Data from the NATIONAL VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEM CongenitalAnomaliesand Birth Injuries Among live Births: UnitedStates,1973-74 Describes variations in the incidence of congenital anomalies and birth injuries as reported on birth certificates by selected socio- economic, demographic, and health characteristics of the mother and child. DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-1909 Series 21 Number 31 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service National Center for Health Statistics Hyattsville, Md. November 1978
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Data from theNATIONAL VITAL STATISTICS SYSTEM
CongenitalAnomaliesand Birth Injuries
Among live Births:UnitedStates,1973-74
Describes variations in the incidence of congenital anomalies andbirth injuries as reported on birth certificates by selected socio-economic, demographic, and health characteristics of the motherand child.
DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-1909
Series 21Number 31
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFAREPublic Health Service
National Center for Health StatisticsHyattsville, Md. November 1978
.- ———.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Taffel, Selma.Congenital anomalies and birth injuries among live births: United States, 1973-74,
(Vital and health statistics: Series 21, Data from the National Vital Statistics System,Data on nationality, marriage, and divorce; no. 31) (DHEW publication; no. (PHS) 79-1909)
Statistics. 3. Infants (Newbom)–Diseases–United States–Statistics. 4. United States–Statistics, Medical. I. Title. II. Series: United States. National Center for Health Statistics.Vital and health statistics: Series 21, Data from the National Vital Statistics System, Dataon nationality, marriage, and divorce; no. 31. III. Series: United States. Dept. of Health,Education, and Welfare. DHEW publication. no. (PHS) 79-1909. [DNLM: 1. Birth injuries–Occurrence–United States. 2. Abnormalities-Occurrences-United States. W 2 A N148vuno. 31]HA2 11.A3 no. 31 [RJ59] 312’.1’73sISBN 0-8406-0133-6
[312’.3]78-9826
.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS
DOROTHY P. RICE, Director
ROBERT A. ISRAEL, Depu ty DirectorJACOB J. FELDMAN, Ph.D., Associate Director for Awdysis
GAIL F. FISHER, Ph.D., Associate Director for the Cooperative Health Statistics SystemsELIJAH L. WHITE, Associate Director for Data Systems
JAMES T. BAIRD, JR., Ph.D., Associate Director for International StatisticsROBERT C. HUBER, Associate Director for Management
MONROE G. SIRKEN, Ph. D., Associate Director for Mathematica~ StatisticsPETER L, HURLEY, Associate Director for Operations
JAMES M. ROBEY, Ph.D., Associate Director for Program DevelopmentPAUL E. LEAVERTON, Ph.D., Associate Director for Research
ALICE HAYWOOD, Information Officer
DIVISION OF VITAL STATISTICS
JOHN E. PATTERSON, DirectorALICE M. HETZEL, Deputy Director
ROBERT L. HEUSER, M.A., Chief Natality Statistics BranchMABEL G. SMITH, Chief, Statistical Resources Branch
IUTA U. HOFFMAN, Chiej Programming Branch
Vital and Health Statistics-Series 21-No. 31
.
.
DHEW Publication No. (PHS) 79-1909Library of Congress Catalog Card hk.imber 78-9826
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The NationaI Center for Health Statistics gratefully acknowledges the helpfulsuggestions and assistance in planning this report provided by the following indi-viduals: Dr. J. William Flynt, Jr., and Mr. Lee James, Center for Disease Control;Ms. Sylvia Hay; Dr. Irvin Emanuel, University of Washington; Dr. Dwight T.Janench and Dr. Ernest B. Hook, New York State Department of Health. Peerreview of this report was carried out by Dr. CharIotte Catz, NationaI Institute ofChild Health and Human Development, and Dwight K. French, National Centerfor Health Statistics, who made many constructive suggestions.
Percent n-ale for births with selected anorrdes, 1973-74 avemge ................................................
Congenital anomaly ratesb y birth weight and race for all anomalies combined, 1973-74 average.....
Congenital anomaly rates by age of mother and race for all anomalies combined, 1973-74 aver-age...... ....................................................................................................................................
LIST OF TEXT TABLES
Congenital anomaly rates for all anomalies combined by region and race: Total of 46 reportingStates and the District of Columbia, 1973-74 avmage .............................................................
...lu
1
1
3
4445
55666899
10101112
13131314
15
17
55
7
8
9
7
B. Congenital anomaly rates for alf anomrdies combined, by age of mother and live-birth orde~Total of 46 reporting States and the Dktrict of Columbia, 1973-74 average....................... 9
c. Mean interval since termination of fast pregnancy for live births with congenital anomalies andaIf live births, by outcome of last pregnancy and race: Total of 36 reporting States and theDistrict of Columbia, 1973-74 avemge .................................................................................... 12
D. Congenital anomaly rates for all anomalies combiied, by educational attainment and age ofmother: Total of 37 reporting States and the Dktrict of Columbia,1973-74 average............. 12
SYMBOLS
Data not available ------------------------------------- ---
Category not applicable ----------------------- . . .
Quantity zero ------------------------------------ -
Quantity more.than Obut less than 0.05--–- 0.0
Figure does not meet standards ofreliabilityy or precision--—---—-----— ------ *
vi
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND BIRTHINJURIES AMONG LIVE BIRTHS:
UNITED STATES, 1973-74
Selma Taffel, Division of VM Statistics
INTRODUCTION
There has been growing concern in recentyears about the role of environmentalpollutants, drugs, and infectious agents in thecausation of congenital defects.a The currentpaucity of information on the incidence of con-genital defects has made increasingly evident theneed for national, uniformly collected data.Birth certificates permit the study of relation-ships bet ween the occurrence of specific de-fects and variables such as age, education andresidence of the mother, and race, sex, and birthweight of the child. The major objective of thisreport is to describe patterns in the occurrenceof congenital defects relative to such demo-graphic, socioeconomic, biologic, and geographiccharacteristics. While the major emphasis of thisreport is to explore factors associated with con-genital anomalies, severaI tables are includedwhich show the prewdence of birth injunes—another cause of infant morbidity and mortality.
Data in this report are derived from infor-mation entered on Iive birth certificates for1973 and 1974. Information on congenitalanomalies was available from the birth certif-icates of 46 States and the District of Columbiaand for birth injuries, from 41 States and the
‘The terms “congenital anomaly, ” “birth defect, ”“congenital defect,” and “congenital malformation” areused interchangeably in tkis report.
District of Columbia. Information is shown sep-arately for 1973 and for 1974 only in tables 1and 2. These tables present basic data on con-gemtal anomalies by race and sex of child andState of residence of mother. In all other tables,incidence rates are an average of this 2-yearperiod. Two-year averages minimize the effect ofrandom year-to-year fluctuations in the data dueto the small number of events for some groups.
Although it is recognized that there aremajor deficiencies in the recording of congenitalanomalies on birth certificates, it is hoped thatthe utilization of these data will stimtdate moreaccurate and complete reporting of mal-formations on vital records in future years.
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
According to information entered on birthcertificates, during 1973-74, 821 of every100,000 babies were born with a congenitalanomzdy, and 216 of every 100,000 babiessuffered a birth injury. However, it is probablethat the true incidence of such occurrences isfar higher. This is indicated by a number ofstudies which have found substantial under-reporting of congenital anomalies on birth certif-icates compared with other medical records.
bAs used in this report, “incidence” refers to the rateof occurrence.
1
Incomplete reporting on birth certificates hasbeen attributed to the failure to recognize adefect during the short interval before the certif-icate is filed, failure to transfer informationfrom hospital records to birth certificates, andthe recording of only the most severe anomaIywhen multiple anomalies are present.
There was a more than fivefold difference inthe incidence of congenital anomalies amongreporting States. During 1973-74 congenitalanomaly rates (births with anomalies per100,000 live births) by State ranged from a lowof 364 to a high of 1,943. For some States therewere large differences between the rates for1973 and 1974. It seems probable that such var-iations reflect inconsistent reporting practicesand random changes due to small numbersrather than true differences or trends in occur-rence. The lowest incidence during this periodwas in the South and highest in the NorthCentral Region (630.7 compared ti,th 988.0).Although the incidence of congenital anomaliesvaried widely among geographic regions,patterns of occurrence in relation to birthweight, birth order, and age and educationalattainment of mother were found to be con-sistent from region to region. It is therefore feltthat national data are of value in studying therelationship between the occurrence ofanomalies and a number of descriptive variables.
For nearly all anomalies studied, thereported congenital anomaly rate was higher forwhite than for Negro births. Ov&-all, the occur-rence of anomalies was 13 percent morefrequent among white than among Negro births(829.8 compared with 732.4). This racial differ-ential is mainly attributable to the substantiallylower congenital anomaly rates reported in theSouth, where 50 percent of all Negro births inthe congenital anomaly reporting area occurred.
A much larger proportion of male thanfemale newborns were found to have congenitaldefects. For the 2-year period the congenitalanomaly rate for male babies exceeded the ratefor female babies by 40 percent (955.3compared with 678.5). Congenital anomalies ofthe genital organs were recorded for slightlymore than one-fifth of all male babies with adefect.
The congenital anomaly rate for babies of
low birth weight (2,500 grams or less; 5 pounds8 ounces or less) was about 2 1/2 times as highas that for heavier babies (1,894.1 comparedwith 727.1 ). The Iowest rate of anomalies(636.9) was associated with birth weights of3,501 to 4,000 grams (7 pounds 12 ounces to 8pounds 13 ounces). White babies of low birthweight were nearly twice as likely as Negrobabies of low birth weight to have a congenitaldefect, but at higher weights the racial differ-ence was greatly reduced or reversed.
Older women had the greatest risk of bem-inga child with a birth defect. The incidence ofmalformations increased sharply for womenaged 35 and over and was particularly high formothers aged 40 years and over. For teenagersand very young girls, the risk of having a babywith a defect was approximately the same as forthe average of all ages combined. Women aged25 to 29 years were least likely to bear a childwith a birth defect. The congenital anomaly ratefor this age group was less than half that forwomen aged 40 years and over (779.5 com-pared with 1,7 10.5). For each age group studied,the incidence of anomalies war-highest for firstbirths.
Births in plural deliveries were more likelythan single births to have a congenital anomaly.The rate among plural births was 18 percenthigher than the rate among single births (965.7compared with 817.8). However, among Negrobirths the incidence was only 4 percent higheramong plural births than among single births,while for white births the incidence was 22 per-cent higher.
The congenital anomaly rate was about thesame for Negro legitimate and illegitimate births,but it was 15 percent higher for white illegit-imate births than legitimate births. Two-thirdsof this difference in the rates for white births isassociated with the far higher incidence of low ‘birth weight among white illegitimate than legit-imate births.
Mothers whose previous pregnancy resultedin a fetal death were more likely to give birth toa baby with a congenital defect than weremothers whose previous pregnancy resulted in alive birth. For white births the risk was increasedby 22 percent and for Negro births by 13 per-cent. Close spacing of births was also foumd to
2
be associated with higher congenital anomalyrates. The highest rates were for babies bornwithin a year of a previous delivery. Themean interval since the termination of the lastpregnancy was about one-third shorter for birthswith congenital anomalies than for zJI births(27.2 months comp~ed with 40.5 months).
The incidence of congenital defects generallydecreased as the educational attainment of themother increased. The highest rate of anomaIieswas associated with 9 to 11 years of schooling(879.6) and the Iowest with the completion ofcollege or postgraduate education (776.7).
During 1973-74 the incidence of birth injur-ies was 14 percent higher for white than forNegro babies (21 7.9 compared with 191.3 per100,000 live births). For both races, maIe birthshad a substantially higher risk of a birth injurythan did female births. Overall, the birth injuryrate for male babies exceeded the rate for femalebabies by 40 percent (251.1 compared with179.0). Very small and very large babies weremost likely to suffer a birth injury. Birth injurieswere recorded for 3 of every 1,000 babiesweighing 1,500 grams or less (3 pounds 4 ouncesor less), for more than 4 of every 1,000 babiesweighing between 4,000 and 5,000 grams (8pounds 14 ounces to 11 pounds), and nearly 3of every 100 babies weighing more than 5,000grams. Although white plural births had aboutthe same risk of a birth injury as white singlebirths, the birth inj~ rate was substantizdlyhigher for Negro plural than single births.
CLASSIFICATION OF CONGENITALANOMALIES AND BIRTH
INJURIES
The Eighth Revision International Ckmifi-cation of Dz3eases, Adapted for Use in theUnited States, 1965 (ICDA) is the basis forclassifying the congenital anomalies and birthinjuries discussed in this report. Since this classi-fication system does not readily permit the iden-tification of aU congenital defects and becauseof the difficulty in formulating a precise defi-nition of congenital defects, this report is lim-ited to those malformations present at birth
which are described in the ICDA section “Con-genital anomalies” (codes 740-759). Theseabnormalities can be expected to interfere withthe normal functioning of an individual. Thetime at which function is interfered with mayvary from birth to maturity, and the intensity ofthe functional interference also has a greatrange. Other common congenital anomalies suchas hemangiomas, diaphragmatic and umbilicaIhernias, and nonstructural defects such as inbornerrors of metabolism, congenital malignancies,and certain neuromuscukr defects are scatteredthroughout the remainder of the ICDA underdifferent headings and are consequently ex-cluded.
Birth injury data shown in this reportinclude injuries for which pennatal or maternalconditions are identified on the birth certificateas the cause of injury (codes 764-768) as well asinjuries without mention of cause (code 772).
The decimal system of numbering used inthe ICDA includes three-digit categories forbroad classification of conditions according tosome significant axis such as anatomical site.Four-digit subcategories withh each three-digitcategory provide further detailed informationregarding cause or manifestation of the con-dition. For this report, if more than one condi-tion is recorded on a birth certificate, the birthis counted in each applicable four-digit sub-category and in the corresponding three-digitcategory. However, if a birth record lists two ormore four-digit level defects within the samethree-digit category of anomaly, the birth is onlycounted once at the three-digit level. Forexample, as shown in table 1, code 755 (othercongenital anomalies of limbs) includes sub-categories 755.0 to 755.9. A birth with a reduc-tion deformity of both upper limb (755.2) andlower limb (755.3) wotdd be counted only oncein the three-digit category 755, although itwould be counted each time in the applicablefour-digit subcategory. Several of the selectedanomalies shown in tables 2-6 and 8 are com-binations of four-digit subcategories. Where abirth record shows more than one defect withinsuch a grouping, the birth is counted only once.TotaIs shown for categories 740-759 inclusiv:,represent an undupIicated count of live birthswith one or more defects.
3
QUALITY OF REPORTING
It should be borne in mind that data pre-sented in this report do not reflect the entireincidence of congenital defects. The complete-ness of reporting of a malformation depends pri-marily on the recognizability of the defectwithin the short period after birth before thefiling of the birth certificate. However, evenwhere the presence of a malformation is notedon the hospital record, there may be a failure totransfer the information to the birth certificate.Other reasons for incomplete reporting or theloss of usable information are the desire toconfirm a diagnosis before entry on an officialrecord, the entry of only the most severeanomaly in the case of a child born with mul-tiple defects, and the use of indefinite termi-nology.l’3
Extent of Underreporting
Information from a survey of mothers of le-gitimate births in 1972 permits the comparisonof the reporting of anomalies on birth certifi-cates with the reporting on hospital records forthe same group of births.4 Between 4 and 5times as many hospital records as birth certifi-cates indicated that a congenital defect was ob-served at the time of delivery.= By the time ofthe infant’s discharge from the hospital, 8 timesas many hospital records as birth certificatesnoted the presence of an anomaly.
Other studies comparing the recording ofmalformations on birth certificates with othermedical records also describe widespread under-reporting of congenital defects on birth certifi-cates.s ~5’9 For many defects it has been deter-mined that the extent of underreporting is quitesubstantial. A study of the completeness of re-cording of malformations on vital records com-pared with hospital records for Iowa con-cluded that of 12 relatively common and easilyrecognized malformations, there were only3–cleft lip and/or cleft palate and spina bifida–for which substantially more than half the cases
cThe proportion of birth certificates reporting anom-alies in this survey corresponds closely with the overallanomaly rates observed in this present study.
were recorded on birth certificates.g An addit-ional study of these births found that there wasmore complete reporting on birth certificates ofmajor malformations (those judged to be inca-pacitating or fatal) than of minor defects (thosewhich are less serious and often correctable).3The completeness of reporting of both majorand minor defects varied directly with the easeof recognition at birth. The most complete re-porting was for the most easily recognized majormalformations (76 percent); for the least ob-vious major conditions, there was only 22 per-cent completeness in reporting. The percentcompleteness varied from 8 to 18 percent forminor defects. When there were multipledefects, only the most severe were usually re-ported. The authors concluded that selectivejudgment was practiced in transferring infor-mation from hospital records to birth certifi-cates and that major malformations were morelikely to be transferred. Overall, in comparisonwith entries on hospital records, only 9 percentof minor malformations and 1 percent of insig-nificant defects were entered on birth certifi-cates. However, it was also determined that formost of the malformations studied, the entrieson the birth certificate were fairly precise; thatis, the entries were generally’ well defined orspecific and thus classifiable.
Repotting Bias
The question arises as to whether congenitalanomaly data derived from birth certificates area useful source of health and related demo-graphic information despite the magnitude ofunderreporting. The previously cited study ofIowa recordss showed that when a comparisonwas made between entries on birth certificatesand hospital records, tabulations for most char-acteristics revealed no significant differences asmeasured by chi-square analyses. The authorsconcluded that birth certificates could be usedwith confidence to evaluate the following chara-cteristics: birth weight, length of gestation, sex,survival at discharge, plurality, age of motherand of father, race of mother and of father,number of previous deliveries, and month or dayof week of birth.
For this study patterns of reporting of four
4
variables-birth weight, age of mother, birthorder, and educational attainment of mother—were compared by region. Although the levelof occurrence of congenital anomalies variedconsiderably from one geographic region toanother (and was always lowest in the South),the patterns of reporting for these variabIes werequite simikir for all regions. It is thereforebelieved that national data can be used toanalyze the relationship between the occurrenceof anomalies” and a variety of descriptive var-iables. However, because of the far lower inci-dence of congenital anomalies in the South andthe relatively greater proportion of Negro thanwhite births occurring in this region, Negro con-genital anomaly rates for the United States wereconsistently lower than white rates. It shouldtherefore be borne in mind that the consistentlylower Negro rates observed for national datareflect to a large extent this depression in ratesin the South. A more detailed discussion of thispoint may be found in the section “GeographicVariation.”
Selected Anomalies Studied
Tables 1A and lB present frequencies andincidence rates by race and sex of child for thecomplete listing of all anomaIies in ICDAcategories 740-759. Tables 2-6 and 8 analyze agroup of selected anomalies in greater detail.There were several criteria used in the selectionprocess. A basic consideration was the frequencyof occurrence, since many anomalies arerecorded too rarely to permit any type ofmeaningful cross-classification. Ease of recog-nition and seventy of the malformation werealso taken into consideration, since these factorsare known to be highly associated withcompleteness of repotiing. Anomalies whichoccur frequently but which have little effect onan individual’s ability to function (e.g., certainanomalies of the skin, hair, and nails) were gen-erally excluded. LastIy, other anomalies notfully meeting these criteria were included sinceit was felt that they merited further study. Briefmedical definitions of the selected anomalies canbe found in the Technical Appendix.
