System Planning and initial Investigation Priti Dimri
Nov 22, 2014
System Planning and initial Investigation
Priti Dimri
bull The most critical phase of managing a systems project is planning
bull To launch a system investigation we need a master plan detailing steps to be taken the people to be questioned and the outcomes expected
bull Initial investigation has the objective of determining whether the userrsquos request has potential merit
bull Major Steps includendash Defining user requirements ndash studying the present system to verify the problemndash Defining the performance expected by the
candidate system to meet the user requirementsResult
System Proposal summarizing the findings and recommendations of the analyst
bull First step in developing and managing systems
bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations
Bases for Planning in System Analysis
bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information
systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development
bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases
Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained
Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation
Dimensions of Planning
Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies
High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI
Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment
suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed
Resources shortage impede expansion
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull The most critical phase of managing a systems project is planning
bull To launch a system investigation we need a master plan detailing steps to be taken the people to be questioned and the outcomes expected
bull Initial investigation has the objective of determining whether the userrsquos request has potential merit
bull Major Steps includendash Defining user requirements ndash studying the present system to verify the problemndash Defining the performance expected by the
candidate system to meet the user requirementsResult
System Proposal summarizing the findings and recommendations of the analyst
bull First step in developing and managing systems
bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations
Bases for Planning in System Analysis
bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information
systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development
bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases
Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained
Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation
Dimensions of Planning
Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies
High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI
Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment
suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed
Resources shortage impede expansion
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull Major Steps includendash Defining user requirements ndash studying the present system to verify the problemndash Defining the performance expected by the
candidate system to meet the user requirementsResult
System Proposal summarizing the findings and recommendations of the analyst
bull First step in developing and managing systems
bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations
Bases for Planning in System Analysis
bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information
systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development
bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases
Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained
Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation
Dimensions of Planning
Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies
High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI
Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment
suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed
Resources shortage impede expansion
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull First step in developing and managing systems
bull Understanding MIS Planning functions and their relationships to SAD is crucial to successful computer installations
Bases for Planning in System Analysis
bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information
systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development
bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases
Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained
Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation
Dimensions of Planning
Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies
High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI
Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment
suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed
Resources shortage impede expansion
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Bases for Planning in System Analysis
bull Information is now recognised as a vital resource and must be managedbull More and more financial resources are committed to information
systems As computer systems are becoming more integral to the business operations Top management is paying more attention to their development
bull Growing need for formal long range planning with information systems that are complex require months years to build use common databases
Then objective is to map out the development of major systems and reduce the number of small isolated systems to be developed and maintained
Proper planning ensures that he role played by the system will be congruent with that of the orgarnsiation
Dimensions of Planning
Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies
High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI
Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment
suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed
Resources shortage impede expansion
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Dimensions of Planning
Following conditions dictate todayrsquos business strategies
High interest rates make it more important that business realizes a good ROI
Inflation puts pressures on profit when it occursGrowing trend toward guaranteed employment
suggests that costs are becoming fixed and the commitment to business expansion may not be easily changed
Resources shortage impede expansion
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Impetuous for System Change
bull Information systems add value to products and business operations at lower costs Therefore they must be carefully planned
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Strategic MIS Planning
bull Must be done within the framework for the organisations overall MIS Plan
bull May be viewed from two dimensionsndash Time Horizon specifies short range medium
range or long rangendash Focus whether the primary concern is strategic
managerial or operational
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Strategic MIS Planningbull An orderly approach that determines
ndash the basic objectives for the user to achieve ndash The strategies and policies needed to achieve the objectivesndash tactical plans to implement the strategies
bull Strategic planning is a tool for organizing the present on the basis of the projections of the desired future
bull That is a strategic plan is a road map to lead an organization from where it is now to where it would like to be in five or ten years
bull The plan must bebull 1048705 simplebull 1048705 writtenbull 1048705 clearbull 1048705 based on the real current situationbull 1048705 have enough time allowed to give it a time to settle It should not bebull rushed Rushing the plan will cause problems
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Tasks
bull To set the MIS objectives and the results expectedndash Must deal with their fit in the organizations strategic plan ndash Type of systems and services offeredndash Role of users in system developmentndash Technology to be used
bull Define MIS Policies as guideline to be used in carrying out strategy
bull This is translated into long range medium range and short range plans for implementation
