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Constance Malpas Program Officer OCLC Research Managing Print as a Cooperative Resource: Opportunities & Challenges COPPUL 17 March 2010
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Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

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Presentation from COPPUL meeting (17 Mar 2010) on regional shared print initiatives.
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Page 1: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Constance MalpasProgram OfficerOCLC Research

Managing Print as a Cooperative Resource: Opportunities & Challenges

COPPUL17 March 2010

Page 2: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Shared Print in a ‘System-wide’ Perspective

Efforts to consolidate legacy print resources in cooperative archives are part of a broader pattern in library operationsExternalization of functions that no longer deliver distinctive institutional impact, for which cost-effective alternatives exist (or can be devised)

E.g., cooperative cataloging, selection (approval plans), shelf-ready titles, knowledge-base management, consortial licensing

Page 3: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Oh, Canada!

• Limited national infrastructure – LAC focused primarily on heritage collections; CISTI revising document supply service offer

• Print preservation challenge is ‘academic’

• Robust provincial networks – reciprocal borrowing, consortial purchasing maximizes value of aggregate library resource

• CNSLP/CRKN joint licensing of 2,200 e-journals for 72 libraries

Page 4: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Investment in Academic Libraries

Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1977-2008

Page 5: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Shift in Pattern of Library Investment

Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1977-2008

Declining library investment in preservation

Page 6: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Investment in Academic Print Collections

Academic Library Expenditures on Purchased and Licensed Content

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

19982000

20022004

20062008

20142020

Print books and journalsE-journals and e-books

Projected change

Source: US Dept of Education, NCES, Academic Libraries Survey, 1998-2008

You are here

Page 7: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Print Preservation Risk Factors

• Preservation mandate tacit, under-resourcedResearch libraries face increasing burden of

responsibility

• Uncertainties about digital preservation status of licensed content

Increases dependency on print preservation

• Regional distribution of library resources not optimized for shared print provisioning

Desired redundancy within and beyond consortium

• Fragmented organizational and technical infrastructure

Page 8: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

A microcosm of the higher education system

Univers

ity of

Albe

rta

Univers

ity of

Britis

h Colu

mbia

Univers

ity of

Calga

ry

Univers

ity of

Manito

ba

Simon

Frase

r Univ

ersity

Univers

ity of

Victo

ria

Univers

ity of

Saska

tchew

an

Univers

ity of

Regina

Univers

ity of

Winn

ipeg

Univers

ity of

Lethb

ridge

Brand

on Univ

ersity

Vanco

uver

Island

Univers

ity

Univers

ity of

Northe

rn Bri

tish C

olumbia

Conco

rdia U

nivers

ity Coll

ege of

Alberta

Thompso

n Rive

rs Univ

ersity

Trinit

y West

ern Univ

ersity

Kwan

tlen P

olytec

hnic U

nivers

ity

King's

Univers

ity Coll

ege

Athab

asca U

nivers

ity

Univers

ity of

the F

raser

Valley

Royal

Roads

Univers

ity0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

3,500,000

4,000,000

Titles in WorldCatUniquely held titles

Title

s

Research General academic Career and convenience

Decreasing incentive to contribute

Increasing preservation expectations

Page 9: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

COPPUL: Aggregate Library Resource

16,750,271

836,729

COPPUL member library holdings in WorldCatUniquely held titles in COPPUL member libraries

~7.8 million titles in COPPUL member libraries

~17 million COPPUL holdings in WorldCat

Approximate figures based on WorldCat snapshot January 2010

Page 10: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

The challenge …

What model of ‘shared print’ will deliver equal benefit to Alberta and Athabasca?

• Maximize space savings; enable reallocation of resource

• Minimize disruption; respect institutional autonomy

• Benefit greatest number of COPPUL membersDual-format titles a sensible place to start• Scholarly interest has shifted to online resources• Joint-licensing of core e-resource titles = shared

interest

Page 11: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Journals: ‘What to Withdraw’ (Ithaka, 2009)

Framework for assessing preservation risks, proposes criteria for identifying print journals suitable for withdrawal

• optimal number of copies (2 – 4 in dark archives)• reliability of digital access (quality, business

continuity)• Image-intensive titles an excluded class (retain in

print)

Print as ‘back-stop’ to digital preservation Retention horizon of 20-100 years, depending on

digital preservation statusDecision support tool for JSTOR titles

Page 12: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Journals: Opportunity

• JSTOR = ~1,000 titles • Average library holdings per title (in print)=

~600• Significant reduction in inventory possible at

minimal risk• Dark archives already in place• Multiple dim archive efforts (CRL, MLAC, FCLD . . .)