SPECIFIC FINDINGS-
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
Congenital anomalies are a leading cause ofchiklhood mortality and lifelong disabilities. In1974, 8,607 deaths of infants under 1 year ofage, or 16.3 percent of all infant deaths, werecaused by a congenital anomaly. In the agegroup 1 to 4 years, 1,191 deaths, representing12.1 percent of all deaths in that age group,were attributed to congenital defects. 10 In1974, 331,000 persons (excluding newborninfants) were hospitalized for disabilities causedby congenital anomalies. While 48 percent ofthese patients were under 15 years of age, 33percent were aged 15 to 44 years, and 19 per-cent were 45 years or older. 11 In addition, con-genital anomalies cause a substantial number offetal deaths each year.
Incidenee
During 1973-74 less than 1 percent of thebirth certificates registered in the reportingaread indicated that the newborn had a con-genital anomaly. In 1973 the congenital anom-aly rate (the number of live births with anom-alies per 100,000 total live births) was 829.8;in 1974 the rate dropped dightly to 811.3. How-ever, as previously noted, it is well establishedthat there is significant underreporting of mal-formations on birth certificates. Thus the truemagnitude of malformations among newbornsfor these years is unknown. In addition, itshould be kept in mind that yearly variations inmalformation incidence can be caused by differ-ences in reporting practices and random fluc-tuations of small numbers as well as changes inthe actual frequency of occurrence.
For nearly 90 percent of the births withanomalies, onIy a single defect was noted on thebirth certificate. During the period 1973-74,87.8 percent of the births with anomalies hadone defect recorded, 9.3 percent had twodefects, and 2.9 percent had three or moredefects.
‘The reporting area consists of the 46 States and theDistrict of Columbia that included a question on con-genital anomalies on the birth certificate. See table I intie Technical Appendix for a listing of these States.
5
Tables 1A and lB present the incidence of allanomalies for ICDA codes 740 to 759. (Data for1973 are shown in table 1A and for 1974 intable lB.) The most frequently occurring majorclassifications of anomalies were spina bifida,congenital anomalies of heart, cleft palate andcleft lip, congenital anomalies of genital organs,clubfoot, other congenital anomalies of limbs,and congenital syndromes affecting multiplesystems.
Race
For nearly all anomalies in the ICDA codecategories 740-759, the reported congenitalanomaly rate was higher for white births thanfor Negro births (tables 1A and lB). Overall, theincidence of congenital anomalies in 1973 and1974 was 13 percent greater among white births.Polydactyly (extra digits) was the most fre-quently occurring anomaly among Negro births,comprising 39 percent of the total anomaliesrecorded and affecting nearly 3 of every 1,000Ne~o babies. It was a far rarer condition amongwhite births, the white rate being less than one-seventh the Negro rate (38.4 compared with281.5 per 100,000 births in 1974). If this con-dition were excluded from the computation ofthe overall congenital anomaly rate, the Negrorate would be lowered considerably.
Other studies have noted a relatively higherfrequency of occurrence of a number of majoranomalies among white than Negro babies,although the overall incidence of congenital anom-alies has been found to be greater amongNegro births. 1z‘14 The question arises as towhether the consistent elevation in white ratesin the present national study is due to variationin reporting practices among hospitals. Unfor-tunately, this question cannot be resolved frominformation presently available. However, asnoted in the section “Geographic Variation,”the overall racial differential can be attributedmainly to the substantially lower congenital anom-aly rates reported in the South Region forboth Negro and white births.
An association between socioeconomicstatus and the level of congenital malformationsis noted in this and in previous studies. (See thesection “Education of Mother.”) It was not
possible to determine to what extent th,e re-ported racial difference in the level of anomalieswas associated with socioeconomic differences.Whit e congenital anomaly rates were con-sistently higher than Negro rates at each educa-tional level, which was due in part to differencesin the level of reporting by race.
sex
A substantially higher proportion of malethan female newborns were found to have oneor more congenital malformations (tables 1Aand 1B). For the 2-year period the congenitalanomaly rate for male births exceeded the ratefor female births by 41 percent (955.3 com-pared with 678.5 per 100,000 live births). Thisexcess of male anomalies persisted within eachracial group. The relative difference in rates was44 percent (975.6 compared with 675.6) forwhite births, and the differential was 26 percent(814.8 compared with 647.6) for Negro births.
Although many of the anomalies studiedshowed a higher rate for males, to a large extentthe overall sex differential is explained by thesignificantly higher male rate for congenitalanomalies of genital organs (code 752) and inparticular for hypospadias (code 752.2). Con-genital anomalies of the genital organs were re-ported for slightly more than one-fifth of allmale births with anomalies but for less than 2percent of female births with anomalies. If theseconditions are excluded from the computationof the overall male and female congenital anom-aly rates, the sex differential is reduced from 40percent to about 13 percent.
Figure 1 presents the percentage of birthswith anomalies that were male for some of themore frequently occurring anomalies. During1973-74, 51 percent of all births in the UnitedStates were male. It can be seen from figure 1that for many anomalies there was a large de-viation from this expected maIe ratio. Theseratios are in close agreement with informationreported in previous studies. 1s
Geographic Variation
There were extremely large variations in theincidence of congenital anomalies among the re-porting areas during the 2-year period covered
6
51 percent of all births i. the
United States were male
Anomaliesof genital organs(752) a
~v$lylv
Clefr palate with cleft lip{749.21 n
Cleft lip without .defr pa!aw(749.1)
Eg Reduction deformities< (755.2-755.41 mg
Clubfootnz (754.0.754.9)<~ Anomalis of heart
[746.0.746.9)s
~ Polydmryiy< (755.0)n
Cmgsnital hydmcepf?alus:(742)
Y: Down’s diseam
[759.3)
Anmcephalus(740)
Spins bifida(741)
Cleft palate without clefr lip(749.0)
o 40 60 80 100
PERCENT MALE
Figure 1. Percent male for births with selected anomalies, 1973-74 average.
by this report. Information on the incidence ofanomalies for each area is shown in table 2A for1973 and in table 2B for 1974. During this2-year period congenital anomaly rates rangedfrom a Iow of 364.3 (Delaware, 1973) to a highof 1,942.7 (New Mexico, 1974).
Although the overall congenital anomalyrate , ch,anged very little between 1973 and1974–from 829.8 in 1973 to 811.3 in 1974, adecline of 2 percent–for individual areas,changes ranged from a decIine of 34 percent(District of CoIumbia) to an increase of 68 per-cent (New Mexico). There were 11 States whichexperienced a 20-percent or greater change inrates between 1973 and 1974 and 12 Stateswhere the change was from 10 to 20 percent.However, fluctuations in yearly rates were gen-erally smaller for States with large populations.Among the 17 largest reporting States(representing two-thirds of the U.S. population),there were only 4 where the yearly rate varied
by more than 10 percent. It therefore seemsdlkely that all of the variations observedreflect true changes in the incidence of anom-&es among these populations. The more prob-abIe explanations are that differences in manyinstances reflect random fluctuations due to thesmall number of events and that reporting prac-tices are not consistent from State to State oreven from year to year within the same State.
As noted previously, during this period theincidence of anomalies was 13 percent higheramong white than among Negro newborns(829.8 compared with 732.4 for 1973-74). Butagain, these overall averages conceal a very widevariation in incidence for individual reportingareas. For example, during the 2-year period theincidence of congenital anomalies among whitebirths was less than 90 percent of the incidencefor Negro births in 17 States, while in 9 Statesthe white incidence exceeded the Negro inci-dence by 30 percent or more.
As shown in table A, there were markedregionaI differences in the reporting of anom-zdies. The lowest incidence was in the South(630.7) and the highest in the North CentralRegion (988.0). Within each region, differencesbetween raciaI groups were also quite noticeable.In the Northeast and West Regions the whitecongenital anomaIy rates were lower than theNegro rates by 8 and 14 percent, respectively,while in the North Central Region the white rateexceeded the Negro rate by 9 percent and in theSouth Region by 18 percent. The lower inci-dence of Negro anomalies relative to whiteanomalies in the entire reporting area is a reflec-tion of the fact that 50 percent of all Negro
Table A. Congenital anomaly rates for all anomalies combined,by region and rat= Total of 46 reporting States and theDistrict of Columbia, 1973-74 average
[ Rates are live biiths with anomrdies per 100,000 live births inspecified SToup]
births but only 29 percent of all white birthswere in the South, where rates were 10west
There is reason to believe that the relativelylow congenital anomaly rates observed in theSouth reflect a difference in reporting practicesrather than a lower occurrence of defects. Asdiscussed in the section “Birth Weight,” lowbirth weighte is associated with a greatly ele-vated incidence of congenital defects. Althoughthe proportion of infants of low birth weight inthe South approximated the national average forboth races, the congenital anomaly rate forwhite births in the South was 21 percent lowerthan the national average and the rate for Negrobirths was 25 percent lower.
Birth Weight
A number of studies have noted a greatlyeIevated rate of anomalies among low-birth-weight infants.1 G-l 8 Data from this studysubstantiate those findings. Table 3 and figure 2present malf orrnation rates by weight in500-gram intervals by race of child. The rate ofcongenital malformations for babies of low birthweight in 1973-74 was about 2 1/2 times as highas that for babies with more adequate birthweights (1,894.1 compared with 727.1 per100,000 live births). Infants with the verylowest birth weights had a greatly increased riskof being born with an anomaly. For births of1,500 grams (3 pounds 4 ounces) or less the ratewas 2,146.4, and for births of 1,501 to 2,000grams (3 pounds 5 ounces to 4 pounds 6 ounces)the rate was 2,454.1. It is likely that the slightlylower congenital anomaly rate for births of1,500 grams or less compared with births in thenext higher weight group is due to the propor-tionately greater number of fetal deaths in thelower weight group.
With increasing weight, the congenital anom-aly rate declined sharply, reaching a low of636.9 for births of 3,501 to 4,000 grams (7pounds 12 ounces to 8 pounds 13 ounces). How-ever, the incidence again rose for heavier thanaverage babies, increasing to 929.1 for babies
‘Infants weighing 2,500 grams or less (5 pounds 8ounces or less) at birth are considered to be of low birthweight.
weighing 4,501 grams (9 pounds 15 ounces) ormore. This rise is probably a reflection of ahigher incidence of anomalies for birtbs todiabetic mothers. Such infants tend to be Iarge,
and it is weIl established that maternal diabetesis associated with a number of congenital mal-formations. 19Y20
There are marked differences in the inci-dence of malformations between white andNegro babies of low birth weight. White babies ~weighing 2,500 grams or less were nearly twiceas likely as Negro babies of this birth weight tohave a congenital anomaly (2,176.7 compared ,with 1,126.0 ). However, racial differences wereconsiderably reduced with increasing weight,and for two of the higher weight categories theincidence of anomalies was greater for Negrobabies than for white babies (figure 2).
Variations in incidence by weight wereobserved for nearly all of the 19 anomaliesstudied. The greatest dissimilarity in rates byweight was observed for anencephalus. The riskof this defect was 81 times as great for babiesweighing 1,500 grams or less-as for babiesweighing 4,001-4,500 grams.
*
.
Figure 2. Congenital anomaly rates by birth weight and race forall anomalies combined, 1973-74 average.
8
Age of Mother
Advancing maternal age is associated with anincreased risk of bearing an infant with a con-genital anomaly (table 4 and figure 3). The inci-dence of malformations rises steeply for mothersaged 35 and over and is particularly high formothers aged 40 years and over. Births to thislatter group of women were more than twice aslikely to have a defect as were births to womenaged 25-29 years, the age group with the Iowest
-r.
F
/
NegroG
~
o1014 15-19 2S24 25.29 S0-s4 25-$9 40’40yam years yews Years was yars yaw’s
AGE OF MOTHER
Figure 3. Congenital anomaly rates by age of mother and race
for all anomelias combined, 1973-74 average.
incidence of malformations (1,710.5 comparedwith 779.5). The pattern of risk by age was sim-ilar for white and Negro births, although the
,incidence was higher for white births at eachage.
Down’s disease is the most striking exampleof the increased risk to older women of bearinga defective child. The incidence of this anomalywas 33 times as great for infants born tomothers aged 40-49 years as for infants born tomothers aged 20-24 years (670.5 compared with20.2).
Birth Order and Age
Table B presents congenital anomaly ratesby birth order of child and age of mother for allanomalies combined. The incidence of defectswas highest for fourth and higher order births,due primarily to the relatively greater number ofolder women having such births. Nearly one-third of congenital anomaly births of fourth andhigher order were to mothers aged 35 years andolder. When each age group is examined sep-arately, it can be seen that rates for such higherorder births were generally less than rates forlower order births. Rates for first births wereconsistently higher than for other birth orders,regardless of age of mother. The rate for firstbirths to women aged 35 years and older was1,414.2, the highest observed for any age-ordergroup. A possible explanation for the high levelof risk for first births in comparison with higherbirth orders is that parents may not have addi-tional children after having a malformed one.z 1Due to the high degree of association between
Table B. Congenital anomaly ratas for all anomalias combined, by age of mother and live-birth order: Total of 46 reporting Statas andthe District of Columbia, 1973-74 ave~ge
[ Rate are live births with anomalies per 100,000 live births in specified group]
I II Age of mother
Live-birth order TotalUnder 20-24 25-29 30-34 35 years
age of mother and birth order of child, it wasnot possible to determine which of these vari-ables had a greater effect on the overall con-genital anomaly rates.
Plurality
As shown in table 5, the incidence of con-genital defects was 18 percent higher among livebirths in plural deliveries than among live birthsin single deliveries (965.7 births with defects per100,000 live births in plural deliveries comparedwith 817.8 per 100,000 single live births). Fornearly all anomalies studied, there was a rel-atively higher level of occurrence for plural birthsthan for single births. The two notable ex-ceptions were dislocation of the hip, where theincidence was 21 percent greater for single birthsthan for plural births, and Down’s disease, whichoccurred about twice as frequently among singlelive births -asamong plural live births.
One hypothesis advanced to explain thecausation of mental and physical defects amongmultiple births is that such pregnancies produceincreased nutritional demands on the motherwhich, if not met, result in physical and mentalimpairment. z z However, in the case of mono-zygotic (identical) twins, some researchers viewthe twinning process itself as an instance of ab-normal fetal development.23
The more frequent occurrence of low birthweight and prematurity among multiple birthsappears to be a critical factor in the study ofcongenital defects. The proportion of low-birth-weight and prematurely born babies inplural deliveries are many times higher thanamong single Iive births, and these differencesare far larger among white births. White babiesare 10 times more likely to be of low birthweight in plural than in single deliveries andNegro babies 5 times as likely. Similarly, theincidence of prematurity is 5 times as highamong white plural than single deliveries and 3times as high among Negro plural than singledeliveries. This racial disparity may provide part
fPremature births are those occurring before 37weeks of gestation.
of the explanation for the larger differential inincidence of malformations by plurality foundamong white than Negro births. The risk of birthdefects among white babies was 22 percenthigher among pIuraJ than singIe births (1,010.7compared with 826.5), but among Negro babies,the risk was only 4 percent higher among pluralbirths (764.1 compared with 731.7).
Another factor to be considered is thatwhite babies have lower birth weights at youngergestational ages than Negro babies. During1973-74 the median birth weight of whiteinfants born before 36 weeks of gestation was77 grams lower than that of Negro infants ofcomparable gestationaI age. A study of twinpregnancies found a markedly increased inci-dence of congenital anomalies among prematurebirths of 30 to 35 weeks gestation where birthweight was lower than average for gestationalage.z 4 The lower birth weight of white babies atyounger gestational ages may therefore be anadditional explanation for the larger differentialin incidence of anomdles by plurality observedfor white births.
Legitimacy Status
The overall incidence of malformations forillegitimate live births was less than 1 percentgreater than the incidence for legitimate livebirths. The congenital anomaly rates per 100,00births for these two groups were 807.6 and805.2, respectively (table 6). However, amongwhite births the rate for illegitimate babies wasclearly higher than that for legitimate babies—936.4 compared with 812. 7–a difference of15 percent. For Negro births the differential inrates was less than 1 percent (a rate of 703.5 forillegitimate births compared with 700.4 for Legit-imate births).
A factor strongly associated with anincreased risk of congenital anomalies is lowbirth weight (see “Birth Weight” section), whichis more frequent among illegitimate than legit-imate births. The congenital anomaly rates byrace shown in table 6 reflect these differences inweight as well as other characteristics associatedwith legitimacy status. An attempt was thereforemade to determine what the Ievels of congenital
10
anomalies would be for each legitimacy statusgroup if the distribution of births by birthweight for these two groups were the same as ina st anclard population. Adjusted congenitalanomaly rates by legitimacy status werecomputed separately by the indirect method foreach race, using as the standard for adjustmentthe rates by race and weight group shown intable 3. The observed and adjusted congenitalanomaly rates are shown below:
While there was a 15-percent differential inwhite rates by legitimacy status before ad-justment for weight differences, after stand-ardization for birth weight this was reduced to 5percent. It appears that two-thirds of the relativedifference in incidence of anomaIies betweenwhite illegitimate and legitimate births is asso-ciated with the dksimilarity in birth weight, butthat one-third still remains to be explained interms of other factors related to legitimacystatus.
Despite the higher percent of low birthweight among Negro illegitimate than legitimatebirths, the overall congenital anomaly rates forthese two groups were nearly identical (703.5and 700.4, respectively). Adjustment for birthweight differences had only a minimal effect onthis reIative differential in rates, reflecting thefact that low birth weight is not as strongly asso-ciated with an increased risk of anomalies forNegro as for white babies (figure 2).
Outcome of and IntervalSince Last Pregnancy
One factor closely associated with the sur-vival and health of babies is the prior pregnancy
history of the mother. In a study of New YorkCity births, low birth weight and fetal mortalitywere found to be far more frequent occurrencesamong women with past histories of fetal deathsand prematurity than among women who hadhad ordy mature live births.zs The intervalbetween births is an additional aspect of preg-nancy history related to the outcome of preg-nancy. In a study of several hundred children, itwas found that siblings born within 1 year of aprevious full-term pregnancy were more likely tohave low birth weight and poorer mentzd andmotor development than chiIdren born after aninterval of 2 to 5 years. Additionally, the risk ofneurological abnormalities was twice as great forthe closely spaced births.z 6 Data derived frombirth certificates show a similar adverse relation-ship bet ween the close spacing of births andweight at birth.
Since the incidence of congenital anomaliesis so closely related to weight at birth, it is not sur-prising to find similar patterns of risk accordingto the outcome of last pregnancy and spacingof pregnancies. Table 7 shows the incidenceof congenital malformations in relation to priorpregnancy outcome and the interval betweenpregnancies. Births to mothers whose previouspregnancy terminated in a fetal death were morelikely to have a congenital anomaly than birthsto mothers whose previous pregnancy resulted ina live birth. For white births the risk of a con-genital anomaly was increased by 22 percent; forNegro births the risk was 13 percent greater.
