ilct n omed ki laktmkenc sfkgo% Xl ust gkucde(t ollp stnedmeh

rkued tfl A mrrkrs% X l clit tfl rkka jut tfl illcmeh ki strlss gketmeuld% M t wns

stmcc hrkwmeh% Tfl ilnr wns sk strkeh &akrl cmol n wmcd tlrrkr tfnt gkucde(t jl

lxpcnmeld- mt sllald cmol n rlnc tfmeh yku gkucd tkugf% Ekel ki us fnd lvlr fnd

sugf n illcmeh jlikrl%

TN RL TXK

] (lstlrdny &Dlg%:4%>==2- M wns nsold tk gkal metk O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% I mrst M

ilct n tfrmcc% T fl elxt tmal M letlrld tfl rkka nt :>%22% M wnetld tk wrm tl n clttlr%

Jut jlmeh tflrl M gkucde(t flcp illcmeh tfnt skaltfmeh wns hkmeh ke mesmdl tfl

A mrrkrs% T fl ilnr hrlw ke% Wmttmeh wmtf ay jngo tk tfl A mrrkrs# M ilct tfl jngo ki

ay flnd ned ay spmel hlt juret. Fnvmeh hkt up irka tfl gfnmr# M ilct cmilclss tfl

wny kel illcs jlmeh mc c% T flrl wns n strnehl illcmeh# ns tfkuhf M hkt kut ki ayslci

ned wntgfld ayslci i rka kutsmdl% Mt ilct cmol ay vkmgl wns gkameh irka inr kii%

TNRL TFZL L

Fnvmeh flnrd ki tfl strnehl tfmehs fnpplemeh mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M

dlgm dld tk try mt ke ayslci% M letlrld tfl rkka% T fl A mrrkrs wlrl nt ay jngo% M

ilct ektfmeh jut jlmeh n jmt dmzzy wfmcl letlrmeh tfl rkka% Tfle M hkt jltwlle tfl

!>92!



A mrrkrs% N s M ckkold up M snw tfl A mrrkrs wlrl sfnomeh sckwcy% Tfle M gcksldlyls% Fnvmeh kpleld ay lyls# M snw tfl A mrrkrs wlrl spmeemeh rkued sckwcy%

TNRL IK\ZDlg%:4> wns nirnmd tk gkal up tk tfl A mrrkrs% T fl tfrmcc wns hrkwmeh ylt M

ilct skaljkdy wntgfmeh al# tkugfmeh ay flnd% A y gkcclnhul dlgmdld tk put nrlprkdugtmke ki *Jneelr ki Rlngl* jy Zlrmgf metk tfl A mrrkrs% Kegl fl strltgfldkut fms fned fl fnd ilnr%F l tkko kut tfl pmgturl ned wlet kut% Elxt tmal wl gnalck tfl rkka nt :4%kk% Kegl wl kpleld tfl dkkr wl hkt sgnrld% Xl gnal tk tflpmgturl% Xfmcl pnssmeh tfl gkugf M ilct ay gflst trlajcmeh% А wns cmol gka?eh metkgkcd wntlr% T fl sfmvlr gnal up ns wl hkt gckslr tk tfl A mrrkrs% M ilct e y flnd

hrkw flnvy% N s M npprkngfld tfl tnjcl# tfl ilnr hrlw sk strkeh tfnt M wns gcksltk rueemeh nwny% Wuddlecy M ilctd n strkeh jckw tk ay flnd%

TN RL I MYL

% ] lstlrdny Dlg%:4%>==2 nt :2%22 wl wlrl hkmeh tk wkro me tfl psygfkckhmgncdmstrlss rkka% Kegl M cny ke tfl gkngf M fnd ne uepclnsnet illcmeh% A y gkcclnhulgnal tle ameutls cntlr% M suhhlstld tk fma tfnt wg gflgo tfl rkka rkued% X l

tfkuhft tfl skurgl ki tfl prlssurl wns O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs jlgnusl ns wl hkt gckslrtk tfla tfl tfrmcc hrlw% M ilct gkcd ned dmzzy &cmol tflrl wns tkk augf ki kxyhle-%A y fneds wlrl trlajcmeh ned ay flnd hrlw flnvy% Xfmcl gkameh nwny irka tflA mrrkr# tfl illcmehs wlet dkwe% Xl wlet kii tk tfl elxt rkka% Kegl wl wlrl jngowl ilct tfl ilnr hrkw up nhnme% Xl wlrl nirnmd tk ture jngo tk tfl A mrrkrs% N t:7%22 tfl ilnr nrln rlngfld kut ki O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Lvle tfl nmr ki tfl rkkasllald dmiilrlet% Mt wns cmol nitlr n tfuedlrstkra% N t :7%<2 wl dlgmdld tk put tlstpnplr metk tfl A mrrkrs% T fl tlst pnplr wns ki rkued ikra wmtf tfrll gmrgcls ned*Tfl Jneelr ki Rlngl* jy Zlrmgf mesmdl% M put mt jltwlle tfl A mrrkrs% A y fnedstrlajcld% M snw n jcngo gckud me tfl gletlr ki O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% Mt imccld up tflwfkcl spngl ki tfl A mrrkrs% Njkut 2>%22 wg ilct tfl prlslegl ki skal sujstneglme tfl rkka% Wkal tfmehs wlrl akvmeh rkued tfl rkka% Mt ilct cmol tfl sujstneglgnal irka O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ned imccld up tfl wfkcl rkka% Tfl ilnr wns sk strkeh

tfnt wl gkucd ekt flcp mt% Xl put n grkss ke kutsmdl tfl A mrrkrs ned mt gncald usdkwe n jmt% Jut njkut : n%a%# tfl ilnr rlngfld mts lxtrlal% Tfl wncc slpnrntmeh tfl

!>9>!



twk rkkas ckkold andl ki pnplr% Tfl prlssurl wns hrkwmeh% Xg wlet kut ki tfl

rkka% Jut ay gkcclnhul dlgmdld tk hk jngo ikr tfl gmhnrlttgs% Kegl fl wns jngo

me tfl rkka# fl ektmgld tfl imxld irketmlr ki tfl ilnr +kel%ct wns sprlnd :!7 a%

irka O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs% N s wl pnssld tfl fkcl me tfl A mrrkrs wl snw n vmkclt icnsf

sfnpld cmol n trll wmtf *jrnegfls* ned *rkkts* sprlnd >2 ga% irka tfl A mrrkrs%

N t tfnt vlry akalet ay gkc clnhul hkt sgnrld%%% Xl rne nwny irka tfl rkka% M ilctcmol skaltfmeh fnd strugo ay jngo% Mt wns cmol n jcngo gckud hlelrntmeh ilnr%

Hlttmeh nwny irka tfl rkka M ilct cmol tflrl wns n jcngo stuj drnhhmeh jlfmed al#

irka tfl A mrrkrs% Me tfl akremeh M fnd n flndngfl% Lvlrytfmeh tfnt fnd fnppleld

nt emhft sllald ùst n drlna# jut tfl illcmehs sllald tk jl rlnc%

TNRL WMV=

Gkameh tk tfl cnj nt 6%72 n%a%# M snw n rld hcmaalrmeh gmrgcl njkvl tfl

jumcdmeh% Mt wns tflrl ikr n ameutl ned tfle hkel%

!>9:!



Fypektmg rlgkestrugtmke ki dlvlckpalets%

Dlg%:4!:<%>==2

>- M fnd n fypektmg slt tk rlture tk tfl emhft ki Dgggajgr# :4%> wns surl M

hkt jngo tk tfnt akalet ki tmal jlgnusl M snw tfl icnsf ki cmhft nhnme% M trm ld tk

nddrlss tfl kel wfk andl mt% M gkucd fnvl dkel mt nt tfl tfm rd nttlapt% Tflrl wns

n pmgturl tfle% T fl A mrrkrs wlrl jlmeh cmt up jy n icnsf ki ylcckw cmhft% Mt c kkold

cmol n jrmhftcy cmt ylcckw tueelc% N s tfl cmhft wlet dkwe M snw rkws ki eu elrnc s%

A kst cmolcy mt wns 9#8#>% T fle M hkt metk n hrly gkckurld pmpl wfmgf sllald ckfnvl

jlle andl ki glcc pkrkus pcnstmg% T fl iurtflr M akvld tfrkuhf tfl pm pl tfl akrl

mt ckkold cmol *gfllsl wmtf fkcls*% M ckkold metk tfl fkcls% A ney ki tfla wlrl

dnro mesmdl% Me ktflrs M snw hcmttlrmeh stnrs% T flrl wns n fkcl wfmgf gketnmeld ne

nqunrmua wmtf ek wntlr me% Mt fnd n dmnaltlr ki npprkxmantlcy 7 a%# wmtf

ckjstlr!cmol jlmehs mesmdl% Fnvmeh slle ektfmeh cmol mt# > dlgmdld tk gketngt tfla%

M wns splnomeh me n fmhf ned n ckw vkmgl? tfle M snw tfly gkucd flnr ag% Ay vkmgl

skuedld c mol mt wns mesmdl n cnrhl lapty spngl% M nsold tfla wfnt metlrlst tflyfnd me kur wkrc d ned wfnt tfly tfkuhft ki O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs% M nsold wfnt

*skaltfmeh* fnd jlle slet tk tfl A mrrkrs ned wfy% T flrl wns ek neswlr% T fly

ckkold tk jl nirnmd ki wfnt wl(rl dkmeh# jggnusg tfl wkrcd hnvl us hrlnt kppkr!

tuemtls wfmgf wl amhft ekt cnol gketrkc kvlr%

:- Fnvmeh hkt jlfmed tfl A mrrkrs# > snw n *hlcntme c mol* sujstnegl imccmeh

akrl tfne fnci ki O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% M sllald tk hlt mesmdl ki tfl sujstnegl% Mt wnsdnro jut M anenhld tk slg n fua ne sfnpl% T fle M snw n ilw akrl% M trm ld tk gkeelgt

wmtf tfl icymeh kj` lgts ki tfnt g. cy jut inmcld tk% Wkaltfmeh wkucde(t clt mt hk%

7- M esmdl tfl A mrrkrs M ilct cmol M wns jlmeh cmitld up tfrkuhf tfl gfmaely tk

tfl rkki ki tfl jumcdmeh% M s?mw% tfl stnrs ned ne kj`lgt icymeh nt fmhf splld

Ekrtfwnrds% Mt ckkold cmol tf kel wl fnd slle ke Dgg%:9%> trmld twmgl jli krl M

hkt jngo tk tfl rkka% Tfl wnccs ckkold cmol tfly wlrl andl ki skal hc mttlrmeh

strugturls% T flrl wns n a mt ki uepkc msfld hcnss ke tfl glmcmeh% T flrl wns ekjkdy

tflrl% > olpt ke nsomeh qulstmkes ned mt ilct cmol M wns suppksld tk neswlr ayslci%

!>97!