• Portico = ~10,000 e-journal titles, including back-files

• Hathi Trust = ~110,000 digitized journal titles

Page 13: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Journals: Limitations

• Hybrid model (dark archives + diminishing number of copies ‘in the wild’) not feasible for many scholarly journals

• Est. 30-40% of refereed journal literature still print only

• Dark archives very costly to build (JSTOR archive=$1.7M)

• Scholarly societies lack resources to subsidize

• System-wide inventory inadequate to meet optimal duplication thresholds for many titles

• Average holdings per journal title in WorldCat = 7

Page 14: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Duplication in Library Print Holdings: JSTOR Journal Titles

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

<15 holdings 15 - 50 holdings 51 - 100 holdings 101 - 500 holdings 501-1000 holdings >1000 holdings

Level of Duplication

Num

ber o

f Titl

es

94% of JSTOR collection – more than 1000 titles – held in print format by more than 100 institutions

Duplication in Print Holdings: JSTOR titles

Difficult cases (titles that may represent validation challenges) are relatively few: ~15 titles

Data current as of September 2008

Page 15: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Duplication in E- Holdings: Portico Titles

66% of Portico collection – more than 2700 titles – ‘held’ by >100 institutions

24% of Portico collection – 1000 titles – ‘held’ by <50 institutions

Data current as of September 2008

Page 16: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Books: What to Retain ?

• Format transition for monographs key to redistribution of library resource, renovation of service portfolio

• 7-8 million mass-digitized books from academic libraries

• 5 million archived by Hathi Trust; ~3 million unique titles

• 12% public domain; 88% in copyright

• 20-30% of titles in most North American academic libraries already replicated by Hathi

Page 17: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Hathi Growth Trajectory – 12 months

Equal in size to median ARL

collection (2008)

Equal in scope to University of Alberta (UAB)

Data current as of February 2010

Page 18: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Hathi Trust: Subject Distribution

Humanities content (literature, history) dominates – presages shift in scholarly practice?

Data current as of February 2010

N=3.2 million titles

Page 19: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Books: Opportunity

• ~1.36 million mass-digitized titles held by COPPUL members

collection the size of University of Saskatchewan library

• Preserved in Hathi digital repositoryopportunity to leverage cooperative infrastructure

• ~88K titles in the public domain potential test-bed for shared print archive?

Page 20: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Dual-format Monographs: Potential Impact

N=1.3M titlesN=325K titles N=107K titles

Data current as of February 2010

Page 21: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

What’s it Worth? Recoverable space, cost avoidance

6 Km in recoverable shelf space

$1.2M not spent on new storage construction

$ 290K p/a not spent on facilities, upkeep

Data current as of January 2010

7.5 Km in recoverable shelf space

$1.5M not spent on new storage construction

$ 350K p/a not spent on facilities, upkeep

Page 22: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Books: Limitations

Uncertainties about outcome of GBS settlement • who will provide electronic access to in-copyright

content?

Distribution of print supply (preservation backup) not optimized for shared print provision

• Will Alberta or UBC shift archival copy to storage?

‘Sweet spot’ of duplication is relatively small • 50% of titles in Hathi archive are held by <25

libraries

Page 23: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Implications

If space savings is primary goal of COPPUL initiative, near-term opportunity to consolidate public domain titles in regional print archive will benefit all members

• UBC and Alberta hold most of what is needed

If preservation of the scholarly record and a renovation of the library service portfolio is desired, shared print agreement extending to in-copyright digitized books will deliver maximum benefit

• Prospective effort lays groundwork for licensing agreement

Page 24: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

LOCKSS

Portico

Hathi KB

CRL- DPA Orbis

CascadeWhite Rose

Go8, etc.

UKRR CRL NRL CARM CTLES

Competition for Resources, Attention

Print

Electronic

CentralizedDistributed

Strong business model

Critical mass

Part of library platform

Experimental

Goodwill vs. governance

Low network visibility

Page 25: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Shared Infrastructure: Books & Bits

10101010101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010 0101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010

Academic off-site storagePortico

Hathi

5 years10K journals28K books

18 months100K journals3.2M books

25 years, >70 million volumes

10101010101011010101010101

LOCKSS10 years1K journals

CRKN licensed resources e-journals, e-books

Registry of Holdings, Status

COPPUL, CAUL, CREPUQ, OCUL etc

Page 26: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Attributes of a Trusted Print Repository

Transparency: explicit preservation commitment , policies

Accountability: governance mechanism, exit strategy

Scale: critical mass of content (for which there is demand)

Sustainability: business model that maximizes participation

Getting it done vs. getting it right

Page 27: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

A Tiered Approach to Shared Print Service

Accommodate differing institutional mandates• Regional preservation repositories

• leverage existing offsite storage holdings as de facto archive (BARD) – maximize preservation value by elevating visibility of resource

• strategic development of cooperative archive; focus on materials with a known audience within and beyond COPPUL (UBC) – maximize service value, cultivate reliance on archive; entails some operational constraints

• Research-oriented academic institutions• subscription-based model with guaranteed access, extended loans,

recalls; option to accession holdings if archive is dissolved

• Teaching and learning institutions • transaction-based pricing; high-deductible, low premium (insurance)

Page 28: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

In conclusion . . .

An extraordinary opportunity for COPPUL:• Leverage diversity of institutional mandates,

robust consortial infrastructure to build new business model for collection management

• Use group purchasing power to maximize influence on vendors to meet digital preservation standards; progressively reduce burden on print archives

• Disclose regional capacity more effectively; strengthen international print archiving efforts

Page 29: Coppul 17 march 2010 (malpas) final

Questions, Comments?

[email protected]. 650-287-2131

OCLC Research Activities: http://www.oclc.org/research/activities/swo.htm

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