The incidence of anomalies was highest whenthe interval between births was less than 1 year,while the lowest anomaly rates were for intervalsof 12-17 months through 48-59 months. Thecongenital anomaly rate for this last interval was14 percent lower than the rate for births spacedless than 1 year apart (788.1 compared with920.3 per 100,000 Iive births). Intervals of 5years or more were associated with a sharpincrease in rates, probably due to a greater pro-portion of older women in these categories.
The association between the close spacing ofbirths and the risk of a congenital anomaly isstrikingly illustrated by the data in table C. Themean interval since the termination of the lastpregnancy for births with congenital anomalieswas about one-third shorter than the interval for
11
Table C. Mean interval since termination of last pregnancy forlive births with congenital anomalies and all live births, byoutcome of last pregnancy and race: Total of 36 reportingStates and the District of Columbia, 1973-74 average
Congenital anomaly status andoutcome of last pregnancyl
Live births with congenitalan-omalies
All second and higher orderpregnancies .. ... .. . .. ... .... .. ... . .. ..
Lest pregancy live birth .... .. .. . .....Last pregnancy fetal death ... .. .... .Last pregnancy outcome
l~cl~des b~hs with birth order not stated and births Withzero interval since M pregnancy (plural births).
21nclude~ ~ace5 other than white and Negro.
all births (27.2 months compared with 40.5months). Approximately this same relative dif-ference in mean interval between births withcongenital anomalies and all births was foundregardless of whether the previous pregnancyresulted in a live birth or in a fetal death.
The study of closely spaced children citedearlierz 6 concluded that the depressed birthweight and impaired development seen in rapid
succession pregnancies are results of intrautei[neimpoverishment. It was theorized that closespacing of pregnancies does not allow sufficienttime for full restoration of the mother’s supplyof critical nutrients required for optimum fetalbody development.
Education of Mother
To provide a measure of the socioeconomicstatus of the family, the birth certificates ofmany States have been revised in recent years toinclude questions on the educational attainmentof parents. In this report, congenital anomalyrates are presented by educational attainment ofthe mother rather than of the father since infor-mation on the father is often missing for illegit-imate births.
The incidence of congenital anomalies gen-e ral 1y decreased as educational attainmentincreased (table 8). The highest rate of con-genital anomalies was associated with 9-11 yearsof schooling and the lowest rate with thecompletion of college or postgraduate edu-cation (879.6 and 776.7, respectively). The inci-dence of anomalies for births to mothers withonly minimal education (8 years of schooling orless) was found to be slightly lower than that formothers who had completed 9-11 years ofschooling.
Since it is not possible for very youngmothers to have completed more than a limitednumber of years of school, congenital anomalyrates were computed excluding births tomothers under 20 years of age. These rates areshown in table D. For most age groups the
Table D. Congenital anomaly rates for all anomalies combined, by educational attainment and age of mother: Total of 37 reportingStates and the District of Columbia, 1973-74 average
[ Rate are live births with anomalies per 100,000 live births in specified group]
I I Years of school completed
Age of mother Total
All mothers agrd 20 years Iand over ..... .. ... .... ... ... . .. .... .. ... ... .. .. .... ... ... ... . .....
pattern of risk by educational level is similar tothat previously described for women of all agescombined. The only exception is for mothersaged 35 years and over, where the congenitalanomaly rate was highest for women with thelowest educational attainment.
For all age groups under age 35 years, 0-8years of schooling was associated with a 10werincidence of congenital mzdformations than forthe next higher educational level (9-1 1 years). Itis not possible from data tabulated for thisreport to explain this general depression in rateswhen schooling was minimal. However, otherstudies have reported a considerably higher inci-dence of malformations among stillborn infantsthan among live births.19*Z T The 1973-74 fetaldeath ratio for mothers with O-8 years ofschooIing was 21 percent higher than the ratiofor those with 9-11 years of schooling (23.9compared with 19.8 fetzd deaths per 1,000 livebirths). The higher proportion of pregnancies towomen with very low educational attainmentwhich ended in a fetal death could result in alower congenital anomzdy rate among live birthsfor the educational category O-8 years.
Previous studies have noted the associationbetween socioeconomic status and the level ofcongenital malformations. 14 72s >Z9 It has beensuggested that this association may be attrib-utable to the less satisfactory prenatal care,poorer hygiene, and higher incidence of mal-nutrition and infectious disease found amongmothers with less adequate income and edu-cational 4
SPECIFIC FINDINGS–BIRTH INJURIES
Chances for survival are much poorer fornewborns with birth injuries. A study of livebirths in New York City~ O found that theneonatal mortality rateg for babies with birthinjuries was almost 4 times the citywideneonatal mortality rate for all live births. Deathsfrom birth injuries in the United Statescomprised 3.4 percent of all infant deaths during
gThe neonatal mortaMy rate is the number of deathswithin the first 28 days of life per 1,000 live births.
1973-74. About one-third of such infant deathsoccur during the first day of life and nearly aIlwithin the first 28 days after birth.
One or more birth injuries were reported for2 of every 1,000 live births in 1973-74 (table 9).No injuries to the spinal cord and relatively fewbrain injuries were reported. The overall birthinjury rate was 216.0 per 100,000 live births; bysite, the rates per 100,000 live births were 10.2for brain injuries, 82.4 for bone or nerve injuries,and 127.5 for other and unspecified injuries.However, as noted for congenital anomalies, thetrue incidence of such conditions cannot beascertained from entries on birth certificates.For exampIe, a survey of Legitimate births for1972s 1 found that hospital and/or physicianrecords noted birth injuries at about 10 timesthe level observed in this present study.
Race and Sex
There was a higher incidence of birth injuriesamong white than among Negro newborns. Thebirth injury rate for white babies was 217.9 per100,000 Iive births, 14 percent higher than therate of 191.3 for N&gro babies (table 9).
There was a substantially higher rate of in-jury to male births of both races, with the over-all birth injury rate for males exceeding the ratefor fernales by 40 percent (251.1 per 100,000live births compared with 179.0). A higher inci-dence of injuries to male births was found foreach type of injury for both racial groups.
Birth Weight
Very small and very large babies were mostlikely to suffer birth injuries (table 10). The rateof injury decreased with each increment inweight, from 338.1 per 100,000 live births forbabies weighing 1,500 grams (3 pounds 4ounces) or less to a low of 144.5 for newbornsweighing 2,501-3,000 grams (5 pounds 9 ouncesto 6 pounds 9 ounces). Increases in weight pastthe 3,000-gram level were associated with a pro-gressively higher risk of injury. The risk wasespecially great for the very heaviest babies,those weighing over 5,000 grams {11 pounds1 ounce). Birth injuries were recorded for nearly3 percent of newborns in this group.
13
Birth injury rates were lower for Negro thanfor white babies weighing 3,000 grams or less,but the risk of a birth injury was greater forNegro babies at higher weights.
Plurality
As shown in table 11, the overall risk ofbirth injury was about the same for single livebirths and live births in plural deliveries (215.8compared with 226.5 per 100,000 live births).
By site of injury, the rate for single births waslower than that for plural births for brain andbone or nerve injuries but higher for other andunspecified types of injuries. These same rela-tionships were observed for white births. ForNegro births, however, the birth injury rate wassubstantially higher for plural live births. Thedifference was due mainly to the nearlythreefold increase in the risk of bone or nerveinjury in plural deliveries.
—ooo —
14
REFERENCES
lNational Center for Health Statistics: The Incidenceof Congenital Defects—A Review of the Literature, byA. Sokolove. Unpublished document.
2W~ace, H. M., and Fisher, S. T.: Use of congenitalmalformation data reported on live birth certificates.Pub. Health Rep. 81(7) :631 -638, JuIy 1966.
3Mackeprang, M., et al: Completeness and accuracyof reporting of malformations on birth certificates.HSMHA Health Rep. 87(1): 43-49, Jan. 1972.
4Nation~ Center for He~fi Statistics: 1972 Nation~Natality Survey. Unpublished data.
5Bock, H. B., and Zimmerman, J. H.: Study of se-lected congenital anomalies in Pennsylvania. Pub. HealthRep. 82(5):446-450, May 1967.
6Mackeprang, M., and Hay, S.: Reporting of con-genital malformations on birth certificates. Health Serv.Rep. 87(9):830-834, Nov. 1972.
7Hay, S.: Variables in under-reporting of clefts onbirth certificates. Pub. Health Rep. 82(1 1):985-993,NOV.1967.
8Milham, S.: Underreporting of incidence of cleft lipand palate. Am. J. Dis. Child. 106:99-102, Aug. 1963.
‘Hay, S.: Incidence of selected congenital mal-formations in Iowa. Am. J. Epidemiol. 94(6) :572-584,
1971.10 National Center for Health Statistics: Final mor-
11National Center for Health Statistics: Utilizationof hort-stay hospitals: Annual summary for the UnitedStates, 1974, by A. L. Ranofsky. Vital and Health Statis-tics. Series 13-No. 26. DHEW Pub. No. (HRA) 76-1777.Health Resources Administration. Rockville, Md. Sept.1976.
12Chung, C. S., and Myrianthopoulos, N. C.: Racialand prenatal factors in major congenital malformations.Am ~ Hum. Genet. 20(l) :4460,Jan. 1968.
i hy!idlOpOUIOS, N. C., and Chung, C. S.: Con-genital malformations in singletons. Epidemiologic Sur-vey. Report from the Collaborative Perinatal Project.Birth Defects; Origt”nal Article Series. X(11). New York.The National Foundation March of Dimes, 1974.
14Altemus, L. A., and Ferguson, A. D.: Comparativeincidence of birth defects in Negro and white children.Pediatrics. 36(1):56-61, July 1965.
15Hay, S.: Sex differences in the incidence of certaincongenital malformations: A review of the literature andsome new data. Teratology. 4(3) :277-286, Aug. 1971.
16 Shapiro, S., et al.: Relationship of selectedprenatal factors to pregnancy outcome and congenitalznomalies. Am. ]. Public Health. 55(2):268-282, Feb.1965.
17 Erhardt, C. L., and Nelson, F. G.: Reported con-genital malformations in New York City, 1958-59. Am.]. Public Health. 54(9): 1489-1506, Sept. 1964.
18 Babson, S. G., et al.: The Congenitally Malformed,IX, Congenital malformation smd the low birth weightinfan~ Northwest Med. 65(9):729-732, Sept. 1966.
19Warkany, J.: Congenital Malformation.s Chicago.Year Book Medical Publishers Incorporated, 1971.
2 ODundon, S., et ~.: Inf~ts of diabetic mothers. ].lr. Med. Assoc. 67(13 ):371 -375, July 13, 1974.
21 Rivers, T. M., et al.: Conference on congenital mal-formations. ]. Chronic Dis. 10(2):83-15 I, Aug. 1959.
22Holley, W. L., znd Churchill, J. A.: Physical andmen t al deficits of twinning, in Perinatal Factors
Affecting Human Development. Scientific PublicationNo. 185. Washington, D.C. Pan American Health Organi-zation, Oct. 1969.
23 MYnSnfiOpOUIOS, N. C.: Congenital malformationsin twins: Epidemiologic Survey. Report from the Col-laborative Perinatal Project. Birth Defects; Ori~kalArticle Series. XI(8). New York. The National Founda-tion March of Dimes, 1975.
24 Hen&icks, C. H.: Twinning in relation to birthweight, mortality, and congenital anomalies. Obstet. and
Gynecol. 27(1):47-53, Jan. 1966.25 Shapiro, S., and Abramowicz, M.: Pregnancy
outcome correlates identified through medical record-based information. Am. J. Public Health.59(9): 1629-1650, Sept. 1969.
26 Honey, W. L., et al.: Effect of rapid succession ofpregnancy, in Pen”natd Factors Affecting Human De-velopment. Scientiilc Publication No. 185. Washington,D.C. Pan American Health Organization. Oct. 1969.
in the prevalence of anencephaly and spina bifida in and health insurance factors: Findings from the 1972Boston, Massachusetts. N. Eng. J. Med. 277(21):1119-1123. U.S. NationaI Natsdity Suwey. Paper presented at theNOV. 23, 1967. A mencan Statistical Association meetings. Chicago,
30 w~lace, H. M., et al.: Congenital malformations Illiiois, Aug. 15-18, 1977.and birth injuries in New York City. Peddrics. 32 Bergsman, D.: Birth Defects–Atlas and12(5):525-535, NOV. 1953. Compendium. The National Foundation March of
31 Placek, P. J.: Type of delivery associated with Dimes. Williams and Wilkins Cmmpany. Baltimore, 1973.social and demographic, maternal health, infant health,
16
LIST OF DETAILED TABLES
1A. Live births with congenital anomalies and rates for each anomaly, by sex and race: Total of 46 Reporting States and theDistrict of Columbia, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 B. Live births with congenital anomalies and rates for each anomaly, by sax and race: Total of 46 Reporting States and theDistrict of Columbia, 1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2A. Live births and congenital anomaly rates for all anomalies combined and live births with selected congenital anomalies, byrace: 46 Reporting States and District of Columbia, 1973 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2B. Live births and congenital anomaly rates for all anomalies combined and live births with selected congenital anomalies, by
Congenital anomaly rates by birth weight and race for all anomalies combined and for selected anomalies: Total of 46Reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1973-74 avarage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congenital anomaly rates by age of mother and race for all anomalies combined and for salected anomalies: Total of 46Reporting States andthe Districtof Columbia, 1973-74 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congenital anomaly rates by plurality of birth and race for all anomalies combined and for selected anomalies: Total of 46Reporti~g States and the District of Columbia, 1973-74 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congenital anomaly rates by legitimacy status and race for all anomalies combined and for selected anomalias: Total of 35Reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1973 -74average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congenital anomaly rates by outcoma of last pregnancy, interval since termination of last pregnancy, and race: Total of 36Repoming States andthe District of Columbia, l973-74average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Congenital anomaly rates by educational attainment of mother and race for all anomalies combined and for selectedanomalies: Total of 37 Reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1973-74 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Birth injury rates for type of injury, by sex and race: Total 41 Reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1973-74average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. Birth injury rates for type of injury, by birth weight and race: Total of 41 Reporting States and the District of Columbia,1973-74 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........
11. Birth injury rates for type of injury, by plurality of birth and race: Total of 41 Reporting States and the District of Columbia,1973-74 average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
25
32
39
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
52
53
17
TABLE 1A. LIVE BIRTHS MITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ANO RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973
( BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS IN SELECTEO STATES AND ON A 50-PERCENT St. HPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES; SEE TECHNICAL APPENDIX.REFERS ONLY TO BIRTHS OCCURRING MITH1 N THE AREAS REPORTING CONGENITAL ANOMAL lES TO RES1OENTS OF THESE AREAS.EAS, SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX, TABLE I.
FOR A LI S11 KG OF AR-NLN4BERS AFTER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ARE CATAGORY NUMBERS OF THE EICHTH REVISION INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, ADAPTED, 1965 (l COAl. RATES ARE NuMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS wITH OESIGNATEO ANOMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHSIN SPECIFIED ~OUP. WHERE THERE 1S MORE THAN ONE DEFECT PER BIRTH wITHIN ANY GRDUPING OF lCDA COOES, THE BIRTH IS COUNTEO ONLYONCE I
CONGENITAL ANOMALY’ AND RACE2
LIVE BIRTHS UITH CONGENITAL ANOMALI ES-——-—— ——-— --740-759
liH I T E—-——NEGRO———
AN ENCEPHALUS--—-——--—----————— -—-——-—-———————--- 740k/HITE-——NEGRO-———-
S PI NA BI F 1DA—--—--—--——-----——---—— -——————-——T41HHITE—-—NE GRO—---—
RET INITIS PIGMENTOSA--———----—— —-—-————--———-744. 6ltHITE-—---NEGRO—-————
CDNGENITAL BL EPHt,ROPTD S 1S—---———-—— ———-——-T64.7“.. ..-
NEGR~——
SEE FOOTNOTES AT END OF TABLE.
TOTAL
23,052
19,1683,205
594528
49
1,1681,066
81233217
12935849
69
450379
59
324306
14101
963
163155
655
:
;
5146
5
268214
425240101918
11612
4
6052
5
:;2
521
NIJIBER
HALE
13,854
11,6391,815
283245
27
575516
429305
48:431
36
235201
30
151142
74441
37469
3
;
44
22
2625
1
15C117
263226
1:14
I14Ic
4
2?1$
4
1
WALE
9,198
7,5291,390
311283
22
593550
39140132
6453418
33
2151?8
29
173164
5;55
8986
344
2521
4
11897162014
444
22
3733
399
rOTAL
829.8
841.5743.2
21.423.211.4
42.046.818.8
a.49.52.8
33.737.316.0
16.216.613.7
11.713.4
3.23.64.20.75.96.81.40.20.2
0.10.2
0.10.1
1.82.01.2
9.69.49.71.91. n2.30.70. e0.20.60.50.$
2.22.31.20. !0.50.3
0. i0.1o.;
RATE
HALE
972.6
994.5B29. 3
19.920.912.3
+0. 444.119.2
6.57.32.T
33.036. B16.4
16.517.213.7
10.612.1
3.23.13.51.45.25.91.40.10.1
0.30.3
0.10.2
1.82.10.5
10.510.011.9
2.22.22.71.11.20.51.00.91.8
1.61.60.90.30.20.9
0.40.20.5
FEMALE—.
679.3—-—-
679.8654.4
23.025.610.4
43.849.718.410. s11.9
2.833.537.715.5
15.916.113.7
12.81+.8
3.34.25.0
6.67.01.40.30.4
1.21.91.!9
8,,78.,87,,51,,51.,31,,90,,30,,4
0,,10,!2
2,,73“01.,40,,70,,8
TASL E 1A. LIVE BIRTHS wrm CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX ANO RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973-CON.
1 SEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY] AND RACE2
CONGEN lTAL ANONAL 1 ES OF EYE—CON.