M snmd ay metletmkes wlrl hkkd% Tfle M ikued ayslci mesmdl n rkka ki skalmedlimemtl sfnpl% Mt wns andl nggkrdmeh tfl manhl M fnd me ay amed tfle% Kegl Mtfkuhft njkut skaltfmeh mt wkucd npplnr rmhft nwny% M gkucd grlntl wfnt M wnetldt k ! % з ц с л а # (

4- M hkt mesmdl n dnro jcul ikhhy gckud% M snw n icnsf ned me n wfm cl ne kj`lgtrndmntmeh jrmhft ylcckw cmhft gnal% Tfl kj`lgt ckkold cmol n grnel% Mt wns tflrlned hkel# akvmeh irka clit tk rmhft# ned cnedld nt cnst% M flnrd mt gnccmeh al% M ilctcmol M wns hlttmeh gckslr tk mt wmtfkut anomeh n akvl% T fl gckslr M hkt tk mt tfljmhhlr mt sllald%

<- M snw n wfmtl jlna tfnt strltgfld up kii O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs% M t fnd ndmnaltlr smamcnr tk tfnt ki tfl A mrrkrs tflaslcvls% M ikued ayslci mesmdl n wfmtl

spflrl% T fl spflrl wns lapty% Mt wns cmol wntgfmeh ayslci irka kutsmdl% Tfletfl jncc jrkol metk twk flamspflrls% Mt wns dnro kuismdl% Tfle M snw imvl stnrs%N cc ki tfla wlrl gkeelgtld jy hcmaalrmeh cmels%

9- M snw n cmhft ke wfmgf M gkucd anenhl tk hlt tk n icymeh grnit &amdemhftDlg%:4-% M t wns n jcngo flamspflrl% Kegl M hkt mesmdl M snw n ilw dkkrs% M kpleldkel dkkr ned ikued tfl jlmehs ckkold fuane# jut ki sancclr smzl% M nsold tflawfnt tfly wlrl dkmeh ned tfly neswlrld tfnt tfly olpt wntgfmeh us%

8- M hkt mesmdl n jncc ned snw gkaputlrs me mt &Dlg%:4-% M nsold tfla wflrltfly Xlrl irka% Tfly snmd tfly gnal irka n jmh stnr%tkrcw c %Uk! mv0 % % •&KicT %cyw%a? yee# • ( % • ( % ! # п !MeqKiK БЧ?Э35ж (Y 00 • (

Fypektmg rlgkrds%n (Ж >З> 0 em%\(fmi * • ( % ! ( • (

ûlstmke0 ] ku nrl fypektmsld% Ekw tlcc al ykur enal ned wflrl yku nrl%N eswlr0 Enal(s N %W %M a me Dmxke ekw% T fl lxplrmaletnc cnj%^%0 X fnt(s tfl dntl;

kY 3( Й! M tc dff oekw%. ( ( q % ъЗч t2 rlalajlr wflrl yku nrl ekw;

N %0 Ckkos cmol jmh cnj wmtf lclgtrkemgs rkued%%%

? r#? 9 0 X fnt dkls tfl cnj ckko cmol;vjk(je km `tmc ! •ПУн+a 35s Я %

! > 94 !



N %0 Fnvle(t M jlle flrl jlikrl; Tfl nppnrntus ckkos cmol mt mse(t *kurs*%%%

Ekt *lnrtf andl*%

^%0 F kw dmd yku hlt tflrl;

N %0 M wlet wflrl tfl cmhft gnals irka%

^%0 X flrl dkls tfl cmhft gkal irka;

N %0 M dke(t oekw%%% @ ust irka ekwflrl%%% M t(s cmol n hcmaalrmeh imlcd ùst

nrkued al flrl%%%

^%0 @ ust hlt jngo tk wflrl yku stnrtld irka%

N %0 M (a jngo% M(a elnr O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs%

^%0 X fnt(s tfl dntl ned tmal;

N %0 Dlglajlr# :4%:2%4<%

^%0 Fnvl yku fnd gketngts wmtf neyjkdy me tfl cnj;

N %0 ] ls% N so tfla wfy tfly nrl flrl% Tfly snmd tfly fnd ncwnys jlle flrl%

N ed skal pcngl lcsl wflrl tfl lelrhy(s fmhf ned lnsy hlt% Tfly hkt oekwcldhl

ki plkpcl wmtf tfl lelrhy%

^%0 Xfnt nrl tflmr metlrlsts flrl;

N %0 Rlkpcl rlndmeh ameds hlt me gketngt wmtf tfla wmtfkut oekwmeh mt% Tfly

sny skal plkpcl cmol mt%

!>9<!



TF L ZLG KZDW

ki fypektmg rlgkestrugtmke% T fl emhft Dlglajlr# :<%==2 &andl @ ne% ::%>==>-

T fl emhft @ neunry# ::%>==>% N jkut : n%a%# jlmeh me tfl gkrrm dkr elnr tfl

rkka wmtf O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M ilct skaljkdy wntgfmeh ag% T fnt illcmeh wns vlry

strkeh ned M wns trlajcmeh% M fnd elvlr ilct neytfmeh cmol mt jlikrl% Mt wns cmol ckw!

i rlqulegy rlskenegl% N s M hkt tk ay jld# M ilct skaljkdy smttmeh ke ay elgo% Mgcksld ay lyls ned snw ay jngo% T flrl wns n dnro stnme ke tfl jngo ki ay elgo%

M trmld tk tfrkw mt nwny% Kegl M dmd# mt wns hkel% M ilcc ke ay jld illcmeh vlry

sgnrld%%%

::%2>%=>% >2%4<% Jlmeh fypektmsld# M hkt me gketngt wmtf Wpngl Y msmtkrs wmtf

tfl flcp ki O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs% Tfly snmd tfly dmsgkvlrld tfl *tfkuhft rndmntmke*

tfly(d elvlr slle ke tfl Lnrtf% N s tfl Wue fns ek meiculegl nt Rkcnr emhft# tfly

slet n jlna metk O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs tk hlt meikrantmke% Jut plkpc l jlmeh nrkued

gnusld n dmsturjnegl% Tfly fnd tk usl *ilnr lxgm tntmke* ns prktlgtmke% T fl emhft

ki Dlg%:< tfly wlrl nencysmeh tfl meikrantmke# ned tfnt(s wfy *ilnr lxgmtntmke*

wns fmhf%

::%2>%=>%>2 % 7 2 % N s M hkt fypektmsld jngo tk tfl emhft ki D lglajlr :<%>==2

M ilct c mhft% M snw n stnme? tfle mt icnsfld ned M snw skaljkdy(s rlic lgtmke me tfl

wntlr% Mt wns wnvmeh mts fneds trymeh tk sny skaltfmeh% M wns sgnrld ned hkt nwny%::%2>%=>% Fypektm sld# M hkt jngo tk :4%22 ke tfl emhft ki Dlg%:<%>==2 T flrl

wns n skit cmhft gkameh irka tfl A mrrkrs% Hlttmeh gckslr tk tfl A mrrkrs M ilct n

wnra wfmtl cmhft gkameh irka tfl ickkr% M t im ccld up tfl wfkcl ki O kzyrlv(s Wpngl%

T fl cmhft ckkold anheltmg% M snw sancc kj`lgts# ncc ylcckw# gkameh up me tfl strlna

ki cmhft% N t fnci ki tfl amrrkrs( flmhft# tfl kj`lgts wkucd dmsnpplnr%

::%2>%=>% >2 % 72 % M ilct cmol stnymeh wmtf ay gkuetlrpnrt me tfl nmr% T fly

wkucde(t clt al jngo tk Dgg%:< jlgnusl M wkucd oekw ncc njkut mt rmhft nwny% M

snw skaltfmeh tfnt ckkold cmol n pcngnrd wmtf n tmtcl ned sancc syajkcs% Jlsmdls

!>99!



kels M dmde(t oekw tflrl wlrl skal ki tfl Lnrtf% M tfkuhft tflmr cnehunhl

::%2>%=>% >2 % 4 < % Xfmcl fypektmsld# M snw n hrly dlslrt wmtf n jcngo sue

jkvl% T flrl wlrl fuhl O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs me tfl amddcl% M ckkold nt tfla irka

kvl ned snw n jkttkaclss wlcc% M fueh njkvl n ckeh incc% T flrl gnal n jcul

cmgolrmeh% M fueh ikr n ckeh tmal% Tfle M prkglldld tk incc% T flrl gnal n cmhft nedsnw n jcngo sfnpl gkameh nt al% Fl fnd ek lyls jut M ilct fma wntgfmeh al% m

::%2>%=>% >7%>2% Xfmcl fypektmsld# M snw n smhe tfnt ckkold cmol tfl kel ki

nurus% T fle M snw n Hncnxy wmtf twk cmhft spkts me mt% M gkucde(t imed kut wfnt mt

::%2>%=>% >2%72% Xfmcl fypektmsld M ilct ay jkdy hrkw flnvy cmol mt wns imc cld

Wlgked wns n dnro hrly lccmpsl hcmdmeh jltwlle tfl gckuds% Tfl tfmrd sfkwld

ol tfksl ki E lw ] kro-% Tfle M snw fmhf hntls irnald wmtf gkcuaes% N vkmgl wns

::%2>%=>% >7 %22 % M snw n cnedsgnpl wmtf twk fmccs ke tfl clit% M snw n wfmtl

ol mt wns slnrgfmeh ikr skaltfmeh% Tfle tfl jncc gnal dkwe%%% T fle suddlecy

mhft% M wns sgnrld ned ay jkdy wns trlajcmeh% M wnetld tk fnvl mt ncc stkppld jut

kucde(t akvl n imehlr% T fne M ilct cmol M wns hkmeh jngo ned snw n hrly jncc wmtf

pls ke mt njkvl O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs% T fl jncc wlet nwny slvlrnc tmals ned wns

TF L ZLGKZDW

ki fypektmg rlgkestrugtmke ki tfl emhft Dlg%# :<#>==2%

!>98!



