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System Planning and initial Investigation Priti Dimri
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Page 1: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

System Planning and initial Investigation

Priti Dimri

bull The most critical phase of managing a systems project is planning

bull To launch a system investigation we need a master plan detailing steps to be taken the people to be questioned and the outcomes expected

bull Initial investigation has the objective of determining whether the userrsquos request has potential merit

bull Major Steps includendash Defining user requirements ndash studying the present system to verify the problemndash Defining the performance expected by the

candidate system to meet the user requirementsResult

System Proposal summarizing the findings and recommendations of the analyst

bull First step in developing and managing systems

bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations

Bases for Planning in System Analysis

bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information

systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development

bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases

Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained

Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation

Dimensions of Planning

Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies

High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI

Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment

suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed

Resources shortage impede expansion

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 2: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull The most critical phase of managing a systems project is planning

bull To launch a system investigation we need a master plan detailing steps to be taken the people to be questioned and the outcomes expected

bull Initial investigation has the objective of determining whether the userrsquos request has potential merit

bull Major Steps includendash Defining user requirements ndash studying the present system to verify the problemndash Defining the performance expected by the

candidate system to meet the user requirementsResult

System Proposal summarizing the findings and recommendations of the analyst

bull First step in developing and managing systems

bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations

Bases for Planning in System Analysis

bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information

systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development

bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases

Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained

Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation

Dimensions of Planning

Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies

High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI

Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment

suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed

Resources shortage impede expansion

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 3: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull Major Steps includendash Defining user requirements ndash studying the present system to verify the problemndash Defining the performance expected by the

candidate system to meet the user requirementsResult

System Proposal summarizing the findings and recommendations of the analyst

bull First step in developing and managing systems

bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations

Bases for Planning in System Analysis

bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information

systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development

bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases

Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained

Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation

Dimensions of Planning

Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies

High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI

Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment

suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed

Resources shortage impede expansion

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 4: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull First step in developing and managing systems

bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations

Bases for Planning in System Analysis

bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information

systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development

bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases

Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained

Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation

Dimensions of Planning

Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies

High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI

Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment

suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed

Resources shortage impede expansion

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 5: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Bases for Planning in System Analysis

bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information

systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development

bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases

Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained

Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation

Dimensions of Planning

Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies

High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI

Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment

suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed

Resources shortage impede expansion

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 6: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Dimensions of Planning

Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies

High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI

Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment

suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed

Resources shortage impede expansion

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 7: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Impetuous for System Change

bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 8: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Strategic MIS Planning

bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan

bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium

range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic

managerial or operational

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 9: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines

ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies

bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future

bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years

bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 10: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Tasks

bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used

bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy

bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 11: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives

bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives

bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 12: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start

ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan

ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology

computer security new application development etc

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 13: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Managerial and Operational Planning

bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans

bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans

bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity

bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 14: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement

System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 15: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Initial investigation

bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them

bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is

valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 16: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input

and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 17: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation

bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment

bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out

bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 18: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 19: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Needs Identification

bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 20: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system

Objective question Typical objective Real objective

What is the objectives of a city library

To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated

Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding

Why do most people buy furniture

To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon

Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more

Objectiove of two car garage

To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 21: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Determining userrsquos information requirement

bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system

bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task

bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 22: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Reasons for this difficulty

bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes

bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users

bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and

analysts is complex

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 23: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition

bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in

knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or

both

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 24: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements

Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are

influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age

Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 25: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Strategies for determing information requirements

bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 26: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Asking

bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 27: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Question

bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a

responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition

to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific

set of responses

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 28: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Brain storming

bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 29: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Group consensus

bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 30: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Getting information from existing IS

bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach

bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required

bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 31: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately

bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision

bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping
Page 32: Copy of System Analysis and Design-Chapter 4

Prototyping

bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built

bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system

bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system

  • System Planning and initial Investigation
  • Slide 2
  • Slide 3
  • Slide 4
  • Bases for Planning in System Analysis
  • Dimensions of Planning
  • Impetuous for System Change
  • Strategic MIS Planning
  • Strategic MIS Planning (2)
  • Tasks
  • Slide 11
  • Slide 12
  • Managerial and Operational Planning
  • Slide 14
  • Initial investigation
  • Slide 16
  • Slide 17
  • Slide 18
  • Needs Identification
  • Slide 20
  • Determining userrsquos information requirement
  • Reasons for this difficulty
  • Slide 23
  • Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
  • Strategies for determing information requirements
  • Asking
  • Question
  • Brain storming
  • Group consensus
  • Getting information from existing IS
  • Slide 31
  • Prototyping