OTHER SPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF EYE—————- 744. tWHITE—
UNSPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF EYE——————NEGRO—
744.9HHITE———NEGRD————
CONGENITAL ANOMAL 1 ES OF EAR, FACE, ANo NECK——— —7+5HHITE—NEGRO——
ANOMALIES OF EAR CAUSING IMPAIRFFENT OF HEARING————— 745. c16HI TE———-NEGRO——
ACCESSORY AURICLE -— —- T45.1HHITE—NEGRO————
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANO!!ALIES OF EAR——-__———_——— 745.2!dH17E——NEGR~
UNSPECIFIED ANOHALIES OF EAR-—-— ——745.3HHITE——-NEGRO——
EIRANCH2AL CL EF7, CYST , OR FI STULA ANO PRE AURI CULAR S1 NUS ——745.4WHITE—NEGR~
!dEB81 NG OF NECK——-————-————-—— -7+5. 5lAHITE——NEGRO-—
D7HER SPECIF1 EO ANOMALIES OF FACE ANO NECK—— 745.0HHITE———NEGRo--—-
UNSPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF FACE ANO NECK— ——7+5.9lAHITE———NEGRO——
CONGENITAL ANDMAL 1 ES OF HEART—-—— ——746IIH17ENEGR~
COIIMO+4 TRuNcu3—-——--——————— 746.0WHITE—NEGRO——
T~ANSPOSITION OF GREAT VESSELS- —. 746.1liHITE——NEGR~
TETRALOGY OF FALLOT—-——-— —-——— —_____ —-746. 2HH17~NEGR~
AT RI AL SEPTAL DEFECT--————--—_ —-746. k‘dHITE——NEGRO——
OST IUM AT RI OVENTR ICU. ARE COHFSUNE—————— —-746 .5HHI’F~NEGRO
ANOHAL lES OF HEART VALVES— T46.tHHITE—-NEGRO—
F [ BROELASTOSI S CO ROI~————— -’746.7!4HITE—NEGRO———
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANONALIES OF HEART— ——— 7+6. IIAHI TE—-—NEGR~
UNSPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF HEART—— 746.5HHITE——————————
oTHER CONG5N lTAL ANOHAL IES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEH—-— -74ilAHITE——NEGRO—
PA7ENT DUCT US ARTER IO SU3-——— 747. c
NWBER
TOTAL
5742125243
7
667564
538365
53029
1
x 57120
13286253
17
::8
3230
24439
5:49
7
1,6871,481
12488
6665
4281219
1:149
1,0::900
76
498426
138513
MALE
4029
2:18
2
395334
27473a
1514
1
z6
179155
$’20
6
1313
2117
33130
1
9S3868
7955
4443
2117
7:66
31414
5551
15:117
1710592
9581522
46
271239
285748
7
I RATE
FEHALE TOTAL
17 2.113 1.8
4 2.832 1.925 1.9
5 1.6
272 24.0230 24.8
26 12.336 3.027 2.9
5 1.215 1.115 1.3
0.2
60 5.743 5.3
3.010! 10.3
98 11.17 3.93 1.11 0.92 1.9
19 1.217 1.3
2 0.523 1.622 1.7
0.92: 2.119 2.2
6 1.6
702 60.7613 65.0
45 28.83 0.33 0.4
22 2.+22 2.9
9 1.19 1.1
0.967 5.056 5.4
5 1.917 1.117 1.4
2 0.12 0.1
1.9 2.616 2.9
2 0.9131 10.1102 9.6
5.36; 6.057 6.5
4 3.0425 36.2378 39.5
30 17.6
227 17.9187 18.7
27 12.847 3.737 3.7
6 3.0
ISALE
2.82.53.71.41.50.9
2T. T28.512.3
3.33.2
1.11.20.5
6.86.62.7
12.613.2
4.62.01.72.7
0.91.1
1.51.51.42.22.60.5
69.274.236.10.40.4
3.13.7
1.51.51.85.05.61.41.01.2
3.94.40.9
10.510.07.87.47.94.1
40.844.621.0
19.020.412.84.04.13.2
FEMALE
1.31.21.92.42.32.4
20.120.812.2
2.72.42.41.11.4
4.43.93.3T. 98.83.30.20.1.0.9
1.41.50.91.72.00.52.01.72.8
51.935.421.2
0.20.3
1.62.D
O.T0.8
4.95.12.41.31.5
0.10.2
1.31.40.99.79.22.84.55.11.9
31.434.114.1
16.816.912.73.53.32.8
SEE FOOTNOTES A7 ENO OF 7ABLE.
TA8LE lh. LIVE BIRTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ANO RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973--CON.
(sEE HEAONOTE AT 8EG1NN!NG OF TABLEI
CONGENITAL ANOHALY1 ANO RACE2
OTHER CONGENITAL ANOM4L lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM--CON.
COARCTAT I aN a F AOR7A----——-—-— -—-——-——--—. — —-747.1uHi TE-—--—-NEGRO--——--
OT HER ANOMALIES OF AORTA——----—--—--————-——--———--T47.2UHITE———
STENOSIS OR ATRESIA OF PULMONARY ARTERY--———NEGRO——-
——--———-7 47.3i+HIT E--———NEGRO-——-
ANOilAL I ES OF GREAT VEIN S————--—— —--——- 747.4HHITE--—-NEGRO-—-—-
ABSENCE OR HYPOPLASIA OF U )!81 LICAL ARTERY——————----———-T47 .5HH 1TE——-—-NEGRo-——
OTHER ANOMALIES OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTEM------——--——————— -T47.6llHITE———NEG RO———--
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY sYsTEM-——-—--—--_—-747. aHH I T E————NEGRO——
UNSPECIFIED ANOMAL IES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-—-——-—-----——-747.9HHITE—-—-NEGRO-—--—-
CONGENITAL ANOlfALI ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-—-——-—-——--- 748HHITE-—-——NEGRO———-
TABLE 1A. LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX ANO RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPoRTZNG STATES AND THE OISTRICT OF COLUHS. IA, 1973--CON.
( SEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CQNGEN 1 TAL ANOMALY1 ANO RAC E2
OTHER CONGENITAL ANOUALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT—CON.
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT 750.8lAHIT~—NEGRO—
UNSPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT-— 750.9HHITE-——————NEGRO——
oTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF IJIGES71VE SYSTEH——-——— 751HHITE——NEGRO—
HECKEL * S OIVERTICULUM——- —751.0
tlHITE—NEGRO—
ANOHALIES OF INTESTINAL FIXATION————— 751.1HHITENEGRO—
HI RSCHSPRUNG1 S 01S EAS E——-——-————————— 751.2WHITF—-—NEGRO——
ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL— -—-751.3HHITE———
OTHER ANOMALIES OF INTESTINE--—NEGR~
——— 751.4WHITE——NEGRO
ATRESIA OF 81 L1ARY DUCT3—-——— 751.5HHITE——NEGR~
OTHER ANOMALIES OF GALL EILAOOER, BILE DUCTS, ANO LIVER 751.6wHITENEGR~—
AWOMALIES OF PANCREAS— —-——-—— —_— —751.-IiiHITE-——WEGR~
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF OIGESTIVE SYSTEH-— 751.8wHITE—NEGRO
UNSPECIFIED ANO14AL1ES OF OIGESTIVE SYSTEH— —751.9h’H1’TE—NEGR~
CONGEN lTAL ANOUAL 1 ES OF GEN1 TAL 0RGAN.3—— —— 752UHITE—NEGRC+——————
1NOET ERMINAT E SEX3—————— ——- 752.0WHITENEGRO—
UNOESCENOEO TESTICLE———-—— — —752.1
WHITFNEGR~
HYPOSPAOI AS——-———— —-—- 752.2HHITE—NEGRO
EP 1S PAO1 AS—-—--————— ——-752.3liHITE—NEGRO——
CONGENITAL HYDROCELE——— —-752.4wHITE-NEGR~—
ANOMALIES OF OVARY, FALLOPIAN TUBE, ANO UTERUS- —752.5WHITE-NEGR~
ANOMALIES OF VAGINA ANO EXTERNAL FEMALE GENITALIA-— —752.6wHITENEGRO—————
SEE FOOTNOTES AT ENO OF TABLE.
TOTAL
1817
20:18610
104102
48462
90no8
8577786675
19181
;:5
4634233132129423
44
3730755
:
1616
3,1022,792
231.........52345551
1,6991,555
1221919
516446
22
1111
::9
MALE
1110
11:98
a6866
2624
24740
7
496455
3064
77
13112
291266
1::15410
44
66
44
2,9462,659
212....... . .52345551
1,6921,%8
1221919
51646622
.. .
.. .
. . .
.. .
. . .
.. .
FEMALE
71
9aae2
3636
2222
43401
36132336L1
12111
52
17:15715
15514013
2015533
1212
15613319
...
...
...
...
...
...
7T
...
...
...
::
78679
RATE
TOTAL
0.60.70.27.28.22.33.74.5
1.72.00.53.23.51.9
30. a34.215.3
0.30.2
0.70.80.2
0.60.61.2
16.718.6
7.211.612.9
5.3
0.10.2
1.31.31.60.20.2
0.20.3
0.60.7
111.7122.6
53.6. . .. . .. . .
18.820.0ha
61.268.328.3
0.70.8
18.620.5
5.1
0.40.5
2.82.92.1
MALE
0.10.5o.!7.i8.43.:4.[S.t
1.12.1o.!3.:3.43.i
34.13a.s13.70.40.:
o.!o..!
0.$0.50.5
20.422.7
7.311.713.2
4.6
0.30.3
1.21.30.90.1D.2
0.40.5
0.30.3
206.8227.296.9....... . .
36.738.923.3
118.8132.3
55.71.31.6
36.239. s10.1
. . .
. ..
. . .
. ..
. ..
. ..
FE MALE
0.50.6
6.67.90-92.73.3
1.62.0
3.23.60.5
26. T29.216.9
0.10.1
0.91.00.5
0.40.21.4
12.714.2
7.111.412.6
6.1
1.51.42.40.20.3
0.91.1
11.512.0
8.9. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .
0.50.6
. . .
. . .
. . .
0.81.0
5.86.04.2
21
TABLE 1A. LIVE BIRTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY. BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973--CON.
(SEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY1 AND RACE2
CONGEN lTAL ANOMAL lES OF GENITAL ORGANS—CON.
PS EU 00 HER MAP HROD 1 T 1 SU---—------—----—-—-———--—-—-——-—-752. 7UH 1T E-——---NEGRO-————
OTHER SPECIF1 EO ANOMALIES OF GEN1 TAL ORGAN S———-———-—----—--752.8iiHITE————NEGRO-—-—-
UNSPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF GENITAL ORGANS--—-—-—---—-————-752.9WHI TE--———NEGRO—--—-
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF URINARY SYSTEM_ —--————-—-—-———-—-753WHIT E--——--NEGRO-—---—-
REOUCT 10N OEFORM I TY OF UPPER L 1 MB—----—-—--—--——--—-—- 755.14H1TE-——-NEGRO-—-—-
RECIUCT 10N DE FORM lTY D F LOWER L1 MB—-—--—-——-—-—- 755.HHITE-——--NEGRO——-—--
SEE FOOTNOTES AT ENO OF TABLE.
1rOT AL
44
128113
11197ITO
21
336308
2487T?
88981
8
4139
Ii11
99
4848
:;
2020
4335
b
2,7702,430
27933
433380
37
140122
16622565
45L,6071,383
185
5,3493,5811,6112,239
9231,265
575514
47
457391
6219116:
1(
NUMBER II
MALE FEMALE TOTAL
22
120107
9138121
13
3129
255
;
3333
1614
1414
2624
2
1,5911,416
13933
264235
21
u8
3D4283
15973058
95
2,0221,885
8451,26T
557675369333
26
26D219
31123109
9
22
86
5:49
8
111104
53634
2625
1
1010
66
44
1515
;
66
1 11 1
4
1,181,01
74
14 0
16 91+ 5
1 6
8 27 4
831 828 2
3 063 452 5
9 0
2,52 71,69
7 666
9 7236 65 %2 061 81
21
1 971 72
256859
7
0.10.2
4.65.02.67.17.54.9
12.113.5
5.63.13.41.93.23.61.9
1.51.70.50.40.5
0.30.4
1.72.1
0.80.8
0.70.9
1.51.51.4
100. a106.7
64.70.10.1
15.616.7
8. t
5. c5.43. i
22. d
24. flo. ~57. tbo. i42. !
192. !157.:373. t
80.140. !
294.:20..22.110.,
16. !17.;14.,
6.,7.$3.
RATE
+
MALE FEMALE
0.10.2
8.49.14.19.7
10.35.9
15.817.4
8.73.6;3.7’3.74.44.83.2
2.22.5D.90.40.4
0.40.4
2.32.8
1.11.2
1.01.2
1.82.10.9
111.7121.0
63.50.20.3
18.320.1
9.6
4.14.13.7
21.324.2
6.968.373.343.4
198.1161.1306.1
89. C47. e
308.425.528.511. <
18. ?18.716.5
8.(9.:4.1
0.10.2
0.60.50.94.44.43.8
8.29.42.42.73.1
1.92.3D.5
0.70.9
0.40.5
0.30.4
1.11.4
0.40.5
0.40.5
1.31.01.9
8T.791.665.9
12.513.1
7.5
6.16.73.8
2S.525.51+. 146.847.442.4
186.7153.1360.6
T1.833.0
279.615.216.3
9.9
14.615.511.8
5.05.33.3
s
,
22
TASLE 1A. LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOIEALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973--CON.
OTHER GENERALIZE ANOILALIES OF SKELETON-———— —756. 1HHITE—-—NEGRD———
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF MUSCLE, TENOON, ANO FASCIA———— 756.0UHITE——NEGRO—
UNSPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF HL2SCULOSKELETAL SYSTEtE— —-756.9i4HITE————NEGRo—-—
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF SKIN, HAIR, ANO NAILS———— —757UHITE——NEGRO-——
HEREDITARY EOEHA OF LEG3-—-——— ———-T57 .0‘dHITE———NEGRO-—
P 1 GHENTED NE VU S-—-————-— —757. 1ldHIT~NEGRO——
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF SKIN ——-————-——. 757.2HHITE——NEGRO—
SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF HAIR——— —— T57.3IEH1 TE-——NEGRO———
SPEC IFIEO ANOMALIES OF NAILS-———————— ——-757.4UHITE—NEGRO——
UNSPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF SKIN, HAIR, ANO NAILS— 75T.9HHITENEG RO——
SEE FOOTNOTES AT ENO OF TABLE.
NUMBER
TOTAL ] I u
T27252
56147972
41437022
1,2431,016
1601514
8:6618
94883393
333ZB934lB18
3
91816
:;9
76Z8
67T46917B
97
1313
13i11812 I
hL E
—
H32:285
1::10114
5764697211
36306
52745952
189158231010
4036
59532
4139
J12
88
14012018554510
507352137
22
633819
34B230110
:
99
E8
FEMALE
$1
23E194
4229526S
c
667547
871413
5:36Ii
421374
1:1311188
474a3
32204
2
3;256
16151
57525
48444
441330
BI
53389
3292396a44
44
51+54
TOTAL
1. c1.10.5
20.221. C16.714.516.2
5.1
44.744.637.1
0.50.60.23.12.94.2
34.136.621.612.012.7
T. 90.60.8
3.13.30.7
3.33.61.4
2.93.22.11.51.61.40.91.00.2
T. 17.65.33-T3.93.2
34.129.950.50.10.1
4.23.36.5
24.420.641.30.30.3
0.50.6
+.85.22.8
RATE
MALE
1.31.50.5
22. T2+.413.7
B.48.66.4
40.440.133.40.10.1
2.52.62.7
37.039.223.813.313.510.50.70.9
2.83.1
4.14.50.9
2.93.30.90.81.0
0.6D.7
9.810.s8.23-93.B4.6
35.630.162.60.1D.2
4.73.Z8.7
24.419.750.3
0.40.3
0.60.a
5.86.23.7
FEMALE
0.70.70.517.617.519.821. B24.33.8
49.349.441.01.01.20.53.73.35.6
31.133.819.310.611.85.20.60.7
3.53.61.4
2.42.51.9
3.03.03.32.32.32.81.21.40.5
4.24.T2.43.54.01.9
32.629.838.1
3.93.44.2
24.321.632.00.30.4
0.30.4
3.84.11.9
23
TABLE 1A. L] VE BIRTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANCMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, 8Y SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPDRTING STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF CDL UMBlb, 197+-CON.
(sEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLEI
CONGENITAL ANOMALY’ ANO RACE*
OTHER AND UN SPECIF1 ED CONGENITAL ANO14ALIES- —----——-———---7 58~~,T~—--——
NEGRO———ANLV4ALI ES OF SPL EEN_--------——--———-——----—-———--758.O
WHITE-—-—NEGRO———
ANDMAL I ES OF ADRENAL GLAND——--—-——-—-—---—--—— —-758. 1MHITE——NEGRO———
ANDMAL XES OF THVRO ID GLAND—--—-—--—— ----——— —-758.2WHITE———NEGRD——-———
AhOMAL 1 ES OF OTHER EN OQCRINE GLANOS-—----————— —-—--—-758 .3wHITE———NEGRO—-——
OTHER SPECIFIEO CONGENITAL ANOMALIES—---———— ——-———-758 .8WHIT E—---—NEGRCI-——-——
1SUBCATEGORIESOF ANOM4LIESASE NOT ADDITIVES2NCE340R3l13ANONE 03NDITIONMAY EXISTAT B2RTH.2TUT.4LFOR EAC15ANOMALY~~NOES sACESOTSRR TLIANWHITE ANO NSGRO.3 DATA INCL.NDEDWITL3NNSPEC2FIEDANMALIES OF GSNITALORGANS (752.9).
24
TABLE 16. LIVE BIRTHS ‘dl TH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ANO RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 19T4
( BASEO ON 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS IN SELECTEO STATES ANO ON A 50-PERCENT SAMPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES: SEE TECHNICAL APPENDIX.REFERS ONLY TO BIRTHS OCCURRING HITHI N THE AREAS REPORTING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES TO RESIDENTS OF THESE AREAS.EAS, SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX, TABLE I.
FOR A LISTING OF AR-NU14BERS AFTER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ARE CATAGORY NuMBERS OF THE EIGHTH REVISION INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, bDAPTEO, 1965 (ICOAI.IN SPECIFIEO GROUP.
RATES ARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS MITH OESIGNATEO ANOMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHSUHERE THERE 1 S MORE THAN ONE DEFECT PER BIRTH WITHIN ANY GROUPING OF ICOA COOES, THE BIRTH 1S COUNTED ONLY
ONCE)
CONGENITAL ANOHALY1 ANO RACE2
LIVE BIRTHS IAITH CONGENITAL ANoliALIES————— -740-75s
liHITE-——NEGRO———
AN ENCE PHALUS—--——-———---———-——————— —740HHITE—NEGRO—
s PINA B 1 F lDA——-———-— ——-— 741WHITENEGRO-—-
HITH HYOROCEPHALUS——— —-——-741 .0
HHITENEGRO—
HITHOUT MENTION OF HYOROCEPHALUS——-——-— ——-—- 741.9HHITE-——NEGRO——
T&BLE 10. LIVE BIRTHS wITH CONGENITAL ANCMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1974--CON.
[ sEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE I
CONGENITAL ANOMALY1 AND RACE2
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF EYE--CON.