:>%2>%=>%> = % : 2 % M esmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ay flnd hrlw flnvy ned ay jkdy

wns cmhft% M wns dmzzy% M ilct ay flnd rkccmeh# nrkued sckwcy% M fnde(t ilct tfnt wny

jlikrl% M fnd fnccugmentmnes% M dke(t rlalajlr wfnt tfly wlrl% N s M wns fyp!

ektm sld tfl fnccugmentmnes clit% T flrl wlrl icnsfls ki cmhft &M gkuetld ki tfla-%

N i tlr tfnt M snw pmgturls ic mgolrmeh% M nsold wfk wns tflrl% T fl neswlr wns0 *>

fnvl ek ingl% M na ektfmeh ned lvlrytfmeh*% T fle M snw tfl lyls% T fl lyls wlrlekt vlry omed% T fnt wns ncc%

:>%2>%=>% >=%:2% Xfmcl fypektmsld M hkt jngo tk : n%a% Dlglajlr# :<#>==2%

M snw n vkrtlx ki spnrocls gkameh up tk skal hcmaalrmeh jncc% N t tfl snal tmal

tflrl wlrl skal uedmvmdld stnmes hcmaalrmeh me tfl rkka% K el ki tfksl stnmes

gnal up tk al ned M hkt sgnrld%



\%I %K% njkvl Dmgoske @ ne%#>8%>==>% T fl Z lgkrds ki

fypektmg rlgkestrugtmke%

>% N t <%>2% ke @ ne%>8%>==>> snw n \ %I %K% Icymeh irka tfl Ekrtf# mt ckkold

stnr tfle% Icymeh irka tfl Ekrtf# mt hrlw cnrhlr% T fle mt stkppld ned tureld tk

Ekrtf!wlst hlttmeh sancclr wfmcl icymeh nwny% T fl kj`lgt fnd tfl ikra ki ne

ccmpsl rndmntmeh rld!wfmtl cmhft% Wkalfkw tfl kj`lgt tureld metk n imhurl ki lmhft

wfmtl!hrlle cmhfts me n akalet% Tflrl wlrl jlnas ki cmhft gkameh

kj` lgt% Xfm cl me tfl ikra ki n jncc# tfl kj`lgt fnd kel jlna ki cmhft gkameh

X fle mt tureld metk tfl imhurl ki lmhft# mt fnd tfrll ki tfla% T fksl jlnaslrl akvmeh nrkued ns mi slnrgfmeh ikr skaltfmeh% T fl \ %I %K % rlanmeld me smhft

jkut 4 ameutls% T fle tfl cmhft wlet kii ned mt wns hkel%

:% T fl emhft ki Dlg%>9%>==>%> wns nwnol% Wuddlecy M ilct n omed ki fypektmsms%

fnt illcmeh dmde(t cnst ckeh% M rlalajlrld n pmgturl M (d slle jlikrl% T fle M

*M i M snw n \ %I %K%# M wkucd gncc tfl huys M wkro wmtf%%%* Jut M stnyld me%

7% >8%2>%=>% >7%72!>7%4< Xfmcl fypektm sld M ilct ueusunc ned snw n ckt ki

pmgturls*% M gne rlgkestrugt kecy skal ki tfla0 O kzyrlv(s A mrrkrs wmtf n dmso

A mrrkrs% T fl dmsg mtslci c kkold cmol n *dkkr*# ned fnd skaltfmeh fnrd ned

4% >8%2>%=>% >7%72%!>7%<2 Fnci fypektm sld# M ilct n strkeh pucsl ned snw cmhft

nsfld nhnmest tfl dnroelss% T fle tflrl wlrl n jncc wmtf ne lcc mpsl ned n fuane

% M fnd ek gketngts% T flrl wns tfl tfrmcc%%%

<% >8%2>%=>% >7%72%!>7%42% Xfmcl fypektmsld M snw n hcmaalrmeh dmsg%

!>9=!



T frll dnys mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl% T fl Lxplr malet(s

rlgkrds%

T fl >st dny0 Tflrl wns ektfmeh jut dmzzmelss nt imrst% N t tfl led ki tfl imrst

dny# M ilct gkapcltlcy dmsgkeelgtld ned rlcnxld%

T fl :ed dny0 T flrl wns n strkeh urhl tk icy# &M t wns ust cmol drlnameh-%

Wkaltmals M ilct *kut k i ay jkdy% M fnd *tncos* me ay amed% T fl neswlr gnal

jlikrl M gkucd tfmeo ki n qulstmke% T flrl wlrl *pmgturls*? skal ckkold rlnc% Wkal

ckkold cmol *strmp gnrtkkes*# ¿T fl 7rd dny? Mt wns cmol M fnd hkel inr nwny% M wns nsold wfk M wns me

*nektflr* cmil% M snw M wns n Zkane tnomeh pnrt me n wnr wmtf negmlet Hrllos% C ntlr

M snw ktflr *imcas* prlsletmeh *ayslci( me skal *fkt* smtuntmkes# M ilct ay jkdy

npnrt irka *al*%

T fl slgked ned tfl tfmrd dny. wns vlry augf rlcnxld% Kutsmdl O kzyrlv(s

A mrrkrs M dmsgkvlrld . fnd ueusunc njmcmtmls# M gkucd neswlr qulstmkes wm tfkut

tfmeomeh% &M gkucd tlcc n huy tfl euajlr ki fms lxmamentmke gnrd kr tfl dntl ki

dlpnrturl ckeh jlikrl mt kggurld% M *snw* ne nggmdlet tfl dny jlikrl mt fnppleld-%

Wtnrtmeh cntl me Any M fnd prkjclas% M wns nirnmd tk jl ke tfl jncgkey jlgnusl ki

n strkeh urhl tk uap kii% M kitle fnd irustrntmkes% Tfnt cnstld tmcc @ ucy% R%W% M stmc c

snw skal *Hrllo imcas* tfnt dmde(t cnst ckeh%

><%24%=>% Durmeh ne *manhl trnesamt* tk Ekvksmjmrso# M wns elnr tfl A mrrkrs%

Xfmcl tfl manhl wns jlmeh trnesamttld M ilct skaljkdy nrkued% M kpleld ay lylsned snw n cmhft jkdy sfnpl# Mt stlppld nsmdl# tureld rkued# ned wlet tk tfl

gkrelr%%%

:%2<%=>% >:%>2% M ilct dmzzy# cmilclss# ned *dkujcld*% T flrl wns ne uepclnsnet

*sugomeh* illcmeh ><ga uedlr ay flnrt% Jlikrl *dkujcmeh*# n jcngo jncc &dmnaltlr

>2 ga- strugo ay rmhft sfkucdlr%%%

:%2<%=>% >: % >2 % Xfmcl fypektmsld M trmld tk gfnehl tk tfl ktflr A m rrkr% Mt

wns cmol *hcmdmeh*# M snw grkssld cmels icnsfmeh jy% M dmde(t sll neytfmeh jut skal

syajkcs cmol hcmttlrmeh ned n pyrnamd spmeemeh nrkued%

!>82!



M gnal tk tfl psylkckhmgnc dmstrlss rkka# cny ke tfl gkngf# ned gcksld ay

lyls% Wuddlecy > snw lyls% M trmld tk manhmel syajkcs% Tfly fnd prkjnjcy rlglmvld

tfla% Kut ki tfl jcul# M fnd n strkeh flndngfl% M gkucd fnrdcy jrlntf ned ilct cmol

dymeh% M snw n *pmgturl*% M ilct cmol M wns rkccmeh nrkued mesmdl ki ayslci% Tfl rkka

wns imccld wmtf skaltfmeh% M olpt wntgfmeh tfl lyls% Wkaltmals tflrl wlrl n ckt

ki tfla% Tfle tflrl gnal Wpngl# skal kj`lgt# tfl lyls nhnme%%%

>2%2<%=>% >8%22! >8%72% Durmeh *manhl trnesamt* me tfl A mrrkrs mt wns cmol

wntgfmeh n *fkrrkr* imca% M snw jumcdmehs grnsfmeh dkwe flnvmcy% M wns ke n jknt

tfnt suddlecy sneo% M fnd tk ollp ay lyls kple ncc dkwe tfl cmel% M wns sgnrld% M

ilct imxld tk tfl nragfnmr% Tfle M ilct cmol trymeh tk rue nwny irka skaljkdy% M snw

wnr% Mt wns cmol slpnrntl imca slqulegls% Tfle M ilct cmol M wns spmeemeh ke n

alrry!hk!rkued% C nst# M snw tfl A mrrkrs rkcc meh nrkued%>:%2<%=>% Jlmeh me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl ke Nprmc# :8#>==> ikr tfl imrst tmal# M fnd

ilnr &< ameutls splet me-% Tfl elxt dny M fnd ilnr nhnme% N itlr n ameutl splet

mesmdl tfl A mrrkrs M ilct cmol M wns inccmeh tfrkuhf% Kegl M cnedld M snw prnymeh

plkpcl% M ilct cmol skaljkdy wns wntgfmeh al% M hkt sgnrld% M fnd ilnr ikr twk akrl

dnys tfle% M ilct cmol rueemeh nwny% M gkucd ekt stny wmtf ktflr plkpcl ikr ckeh%

>:%2<%=>% >9%><%! >9%4<% N itlr >2 slgkeds mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M fnd ilnr%

M ilct skaljkdy wns me tfl rkka% Tflrl gnal *pmgturls*% M snw n ckt ki tfla% M ilctprlssurl ke ay flnd ned tfle ke ay flnrt% N itlr tfnt M ilct cmol M wns spmeemeh

nrkued gkuetlr!gckgowmsl# wntgfmeh *pmgturls*% Mt wns cmol tfnt 7 tmals% M wnetld

tk drnw tfl *pmgturls* jut gkucde(t akvl n imehlr% Tfle mt wns ncc kvlr ned M ilct

cmol scllpmeh% Mt sllald cmol skaljkdy fnd al uedlr study%

>:%2<%=>% Mesmdl tfl A mrrkrs M snw n ckt ki *pmgturls*% Wkal ki tfla wlrl0

n pnca wmtf n pmgturl ki ne lyl# ned n jrnme me skal trnespnrlet sujstnegl &ckkold

cmol gmhnrlttl sakol ki dnro gkckur-% Tflrl wns strkeh lelrhy rndmntmke mesmdl tfl

A mrrkrs &lvle nudmjcl-% Mt sllald cmol M wns uedlr skaljkdy(s gketrkc % T k ay

amed# tflrl wns skal alssnhl ikr al tfnt > gkucde(t uedlrstned% M snw stnr

gkajmentmkes# ne nrgflr ned n imsf stnrmeh nt al% M fnd dmiilrlet illcmehs ! ilnr#

tfrmcc# tfle pntmlegl ned nttletmke% M wns uedlr gkestnet gketrkc% Ikr n akalet M

wns nirnmd M amhft jl nt skaljkdy(s gkaaned% M dmde(t sll tfnt *skaljkdy* jut

M ilct fma tk jl tflrl%

!>8>!



