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Congress Congress Chapter 10 Chapter 10
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Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Jan 20, 2016

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Page 1: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

CongressCongress

Chapter 10Chapter 10

Page 2: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Congress: Goals & ObjectivesCongress: Goals & Objectives

1.1. Bicameralism & ApportionmentBicameralism & Apportionment

2.2. Congress: Representatives, Terms, Congress: Representatives, Terms, SessionsSessions

3.3. Congressional Districts & Congressional Districts & GerrymanderingGerrymandering

4.4. Roles of legislators & ConstituentsRoles of legislators & Constituents

5.5. 2727thth amendment amendment

Page 3: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Viewpoints about CongressViewpoints about Congress

Page 4: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

““The First Branch?The First Branch?””

Bicameralism: Bicameralism: 2 houses: 2 houses: Why did the founding fathers choose Why did the founding fathers choose

bicameralism? bicameralism?

Bicameralism:Bicameralism: a way to lessen the power a way to lessen the power of government. Explain the process of of government. Explain the process of bicameralismbicameralism New Jersey Plan, Virginia Plan, Connecticut New Jersey Plan, Virginia Plan, Connecticut

CompromiseCompromise

Page 5: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Terms & SessionsTerms & Sessions 2020thth Amendment: 3 Amendment: 3rdrd day of January of every odd day of January of every odd

numbered year.numbered year.• Prevents Prevents lame duck lame duck representatives.representatives.

SessionsSessions: 2 Sessions to each term of Congress: : 2 Sessions to each term of Congress: 4-5 months per year in Washington D.C. 4-5 months per year in Washington D.C. AdjournsAdjourns: : • Both chambers must agree to adjournBoth chambers must agree to adjourn• Prorogue: President can end a session of Prorogue: President can end a session of

CongressCongress Special SessionsSpecial Sessions: called by the President, : called by the President,

emergency situationsemergency situations

Page 6: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Size & TermsSize & Terms

House of Representatives: House of Representatives: 435 members apportioned by state 435 members apportioned by state

populationpopulation Every state has at least 1 Representative: Every state has at least 1 Representative:

Article I, section 2, clause 3: A Republican Article I, section 2, clause 3: A Republican form of government.form of government.

• Reapportionment Act of 1929Reapportionment Act of 1929: : CensusCensus:: Established permanent size of the HouseEstablished permanent size of the House

435 Congressional Districts: 435 Congressional Districts: single single member districtsmember districts

Page 7: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

7 Districts in Alabama7 Districts in Alabama

Page 8: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Off-Year Elections: Off-Year Elections:

Non-Presidential election years. Non-Presidential election years. House of Representatives: All 435 are House of Representatives: All 435 are

elected every 2 years.elected every 2 years. Senate: 1/3 of the 100 Senators are Senate: 1/3 of the 100 Senators are

elected every 2 years.elected every 2 years.• Continuous bodyContinuous body: :

Page 9: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Single-Member DistrictSingle-Member District

Voters in each district elect one of Voters in each district elect one of the State’s House members.the State’s House members.

7 States currently possess 1 member 7 States currently possess 1 member in the House of Representativesin the House of Representatives• At-Large At-Large electionelection

Page 10: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Gerrymandering Purpose of Gerrymandering:

1. To concentrate the opposition’s voters in one or a few districts

2. To spread the opposition as thinly as possible among several districts

3. Who gerrymanders?

4. Census: Gerrymandering: Politics

Page 11: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Gerrymandering Map

Page 12: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Gerrymandering

1. Wesberry v Sanders: 19641. Equal representation for equal numbers of

people.

2. Baker v. Carr: 19621. One Person, One Vote Rule

1. State legislatures must apportion according to population so that each person’s vote has roughly equal weight

Page 13: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

House Qualifications

1. 25 years of age2. Citizen for 7

years3. Inhabitant of the

State elected

1. 435 members2. 2 year terms3. District Rule4. Strict Rules, limited

debate5. Large Committees6. No confirmation

power

Page 14: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Senate Qualifications1. 30 years of age2. Citizen for 9

years3. Inhabitant of the

State elected1. Inhabitant?

1. 100 senators2. 6 year terms3. At-large election

(17th amendment)4. Flexible Rules5. Unlimited debate6. Appointment &

Confirmation power

Page 15: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

5 major roles of Congress

1. Legislators2. Representatives3. Committee Members4. Servants of constituents5. Politicians

Page 16: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

The Law Makers 4 Voting Options

1. Trustees: decisions based upon merits

2. Delegate: agents of their constituents

3. Partisans: Party politics4. Politicos: a balance of the three

voting options.

Page 17: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Committee Functions

1. Oversight Function: Watchdog function over the executive branch

Page 18: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Salary & Compensation

• Speaker of the House of Rep.• $192,600

• Floor Leaders• $171,900

• $158,000 House members

• Senate Pro Tem• $192,600

• Vice President• $192,600

• Floor Leaders• $171,900

• $158,000

Page 19: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

27th Amendment

Page 20: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Non-Salary Compensation

1. Special Tax Deductions NOT available to any other tax payer

2. Travel allowances3. Free Health & Life Insurance4. Free Outpatient care & Medical Staff on Capitol Hill5. Retirement Plan: $150,000 year6. Free offices and/or allowances for such7. Funds for Staff & Operation costs8. Franking Privilege: 9. Free Radio, Newspaper & cheap television10. Free parking, restaurants, gymnasiums, saunas

Page 21: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Fringe Benefits

Page 22: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

27th amendment

• Congress has the power to give themselves pay raises and fringe benefits

• Limits: • Presidential veto• Voter backlash

Page 23: Congress Chapter 10. Congress: Goals & Objectives 1.Bicameralism & Apportionment 2.Congress: Representatives, Terms, Sessions 3.Congressional Districts.

Other Congressional Benefits

• Free from arrest: • Unless: Treason, Felony or Breach of

the Peace• Article I, section 6, clause 1