OT HER SP EC1 FI ED ANOMALIES OF E YE——--—-———--—---———-744.8!#HI TE—-——NEGRO-—--—-
UNSP EC I FI EO ANOMALIES OF E YE---------—-—-———-———---- —-----744.9UHITE———--NEGRO——-
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF EAR, FACE , AND NECK————-—--————-—745WHITE-——NE GRO-—---—
ANOMALIES OF EAR CAUSING IMPAIRMENT OF HEARING-—--——--—-——— 745.0uHr TF-—-——. .NEGRO-—-——
ACCESSORY AUR I CL E——— ——-—--------————-—-———— 745.1HH IT E-——NEGRO———
OTHER SPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF EAR————-— —-————-745. 2!#~~,E-.-_-_
NEGRO——-——UNSPEC ZF I ED ANOMALIES OF EAR———------——-—------————-—745 .3
HHITE-——-—NEGRO-—-———
BRANCHIAL CLEFT, CYST, DR FI STULA AND PREAURI CULAR SINUS—-—-——-745.4WHIT E———NEGRO——-—-—
NE BB ING 0 F N ECU----—- —--—------——---—-—--—-------———- 745.5HH IT E-—-——NEGRO--—-——
OTHER SPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF FACE AND NECK-———-————— 745.8wHITE—-—NE GRO-———
UNSPECIFIED ANoMAL lES OF FACE ANO NECK——————— —-— —--— —- T45.9tiH I TE-———NE GRO—-—--
CONGEN lTAL ANDMALIES OF HEAR T—--— ---— ———-—-- —---746u HI T E——-——NE GRO—-—--
NE GRO——-——DST IUU AT RI OVENTR ICULARE CO MWJNE--—-—---— —--—--—-—-—-746 .5
WHIT E-—----—NEGRO--—--—--
ANDt4AL I ES D F HEART VA LVES------——-—-——----— --—----—-- 746.6MHITE——--—--NE GRO-—--—
F 1 BROELASTOS 1 S CO RO 1S—-—------—————-———-———- 746.7h’HITE———————N F r.Rn --——--—
OTHER SPECIFIED ANOMALIES DF HEART—-———-———-—-——-—-746.8-------
~H* ~~--—--—
UNSPECIFIED ANOMAL lES OF HEART--——--———NE GRO--——--—
——---————- 746.9kiHITE—-——————
oTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM—--—-——-—— —-747~H~TE-—---—
NE GRO--—--PA7ENT OUCTUS ARTER IO SUS——-———---———--———- —-----747. o
W 1TE————NEGR13-————
TOT AL
5841154037
3
653560
537766
32120
1
187157
24255222
93833
3
2017
35444
64339
4
1,7961,558
134862
9791
4
3430
49687
73230
222
;;6
425316
3915T141
12953859
7C
527462
44107
89lC
NUMBSR
MALE
3019
92018
2
3T9329
264843
11010
1109511
147130
52925
2
e8
3424
61514
1
1,02Ca9e
T?
i
7266
‘
2Clf
47b?
~;
1!
4t4!
19;144
z9;
55!50(
4(
26423!
215,4,
EMALE
RATE
TOTAL
2822
62019
1
2T4.231
272921
21110
1
7T6213
10892
.%981
1293
2020
2825
3
7T6660
6133
2525
1412
24944
31515
226lTO
205949
7398359
30
261221
245345
6
2.11.83.51.41.60.1
23.324.312.4
2.72.90.70.70.90.2
6. T6.85.69.19.62.11.41.40.7
0. T0.70.71.91.91.41.51.70.9
64. C67.531.4
0.30.30.53.53.s0.5
1.21.20.53.43. E1.(1.11.?o.!0.10.1
3.(3.;1.,
15.113.;
9.15.16. I2. t
34. (37. ;16. I
18. (20. I10.:
3. (3.<2.:
MALE
2.11.64.21.41.50.9
26.327.712.0
3.33.80.5D. 70.8
7.68.05.1
lD.211.0
2.32.02.10.9
0.60.7
2.42.02.81.01.20.5
70.075.733.7
0.30.30.95.05.61.8
1.41.50.93.33.61.01.21.30.90.10.2
3.33.81.4
13. t12.3
8. E6.eT.e2.3
38.542.218.5
18. $19.8
9.23.73.71.(
FEMALE
2.12.02.91.51.70.5
20.120.612.8
2.11.91.00.80.90.5
5.65.56.2T.98.21.9O.T0.70.5
0.9D.81.41.51.8
2.12.21.4
56.858.929.0
0.20.3
1.82.2
1.01.1.1.(I3.63.V1.<,
1.11.3
.
2.62.61.4
16.815.2
9.54.34.43.3
29.132.014.3
19.120.3il.4
3.94. D2.9
SEE FOOTNOTES AT ENO OF TABLE.
26
TABLE 19. LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1974--CON.
( SEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLEI
CONGENITAL ANOUALY1 ANO RACE=
OTHER CONGEN lTAL ANOMAL lE S OF Cl RCULATORY SYSTE14--CON.
COARCTAT ION o F AORTA-——— ——. -747.1IAHIT E-——-NEGRO—
D7HER ANOMAL1 ES OF AORTA-——— 747.ilAHITE——
STENOSIS OR ATRES IA OF PULMONARY ARTERY-——
NEGRD——————7+7.:
HHITE—-NEGRD——
ANOMALIES OF GREAT VEXNS——— 747.4.——
HHITE—NEGRO-—-
A&SENCE OR HYPOPLASIA OF UMBILICAL AR7ERY—— 747. !UH17E—NEGRO———
OTHER ANOMALIES OF PERIPHERAL VASCULAR SYSTE14————————— 767.tWHITE———NEGRO——
OTHER SPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM——-—-— -747.tllHITE—NEGRO—
UNSPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTE14-- 747.5UHITE—NEGRO———
CONGENITAL ANOMAL1 ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEU- ———7+:MHITE——NEGRO——
CHO&NAL ATRES 1A--————- 748. CuH17E—NEGRO—
OTHER ANO14ALI ES OF NO SE——-——-———-- —T4B.1UHITE-NEGR~
WEB OF LARYNX—————— 740.2HHITE——-NEGRO—
OTHER ANOt4AL1 ES OF LARYNX, TRACHEA, AND BRONCHUS-———— —748.3blHITE——NEGRO—
OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT— 750HHITE-——NEGRO—--
ANO14ALI ES OF TONGUE—-————— —750.0‘dHITE——NEGR~
SEE FOOTNOTES AT ENO OF TABLE.
TOTAL
;
~;
12
2i2(
tI
35231(
3(IfIt
I
261235
;27
7:6C
1
3332
1;11
1816
9391
:3
2,6192,304
206
M74
638572
391,141
99893
620531
72277238
32
NLMER
14ALE
5
$
10t:
4i
17t157
1444
44
lze122
31016
22724
2721
55
88
4847
1
1,4971,328
11538+329
3::355
7Z
52
395341
1::166
25
I RATE
‘EUALE
,4
~7:152
11M12
134113
111311
a5166
10a
+544
133
1,122976
91456+05
34244217
16422354
41
225190
25
;;7
0. s0.6 I0.50.6
0.80.90.5
13. +T. O0.60.7
0.30.3
9.310.2
3.31.11.20.92.72.61.6 I
1.21.40.20.40.5
0.60.7
3.33.90.50.10.1
.
93.399.94S.229.931.817.322.724.8
9.140.743.321.8
22.123.016.9
9.910.3
7.5
0.60.8
0.6O.B
0.70.70.9
0.30.3
12.213.2
6.50.30.3
0.30.3
8.910.3
1.41.21.30.91.92.0
1.92.3
0.30.4
0.6o.T
3.34.00.5
103.9112.0
53.126.727.718.527.429.910.649.954.324.0
27.428. T21.713.51+. o11.5
FENALE
0.40.4
0.30.4
0.91.1
0.1
1.013.013.7
7.60.91.1
0.30.4
9.810.1
5.21.01.01.03.63.23.3
0.60.40.50.40.5
0.70.7
3.33.90.50.20.3
B2. 187.143.333.436.216.217.919.4
7.630.931.619.5
16.517.011.9
6.16.43.3
TA8LE 10. LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, OY SEX AND RACE:TOTAL CF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF COLUM81A, 1974--CON.
(SEE HEADNOTE AT 8EG1NNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY1 AND RACEZ
OTHER CONGENITAL ANDMAL IES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT--CON.
PYLOR I C STENOS 1 S---— --—-—-—-——————-— -————-750 .1ilH I TE—-——NEGRO—--——
TRACHEO-ESOP I+AGEAL F IS TULA—-——-—-—-——-— ——-750.2lAHITE--——NEGRO———
ESOPHAGEAL ATR ES IA ANO STENOSI S———----——-—--—-——- 750.3!iH I TE————NEGRO—-——
OTHER SPECIF1 EO ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT-———— 750..9UHITE-———NEGRO--———
UNSPECI FIEO ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT—-—-———- 750.9lAHITE———NEG RO-—-——
OTHER C0NGEN17AL ANOMALIES OF 01 GE5TIVE SYSTEM—----—-—-—--—--- 751WHIT F-—-——_..-~E GR@--—-_-—
MECK EL * S OIV ERT lCUL UP—---——— ----------- —————-—-—- 7 ~ ~ . (J
lAHIIE-—--—---NEGRO——
ANOIIAL [ES OF INTESTINAL FIXA710N——--—-——--——-——-—--751.1WHITE-———NEGRO——-—
HIRSCH SPRUNG~ S 01 S EAS E——————————--———- 751.2WHITE—--——NEGRO———
AT RESIA AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL C.ANA L-—--—--——-- T51.3WHIT E—-——NEGRO————
OTHER ANOUALI ES OF lNTESTINE---——--—— --—-—--—- 751.4UHITE—-——NEGRC-—————
AT RESIA OF BILIARY DUC’FS—-——— _——_--— ——— —- 751.5!#HITE—-——NEGRC—-—-———
OTHER ANOMALIES OF GALLBLADDER, BILE OUCTS, ANO LIVE R-———-—-751.6llHITE---——NEGRO———
ANOHAL I ES OF PAN CR EAS---——-—-.
—---—— — —--—-—— 751.7lAHITE—— ---
OTHER SPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF OIGESTIVE SYSIEU————— —-——-751. aWHITE—-—NEGRO-—--—
UNSPECIFIEO ANOMALIES OF OIGESTIVE SYSTEM-—————-—--——--75 I.9UHITE———NEGRO—--——
CONGEN lTAL ANOMAL 1 ES OF GEN1 TAL ORGANS-———— -————-—---7 52lAHITE-———NEGRO—————
INoET ERU I NATE SEX 3——-—--——--—-———— —-——-—-75 2.0blHITE-—---NEGRO—-—
UN OESCENDEO TEST ICLE--———--— ——————---752.1HHITE—-—-NEGRO--—————
TABLE 10. LIVE BIRTHS wITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ANO RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX ANO RACE:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUH81A, 19 T4--CON.
( SEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLEI
CONGENITAL ANOtlALYr ANO RACE 2
CONGEN lTAL ANOMALIES OF GENITAL ORGANS--CON.
PS EU OOHERUAPHRODIT ISN——————————————— 752.THHIT~—NEGR~
MHER SPECIFIED ANOt4ALIES OF GENITAL ORGANS————Z 752.8i4H1TE———NEGRO——
UNSPECIFIEO ANOF4ALIEk OF GENITAL ORGANS--——— 752.9lAHITE———NEGRO——
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF URINARY SYSTEH- ————— 753UHITE-——NEGRo——
REWCT ION OEFORMITY OF UPPER LIUB—-——————— 755.2blHITENEGRO-——
REWCT 10N OEFORM ITY OF LOHER L I HB———-——— 755.3UHITE——NEGRO
SEE FOOTNOTES AT ENO OF TABLE.
NUHBER
ITOTAL
+4
11198
8115713022
36532332
100946
%
71
6641
2:20
27232
46395
2,7T02,444
254761
4183723+
14812517
%45
1,6961,499
160
5,2313,4651,5512,130
8851,20:
50434
451389
2217230
HAL E
25522621716t
312
34322
1818
1713
23029
1
1,6121,436
1+333
25423216
6154
27:24424
1,04292497
2,7221, 81T
8071,182
51464B35933317
270230
1%11+17
FEMALE
;i
lili
51~:
[
11<971125Zf
3:2[2
121117~
222
125322
1010
16104
1,1581,008
111431
164140lB
%10
26723521
65457563
2,5091,668
74494B37155419217117
1s1159
H5B13
RATE
TOTAL
0.10.2
.4.04.21.95.65.65.2
13.014.0
7.53.64.11.42.93.11.6
2-o2.11.40.60.50.70.20.10.5
1.61..91.20.70.9
1.01.00.51.61.71.2
98.7106.0
59.50.20.30.2
14.916.1
8.0
5.35.44.0
19.320. B10.560.465.037.5
186.4150.2363.2
75.938. +
281.519.621.9
B. O
16.116.912.6
7.77.57.0
HALE
0.10.2
6.57.33.77.47.36.5
17.719.1
9.7+.95.62.33.53.72.3
3.03.22.30.80.50.50.20.10.9
2.42.70.91.21.5
1.21.10.92.12.40.5
111.9121.166.00.20.3
17.619.67.4
4.24.63.2
19.020.611.1T2.377.944.8
1S9.0153.2372.6B2.143.3299.224.928.17.8
18.719.416.29.89.67.0
FEMALE
0.10.2
0.91.1
3.T3.83.8
8.18.75.22.12.50.52.22.51.0
0.91.00.50.50.41.00.10.2
D.9O.a1.40.10.2
0.T0.9
1.2D.91.9
04.890.052.80.30.30.512.012.50.6
6.46.34.819.521. D10.047.951.329.9
183.7147.1353.669.433.1
263.314.115.38.1
13.314.29.05.45.26.2
,20
TABLE 10. Ll VE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES AND RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX ANO RACE :ToTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT DF COLUH81A, 1974--CDN.
MHER SPECIFIED ANoMALIES OF SKIN-—--—--——-——-———- 757.2HH IT E——--——NEGRO--—--—--
SPECIFIED ANOMALIES OF HAIR—--——-—— -—--—-—-—- 757.3wHITE_—__—
NEGRO——SPEC 1 F1 ED ANO14AL1 ES DF NA 1 LS--——-—-————---- ——-——--757.4
wHITE-—-—NE GRO——-—--
UNSPECIFIED ANDMALIeS OF SKIN, HAIR, ANO NAILS—-——-———-757.9HH I TE--—-—--NEGRO-—-—-—
NUMBER
TOTAL
2722
57;4T6
77438376
28
1,284985193
1511
W43410
98089073
349315271010
77743
97866
6959
T6359
3:331
2101921895B58
880653168
22
1077417
661481145
22184
90802
MALE
1916
3313262
4213311114
575442B5
T61
27223
5474a751
178158lB@B
43421
53464
41354
37352
19181
127113L450408
43034274
45295
3’552686B
77
433B1
E14ALE
862
257214
35305265
14
T09543108
85
1:12
7
433403
22171157
9
:
3432
2
4440
2
2824
2:24
21513
8379
44545
430311
94
:
62+512
3D6213
77
1511
44742
1
R ATE
TOTAL
1.01.01.2
2D.320.618.015.616.36.6
45.842.745.20.50.50.91.61.52.3
34.938.617.112.413.76.30.40.4
2.73.20.7
3.5s. 71.4
2.52.61.62.22.60.91.21.40.2
7.58.34.23.43.7s..9
31.428.339.30.10.1
3.83.24.0
23.620.934.0
0.B0.80.93.23.50.5
MALE
1.31.31.4
21.722.119.49.29.46.3
39.93T.339.20.50.50.51.91.91.4
30.041.123.512.413.38.30.60.7
3.03.50.5
3.73.9l.B
z.8S.o1.8z.63.00.91.31.50.5
8.89.56.53.53.43.7
31.228.834.2
3.12.42.3
24.622.631.4
D.5D.6
3.03.20.5
FEMALE
0.60.51.0
1.8.819.116.6;!2.323.7
6.T
51.94B. 5!il.3
D.60.41.41.41.13.3
31. T36.010.512.514.0
4.30.10.2
2.52.91.0
3.2?..61.0
2.12.11.41.92.11.01.11.3
6.17.11.93.34.0
31.527.644.70.10.2
4.54.05.7
22.419.036.6
1.11.01.93.43.70.5
SEE FODTNOTES AT END OF TABLE.
20
TABLE lB. LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ANO RATES FOR EACH ANOMALY, BY SEX ANO RACE:TOTAL CF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUH81A, 197-CON.
( SEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY1 AND RACE2
OTHER AND UN,3PECIFIE0 CONGENITAL AN014AL1ES-——— —-————75B!4HITE——NEGRO—-——
ANOMALIES OF SPL EEN—-—-----—-—-———— ——-758.0WHITE—-—NEGRO——-
ANOHAL 1 ES OF AOR ENAL GUANO-————-————-———— 758.1WHITE——NEGRO—--——
ANOHAL I ES OF TNVRO IO GLANO—-———---———— 756.214HIT E---——NEGRO——
ANOMALIES OF OTHER EN OOCRINE GLANOS--—-—-— —75a.3UHITENEGRO——
OTHER SPECIFXEO CONGENITAL ANOHALIES-——————— 758.8IAHIT E-—-——
UNSP EC I FI EO CONGENITAL ANO!lAIY-——-—-_————NEGRD—-——
TA8LE 2A. LIVE BIRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL ANoMALIES COMBINED ANO LIVE OIRTHS H17H sELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY Rbc E: 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF c0Lut40 IA, 1.773
[BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF OIRTHS IN SELECTED” STATES AND ON A SO-PERCENT SAMPLE OF 81RTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES; SEE TECHNICAL APPENDIX.REFERS oNLY TO BIRTHS OCCURRING WITH1 N THE AREAS REPORTING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES TO RESIDENTS OF THESE AREAS. NuMBERS AFTER CONGEN-ITAL ANOMALIES ARE CATEGORY NUMBERS OF THE EIGHTH REVISION INTERNATIONAL CL AS S1FICATION OF DISEASES, AOAPTEO, 1965 (l CDAI.ARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS 141TH OESIGNATEO ANCMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS IN SPECIFIEO GROUP.