>7%2<%=>% Mesmdl tfl A mrrkrs M ilct ektfmeh nt imrst% M fnd ay fned gcksld jut

kegl M gfnehld mt# M snw n ckt ki fuane lyls ned sfndkws% M hkt sgnrld ned clit%

>4%2<%=>% >2%4<%! >>%22% N itlr n ameutl mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M ilct cmol M

wns icymeh njkut >2 a fmhf% Tfle mt wns ncc kvlr% o

>4%2<%=>% >>%2<% Xfmcl mesmdl tfl A mrrkrs M hkt smgo nt imrst% Wfkrtcy nitlr tfnt

M wns ncrmhft% M ilct skaltfmeh cymeh me ay cnp% Tfle M wns prlssld metk ay nragfnmr

M ilct cmol M wns rmsmeh metk Wpngl% Wuddlecy mt wns kvlr jut ay illt rlanmeld flnvy#

>4%2<%=>% >6%:<% Kegl me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M wns n jmt dmzzy me n wfmcl M snw

imvl *pmgturls* kel nitlr nektflr% Imrst wns ne manhl ki n wkane% M gkucde(t

rlgkhemzl flr jut tfl ingl ckkold inamcmnr% Wlgked ned tfmrd ckkold (mol manhls

ki n omd nhl >% Tfksl tfrll pmgturls wlrl gkckurld ned gclnr%

>4%2<%=>% Me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M ilct ay flnd flnvmcy prlssld% Tflrl wns egilnr% M wns mesmdl gclnr lapty spngl% Wuddlecy M ilct cmol M wns sfnomeh ned rkccmeh

nrkued% M ilct dmzzy ned sfkrt ki jrlntf% M gkucde(t sll neytfmeh% Tfle M clit% Tflrl

wns tfl salcc ki kzkel%

>4%2<%=>% Xfmcl me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M salccld kzkel% A y lyls ilct prlssld

tfle M snw *wfllcs*% Me n wfmcl tfnt illcmeh wns hkel jut M olpt illcmeh tfl pucsl

me ay flnd%

>4%2<%=>% Xfmcl me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M ilct n omed ki wkrrymeh% Mt wns cmolskaljkdy wntgfmeh al% Wfndkws wlrl tflrl ned hkel% T flrl wns skal dnro vlmc

nrkued% T fle M *rlalajlrld* ne lpmskdl irka ay jnjyfkkd% M t wns tfl dny >

wns jkre% Tfl najucnegl gnal% Intflr jrkuhft anaan tk tfl gnr me fms nras% N

wkane me n wfmtl hkwe tkko al%M wns wrnppld up me n wfmtl sfmrt% M snw lvlry

dltnmc ki mt% Zmhft nitlr tfnt M rlcnxld%

><%2<%=>% >7%<2 Kegl me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M snw *pmgturls*% Tfle vlry gclnrcy

gnal tfl imhurl ki <<:# gkckurld rld% Ikcckwmeh tfnt# M snw n ingl% Mt wnse(t tfnt

ki n fuane% M hkt sgnrld% Tfl ingl vnemsfld ned tflrl gnal nektflr kel% M t wns

anomeh ingls tk al% Tfl ingl ckkold vlry kcd# wmtf cmels ke mt% N itlr n wfmcl mt

vnemsfld tkk% Xfmcl mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M flnrd gkestnet wmstcmeh%

>=%2<%=>% >4%42%! >4%<<% Xfmcl mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# M snw n dnro vlmc

nrkued% Tfle tflrl gnal n ckt ki dm iilrlet *pmgturls*%

>=%2<%=>% >=%22 Mesmdl ki O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M fnd ay lyls gcksld% Imrst M ilctpnme me ay clit fned% Tfle tflrl gnal n spmrnc% Mt wns cmol mt wns guttmeh tfrkuhf

!>8:!



al% Tfnt cnstld njkut n ameutl% M snw n ckeh nspfnct rknd irnald wmtf juremehcmhfts% Mt sllald tk fnvl ek led wfmcl M wns rueemeh nckeh mt% 2 П

>=%2<%=>% M t ilct cmol M wns *kut* ki ayslci% A kvlalet me Wpngl? N *wfmrc *wmtf n fuane sfnpl me mt% @ ust *skaltfmeh* ikrald irka pmpls%

>=%2<%=>% M rlanmeld me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl wmtf ay lyls kplmm0 T fl A mrrkrs

wlrl spmeemeh gkuetlr!gckgowmsl% Mt ckkold cmol kutlr spngl% N hrlle stnr icnsfldnt ay rmhft nra n wfmcl n rld kel icnsfld nt ay clit%

:2%2<%=>% >>%72% M ilct prlssld wfmcl me Okzyrlv(s Wpngl% Mt wm s cmol (inccmehtfrkuhf n pmpl%

:2%2<%=>% :2%<2%! :>%:2% Me O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M wns icymeh wmtf ay gfnmr# tflehkt jngo tk ay pcngl% M kpleld ay lyls ned snw n ckeh tueelc% Mt cnstld ikr njkut

< ameutls% T fle M snw n jlnrdld ancl ingl wmtf jcngo splgtngcls kf%:>%2<%=>% Mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M ilct ay gfnmr wns sfnomeh ned spmeemehgkuetlr!gckgowmsl% M ilct lnsy%

::%2<%=>% >:%><% M wns rkccld up wfmcl mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl# tfl A mrrkrswlrl spmeemeh nrkued ned M fnd n flndngfl% M hkt sgnrld% M kpleld ay lyl(s nedckkold up% T flrl wns n \ %I %K % tflrl% Tfle mt wns kvlr jut M ilct c m ol. Xnshmeemehuetmc M clit tfl rkka%

:7%2<%=>% Xfmcl mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M ilct skaljkdy wntgfmeh rmtl% T fleM wns spue tk tfl rmhft ikr >< slgkeds%

:7%2<%=>% Xfmcl mesmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M andl n *ic mhft* ttm Ц Ц ueoekwepcnelt% T fl hrkued ckkold jcngo% T fl soy wns hrly% Mt fnd icnttleld rlcmli%

:4%2<%=>% >= % 72 % M esmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M snw n jcngo Xncc wmtf dm iilrlet*pmgturls* ke mt% Me n wfmcl M *tureld kut*% Imrst M ilct n flndngfl% Tfle# M c lit tflA mrrkrs% Xfmcl tflrl mt wns cmol cymeh me tfl sue%

:9%2>%=>% >8%4<% M wmtelssld tfl \%I%K% njkvl Dmgoske vmccnhl% Mt wn(s n jnccsfmemeh cmol wlcdmeh wm tf n jlna ki cmhft strltgfld jngo kii mt% T fl jlna ki cmhftfnd twk slgtmkes% Mt wns me tfl soy ikr njkut >ameutl% Tfle mt vnemsfld ikr n wfmclned npplnrld nhnme ke tfl ktflr smdl# fnvmeh ek jlna ki cmhft tfle% T fl jnccprkglldld tk akvl ikr nektflr wfmcl# tfle stkppld ned n gckud wlet spmrnccmehrkued mt% M gkucd sll mt ikr nektflr < slg# tfle mt wns hkel%

:4%2<%=>% >: % 72 % M esmdl O kzyrlv(s Wpngl M snw ayslci spmrnccmeh up me aygfnmr% N fkt wnvl gnal tfrkuhf ay jkdy% M snw sfmemeh cmhfts icmgolrmeh rkued%

!>87!