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull Long rangegeneral courses of action to achieve strategic objectives
bull Medium range Actions priorities standards and goals to achieve strategic objectives
bull Short range Performance targets task schedule to achieve strategic objectives
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
ndash In determining MIS strategic plan several questions need to be asked at start
ndash What MIS Objectives and strategies can be derived from corporate strategic plan
ndash Who will review and approve the planndash How long is the planning horizonndash What will the plan containndash What will the plan focus on (eg new technology
computer security new application development etc
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Managerial and Operational Planning
bull Managerial Planning integrates the strategic with operational Plans
bull Is a process in which specific functional plans are related to a specific number of years to show how strategies are to be carried out to achieve long range plans
bull Next step is to device short range plans that spell out the day today activity
bull Ex Operating expense budget human resource budget time tables for implementing a new system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
MIS operating plan requires the heaviews user involvement to define fully the system requirement
System development must support organizational MIS objectives as laid out in the corporate plan and identify and select applications that are the organizations priorities
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Initial investigation
bull The first step in the SDLC is the identification of a need and because there is a likely stream if such requests standard procedures must be established to deal with them
bull The initial investigation is one way of handling thisbull Objective is to determine whether the request is
valid and feasible before a recommendation is reached to do nothing improve or modify an existing system or to build a new one
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull Users request form specifies the followingbull User assigned title of work requestedbull Nature of work requested (problem definition)bull Date requested was submittedbull Date job should be completedbull Job objectives-Purpose of job requestedbull Expected benefits to be derived from proposed changebull Inputoutput description-quantity and frequencies of input
and output of proposed changebull Requesters signature title department and phone number
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull User request identifies the need for change and authorizes the initial investigation
bull It may undergo several modifications before it becomes a written commitment
bull Once the request is approved the following activities are carried out
bull Background investigation fact finding and analysis and presentation of results- called project proposal
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull The proposal once approved initiates a detailed user oriented specification of system performance and analysis of the feasibility of the candidate system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Needs Identification
bull Step is intended to help the users and the anlayst understand the real problem rather than its symptoms
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull User or the analyst may identify the need for a candidate system
Objective question Typical objective Real objective
What is the objectives of a city library
To impart wisdom of the ages to the uneducated
Majority of books checked out are for enjoyment rather than fact finding
Why do most people buy furniture
To furnish new homes apart ments to sit on eat oon
Marketing informs us that people discard old furniture not because it is non fucational but because it does not look good any more
Objectiove of two car garage
To store two automobiles Families desire to park one car only and save room to store more important equipment
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Determining userrsquos information requirement
bull Shared complete and accurate information requirements are essential in building computer based information system
bull Unfortunately determining the information from each user is a difficult task
bull Association for computing machinery curriculum committee on computing education for management recognized this by suggesting two distinct job titles Information Analyst and system designer
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Reasons for this difficulty
bull System requirement change and user requirements must be modified to account for these changes
bull Articulation of requirement is difficult except for experienced users
bull Functions and processes are not definedbull Pattern of interaction between the user and
analysts is complex
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull Users and analysts do not share a common orientating toward problem definition
bull Strategies used by users who try to define requirements with the analysts viewndash Kitchen sink ndashuserrsquos lack of experience in the areandash Smoking strategy reflects users experience in
knowing what heshe wantsndash Same thing user is lazy lack of knowledge or
both
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Limitations of Humans in specifying information requirements
Human as information processorsHuman bias in data selection and use users are
influenced more by the recent events that by the past Thus the information need that was discovered recently tends to carry greater weight age
Human problem Solving behavior They have limited capacity for rational thinking It means that rationality for determining information requirements is limited by training prejudice and attitude of the user
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Strategies for determing information requirements
bull Askingbull Getting information from existing ISbull Prototyping
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Asking
bull It assumes a stable system where users are well informed and can overcome biases in defining their problemndash Questionsndash Brainstormingndash Group consensus
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Question
bull May be open ended or closedbull Open allow as the respondent to formulate a
responsebull Ex How do you evaluated the latest addition
to your hardwarebull Closed requests one answer from a specific
set of responses
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Brain storming
bull Technique used for generating new ideas and obtaining general information requirements
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Group consensus
bull Asks participants for their expectations regarding specific variables
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Getting information from existing IS
bull Determine information from an existing application has been called the data analysis approach
bull It simply asks the user what information is currently received and what other information is required
bull Here the analyst is primarily involved in improving the existing flow of data to the user
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
bull Decision Analysis breaks the problem into two parts which allows the user to focus on critical issues separately
bull It also determines policy and organizational objectives relevant to the decision areas identified and the specific steps required to complete each major decision
bull Anlyst and the user refine the decison processes and the information requirements for final statement
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system
Prototyping
bull When the user cannot establish information needs accurately before the IS is built
bull This iterative discovery approach captures an initial set of information requirements and builds a system to meet these requirements As the user gains experience in its use they request additional requirements of modifications in the system
bull Information requirements are discovered by using the system