RAT ES!JHERE THERE I S MORE THAN ONE OEFECT
PER BIRTH UITHIN ANY GROUPING OF ICOA COOESr THE BIRTH 1S COUNTEO ONLY ONCE. FOR COMPLETE CATEGORY TITLES, SEE TABLE 1A}
CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY ANO RACE ‘
TOTAL
ALL L 1VE BI RTHS-—----------—-----——------——-—-—LIVE BIRTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANof4ALIEs-—--CONGENITAL ANOt4ALY RATE--———-——.-
740-759—740-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELEC.TEO ANOMALIES:
ANENC EP HAL US—---——-—-—-—-——--—-—— —_,412
SPINA BIFIOA ‘dlTH HYOROCEPHALUS--——-——— —-741 .0SPINA BIFIOA HITHOU’F HYDROCE PHALUS--——-—— —-741.9CONGEN lTAL HYOROCEP HALU3——--————— —---742AN@lAL I ES OF HEAR7---—--———-———— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOMAL lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW--——-04747 -947.9ANOMAL lES OF RESPIRATORY SYS7EW———— 748.0- 748.9CLEFT PALATE [W ITHOU7 CLEFT LIPl —-- —-—-T49 .0CLEFT L 1P [H ITHOUT CLEFT PALATE )——— —749.1CLEFT PALATE !.IITH CLEFT LIP--------———-———————— -T49.2
ANoMAL lES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT--—--——T50 .B-T50. BA7RES1A ANO STEND51S OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL——-T53.3HYPOSPAD1 AS-—-----—---—-—————— ——-T52.2CLUB FOOT-——-——--—--———— ———-754.2-754.9POLYOACTYLY-—- —--—- —- ——---—--—-——-—- 755.0SYNOACTYLY—————--—----—-——-—-—-—-T55.1REOVCT ION !2EFORIS1T1ES, ALL L 1i40S—-——----755 .2-l55.4OlSL OCAT 10W OF HIP---—--—-—-—--—-——---— -755.600U N* S 01 SE AS E--—--——---—- ——————-----To 9.3
HHI TE
ALL LIVE B 1RTHS-—------———---———————--------LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGEN lTAL ANOMALIES——- 740-T59CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE-—-—-—-—————--7 +O-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SE LECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS——-——------—-——— —-——---740SP[NA BIFIOA liITH HYOROCEPHALUS——-----—-———-741.OSPINA 81 FIDA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS——-—————— -741.9CONGEW lTAL HYDROCEP HALU S——----—---————----- 742ANCUAL lES OF HEART--—-— -——-——746.0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF C lRCULATORY S YSTEIS--—-—--747. 0-747.9ANOMAL lES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--————7748 O-748.9CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT CLEFT LIP1-—-——---—-—-749.0CLEFT L 1P (WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE l—-——— ——-749. 1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP—---—-—--——-———— -T49.2
ANoMALI ES OF UPPER AL1MEN7ARY TRACT- ——-—750.1-750.8
ATRES 1A ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL——-751.3MYPOSPAO1 AS--—-—--—--——--——--— —T52.2CLUBFOOT —--—-—-—-——- ———-—754.0-754.9PM. YOACTYLY--—-—-—-----——--—--- —-755.0SYNOACTYLY—— --—-—————-—— —-755.1RELMJCTIDN OEFORMIT1 ES, ALL LIMB s——-—--——755.2-755.4OISLOCAT ION OF H lP--—---—---——-—- ——-755.600WN ~S OI SE AS E------------—----——— ———-759. 3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE BI RTHS-----—--——-——-—————————LIVE 131RTHS W17H CDNGEN17AL ANOM4L1ES——-—--74 +759CONGENITAL ANOUAL Y RATE -—-———-—-——-——T40 -759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS——--———-——-——-—-— —---T+oSPINA BXFIOA lilTH HYOROCEPHALUS— ----—---——-741 .0SPINA B1 FIOA !417WJT HYOROCEPHALU3-—-—--——— -741.9CONGEN lTAL HYDROC EP HALUS—--————---- —-—-------T42ANOMALIES OF HEART--—-——-——--——746. O-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEH-——— T47. o-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-———-——74 B.9-74B.9CLEFT PALATE IwITHOUT CLEFT L lPl ——---——- T49. OCLEF7 L 1P 1131THOU7 CLEFT PALATE)-——--———- 749.1CLEFT PALATE !JITH CLEFT LIP—----———-—-——- T49.2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY 7RAC7--— ——---750.1-750.8
ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL-—--- 751.3HYPoSPAOIAS-—-—-—--———————-——- 752.2CLU8FOOT-—-—-----——-——————-——754.O-754.9POLYOACTYLY ——--—-———--—-—--—-———-755 .0SYNOAC7YLY————--—---—--—-—--—-— 755.1REWCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMB S——— —755.2-T55.40 ML OCATION OF H 1P—-—--—----— ----————-755 .6DDHN*s DIs EAs*-———-——-- -——759.3
TOTAL I
2,7 T8,091 123, o52
029.8
594233935450
1,607498317798695
1,112
341463
1,6992,7782,:;;
624414
1,053
2,277,70519,160
841.5
528217B49379
1,481426271733636999
322423
1,5552,430
923514538370950
I431,263
3,205743.2
49126959
1245540464170
1331
122279
1,26947752267
ALA.
58,486285
407. ?
:121214
224
12B
4e
::4910
62
18
37,979173
+55.5
64
10
1:2
4la
B
24
1420
9B42
16
20,308112
551.5
244
2
2
24B
1240
22
2
ALAsKh
6, 60C62
939.4
2262
2
26a
4
2
4, 5D936
79B. 4
2
42
26
2282
877.2
2
ARIZ.
37,885356
939.6
246
H10
4
::a
4
1:4628
46
1610
31,860266
334.9
244
1220
84B86
46
L63818
4
:6
1,62412
73B. 9
2
4
2
ARK.
33,567231
608.2
:84
1882
:12
104
::34
62
8
24,951171
605.3
462
1662
:10
104
:2462
6
8,49660
706.2
2
2222
2
24
30
2
CAL IF.
297,9692,530849.1
78
1:236
198100
325860
120
34
2%250230
in38
154
253,1932,1T6859.4
6B12q434
17682285454
112
2s48
188220130
6096
l%
29,827268
898.5
4
B
18144242
42
142094
12
12
38,:;:
1,017.0
5
9
2?14
3
J2T
810225727
1;
2:
36,171374
1 ,034. D
5
93
2714
3
1;27
810225419
810
1:
1,65816
965.0
38
1
1
37,506264
70?1.9
17
10T
194
11129
6
R272
12
1:
33,G40234
70N.2
17
107194
1:9
6
192213
J
J
4,0583D
739.3
2
214
2
2
32
TABLE 2A. LIVE BIRTHS ANO CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL At#2FEALIES COMBINEO ANO LIVE BIRTHS M17H SELECTEO CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF CDL UMBIA, 1973--CON.
( sEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE]
CONGENITAL ANOMALY AND RACE1
ToTAL
ALL LIVE BIRTHS———-—— ——-
LIVE BIRTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES-———— —-740-759CONGENITAL ANOHALY RATE--————-——— ‘140-755
LIVE BIRTHS !41TH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS——--.--————— —T+cSPINA BIFIDA HITH HYOROCEPHALU~ ———741 .CSPINA BIFIDA H17HOUT HYDROCEPHALUS— 741. sCONGENITAL HYOROC EPHALUS--—— ——742ANOMALIES OF HEART— —...— T46. O-766.5MHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEIF— —747. o-747.~ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATCSIY SYSTEN_——— 768.0-743.9CLEFT PALATE [wITHoUT CLEFT LIP1 —— 749. cCLEFT LIP II+ ITHOUT CLEFT PALATE)—- —749 .1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP—-———— --749.2
ANOHALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT—— 750.1 -750. ZATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL— T51.2HYPOSPAOIAS— —-———— ——752.2CLUBFOOT-————-———- 754.0-754.%POLY DACTYL Y—-———-——— —-——755.0SYNOACTYLY—-———-—— 755.1REDUCT ION DEFORMIT1 ES, ALL L lMBS —-———755. 2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP——-—-———— —-—755.6OWN, S 01 SE AS E-—-—————-- 759.2
SPINA BIFIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS—-—-———— -—__-T41. o
SPINA 01 F1OA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS——-—------ 741. gCONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS———— 742ANOMALIES OF HEART-———-—— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOI!AL IES OF C IRCULA70RY SYSTEN-—-—————— 747.0-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY sYs7EN——— 74 B.o-74S.9CLEFT PALATE 0J!17HOUT CLEFT LIP) ————T49. oCLEFT LIP [WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE l--— 749.1CLEF7 PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP—— ---749.2
ANfflALIES OF UPPER AL I14ENTARY TRACT——— 750.1 -750.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO AHAL CANAL —-—751.3HYPOSPAOI A3-——— —752.2CLUB FOOT-— --————-——c 754.0-754.9POLYOACTYLY—-———-———————— ——T55.oSYNOACTYLY-—-—- ——-- 755.1REDUCT ION 0EFOR141TIES, ALL L lHBS-- 755.2-755.4OISLOCAT ION OF HI P--———-——--- -—755.6OWNW OISEAS%-—-——-—- —759.3
NEGRO
ALL L lVE BIRTHS-—--—-—-—-——————-LIVE B lRTHS k!ITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES———— 740-759CO+AGENIT AL ANOMALY RA7E———————— --740-759
LIVE BIRTHS !41TH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
.---- -----SPINA B1F1OA U17H HYOROCEPHALU~—— 741.0SPINA 61 FIOA 141THOUT HYOROCEPHALUS—————————— 741.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS—-——-- -—742ANOMAL 1 ES OF HEART-— 746.0- 746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTE*—--——O4747-947.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEN--—-- —748.0-748.9CLEFT PALATE (IA ITKNJT CLEF7 LIPI -749.0CLEFT LIP (WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE I--—— ——749 .1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LXP- —749.2
ANOHAL I ES OF UPPER AL lHENTARY 7RACT— 750.1 -750.8ATRES 1A ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL——————— T51.3HYPoSPAOI A3—-——— T52.2CLUBFOdT————— —754. 0-75%9POLYOACTYLY—-—-———----— —————T5S .0SYNOACTYLY —--———--—— 755.1REDUCT ION DEFORMITf ES, ALL LIf4BS——————— 755.2-755.4OISLOCAT 10N OF HIP———-——————————— -755.6DCWNt S 01 SEASE-—--—-——— ---759.3
l,I~~M INCLUDES RACES OTEESR TRAN WRITE ~ N=M .
=T=
8,23530
364.3
2
2
26B
6,45020
310.1
2
2
62
1,68510
593.5
2
6
10,.30?6:
573.s
2
i2
2
4
?2
1:
d2
1,408s
56B.2
-
2
2
9, 24T52
562.3
2
22
2
2
222
16
22
FLA.
107. 30iS71
S1l. i
11152711141!1426lt4;
11
::102lot
1:12172t
T9,2426BI
859.4
1:251062
::23163.5
9
3;933512101326
27,160186
684. S
3121
11233
4
;69
711342
CA.
.. !
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.-.
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
..-
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
4A!AAI 1
15,36t11[
715.<
i
2z
1244
1
1:44
44
4,2912E
652.5
2
42
2
2
2
22
302
IOAHO
14,53?108
742 .!
:2
:4
1:
zz
1:42242
14,166104
734.2
22244
1:
22
1;4
242
442
,,545.5
ILL.
168,0211,55?924.2
4e1[5C318?1411643367
12
lx205205
52283671
!28,2871,233961.1
421042297010
5:
%
::114177
7140243271
36,885306
829.6
6
B
1;4
:5B
2
16
1::10
246
INO.
.. .
. . .
. . .
.. .
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. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
.. .
.. .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.. .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
.. .
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. . .
.. .
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. . .
. . .
.. .
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.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
7A6LE 2A. LIVE BIRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANONALY RATES FOR ALL AWJMALIES COFIBIMED AND LIVE BIRTHS 141TH SELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE : 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 197+-CON.
{ SEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY ANO RACE1 I
TOTAL
ALL L lVE B1RTHS------—-——---—-—-—-——-—-——-——L lVE BIRTHS MITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES--—--———---74 O-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY R ATE--—-—---——— -—-—--T40-759
LIVE BIRTHS UITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS—-—---—-—-—---———---——-——-—-7@3SPINA BIFIDA UITH HYOROCEPHA LUS-——-—————— —--T41 .0SPINA BIFIDA II ITNOUT HYDROCEPHALU3—---——---------7+1.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEP HA LUS————---———— ———,q~
ANOMALIES OF HE ART-—---——.---—------——746. 0-746.907 HER ANOMAL r ES 0 F c tRCULArORY sYs7EM---—--——- 747. 0-747.9ANOMAL lES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEH--—---———-798 .O-T48.9CLEFT PALATE (H ITHOUT CLEFT LIPI ———-———---749 .0CLEFT L 1P [H ITF22uT CLEF7 PA LATE )-————————---749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP-—--——-—— ——749 .2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL IMENTARY TRACT—-— —750.1-750. BATRES IA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL —--751.3HYPOSPAOI AS-—-———-—--—--————- —-------752 .2CL UBFOOT———--——---———- —-—————- 754.0 -754.9POLYDACTYLY-—----——---————————----755.OSYNDACTYLY——-—-__--——--———_————__ --755.1REOUCT ION OEFORMITI ES, ALL L 1M8s----—--———755. 2-755.401 SL OCAT ION OF HIP—-———-—--————--—-— 755.6DOWN, S 01 SEAS E—-----———--———-———————— T59.LI
WHITE
ALL L 1V E S1 RTHS—--—-———--——-——— —-——--LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGEN lTAL ANOUALIES---———---74 O-759CONGEN ZT AL ANOMALY RATE———--—-— ----—-——74 o-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS-——--——--—————— ——— —-— —--740SPINA BIF1OA lllTH HYOROCEPHALUS-—--—--————--741.OSPINA 81 FIOA II ITHOU1 HYOROCEPHALUS—-—-—- —-—-—74 1.9CONGENITAL HVOROCEPHALUS— ——— ——-— ----- 742ANOMAL 1 ES OF HEART-——— ——-——--——--746 .0-746.9OTHER ANOMbLIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM--——-- 747.0-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEF4--———-———-798 .O-748.9CLEFT PALATE {wITHoUT CLEFT L1 Pl---—-—-—-— —----749 .0CLEFT LIP lWITHDUT CLEF7 PALATE)—- ———--749 .1CLEFT PALATE HITH CLEFT LIP--—-— —-—— 749.2
ANOMAL [ES OF UPPER #.L lMENTARY TRACT-—— 750.1 -750.8ATRES IA ANO s7ENos1s OF RECTUU ANO ANAL CANAL- —-—751.3HYPOSPAO 1 AS—-—-——--—-— ————-— ___752.2
CLUBFOOT— ---—-—-_—-__-——--—- 754. o-754.gPOL Y OACTYL Y—--—-—---——---——--—————? 55.0svioic?yiiL—-—-_ --—-—-— ------ ——755. 1REWCTl ON DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMBS- —-—----—75 5.2-755. kOISLOCATION OF HIP--——---—-----— —-——----755 .60 01(N* S 01 S EAcE--——-—-—----—-———-- —--759.3
ALL LIVE BIRTHS-——-——-———-——-—-——-—-——LIVE BIRTHS wITH CONGEN lTAL ANOMALIES—-———-- 740-759CONGEN lTAL ANOMAL V RAT E--———--—-—--—-- 740-759
L1vE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS———--—---—————--—--- —-—-—740SPINA BI FIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS-——— —-——--74 ~ .0
SPINA BIFIOA WITliOUT HYOROCEPHALUS---——-———--——74l_9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHA LU3-————— —-—-———7 42ANOMALIES OF H EART------———---——————————— 746.0- 746.9OTHER ANOMAL lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTE14-——---T747 O-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SVSTE14—— ————74&Q.749.9
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL IMENTARV TRACT———— ——--750.1-750.8ATRES IA ANO S7ENOS1 S OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL———----751.3HYPOSPAD1 AS-——---—--———--—-—-—— ——752 .2CLUBFOOT--— _-——_---—-----_-— -—754. 0-754.9POLVOACTVLY---—-----———---———-—-—— 755.0SYNOACTVLY-——--—————---——-—---—————————— ——755.1REOUCT ION 0EFORM171ES, ALL LIMO S-——-——---—755 .2-755.4O ISL OCAT IoN OF HIP—-—————— —------ ——----T55.6OCWN~S DI SE AS E-—-—----—--—---—_—-———-------------,5~ .3
111~.1.fi!l ~~ooEs ~CES O~R _ ~~~ AND ~GRO<
IoWA
39, ;3
1,296.9
121014
84612
2:2+26
12
2:631514101420
37, B29490
1,295.3
12
2:631114
1:20
89312
1,343.8
2
KANS.
32,120158
491.9
7266446
1:5
429
13131812
29,314133
453.7
7
464
‘f2125
427
137
B1
2,30621
910.7
2
22
2
2
61
KY. Lh. MA lNE MD.
I
53,352 66,419320 347
599.8 522.4
12 124
2$ 141240 2:6
2: 1:6 6
16 12
4 102 1218 3234 2B18 568 11
12 12
1: 2:
40,379 40,131286 262
591.2 652.9
12 122
20 1:1238 2;b2
20 164
1: 8
4 102 1216 2a30 2210 20B a
12 126 6
10 22
4,72232
677.7
2
2
240
4
26, 0:;
319.0
2444
2
22
46
363
2
15,661135
a62. o
533
1:2173a
:
1!52B5
11
15,439132
855.0
;33
132
+3a
:
1!5275
11
731
1,369.9
1
53,694335
623.9
1441466
13
Ela
2:426a
;;6
10
39,536209
52a.6
12414462a
141212
2222aa
1266a
13,209112
847.9
2
2
42
4
66
::2A
HASS.
72,:;;
911.5
101024
:8
!:2222
67,0al624
930.2
49
52703122173244
42
Pll CH.
140,7921,402995.8
43a
5421az201146426a
21
1::16920139302a50
11.3,9191,091957. T
36a
4719731610404060
219
991415336202445
25,741300
1,165.5
6
72a4
:27
;1227
1473
1044
3A
‘rim,s 7.. I TVF RIRTHS mm CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL AKIMALIES COMBINED ANO LIVE BIRTHS uITH SELECTED CONGENITAL,-. . . --- ---- . . . . . -----------— --ANOWAL [ES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUtl BIA, 1973 -CCN.
{ sEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TA8LEI
CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY AND RACE1
TOTAL
ALL LIVE B 1 RTHS--——-——-———LIVE BIRTHS h’lTH CONGENITAL ANoNALIE>—-- ——-.740_T59
CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE—-- 740-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS———-————— -—740SPINA BIFIOA HITH HYDROCEPHALUS——— ——--741.0SPINA BIFIOA IAITHOUT HYDROCEPHALUS—-———— 7+1.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS—— 742ANOHAL I ES OF HEART——-————— —7+6.0-746.9OTHER ANOHAL IES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW- 7+7.0 -747.9ANOHAL I ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEk———— —740.0-740.9CLEFT PALATE (tAITHOUT CLEFT LIP) ——--— 749.0CLEFT LIP I!41THOUT CLEFT PALATE I———— 749.1CLEFT PALATE IAITH CLEFT LIP- ——--749 .2
ANOHALI ES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT——— 750.1 -750.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL -——751.3HYPOSPAOIAS——— ——— —752.2c LUBFO07———--—--——————— —754.0-754.9POLYOACTYLY——-————-—-—— —755 .0SYNOAC7YLY-———-————— 755.1REOUCTIOU 0EFORN171ES, ALL L 1M8S--———- —755.2-755. +0 lSLOCAT ION OF HIP—-—-————— 755.600!4N* S OISEAS%—-- -759.3
WHITE
ALL LIVE BIRTHS— —-——-——
LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES——--- 7+0-759cONGEN ITAL ANOMALY RATE-—- —--740-759
LIVE SIRTHS wITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS———-—-————- —740SPINA 81 FIOA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS— ——————7+1 .0SPINA BI FIOA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALU>—-- —-—---T4 1.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS——— T42ANOUAL 1 ES OF HEART-—-———— —-----746 .0-746.9OTHER ANONALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM-—— ——747.0-747.9ANO14ALI ES OF RESP IRATCRY SYSTEN——— 740.0-748.9CLEFT PALA7E IHITHOUT CLEFT LIPl- 7+9 .0CLEFT LIP IHITHOUT CLEFT PALATE l——-—-- 749.1CLEFT PALATE UITH CLEF7 LIP——— 749.2
ANOMAL 1 ES OF UPPER AL IU EtATARY TRACT—— —750.1-750.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL— —751.3HYPOSPAOI AS——--——-——— 752.2CLUB F007—-—-—-——-— 754.0-734.9POLYOACTYLY—— —-—————-——— 755.0SYNOACTYLY—-——————— —755. 1REWCTILVA OEFORNITIES, ALL LINBS--— —755.2-755.4O1SLOCATION OF HIP——— ———— ——755.6OWIN, S 01 SE ASE————-— ——759 .3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE BIRTH3————LIvE BIRTHS UITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ——740-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RA7E———- —--740-7 59
LIVE BIRTHS IAITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS——-——-——--————— —740SPINA BIFIOA WITH HYOROCEPNALUS—--- --741.0SPINA BIFIOA UIT143UT HYOROCEPHALUS——-—- T41.9CONGEN 17AL HYDROC EP HA LUS—————— 7+2ANOMALIES OF HEART———- --—7+6.0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEN——— —747.0-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM———— 748.0-748.9CLEFT PALATE (IA ITNOUT CLEFT L1 P)--—— -7+9.0CLEFT LIP !NITHOU7 CLEFT PALATE)—- —7+9 .1CLEFT PALATE HITH CLEFT LIP————— ——7+9 .2
AtS3NALIES OF UPPER AL11SEN7ARY TRACT—-—— —750.1-750.8ATRES 1A ANO S7ENOSIS OF RECTUM A NO ANAL CANAL—-— 751.3HYPOSPAOI AS ——— —752.2CLUBFOOT—-— — —75+.0-75+.9POLYOkCTYLY-——-———-— -—755 .0SYNOACTYLY——-——-———— 755.1REOUCTION OEFORNITIES, ALL LI!IB3 753.2-755. +01 SLOCATICt4 OF HIP-——---— ———755.6OUdN” S OISEASE—-——— ——759 .3
lrl~~ll ~~~Es ~c2s o~~ ~N mIm ~Jj ~M.