T fle tflrl gnal n sgrlle wmtf n *pmgturl* ke mt ned M flnrd n vkmgl nsomeh al0

*Xfnt dk yku wnet;* M neswlrld0 *M wnet tk allt yku*% Tfle tflrl wns smclegl%

M nsold0 *Xfk nrl yku;* Ekw M rlalajlr kecy kel wkrd ki tfl neswlr ned tfnt

ms *clnhul*% M snw n rkw ki sfmemeh wfllcs tfnt ikc ckwld kel nektflr ikr njkut 7

slg% M fnd n strnehl illcmeh% Kegl M trmld tk imed kut ay *wflrlnjkuts* ncc ki mt

stkppld%

:<%2<%=>% Xfmcl fypektmsld M hkt me n \ %I %K% tfnt M snw me >==2%> rlala!

jlrld tfnt tfly clt al jngo tk Dlg%:9%>==2%> snw tfl \ %I %K % &mt wns jcngo ned

wfmtl tfle- ned hkt njknrd ki mt% M ilct tfly wkucd clt al sll kecy wfnt tfly wnetld

al tk% T fl \%I %K% wns cnrhl ke tfl mesmdl tfkuhf kutsmdl mt ckkold sancc% Tfle

wl iclw kvlr tfl Lnrtf ned rlngfld Tnmayr cnol% M snw n wfmtl plno dkwe tflrl%

M fueh kvlr tfnt pcngl ikr n ckeh tmal% Tfle mt jlgnal dnro% Tfle M snw skal ktflrpcngls ned krnehl ikhs# ncc tfl ktflr tfmehs wlrl jcngo ned wfmtl% Tfle tflrl wns

dnroelss nhnme% Tfle M snw n ckt ki pyrnamds jumct me rlhucnr jckgos% M nsold0 *Xfnt

ms mt;* T fl neswlr gnal0 *X l cmvl sk*# i nsold tfla tk sfkw al mesmdl tfl pyrnamd

jut tfly clt al sll tfl stnmr tfrkuhf tfl letrnegl nt tfl clit smdl% Tfl krnehl cmhft

gnal kut ki tfl pyrnamd letrnegl ned icmgolrld ke tfl wnccs% M trmld tk hlt metk

tfl pyrnamd jut iclw kvlr mt ned tfl dnroelss gnal nhnme% T fl wfkcl tmal M ilct

cmol M wns cymeh ke ay jngo tureld upsmdl dkwe# ned mt wns fnrd tk sll mt ncc% J utM gkucd ckko *tfrkuhf* ayslci% N itlr n wfmcl M snw n rkka wmtf tfl A mrrkrs

spmeemeh nrkued% Tfle M snw rkkas wmtf A mrrkrs stnedmeh nt metlrvncs jltwlle

tfla% M tfkuhft tfly sfkwld al tfl wny tfl cnj sfkucd fnvl jlle% M nsold0 *X lrl

tfl \ %I %K%(W kvlr Dmgoske ke Dlg%:9%>==2;* M snwn pmgturl ki *n jncc wmtf n jlna

ki cmhft* tfle n pmgturl ki n *trnespnrlet pyrnamd* cmhftld irka mesmdl tureld ned

spue% M hkt jngo tk Dlg%:<%>==2 wfle tfl A mrrkrs icnsfld% M snw n jlna ki cmhft

spmrnccmeh up me tfl A mrrkrs tk tfl jncc% Tfl jncc iclw metk tfl A mrrkrs ned jrkol

metk wfllcs wnvmeh tk tfl wnccs# indmeh kut ned tfle gkameh jngo nhnme%



R fktk > T fl jled ki &fl rmvlr Wmcvn elnr A kcljon vmc cnhl me Rlra dmstrmgt &tfl rlhmke ki tflRlra nekanckus zkel-%

!>8<!

Wuppclalet MM

GLZTMI MGNTLW

ki tfl Lxplrmalet me tfl dmstnet!manhl metlrngtmke

* Rlra Pkel*

Me Iljrunry >==2# ne lxpldmtmke tk tfl Rlra rlhmke# Akclvon Y mccnhl dmstrmgt

&jled ki Wycvn rmvlr-# &pfktk >-# wlcc!oekwe ikr mts nekanckus prkplrtmls# tkko

pcngl% T fl anme tnso wns tk nencysl tfl altfkdmls ned altfkds ki manhl



meikrantmke trnesamssmke irka nekanckus nrlns ki tfl *Rlra trmnehcl* ned

altfkds ki lesurmeh tfl rlglptmke ki tfms meikrantmke me Ekvksmjmrso% T fl ala!

jlrs ki tfl lxpldmtmkenc hrkup nrl0 N % Tnrekpkcsoy# N % Wkrkgme# D % Rkcynokv# Y %

Wnclm# N % Y nrikckallv# Y % Y kdkcnhme%

Me tfl rlhmke ki tfl lxpldmtmke jnsl# n jmkckgntmkenc survly ki tfl rlhmke wns

andl% T fl nrlns wmtf nekanckus prkplrtmls wlrl dmsgkvlrld% Tflsl pcngls wlrldlsmhentld ns pksts ki dmstnet!manhl trnesamsmke &Rfktk :-% Wlvle slnegls ki tfl

dmstnet metlrngtmke wlrl flcd% Me < ki tfla ne nggurntl manhl trnesamssmke# me

Ekvksmjmrso# wns lesurld%&Tnjcl >-% Kel ki tfl trnesamssmke slnegls &<%2:%=2?-

wns nggkapnemld jy liilgts typmgnc ikr tfms zkel0 tfl npplnrnegl ki *hrlle flnt

jnccs* tf―nt wlrl kjslrvld jy akst pnrtmgmpnets ki tfl lxpldmtmkenc hrkup% X fle

tfl slnegl wns imemsfld tfl jnccs dmsnpplnrld%

R fktk : K el ki tfl jmkckgntmkenc nekanckus slgtkrs me tfl Rlra zkel ! n pcngl ki dmstnet!

manhl trnesamssmke%

!>89!



3

> 4• § 2

ю

*YE в5ж>

nеGR<[Pж7£C

mе:>

Pdu!

::Ym •ез

:sе;n:1

•:

*<еz

ж% 6•:(:<еP

К

@

^ е \SGAgr~

KGKME YNЕ2!T!

7еT\EАE%

К

@ в s\W§<s sGAешШ

£GSЮС pVEюS|юс\E

ЮЕ

вЮПвE< F •

t>л

>W¿

юеw2£

ж37

*C

nпее

n:m+m2§z

зе

G:PkrC\K!

:ЕdвPkuK!

Vвmе¿mzkmccK!

%>ю5n! >—Pвцв%

>W¿

юеw2£

53• W< &Wаз §

,Ешъ!22GE

kKъ5Y4ПвGTY

kеЕз>пt!

Юг

^ю§

§W(ЩШ

U7.MO

)

6.OW

s; §з

Еri4

А

е!Ю

ю%:

ыК\!£%:еуеы

ее

жt5ы

в7m+@

£X

.г 32ю% Wм ЕМ ¿E

е

ж

>Б

!>88!



Wuppclalet MMM

GLZT MI MGNTLW

ki tfl metlrentmkenc Lxplrmalet me tfl dmstnet!manhl

metlrngtmke * T rnesgketmeletnc Jr mdhl* %

•Tfl glrtmimgntls gketnme0

> T fl dlsgrmptmke ki tfl lxplrmaletnc rlglptmke ki manhl meikrantmke me

lw ] kro jy tfl pnrtmgmpnets ki tfl kmet lxplrmalet# gkedugtld jy tfl Gletlr

C lndmeh Wgmlegls ki T lapcl \emvlrsmty me Rfmcndlcpfmn &dmrlgtkr Dkgtkr J %

ujmo- ned tfl N gndlay ki A ldmgnc Wgmlegls# Wmjlrmne J rnegf me Ekvksmjmrso

rlgtkr N gndlamgmne Y %R%O nzengfllv-# N % N pkstkc irka tfl N alrmgne G letlr

: T fl glrtmi mgntl ki tfl manhl meikrantmke trnesamssmke i rka Dmgoske% T fl

eikrantmke trnesamttld irka Ekvksmjmrso wnse(t plrglmvld% T fl nggurngy ki

samttld ned plrglmvld meikrantmke ke tfl rkutl *Dmgoske ! Elw!] kro* ned

ektld sfmit me tmal jltwlle *trnesamssmke* ned *rlglptmke* nttrngtld kur

7 T fl glrtmi mgntl ki tfl rlglptmke &drnwmeh-# plrglmvld Gfrm stans emhft jy

uljlg &tfl krhnemzlr ki tfl lxplrmalet irka tfl Gnendmne smdl-

4 N drnwmeh andl durmeh tfl tlclvmsmke slegl ki manhl trnesamttmeh &irka

mgoske- jy n 9!ylnr hmrc i rka tfl \st!N vna Wlttclalet me tfl Tnmayr Rlemesucn

!>86!





N edrlm N pkstkc

A ny >9#>==2

Gletlr ikr Jmkckgntmke Zlslnrgf

67!4< Jrkndwny# Wumtl <>8

L cafurst# E%] % >>787 \%W N %

Me tfl ikcckwmeh M sfncc dlsgrmjl tfl gkedmtmkes ned tfl rlsucts ki ay imrst

lxplrmalet gnrrmld kut me krdlr tk study tfl liilgtmvl meikrantmke lxgfnehl

jltwlle plkpcl# wmtfkut anomeh usl ki ney oekwe grkssgketmeletnc gkaauemgn!

tmke systla% A y lxplrmalet wns pnrt ki tfl prkpksld prktkgkc jltwlle tfl Gletlr

ikr Irketmlr Wgmlegls nt Tlapcl \emvlrsmty# ned tfl Mestmtutl ki Gcmemgnc ned

Lxplrmaletnc A ldmgmel# Ekvksmjmrso# \WWZ%

T FL T MA L KI TFL LVRLZMA LET

Xldelsdny# A ny >9#>==2# jltwlle 8022!8072 RA Lnstlre Wtnednrd T mal%

T FL RC NGL KI TFL LVRLZMA LET

A nefnttne# Elw ] kro Gmty# nt tfl EX gkrelr ki Imitf N vleul ned >29 Wt%

GKEDMT MKEW KI TF L LVRLZMA LET

>% A ltlkrkckhmgnc gkedmtmkes%

N t tfl tmal ki tfl lxplrmalet# tfl Elw ] kro Gmty nrln fnd jlle trnvlrsld

jy n *gkaclx gkcd irket*# ns mt ms medmgntld me I mh%c % Mt wns cmhft rnme# ned tfl

tlaplrnturl wns njkut tfl 82(I%

:% Gksamg meiculegls%

N t tfl tmal ki tfl lxplrmalet tfl A kke wns kel dny jlikrl tfl cnst ûnrtlr#

ned 8 dnys nitlr tfl Iucc A kke%

7% Gkrrlcntmke tk anheltmg nekancmls%

Tfl lxplrmalet wns smtuntld nt njkut ::22 illt nwny irka n sujwny trngo%

N s n rlsuct# anheltmg dmsturjnegls wmtf n anxmaua napcmtudl ki njkut >22

hnaan wlrl lxplgtld% Hnaan ms tfl gkaake uemt ki anheltmg metlesmty# lqunc

tk >2 klrstld% Lvlry gnr pnssmeh ke Imitf N vleul &njkut 922 gnrs+fkur- prkdugld

n anheltmg nekancy nt tfl pcngl ki tfl lxplrmalet ki njkut <2 hnaan% Me tflsl

gkedmtmkes# enturnc hlkanheltmg vnrmntmkes gne jl rlhnrdld ns elhcmhmjcl%

!>62!



@ \lonRn dmnjnslMM0!% %••.QAlwko «rkup(&meedttkel sfnl-9<66 Z3X«AvkkdZrlekdkttG

@ Jrkkocye ZenWsl7 Anefnttne gfclt

R* M r%unnmm ktchrtlt |:hi ` i urmctm #elm¿m

iRciimii W plfmel— % inut

Trmngtml !&7=2acc tkeiGkr` kcd-

rlGnajrmne&M jccmkerlnrs kd-

HLGTuK(G]

_msmriZNy0

I mh% :% Hlkckhmg anp ki A nefnttne# Elw ] kro G mty# gkurtlsy ki Icnxfanps# Z nedka F kusl#Elw ] kro &>=68-% Ek sgncl ms medmgntld# smegl tfl dmstnegls me tfl L!X dm rlgtmke nrl twmgl ns cnrhlns tfl dmstnegls me tfl E!W dmrlgtmke% Tfl pcngl ki tfl lxplrmalet ms anrold jy n grkss elnr tflekrtflnstlre gkrelr ki Gletrnc Rnro%



4% Hlkckhmgnc gkedmtmkes%N t Imh% :# tfl pcngl ki tfl lxplrmalet ms anrold jy n grkss skalwflrl elnm

ki ekrtf!lstlre gkrelr ki Gletrnc Rnro me Elw ] kro Gmty &E X gkrelr ki I m itfN vleul ned >29 Wtrllt-% N ggkrdmeh tk tfl hlkckhmg anp me Imh% :# tfl pcngl ki tfllxplrmalet ms ckgntld ke Rrl!Gnajrmne cmalstkel# kecy n ilw illt nwny irka tfl

gketngt wmtf Rrl!Gnajrmne sgfmst# oekwe ns tfl *A nefnttne sgfmst*% T fl pc nglki tfl lxplrmalet ms ncsk ckgntld# kecy n ilw illt ekrtf ki tfl cnrhlst hlkckhmg inuctme A nefnttne%

<% Hlkjmkckhmgnc gkedmtmkes%T fl pcngl ki tfl lxplrmalet wns gflgold jlikrl ned nitlr tfl tmal ki tfl

lxplrmalet jy n imccld!dkwslr &jmkckgntkr-% M e Imh% 7 tfl jmkckgntmke rlngtmke

Nrjmtrnry sgncl

A nxman

ЕA meman

>27 st% >29 st% >>2 st%

>27 st% I kuc t

A nefnttneWgfmst

M —t > >—2 <22 >222 ><22

Wgncl me altlrs

I mh% 7% П gr kss!slgtmke ki A nefnttne# Elw ] kro G mty# nckeh I mitf N vleul# jltwlle >>2 Wtr lltnfd >27 Wtrllt

n- tfl jmkckgntmke rlngtmke lxplr mlegld jy N edr lm N pkstkc ke X ldelsdny A ny >9#>==2# nt9072 p%a%

j- tfl hlkckhmgnc grkss!slgtmke% T fl ckgntmke ki tfl meikrantmke lxgfnehl lxplr maletjltwlle Ekvksmjmr so# Z ussmn# ned Elw ] kro# \%W!N%# ms anrold jy tfl grkss%

!>6:!



rlgkrdld jy tfl imlcd!dkwslr N edrlm N pkstkc ms medlgntld% M t ms metlrlstmeh tkektmgl tfnt me tfl plrmkd ki >=67!>==2# ktflr imlcd!dkwslrs &Fnrcne Wpnrlr# E krtfA lrrmgo# Enssnu Gkuety #Elw ] kro-# medlpledlet irka N edrlm Npkstkc# lx!plrmlegld jmkckgntmke rlngtmkes ngrkss tfl snal hlkckhmg inuct% Ke A ny >9#>==2#tfl pcngl ki tfl lxplrmalet wns gfksle nt tfl *amemaua* ki tfl jmkckgntmke

rlngtmke# kr# me ktflr wkrds# nt tfl pnrtmgucnr ckgntmke wflrl tfl jmkckgntkrlxplrmlegld n rlcnxntmke me fms ausgcls%

9% Jmkckhmgnc gkedmtmkes%N t tfl tmal ki tfl lxplrmalet N edrlm N pkstkc fnd ne ueoekwe mccelss%Fl

wns smttmeh me n fkrmzketnc pksmtmke# wmtf fms flnd krmletld ekrtf# ke n jld mesmdln vne &n A N PD N A RY vne# akdlc >=6=# wmtf n jld me tfl rlnr-%

N t 904< p%a% ke Xldelsdny A ny >9#>==2> stnrtld tk try tk rlcnx ay jkdy#ned tk aldmtntl jy gkuetmeh ay jrlntf% A y pksmtmke wns lxtrlalcy gkaikrtnjcl#ned M hkt ns ilw dmstrngtmeh smhencs ns pkssmjcl irka ay jkdy% N itlr njkut ><ameutls ki aldmtntmke nt 8022 p%a%# Mwns rlndy tk stnrt ay lxplrmalet% M ilctrlcnxld# me n vlry hkkd akkd# ned M gcksld ay lyls manhmemeh tfnt skalwflrl ketfl ktflr smdl ki tfl Lnrtf skalkel wns trymeh tk sled al n alssnhl%

6022!602< 60>2!60>< 60:2!60:W

Ю

MM

Rnrt :%

-

!>67!





TF L ZLW\C TW

ki ay Lxplrmalet ki meikrantmke lxgfnehl%

N t Imh% 4 nrl medmgntld tfl krmhmenc drnwmehs tfnt M dmd tfrll tmals# nt njkut

8027 RA # 80>: RA # ned 80:7 p%a% ke A ny >9#>==2% Ek ktflr pnrtmgucnr slesntmkes

ki salcc# skued# kr manhls kggurld tk al jltwlle 8022!8072 p%a%

8022!%802< 80>2!80>< 80:2!80:<

V #

I mh% 4% T fl pnr tmgucnr manhls tfnt M dr nw nt tfl tmal ki lxplr malet

N edrlm N pkstkc

Gletlr ikr Jmkckgntmke Zlslnrgf

!>6<!



Z L I L Z L E G L W

Овъвапжмк З% Вбъжшбвы гжфепезжы0 Юлтвкешбжа++

Юефжы0 Лмъмт Омтеб# >=6<# >8< ю% ¿Овьъжб Г %Г % Ъкетшмюъке Фтвбючв Твопм ж бвтедбвыачпуъчтв ютмдбмкмаекуы ж Тмбмюювбюв%++ :!м жид% Г %0Ьчд%пжъ%# >==2%

Омьъмтмк К%Г % Ео еляъвь бвд гяюпмббягкеидмнюъкжмг бв лекмдмбжм йжкеъбяь%++ Келтеюяжичшмбжы ж кеюлжъвбжы пжшбеюъж%# >=:2# E :%

Ynsmc(lv C %C % Lxplrlaletnc mevlstmhntmkes ki fypeksmsjy tfkuhfts%++ C %0 C lemehrnd \emvlrsmty%# >=9:%

Ylrendsoy Y%M % Jmkspflrl%++ C lemehrnd%0 Enuon%! ofma%!tlofe%# >=:9# ><9 p%

Кмтбвдюажн К%Ж% Ътчдя змеьжгжшмюаенпвоетвъетжж%++ A %0 Бвчав# >=62# :<: ю%

Ylrendsoy Y%M% Imckskiy tfkuhtf ki enturncmst%++A ksokw0 Enuon# >=66%Кмтбвдюажн К%Ж% Ожеюфмтв ж бееюфмтв%++ Г %0 Б вчав#

>=6=Hkckvnekv C %A % Rcnelt ns n * gksamg algfnemsa* %++

A ksokw0 Enuon%Зепеюекамт Ы%С% Пезжав гжфв%++ A %0 Бвчав# >=68%

Зтеф Ю%# Зтеф А% Южыхэжм зетедв ж вдюажм гчаж%Йжибу леюпм югмтъж%++ Г %0 Юек% лжювъмпу# >==2%

Дскжю Л% Ючлмтюжпв% Лежюаж мджбен ъметжжлтжтедя%++ Г %0 Г жт# >=6=%

Дйвб Т% Бмюъвтмхэжн лвтвдеаю люжьефжижшмюажьыкпмбжн%++ ( Ътчдя жбюъжъчъв жбймбмтбентвджеспмаътебжаж%# >=89%

Деотеьеъекв Ъ %В %# Отвзжбв Б %Б % Лтеюътвбюъке жктмгы к юееъбецмбжыь *геиз!люжьжав*% Ъ ми% деапвд Л

!>69!



Г мйдчбвтедбен аебфмтмбщжж *Лтеопмгя лтеюътвбюъквж ктмгмтж к мюъмюъкеибвбжж* ++ П%# >==># ю%>6%

Ижпомтгвб A%C\% Е аетмпыъщжж лпеъбеюъжлтмдюавивбжн к шжюпекяь пеъмтмыь ю юепбмшбенваъжкбеюъух ж ъмюъег Лжаавтдж% Дмл% КЖ Б Ж Ъ Ж %

!Б7>96!О6=З% >=6=%Ипеавиек К%Л%# Лчцажб К%Б%# Цмкшжа С%Д%

Ожесбмтзмъжшмюажм вюлмаъя юееъбецмбжы еотвивкеюлтжыъжы ю кеюлтжбжгвмгяг еомаъег% >=86%

Авибвшммк К%Л%# Гжьвнпекв П%Л% Юкмтьюпвоямжипчшмбжы к гмйапмъешбяь кивжгедмнюъкжыь%++Бекеюжожтюа0 Бвчав# >=62%

O nzengfllv Y%R%# Dlrynpn E%Z%# Fnseucme Y %M %#T rkimakv N%Y% Ke tfl pflekaleke ki flcmkhlkpfysmgncmaprmtmeh%++ Juccltme WK NA E \WWZ% >=6<

Авибвшммк К%Л%# Г жьвнпекв П%Л%# КпвджгжтюажнЖ %О% Джюъвбщжеббям жбфетгвщжеббям лтещмююя кожеюжюъмгвь% Деапвд Кюмюехибен бвчшбе!ъмьбжшмюа

цаепв!юмгжбвт%++ Ъегюа0 >==2# ю%62!=:%Авибвшммк К%Л%# Г жьвнпекв П%Л%# Кпвджгжтюажн

Ж %О%― Юепебъщмк Ж%П% Г мъед апмъешбяь ачпуъчт жджюъвбщжеббем гмйапмъешбем кивжгедмнюъкжм ава ъмюъожежбджавщжж кбмцбжь кеидмнюъкжн%++ Бекеюжожтюа#>=6=%

Авибвшммк К%Л% Ч шмбжм К%Ж% Кмтбвдюаезе е Ожеюфмтмж бееюфмтм%++ Г %0 Бвчав# >=6=%

Авибвшммк К% Л%# Юлжтжб М%В% Аеюгелпвбмъвтбянфмбегмб шмпекмав%++ Б%0 Бвчав# >=69% ю% 727

Авибвшммк К% Л%# Г жьвнпекв П%Л %Ожежбфетгвщжэббвы фчбащжы мюъмюъкмббяьспмаътегвзбжъбяь лепмн%++ Бекеюжожтюа0 Бвчав# >=6<%

Авихъжбюажн К% К% Фжпеюефжы ж гжтекеитмбшжюажмлтеопмгя%++ Б%0 Бвчав# >=6>% ю%4=!9=%

!>Б8!