UINN.
53,7425B2
1,083.0
162
2016362610223224
14a
4a582226121240
51,675542
1,048.9
162
20
&248
203224
126
4854
:212
E
%618
1,902.7
4
;
4
2
!41ss.
+4, 582317
711.0
2
1:B
22
46
1214
64
323258
1:28
23,161193
833.3
4a418
428
12
64242284626
21,109124
587.4
2
644
442
1:5026
2
Ho.
68,874666
967.0
129
2612+815
E1330
9135B7769
::
E
57,314513
895.1
128
241141.5
:!1324
1:5070151519
::
11,023144
1,306.4
11
i733
2
13
:532324
MONT.
11,3B3110
966.4
6
1:
4
1010
482
204
4
10,18992
902.9
426
4
810
28
1:4
4
682
2,941.2
NEBR.
22, B25288
1,261. S!
6
6
3:
1:101220
66
22362246
12
21,369270
1,263.5
6
64
36
1:101020
66
2236L446
12
1,06916
L,496.7
2
2
8
NEV.
8,59874
860.7
2
2
6+
242
1:12
:
2
7,19252
723.0
2
2
62
242
10222
1,01218
1,778. T
22
10
2
N.H.
3
:2
1732455
32421732455
4414
622
3,225.8
2
.
26
TABLE 2A. LIVE BIRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY R&TES FOR ALL ANOMALIES COME INED AND LIVE BIRTHS tAITH SELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE : 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF CDLUMBIA, 1973-CON.
[ SEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TA3.LE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY ANO RACE 1
TOTAL
ALL LIVE 8 I RTHS--—-------— -----—-----— —---——---
LIVE BIRTHS ‘dlTH CONGEN lTAL ANOMALIES--—-———--7 +O-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RA7E—— ————------———--740-759
LIvE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS--- —-----—-——-----—-—-- ——----740SPINA B1F1OA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS---——-—— —-—741.0SPINA 81 F1OA WlTHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS—--—---— ——-7+1 .9CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHA LUS-———-— —-————742ANo!4 AL 15S Ofi HE fiRT-—--—----——-————-74b. O-746.9OTHER ANOUAL IES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM--—--—--747. o-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--——-—— 748.0-748.9CLEFT PALATE (WITHOUT CLEFT LI Pl——-—-—--— ——-749 .0CLEFT LIP IIAITHOUT CLEFT PALATE l-——-————-- 749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP--——-—--—--- ———749 .2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRPCT-—-—-——750 .8-75O.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL-———-751.3HY POS PAOI AS—--—---—-——-— ——--———-——-752 .2CL UBFOOT——----——-—------——-—-——754. 0-754.9POLYOACTYLY-—-----—-- ------------------ 755.0SYNDAC7YL Y-—--—-------— ——-—-— ——— -- 755.1REOUCT ION DEFORMITIES, ALL L lMBS—-———-——755 .2-755.4O ISLOCAT 10N OF HI ?--—--—-------—--—-——— —----755.60011N* S 01 SE AS E—--—————-———-—— ———759 .3
WHITE
ALL LIVE B1 R7HS---------—-———-—-—-———-----—--LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIE~-————759-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE-——- --——--740-7 59
LIVE BIR7HS WITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
ANENCE PHAL US-——--——-—---—-—-— —------740SPINA BIF1D4 WITH HYOROCEPHALUS———-——— —--741.0SPINA 81 FIOA IA17HOU7 HYOROCEPHALUS-———---— -—---741 .9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS--—---————-—— 742ANOUAL 1 ES O F HEART-—-—-—---——-—-—-746. 0-746.9OTHER ANOHAL lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW--——— 747.0-747.9ANOFiAL 1 ES OF RESP lRATORY SYSTEH-———-—— 748.0-740.9CLEFT PALATE (wITHOUT CLEFT LX P) —--—-—--——--—749. OCLEFT LIP (W lTHOUT CLEFT PALATE l————— -749.1CLEFT PALATE IAITH CLEVT LIF-—--————— —-—749 .2
ANOUALIES OF UPPER AL IUENTARY 7RbCT—--—--7750 l-75O.8ATRESIA ANO S7ENOS1 S UF REC’fUH ANO ANAL CANAL—-——--751.3HYPOSPAOIAS——---—-———--—-——-—-—————— —752.2CLUBFOOT— ——--—-———-—--——- 754.0- 754.9POLYDAC7YLY—-—--—-———-———--———— 75!s.0SYNDACTYLY— —-————-—--————— 755.1REWCTION DEF0R!1171ES, ALL LIUBS— ——-——----755 .2-755.4OISLOCATION OF HIP-—— ---—-—-——-—--——755 .6DOWN* S D1 SE ASE-----——— --__-—--—— ——759 .3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE BIRTHS -—--—--—-—--—-———-——--LIVE BIRTHS liITH CONGENITAL ANOMALI ES--—- —-—--74 o-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RAT E-————-——-— —740-159
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED ANOHALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS—--—---—-—-—————— --—740SPINA B1F1OA WITH HYOROCEPHALU3--——--——— —---741.0SPINA BIFIOA UITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS-————— 741.9CONGENITAL HVOROCEPHALU ~--—--—-—— 742ANOMALIES OF HE AR?-—-——-————-—------- 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOMALIES DF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW—— —--747. o-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEt4——--——— 74& O-74B .9CLEFT PALATE (II ITHOUT CLEFT Ll P)--— ——-—-———749 .0
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT————— 750.1 -750.8
ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL——— --751.3HYPOS PAOI AS-—-—-—---— —-—————— —--752 .2CLUBFOOT——-----—-—--——— -———--754.0-754.9POLYOACTYLY-—--—. -—-— —-—--— ——-—--755.0SYNOACTYLY——-—--—----—----—-——— 755.1REDUCTION DEFDRMITI ES, ALL L IMBS——-———————o IsLOCAT 10N OF HIP-—--—
755.2-755.4--—--———— -—--755 .6
00UN*S OISEASE-— -———-—— —--———759.3
18*mT~u ~~*~~ ~~~s ~~~ - ~~~ ~~ ~~~ -
N.J.
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
.. .
.. .
.. .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. ..
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
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. . .
.. .
.. .
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.. .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
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. . .
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. . .
. . .
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. . .
.. .
. . .
.. .
.. .
. . .
. ..
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
.. .
. . .
N. ME>
2D,841241
1,156.4
4
66
4B4642
13
.s6
1911
2186
17,460163
933.6
4
64
28264
1:
46
17721
2
4662
429.2
N.Y.
238,4711,866782.5
10
In254259
37521996
18;;%;;
765.5
461872276637204a51BO
44, g
881.4
42
1;6‘9
34
11
11137
16857
8
N.C.
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. ..
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
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.. .
. . .
. . .
.. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. ..
. . .
. ..
.. .
. ..
. . ... . ... .
N. OAK.
9,702100
1,030.7
22
10
8,96198
1,093.6
626
:1020
610
10
104
oH1O
160,5881,743
1 ,085.4
421+7036
116362366
z
3338
162242118
50603070
13;:;:;
1,146.7
3814
E116
3223
z72
3338
156228
74ii523070
4
4
4
422
1:42
68
OKLA.
40,778195
4T12.2
42
102
144856B
49
16201814
64
16
33,::;
482.7
4282848448
4
1:141410
64
12
4,01:
199.3
2
22
36
TABLE 2A. LIVE BIRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL ANOMALIES COMBINED AND LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF COLUNBIA, 1975--Cffl.
( sEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY ANO RACE 1
TOTAL
ALL LIVE BIRTHS————-—— ——.-—.
LIVE BIRTHS HITH CONGEN lTAL ANOMALIES————--74D-755CONGENITAL ANOtlALY RATE————— 740-755—-————. —
LIVE BIRTHS wITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS—-——————————————————— ——-—T4<SPINA BIFIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS--———-—-- 741.CSPINA BIFIOA IAITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS—————— ———741 .!CONGENITAL HYCROCEPHALUS————— —74iANOMAL 1 ES OF HEART———-—-———— 746.0 -7+6.<OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEIS————— 747. D-747.!ANOMALIES GF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM ——748. 0-748.5CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT CLEFT LIP I —————749 .{CLEFT L 1P CUITHOUT CLEFT PALATE l-— —749. )CLEF7 PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP———— -—-—-——---749 . z
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL lMENTARY TRACT——————— 750.1 -T50. fATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL—-————— 751. ?HY POS PAOI AS-—--—--———-- ——752.2CLUBFOOT —-——-——-—-—-—-— 754. 0-7s4. 5POLYOACTYLY-———----——---—————————— 755.CsYNoAc7vLY——-— _- —--—-— __— T55. IREDUCT 10N DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMBS——-—————— T55.2-755.401 SLOCA710N OF HIP-—-—— —.——-—— -T55. {00dN~ S OISEASE-———-———— 759. ?
WHITE
ALL LIvE 61 RTHS——-—--———LIVE BIRTHS MITH CON GEM ITAL ANOf4ALIES— T40-759CCNGEN IT AL ANOMALY RATE————— —-740-75s
LIvE BIRTHS HITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALU S———————————— 740SPINA BIFIOA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS——— —741.oSPINA BI FIDA WITHOUT HYDROCEPHALUS—-————————————CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS——-
741.9T42
ANOMALIES OF HE ART-————-—-- T4b. 13- T46. %OTHER ANOMAL [ES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEH-——————— T4T. O-T4T. sANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTE~—-— 748.0 -748. sCLEFT PALATE IWITHOUT CLEF7 LIPl-—— ———---749 . cCLEFT LIP (bllTHOUT CLEFT PALATE)-—— ———749 .1CLEFT PALATE wITH CLEFT LIP——--—— --749.2
ANoMALIES OF uPPER AL114ENTARY 7RACT—— 750.1 -750.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL T51.3HYPOSPADI AS— --—-——-——————— T52 .2CLU8 FOOT——-—----—-—-——-——-— 754.0 -754.9POLYOACTYLY-—-—-——-——————- 755.0SYNOACTYLY--_—-————————_—————— 755.1REDuCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LIHBS- ————755 .2-T55. JIO ISLOCAT ION OF HIP---— ——- 755.6OCASN*S OISEAS%-—-—————-— -T59.3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE BIRTHS———-——-———————-LIvE BIRTHS wITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES— ——-- 740-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE-——— ——-—--740-T59
LIvE BIRTHS HITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
ANENCE PHAL US—-—-——————————— ——740SPINA BIFIOA wITH HYOROCEPHALUS ——————T41. OSPINA BIFIDA HITFKMJ7 HYOROCEPHALUS—————— T41.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS-——-———— —7+2ANOHAL I ES OF HE ART——-————-— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYS7EM--—— 747.0 -747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEN-——— ——74B. O-T4B.9CLEFT PALATE IIEITH3UT CLEFT LI Pl— --749. DCLEFT LIP [WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE)-—— --749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP—---———— -—---749 .2
ANoMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT——— -750.1 -T50.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL——————— -751.3HYPoSPAD1 AS—-———— ——-752 .2CLUBFOOT-—-—-—-——- —754.0-754.9POLYOACTYLY-————-——-— ——755.0SYNOACTYLY—--——-—— 755.1REOUCTI~ DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMBS— —755 .2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP-——— —— —755.6OWN, S DISEASE--——-————------ —759.3
OREG.
30,8+5304
985.6
62
12
It122
12142D
2
2:3816124412
29,3712B0
953.3
62
12
16102
121416
22
2434161044B
6144
651.5
2
2
PA.
152,7411,212T93.5
3414
%681210533B63
M3092
17311222302130
132,4971,02s775.9
301261
H
J513855
L42s
1;:462228
::
19,35316S
86a. 1
422624
2
k
22
2264
2
2
R.I.
12,29190
T32 .2
61+1642555
1
1:47
:24
11,4;;
743.9
6
:
i+2555
12
1145
$24
6644
602.4
1
2
S.c.
4T, 125298
632.4
124
206
206
1:2
18
+
1:346+26*6
2S,332192
6T7.7
12
2%
1:6
1:2
16
2+
::62446
18,523106
572.3
2
28
2
2
5;
2
S. OAK
10,681129
1,207.8
4
42
12328s
10
26s148
6
4
9,191113
1,229.5
4
4261286s
26
1:6
6
4
59
TENN.
6+,135388
605.0
1:2B8
188
101016
6a
26604214142
14
49,809334
67o.6
81224
1:s
101016
68
2654281210
1:
14,03254
384.8
4
1;
4
TEX.
209,9551,226583.9
x5s38
11612
;:+086
2s305+
14s108302+245s
176,3181,028583.0
3+285234
1021220443474
282652
1264224242452
32,:::
501.5
2
64
10
44
1;
42
206+6
6
27
TABLE 2A. LIVE B lRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FnR Al 1 ANnMA1 1 GC rniInlNm AN” 8 TV. .*. TLI. ur’ru .+E’ECTED COMGEN~TA~---- . ... ..- ---------- . .. . . .. ..,. ,,,. ... ,, .ANOMALIES, BY IIACE: 46 =EPORTiiG” :iATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973--CON.
( SEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TAOLEl
CONGENITAL ANOMALY ANO RACE]
TOTAL
ALL LIVE 8 I RTHS-—-------—---—------———---—--------LIVE BIRTHS Ii lTH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES-----——-- 740-759CDNGEN It AL ANOMALY RATE-—-——--——-------——--74o-759
LIVE BIRTHS !41TH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENcEpHAL uS—---—--—-----—---—-——--—————---740SPINA BIFIOA tEITH HYOROCEPHALUS———--———-——----74I.OSPINA 81 FIDA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS———— -—--741 .9CONGEN lTAL HVOROCEPHALUS---—---—-—-—————-—-—--7GZANOUAL I ES D F HEART-—--—---—-----———— -746.0- 746.9OTHER ANOUALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYS7EM———--747. G-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM———---—-—-798 .0-748.9CLEFT PALATE (U ITHOUT CLEFT L1 PI————--——-—---749. oCLEFT LIP (h’lTHOUT CLEFT PALATE l-——-—-——--CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP-—--——--—------
749.1——--749 .~
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL U4ENTARY TRACT-—————7750 I-750. OATRESIA AND 57 ENOSIs OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL--——----7Sl.3HYPOSPAOIAS—---—--——-——————-—— -—752. 2CLUB FOOT —-——--—--——-—-— —-———------754. 0-754.9POLY DACTYL Y—-—-----——----- ———--—————— ---755.0syNoAcTyL Y——-——-—--—----—--———-—-—----755 .1REOUCT KIN OEFORHITIES, ALL LIMB S——---—-—---755 .2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP——————--—--——--—-————-755 .6octiN, s or sEAs E---—--—-—-—---——.—— -—-—-——----759.3
WHITE
ALL LIVE 81 RTHS -------- — -------------
LIVE BIRTHS WITH CDNGEN ITAL ANOMALIES—--————74 O-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RAT E-—-—-——-------—-—-- 74o-759
LIVE BIRTHS klITH sELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS———--—--——-————-—-- ——---740SPINA B1F1OA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS-——-———— ——741.0S P lNA BI FIDA U ITHOUT HYTJROCEPHALUS——-——--—----T41. 9CONGENITAL HYOROC EP HALUS—-—---—---——————-—--742ANOMAL 1 ES OF HE ART--—-—-—---—--————---746. 0-74.5.907 HER ANOFEALI ES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM--—--- 747.0 -?47.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM—---—----——-94 13. O-74G.9CLEFT PALATE IWITHOU7 CLEFT LI P)--——-—-—--- 749.0CLEFT LIP [H ITHDUT CLEFT PALATE )--—--———-- 749.1CLEFT PAL ATE UITH CLEFT L I P—-----—--—-—-— --749.2
ANOUAL lES OF uPPER ALIMENTARY TRAC7---------— 750.1 -750.8ATRES 1A ANO STENOS1 S OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL——----?~I+3HYPOS PAO I AS-———-— —— ___________
CLUB FDOT——---------——--- ———--—-—---TS+. O-T~I ~P OLYDA COYLY-—-————--——---—— -—————---------
i55.0
SYNDAC7YL Y-----—---———--—-—--—---—-—-—————— 55.1REDUCT ION OEFORHITIES, ALL L lMBs-——--—-—-—755. 2-755.40 lSLOCAT 10N DF HIP---—-—---—--—--—- ‘—--755.6DOH N~S OI SEAS S----——--—----———-—-- ——-—T59 .3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE B 1RTHS-—---—-—-—-——-—————---------LIVE BIRTHS U It H CONGEN lTAL ANOMAL 1 E s—-—----—_--74o-759CWGEN lTAL ANOUALY RATE—---—-----—-—--—__ 7+ O-7~9
LIVE BIRTHS HITH SE LECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENC EPHAL US—-----—-—-------—-—————-—-—----.----T4OSPINA 81 FIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS--- —————-—--74 1.0S P i NA LII FIDA MI THDUT HYOROCEPHALUS—-—--— ——-—---741 .9CONGENITAL HYCUOCEP HALUS———————— —-—-—---742ANOUAL 1ES OF HE ART---— -—- —--————-—---746. 0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEH---—-——L747 .9-747.9ANO14AL 1 ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-----——-————— —748. D-748.9CLEPT PALATE (M ITHoUT CLEFT LX PI———--—--———--749. oCLEFT LIP (u ITHDUT CLEF? PALATE l---——— —------749 .1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFt LIP—------——--—-- —--749.2
ANOMALIES OF uPPER AL IUENTARV TRACT—---— —750. 1-730.8ATRES 1A ANo STENQSr S OF RECTUM AND AKML CANAL-—-——--75L. ZHYPoS P AOI AS---------—---—--—--—— ———--752 .2CLU8FDOT—-——---—---—-—-—---- -—-—--— 754.0-7%.9POLYOACTYLY-—--—--—----—----——---- —--T55. OSYNOACTYL Y—--—---—---—-----. —-------- —--755.1RE0uc7 roN 0EFORM171 Es, ALL L114BS-—-————------755. 2-755. +OlSLOCA710N OF HIP---—---—------—----———— --755.6OWN* S 01 SEAS E--——-——-————--------- —- —759.3
UTAH
2T,971231
847. ?