Авихъжбюажн К%Ж% Лтеопмгв лежюав йжибж кекюмпмббен%++ Г %0 Бвчав% >=69% ю%<4!92

Автъмт О% Аеюгепезжы# ъметжж жбвопхдмбжы%++ Г %0Г жт% >=86% ю% 79=!78=

Аезвб Ж%Г % Лтжапвдбвы ъметжы жбфетгвщжн%++ Г %Г % >=6>% ю%>78!><6%

Аеиятмк Б%В % Вюътебегжшмюаем деавивъмпуюъкетмвпубеюъж шмъятмьгмтбен змегмътжж Г жбаекюаезе%++Л теыкпмбжм аеюгжшмюажь фваъетек бв Имгпм ж икмидвь%! Г %!П%0 Жид!ке ВБ ЮЮЮТ# >=62# ю%6<!=7

Аеиятмк Б %В% Ктмгы ава фжижшмюаем ыкпмбжм%

++Г едмпжтеквбжм ж лтезбеижтеквбжм к ожесаепезжж% !Тжзв0 Ж ид!ке чбжкмтюжъмъ# >=6:# ю%<=!8:%Аеиятмк Б%В % Жиотвббям ътчдя%++ П%0 Ж ид!ке

Пмбжбзтвдюаезе чбжкмтюжъмъв% >==>## ю% 447%Пвпвыбщ Ж %С% Ц мюъен дмбу ъкетмбжы% ++Ш мпекма ж

гжтеидвбжм%!Г %0 Лепжъжидвъ# >==2# ю%:47!748%Пмг Ю% Ючггв ъмьбепезжж%++ Г %0 Г жт# >=86# 499 ю%

Г ешвбек Х %В% Дтмкбмнцжн лвпмепжъ Джтжбзв жлтеопмгв кбмътелжшмюаен лтвтеджбя шмпекмшмюъкв%++Втьмепезжы Ыачъжж% Ыачъюа0 Ж ид ! ке ЫЗЧ # >=66# ><!<7ю%

Г саюж М%Ю% Ожегмъметепезжы ава бвчав%++ Жглваъ#>=6:# E >!:# ==!>>4ю%

Бвпжгек К%К% Омююеибвъмпубем ава лтеыкпмбжмюмгвбъжшмюаен кюмпмббен%++ Люжьепезжшмюажн йчтбвп%

>=64# Ъ <# E 9%Бвпжгек К%К% Юлебъвббеюъу юеибвбжы%++ Г %0

Лтегмъмн## >==2%Лвбек М%Б% Ибваж# южгкепя# ыияаж%++ Г %0 Ибвбжм#

:46 ю%Л чъьефф З%# Ъвтз Т% Лмтщмлъжкбян авбвп лмтмдвшж

жбфетгвщжж бв двпубжм твююъеыбжы% Жюъетжы келтеювж леюпмдбжм жююпмдеквбжы%++ Ъ Ж Ж СТ# >=89# ъ 94# E 7#74!9< ю%

!>66!



Юъепыт В%Д% Лтежюьейдмбжм жиеотвижъмпубезежюачююъкв%++ Г %0 Жюачююъке# >=6<# :=8 ю%

Юяюепек Д% Еътвймбжм вюътебегжшмюажь леибвбжнк ътважнюаег юкыъжпжэм *Ивншжн Кмть* %++ Ътчдя Люжглеижчгв% Ыгоеп# >=69# >69!>=: ю%

Ъмныт дм Ц втдмб% Фмбегмб шмпекмав%++ :!м жид% Г %0Бвчав# >=68%

Фпетмбюажн Л%В% Юъепл ж чъкмтйдмбжм жюъжбя%++Г %0 Лтвкдв# >==2%

Феп В% Ътважы ж Овпавбя к твббмсппжбжюъжшмюачхслеьч%++ Юефжы0 Бвчав# >=8<# :9= ю%

Феп В% Ътважнюажн етфжиг0 Кюмпмббвы шмпекмав%++Шмпекма# скепхщжы# аеюгею% ! Зед Y# E >&6-# Юефжы#>=69# 9>!82 ю%

Феп В%# Юлжтждебек Ъ% Жюъетжшмюавы змезтвфжыътважнюажь лпмгмб де M M M к% де б%с%++ Юефжы0 Жид!кеОепзвтюаен Вавд% бвча% >=67# >6< ю%

Фтепек К% Л% Ч летыдешмббвы юътчаъчтв жи пмзажь

пмлъебек ава лмтмбеюшжа ожежбфетгвщжж%++Бмлмтмеджшмюажм ояюътелтеъмавхэжм ыкпмбжы кеатчйвхэмн ютмдм%++ Ъмижюя деапвдек цаепя!юмгжбвтв%Ъегюа# 4%># >=66# 7=!42 ю%

Эмтовъюажн Ф%Ж% Жиотвббям ътчдя ле очдджигч%++Г %0 Бвчав# >=66%

Ц гмпмк Ж % Л% Еоэмюжюъмгбян ледьед алюжьеътебжам &тчаелжюу-%++ Г %0 >=62%

Снбцъмнб В% Юеотвбжм бвчшбяь ътчдек# ъ%4%++ Г %0Бвчад# >=98%

Спжвдм Г % Аеюгею ж жюъетжы% Жиотвббям твоеъя %++Г %0 Лтезтмюю# >=68# 7>: ю%

Jkfa D% Xfkclelss ned tfl mapcmgmtl krdlr %++ E%@ %0

Zkutmldhl ned O # >=6># 477 p%

!>6=!



Jrnud X% Rsm gkedugtmvl gkedugtmkes0 Lxpckrntmkes nedmetlrprltntmkes% Rsm ned Wtlmts ki N wnrlelss%++ Rrko% @ ut%Gkei% me Rnrms% E%@ %0 Rnrnpsygfkckhy Ikuedntmke# >=86%

Dueel К%# Jmsnfs @ % Rrlgkhemtmvl rlaktl plrglptmke0 Ngrmtmgnc kvlr vmlw ki tfl lxplrmaletnc E%@ %0 Wgnrlgtkw Rrlss%!>=62% R% >>8!>:2%

Dueel К%# Elcske Z%# @ nfe Z% Kplrntkr( ! rlcntldnekancmls me n rnedka algfnemgnc gnsondl%++ @ % ki Wgmle%Lxpckrntmke# v%: E :# >=86# pp ><<!>8=%

Ldmske X%# Inust D%# Hltscs Z% Ne mevlstmhntmke kipkssmjcl nekanckus metlrngtmke jltwlle n fuane jlmeh ned

n pkcnrmsld cnzlr jlna%++ @ uel ! Wlpt% >=88 Drlxlt\emvlrsmty%# Rfysmgs Dlp%Gueemehfna N %@ %++ Enturl# >=9<# v%:28# pp% >>29!

>>28%Flnrel O % Ne kstlusmjcl prlgkhemtmke usmeh n *drlna

! angfmel* %++ @ % ki tfl Wkg% ikr Rsygf% Zls%# >=6<#<7&8==-# p% 76!42

Fkekrtke G% Rsm ned metlrenc nttletmke stntls% Fnedjkkoki Rnrnpsygfkckhy%++ E%@ %0 Yne Ekstrned Zlmefkcd% >=88#pp%47<!48:%

Fkekrtke G% Fns sgmlegl dlvlckpld tfl gkapltlegl tkgkeirnmt gcnmas ki tfl pnrnpsygfkckhy;++ Zlslnrgf meRnrnpsygfkckhy# >=8<% A ltugfle# '7? Wgnrlvrkw Rrlss#>=89# pp%>==!::7

@ nlhlrs J% Tfl lxtrn slesmtmvl pleducua%++ Nrmlsprkdugtmkes meg%# >=8:# 6< p%

@ nfe Z%# Dueel К%# @ nfe L% Nencytmgnc @ udhmehRrkgldurl ikr Zlaktl Rlrglptmke Lxplrmalets%++ @ % Rnrnp!sygfkc%# 7# >=62# pp% :28!:7>

@ nfe Z% Tfl Zkcl ki Gkesgmkuselss me tfl Rfysmgnc

wkr cd%++ Jkucdlr# GK0 Xlstvmlw Rrlss% >=6>%

!>=2!



@ nfe Z%H% Tfl plrsmstlet pnrndkx ki psygfmgpflekalen0 ne lehmellrmeh plrsplgtmvl%++ T M MLZ# >=6:# v%82# E 7# pp% 97!>24%

@ nfe Z%# Dueel J% A nrhmes ki rlncmty0 tfl rkcl kigkusgmkuselss me tfl pfysmgnc wkr cd%++ Wne dmlhk# ltg0

Fnrgkurt# Jrngl# @ kvnekvmgf# >=68# 4>< p%@ nfe Z% Nekancmls0 Nencysms ned Nlstfltmgs%++ Rrme!

gltke0 Tlgfe% Ektl% RLNZ# >=66# :> p%A nee Z% C mhft ki gkesgmkuselss%++ E%] %0 Wtntl ki \emv%

Rrlss% >=64# >>8 p%A nros D%# O naane Z% Tfl psygfkckhy ki tfl Rsygfk%

Juiinck%++ E%@ %0 Rrkaltfles Jkkos# >=62%

A krrms Z% Ne lxngt altfkd ikr lvncuntmeh prlilrletmnccyantgfld irllrlspkesl antlrmnc%++ @ % Nalr% Wkg% RsygfmgncZlslnrd% >=8:# 99# p% 42>

A ugmgnetl J% Lxplrmalets me Rsygfkomelsms0 Httmqulned Rrkpksld stucy# slemkr Tflsms sujamttld tk tflDlpnrtalet ki Rsygfkckhy# Rrmegltke \emvlrsmty# A ny#

>=8=% Rnrnpsygfkckhy# >=8=# A ltugfle%++ E@ %0 WgnrlgrkwRrlss% !>=62% !pp% Л8!>:2%Rrmjrna O % Tfl jrnme MM A mcclemua%++ C ks!Nehlcls0

@ %M % Tnrgflr Meg%# >=6># p% =>!>24Zndme D%# Elcske Z% Lvmdlegl ikr gkusgmkuselss!Zlcntld

Nekancmls me Znedka Rfysmgnc Wystlas%++ Ikuedntmkes kiRfysmgs# >=# >=6=# pp% >4==!><>4%

Wgkt t G % K e tfl lvncut mke ki vlrjnc antlrmnc mepnrnpsygfkckhy0 N dmsgussmke ki Dr% Rrntt(s A kekhrnpf%++@ % Wkg* Rsygfmgnc Zlslnrgf# 49# pp% 8=!=2% >=8:

Wkcivme H%# O lccy L%# Jurdmgo D% Wkal elw altfkdski nencysms ikr prlilrletmnc rneomeh dntn%++ @ % Nalr% Wkg%Rsygfmgnc Zlslnrgf# 8:# p% =7# >=86

Tnrh Z%# Rutfkii F% Meikrantmke# trnesamssmke uedlr

gkedmtmkes ki sleskry sfmlcdmeh%++ Enturl# >=84# :<:# p%92:!928%

!>=>!



Tnrh Z%# Fnrnry O % Tfl amed r ngl%++ E%] % YmccnrdJkkos# >=6<# :<2p%

Tkapomes R%# Jmrd G% Wlgrlts ki tfl skm c %++ E%@ %0Fnrplr ) Zkw Rujcmsflrs# >=6=# 444p%

\ccane QЩ%# O rmppelr W%# Ynuhfne N % Drlna

T lclpntfy%++ E%@ %? A ngamccne# >=87%

Trnescntmke ned ldmtme uedlr tfl clndlrsfmp ki Hnvrmckv N %E %Gkesuctnet ! O cllpelr J% &\ WN -Rnmetlrs ! Y % Pleome

N % Wfkrme

E% O krkcykvLccledms ! Rrkhrlss Rujcmsflrs >==:#

97422> Zussmn# Tkaso# C leme pr%# >26!<<© Gkpyrmhft >==: O nzengfllv Y %R%# Trkimakv N %Y % &tlxt-© Gkpyrmhft >==: Lccledms ! Rrkhrlss ned n trnescntmke hrkup© Gkpyrmhft >==: Lccledms ! Rrkhrlss &gkapksmtmke ned dlsmhe-

Rrmetld me *O rnsekg Pena`n* Rrlss# Zussmn# Tkaso HWR# Iruezl pr%# >27+>

!>=:!



I mh% > N pplnrnegl ke tfl Lnrtf ki cmvmeh metlcclgtunc anttlr? M ! A neyelutrnc jr nmekrhnemzntmke ki gkedugtmvl typl# M M ! @ kmemeh up ki prktkfkmememds nitlr n spnsakdmo jrnme tk n* imlcd typl gkaputlr* # &tk tfl pnrt0* Fkak Wnpmles0 tfl lalrhlegl ki cmvmeh metlcclgtunc anttlr ketfl pcnelt? m ts ndnptntmke tk tfl Lnrtf(s gkedmtmkes%%%*-

M



I mh% : M etlcclgt ndnptntmke tk Lnrtf gkedmtmkes% Wlanetmg r l!gkrdmeh spc mts tfl plkpcl mefkckhrnpfm g spngl ned uemts tfla me skgmnc strugturls# &tk tfl pnrt0* Fkak Wnpmles0 tfl lalrhleglki cmvmeh metlcclgtunc anttlr ke tfl pcnelt? mts ndnptntmke tk tfl Lnrtf(s gkedmtmkes%%%* -

M M



Imh% 7 Wtudy ki dmstnet ! meikrantmvl metlrngtmke jltwlle tfl plkpcl me n slrmls ki pnclkp!

syfkckhmgnc mevlstmhntmkes? M ! Nt ane(s kr mhmenc aktflr cned me Dmr meh ! ] urnof &] noutmn-# M M ! M epcngls ki T rnomy akuetnme snegtunrmls &Juchnrmn-# M M M ! M e hlknenanckus zkels# MY ! Dur meh skcnrlgcmpsl plr mkds# Y ! Nt T nmamr &Dmxke ! ekt entmvl pkpucntmke? \st!Nvne ! ehnensnes-# Y M ! M eO fnonsmn gnvls# Y M M ! M e fypkanheltmg slttmehs# Y M M M ! M e O kzyrlv(s amrrkrs# MV ! Nt pcngls ki gr mtmgnctmls &tk tfl pnrt0 Rnclkpsygfkckhy ns n wny tk uedlrstnedmeh tfl gksakpcneltnry lssles ki ane-

M M M



Imh% 4 Wlrmls ki lxplrmaletnc rlslnrgfls jy Ekvksmjmrso smletmsts ki dmstnet ! meikrantmvl

metlrngtmkes me tfl systlas? M ! *A ne ! tlgfemgnc dlvmgl* &Yntkcme H%-# M M ! *Ane ! gkaputlr* &YntkcmeH %-# M cc # M Y ! *A ne ! jmkkj`lgt* &Yntkcme H %# T rkimakv N %-# Y ! *A ne ! glcc* &A mofnmckv N %-# Y M ! *A ne! ane* &T rkimakv N%- &tk tfl pnrt0 L xplr maletnc study ki tfl dmstnet!meikr antmvl metlrngtmke me tfljmkspflrl wmtf ane(s pnrtmgmpntmke-

MY



! <<222 ! <2222 ETC

! <2222 ! 4<222 ETC

! 4<222 ! 42222 ETC

! 42222 ! 7<222 ETC

! 7<222 ! 72222 ETC

I mh%m<% T fl dntn ki anhemtkagtgr(s alnsurlalets elnr tfl skued wncc ki M rnotyne snegtunry&O njmcl# Juchnr mn >8%>2%=2-

GVGMV




http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cosmic-consciousness-of-humanity-problems-of-new-cosmogony-vpkaznacheev 201/212YMM



MD KK MСЕЕ TJKK T82 е ЗWKD M<22

42 2

722

zkk

mKK

N\ZKZN* JKZLNCMW

A N H E L T M G

* K W G L c c N T m K E W KI

L N Z T F I M L C D

>9 >8 >6 >= sk :> :: P7 :4 Ъ%

> З

% OKPLZLYW( AmZZKYW

I C N W F R C N W A K M D

AMGZKAN)XLTGWNEKAN\LW

% JKCKGNTKENEKANC MLW

ZLGKEWTZ\GTMKE WGFLA L KI TFL EMHFT JLTXLLE

:4 TF NED : < TF KI DLGLAJLZ >==2 ] +D mGOWK E+

Y M M M


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cosmic-consciousness-of-humanity-problems-of-new-cosmogony-vpkaznacheev 203/212MV



I mh% 4> Wlnegl m e O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs &:8%>:%=>#>>04< ! >704<# O krkcgv Y %-

I mh% 4: Wlnegl me O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs &:8%>:%=>#>>04< !>704<# O krkclv Y %-V



Imh% 44 Wlnegl me O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs &:8%>:%=>#><0><# O uome W%-

VM



I mh% 4< Wlnegl me O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs &:8%>:%=>#>9042# A nzurkv%-

I mh% 49 Wlnegl me O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs &:8%>:%=>#>9042# A nzurkv%-I mh% 48 Wlnegl me O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs &:8%>:%=>#>80:2# Wfuvnckv O %-

VM M



p w • ••зе В ¿

!N

i t *Imh% 4= Imh% <2

Imh% <>L xnapcls ki mdletmgnccy rlglmvld manhls Me kel slnegl me O krkcykv(s inamcy nt Dmxke0 jy n <

ylnr kcd L ima &I mh% 4=- # jy Lontlr men# tfl pnmetlr(s wmil &Imh% <2- ned jy tfl flnd ki tfl inamcy !O krkcykv Y% &Imh% <>-

VM M M



I mh% <: M anhl &akuetnme tkps-# pnssld kvlr Dmxke TY gkaauemgntmke systlas ned rlglmvldjy sfnane( s hrlnthrneddnuhftlr T % Noslekvn me \ st!N vne ckgntmke# kut ki tfl zkel ki TY smhencsrlglmptmke

I mh% <4 * Wfnane ! stne* ! n gfmcdfkkd manhl# rlglmvld dur meh n slnegl ki tfl dmstnet ! manhl#tml jy M% O kstmeme# tfl sfnane( s hrnedske &tfl upplr ldhl ki tfl pmgturl ms n pnssld manhl-

VMY



I mh% <7 M ! manhl# pnssld ir ka O kzmrlv(s amr rkrs nt D mxke dur meh n slnegl ki tfl dmstnet !

anhl tml% M M ! manhls# rlglmvld jy ehnensne gfm cdr le jltwlle tfl nhl ki 4 ! >: me \st!N vne ckgntm ke

t T nmamrVY



Rnrt 4

VYM





щмбв:22 Э Ъ

ЗЦ>Ъ< ЮЕ ТВБ а

3б5M

COSMIC CONSCIOUSNESS OF HUMANITY - PROBLEMS OF NEW COSMOGONY (V.P.Kaznacheev,. Л. V. Trofimov. )

Documents