2
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3:4246
14
12
1:1626
4
16
27,142214
788.4
2
66
344244
14
122
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4
16
1186
5, D04.7
2
4
VT.
6, 75a71
1,050.6
3161
1221411
21461
i36
6,71171
1,058.0
3161
122
;11
2
i611136
21
VA.
71,573491
686.0
1412321230
6
2:1426
61035
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4
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55,057399
T24.7
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266
2:1024
68
316222164
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15,5s290
577.6
4
244
4242
246
28
2
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47,617650
1,365.1
84166
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1:40482614201426
43,309564
1,296.3
6
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6028LO241220
21038461614161426
1,65352
3, 145.8
1422
22
10
.
i+. VA.
27, 55S234
849.1
10412
1:4
;:14
lD1244
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26,395226
856.2
84126
144
101214
10124446426
1,0686
561.8
2
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62,754626
991.5
E42
RI14128
so
58,148582
1 ,000.9
162
326
6016
x2814
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3,72334
913.2
2
4
2
66
4
2
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6,00488
1,446.4
24
1424248
:
102
6
5,77602
1,419.7
24
1422
:8
22
62
6
8T
TABLE 20. LIVE 8 IRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL ANOMALIES COMBINED ANO LIVE BIRTHS W17H SELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT OF” COLUMBIA, 197+
[BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS IN SELECTEO STATES AND ON A 50-PERCENT SAMPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES: SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX.REFERS ONLY TO BIRTHS OCCURRING WTHI N THE AREAS REPORTING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES TO RESIOENTS OF THESE AREAS. NUMBERS AFTER CONGEN-ITAL ANOMALIES ARE CATEGORY NUMBERS OF TTiE EIGHTH REVISION INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, AOAPTEO, 1965 (! COAl. RATESARE NUHBER OF LIvE BIRTHS HITH DESIGNATED ANCMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS IN SPECIFIED GROUP.PER 81RTH !41THIN ANY GROUPING OF ICOA CODES, THE BIRTH IS COUNTEO ONLY ONCE.
HHERE THERE IS MORE THAN ONE OEFECTFOR COMPLETE CATEGORY TITLES, SEE TABLE 1A]
CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY AND RACE1
TOTAL
ALL LIVE B I RTHS—-—-—————————LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANO14ALIES—— —740-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE-—— ———------740-T 59
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEP HAL LIS-—————-————————-—-74OSPINA BIFIDA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS——-— -741.0SPINA BIFIDA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS—————————— —-741 .9CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALU S-——— —T42ANOMALIES OF HE ART---———-—-—-— —-7+6 .0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTE14——— 7+7. O-T47.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SVSTE14—— T+ B. D-748.9CLEFT PALATE liJITHOUT CLEFT LIPl———-——- T49 .0CLEFT L 1P IUITHOUT CLEFT PALATE)-—-—--—— -749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT L SP——-——-———- 749.2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT————710.1-T8 O.8ATRESIA AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL—----- 751.3HYPOSPADIAS —--———— ———-—75 2.2CLUBFOOT—--——--—---———— -—754. O-T54.9POLYOACTYLY—-——————-———-— —-755.0sYNOACTYLY—-——--—-————— —755. 1REOUCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL L 1!40S———-—-755.2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP--——————-- 755.60C4LNt S DISEASE——--—————————— T59.3
UHITE
ALL LIVE B I RTHS--—----—-——-——————-LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANO14ALIES—-- —7+0-759CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY RATE- ————- —740-T59
LIvE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN ENCE PHAL US—----—-—-—-—--————— —-—740SPINA BIF1OA WITH HYoROCEPHALUS————-—— -741.0SPINA BIF1OA HITHOUT HYOROCEPHALU*———- 741.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS——— --—-—— —-742ANOMALIES OF HEART---——-—-——— 746. O-T46.9OTHER ANOHAL lES OF CIRCULATORY’ SYSTEH—-—--747. O-T47.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM— 748. O-T48 .9CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT CLEFT LIPl—-——-— T49 .0CLEFT LIP (tAITHOUT CLEFT PALATEl——-———- 749.1CLEFT PALATE HITH CLEFT LIP————-—— -749.2
ANOHALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT—-——————— 750.1-750. BATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF REC7U14 A NO ANAL CANAL— -T51 .3HYPD SP AD 1 AS——-----—--—-———--—-——- 752.2C LUBFOOT——-—-———--—--- ———-POLYOACTYLY-————--——————
754.0 -754.9——-—-————-755.0
SYNDACT FLY———-—--——---——-——— -755.1REOUCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LItSBS- ———-—755.2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP--——— —-———-— 755.600dNI S 01 SE ASE--———--————— —T59.3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE BIRTHS-————————- —
LIVE 81RTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES—- —740-T59CONGEN lTAL ANOHALY RATE—————-— 740-T59
LIVE BIRTHS wITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS—-——--—-—————-—-——sPINA 81FIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS—
T4D——--——-741 .0
SPINA BIF1OA WIT~UT HYOROCEPHALUS—————- 741.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS---—-— 742ANOMALIES OF HEART———— 746.0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEH-—— 747.0 -747.9ANDMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEfl——— ——74B.o-T46.9CLEFT PALATE (WITHOUT CLEFT LIP)— 749.0CLEFT L 1P (tAITHOUT CLEFT PALATE )—-—- -749.1CLEFT PALA7E WITH CLEF7 LIP—————-— 749.2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT—-— T50.1-750.8ATREs IA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL—--- 751.3HYPOS PAOI AS-—---—----————- ————7 52.2CLUBFOOT-——--—-—--——————— 754. O-T54.9POLYOACTYLY— —-—— ———-—-———-----75 5.0SYNOACTYLY————— -——----- 755.1REDUCT ION DE FORMITI ES, ALL LIMB ~—-—755_75554.4OISLOCAT IDN OF H 1P-—————-—--—— -755.6OO#NC S OISEAS&—-———-—————— —759.3
1!!~mll ~=~~~ ~~~ ~~~ - ~~ ~ ~fJRo.
2,806,11122, T67811.3
576238
1,034458
1,79652726284D638
1,141
220421
1,6252,7702,130
551630430
1,041
2,306,4B118,073
818.3
523220935391
1,55B462235734572990
1993B0
1,4622,444
8855D45303T6962
426,9823,081721.6
33148259
1344414743993
2131
133254
1,20234al2a60
58*50?325
562.4
46
1.4lC46
10lC12
63a4071
1:126
3avo31210
552.2
2612442
a1012
42a2aB
1:12+
20,291119
586.5
2
46
4
2
22
1263
2
2
ALASKA
7,05262
a79. I
2
24224
4
210
8
4
4, 9B438
762.4
2
4
2
4
282
4
2224
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39,84141 i
1,034.1
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2:lC10
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33,658306
909.1
8
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1,72716
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34,54:24(
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8,51060
705.1
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4
CAL IF.
311,79[2,496800.5
7E14
102
2fl843$
124
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2C4015425E216425254
128
263,6802,109799.8
70M92
1:7035
11054
116
1244
134234116
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31,944304
951.7
2
1012Is12
142la
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39,0363ac
973.5
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3:16
1:1511
41121362813146
15
36,657341
930.2
7210a
541549
1210
1:1833171312615
1,63326
1,592.2
1
11
1
2
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2
C ONN.
36,741254
69L.3
6
24
23a
149
10
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32,193222
689.6
4
2
2:6
109
10
26
20192
12122
21
4,1542a
674. o
2
2
2
2
1:
2
89
TABLE 20. 11 VE B lRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL ANUMALIES COMBINEO ANO LIVE B lRTHS WITH SELECTED CONGENITAL.—ANOMALIES, OY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1974--CON.
( sE.!+ HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE I
CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY AND RACE1 DEL. D. C..
TOTAL
ALL L I VE S I RTHS--—--—--——--—-—------—-————LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES-——-— —------740-759CONGENITAL ANotl ALY RAT E--—-—-—----—--- —--—--74 O-7 59
LIVE BIRTHS wITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENC EpHALUS--—-—--—----—-------_-__-—-—-——-7+oSPINA BIFIOA wITH HYDROCEPHALUS—-—-———-——-—---741.OSPINA B I F1OA 1AlTHOUT HYDROCEPHALUS------——--——-----741 .9CONGEN lTAL HYDROC EP HA LUS—-—-----——-—— --—-742ANOMAL I ES OF HEAR T---—---—-—- —--—-————-746.0 -746 .9OTHER ANOMAL lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM--—— —747. o-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM—-—-—-——— 748.0- 768.9CLEFT PALATE (IS17HOU7 CLEFT LI Pl--——---—---- 749.0CLEFT LIP {U ITHOUT CLEFT PALATE I--——--—-——-—T+9.1CLEFT PALATE UITH CLEFT LIP----—-————-—-—---T49.2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY 7RACT—— ---750. l-750. BATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANCI ANAL CANAL-— —T51.3HYPOSPAO I AS--------—--—--—-—--———————-752 .2C.LU8FOOT——----—-—— -—-—— ———--—-T54. D-754.9POLY OACTYLY—--------——--—--—--—-—— —--755. oSYNOACTYLY———————--————-—--— ---755.1REDUCT ION DE FDRMITIES, ALL L lMBS-——-———---745 .2-755.4O I SL OCAT 10N OF HIP-— —-—--------———-— ——---755 .6O&ANs S D 1 SE AS E-—-———-——-—-—————-759 .3
WHITE
ALL LIVE 81 RTHS---------—-—-— —-—- ——-—— --
LIVE BIRTHS WITH CDNGEN17AL ANOMALIES———---——--74 O-759CO+AGENlTAL ANOMALY RAT E——--—--——-—---—-—--74 O-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN EN CEPHALUS—-—--——-—---— —-—--——-—740S PI NA B I F IOA W1TH HYORDC EPHb LUS—----——-———----74l .0SPINA 81 FIOA WlTHOUT HYDROCEPHALUS--—-—--— ——-741 .9CONGENITAL HYOROCEP HALUS--——-——— —————---T 42ANOISAL 1 ES OF HEAR T------—----———-—-—------ 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEt+——--- 747. O-76T.9ANOMAL1 ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--——-——— 748.0-748.9CLEF7 PALATE (IA17HOUT CLEFT LIPl—--————-——————— 749.0CLEFT LIP lHITHOUT CL,?FT PALATE )-——-———-—-—--749. 1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP----———-— --749.2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT————T5O. 1-750.8ATRES IA ANO STENOS1 S OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL- ——75 1.314YPOS PAD I AS--—-----—--——--—---—--------———--752 .2CLUBFOOT—-——--—-——---———————754.O-7%.9POLY OACTYLY-——----— ---------———---—--—--- 755.0SYNOACTYLY————-——-—— --—- ——-- 755.1REOUCTION OEFORMITI ES, ALL L 1t4BS—-—————O1SLOCATION OF HIP---——
755.2 -755.4—---- —-— —-——--7 55.6
OOMNi S 01 SE AS E--—-—-——---—— --—--— —--759.3
NEGRO
ALL L 1 V E BI RTHS-----—---—-—-—-—-——-— ——---
LIVE BIRTHS tllTH CONGEN 17AL ANOMALI ES——-———--74O-759CDNGEN IT AL ANOMALY RATE-—-— -- —-—---— —740-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED ANOHALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS———-----—-—————— 740SPINA BIFIOA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS—— ---—--—-—--7+ 1.0SPINA BI FIDA W17HOUT HYOROCEPHALUS————— -—---7+1 .9CONGEN lTAL HYDROCEP HALUS—--——--—--————--T42ANOMAL 1 ES DF HEART——--——-————-—-—-—746. 0-746.9OTHER ANOMAL 1 ES OF C lRC ULATORY SYSTEM-———---7+7 .0-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYS7EM-——————-— 749. O-748.9CLEFT PALATE [W17HOUT CLEFT LIPl---——— —---749 .0CLEFT LIP tUITHOUT CLEFT PALA’FE)-—---—-———---749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP-—-—-— ————-749 .2
ANOMAL 1 ES DF UPPER AL Ill ENTARY TRAC T—-—— 750.1 -750.8ATRESIA AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL ——-751.3HY POSP AD 1AS-—-—---—--------—-——-—- ——---T52 .2CLUB FODT—-—--—--—--—----—--—————754.G-754.9PoLyoAcTyLY-__-__ --—---- _------—-——---—-—---75 5,.0
SYNOAC7YLY-——-——-—-——--—-——------ 755.1RETHSCT ICW OEFDRMIT1 ES, ALL L lMBS—-—-——--755 .2-755.4OISLOCATION OF HIP--—— -——_-—_——-- 755.6OOti N* S 01 SE AS E--—-—-—-—— ——-——--- 759.3
8,25042
508.6
2
2
2
2
464
4z2
6,39830
468.9
2
2
2
2
242
2
:
1, T7012
670.0
:2
2
lD, D303e
378.9
2
2
4
4
4
B14
1,3106
458.0
2
2
8,60128
325.5
2
2
2
4
2
1:
109,842806
733. a
87
26167617
4192127
28
5597
10417182027
01,398605
743.3
86
21146215
2171922
2
4:802T17141726
27,478195
709.7
152
1322225
26
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+31
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15,503154
993.4
10262
1412
12B
12
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2
426
4,21136
854.9
622
24
824
2
22
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2984
1,342.3
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15,615114
730.1
44
102
23
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1013
26
2
15,256109
714.5
44
102
2311
101326
2
53
167,9771,6529a3.5
46
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914464489
21
1::2071864953449B
130,0291,336
1,027;5
41106519798
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20321181816248454292
35,054296
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1
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124
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.. .lII~TKII INCC,LIDESSACKS OTHER TSAN WSITS ANO NEGRO.
TA8LE zB. LIVE s IRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANO14ALY RATES FOR ALL A)63MALIES COMBINED ANO LIVE BIRTHS !417H SELECTED CONGENITAL
ANOMALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATE: ANO THE DISTRICT OF COLUH81A, 197+ -Cffl.
AN ENCEPHALUS——-—————— ——T40SPINA BIFIDA WITH HYDROCEPHALUS——-——-— —741 .0SPINA BIFIOA IAITHOU7 HYOROCEPHALUS— —-74 1.9CONGENITAL HYORDCEPHALUS ————742
AN IJMAL 1 ES OF HEART—————— —746.0-746.9OTHER ANoHAL IES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEN-- ——747.0-747.9ANOHALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 748.0 -743.9CLEFT PALATE IHITHOUT CLEFT L1 P)———— ———-749 .0CLEFT LIP IUITHOUT CLEF? PALATEl——- ——749 . LCLEFT PALATE UITH CLEFT LI-—— T49.2
ANOHALIES OF UPPER AL 118ENTARY TRACT— 750.1-750 .BATRESIA ANO STENDSIS OF RECTUH ANO ANAL CANAL——---751.3HYPOSPADIAS—-—---————-— ——--—752 .2CLUBFODT —--———— —— 754.0- 754.9POLYOACTYLY————— —. —————755.0
SYNOACTYLY-———-— — —755. 1REWCTION DEFORMITIES. ALL LIMBs——- ——755.2-755.4oISLOCATION OF HIP-——— ——— -- 755.60011N~ S 01 SF ASE-——————--——-- ———759 .3
HHITE
ALL LIVE BIRTH S- ——-——LIVE BIR7HS wITH CONGENITAL ANONALIES— ———— 740-759CGVGENITAL ANOMALY RATE-—————-- —--760-759
ANO14AL I ES OF HEART--—— _-—-—— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOHALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTE*— —747. 0-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTE~ —7k B. O-74G.9CLEFT PALATE (!41THOUT CLEFT LI P)—— 749.0CLEFT LIP lHITIWUT CLEFT PALATEI— ——749. 1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP————— -749.2
ANOHALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT— 750. l-;::::ATRESIA ANO STENOS1 S OF RECTUM A NO ANAL CANALHYPOSPAOIAS—----——--— ———752 .2cLuBFoo7-—————-— —75+.0-754.9P OLY OACTYLY-——-——--— —755.0SYNOACTYLY-———-—— —-—-—- ——-—755 .1REOUCT ION OEFORHITIES, ALL LINOS—— T55.2-755.4O1SLOCATION OF HIP————— —--755.6ODNNg S OISEASE-—-—— —————-—— ———759.3
I lll~~lt ~N~~ES ~CES 0= ~ ~1~ ~ ~Ro.
IOHA
40,220442
1,099.0
13
2:9
2975
217
24
119
40562116102612
39,136428
1,093.6
13
2:
2:6
2:7
24
10
d561616102612
79112
1,517.1
11
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32,911171
519.6
6455927477
1:5
20613
:
29,949161
537.6
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$477
2105
203
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2,3998
333.5
1
3
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53,171378
710.9
126
28143424141420
830422216+2
22
48,391344
710.9
12
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25,59990
351.6
2
624
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61230
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671863537
L4,95B144
962.7
336
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266
1755431
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5,555.:
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53,448222
415.4
6
1:6
8
6
24
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39,033150
384.3
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6
1.3
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1:
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13,36566
493. a
22
2
21428
22
MASS.
70,071662
944.8
1312261671131214
z
10
;:722816122832
64,024618
953.4
11
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1010507220
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4,30638
882.5
2
2262
6
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2312642493
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1::18815135242760
1910612284lB13534362
23,307224
961.1
4232911235
41
TABLE 2B. LIVE BIRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL ANOMALIES COMBINEO AND LIVE BIRTHS HITH SELECTEO CONGENITALANOMAL [ES , BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 197k-CON.
ISEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE I
CONGENITAL ANOMALY AND RACE]
TOTAL
ALL L I VE 6 f RTHS-—--—-——----—-———_—-—-------LIVE BIRTHS IIITH CONGENITAL ANoMALIEs ‘—-—--—-—--T 40-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE---—---—— —--———--740-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH sELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS—-—--——--——--——--—————5PINA BI FIOA HITH HYDROCEPHALUS-———-————
—-—T40—----74 1.0
SPINA B1 FIOA HITHOUT HYOROCEPHAL U+——————---7+I.9CONGENITAL HYOR DC EP HA LUS—-——— ------- T42ANOMAL I Es o F H EART.--—-——-——.._-—__.—____— 746. O- T46.9OTHER ANOMAL lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW——-—— 747.0-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEW--—-—-———---74 B. [email protected] PALATE (WITHOUT CLEFT LIP)————CLEFT L 1P IHITHOUT CLEFT PALATE]—_——-————
--749.0—-—749 .1
CLEFT PALATE HITH CLEFT LIP--————-———— T49 .2
AliOMALIES OF UPPER AL IHENTARY TRACT——-—-— 750.1 -750.8ATRESIA AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL-——----T5L.3HY POS PAD 1 AS-——-----—---———————--———--------752 .2C LuB FOOT——-————--——-—-—-—— ------- —754.0-75+.9POLYDACTYL Y----—--------—---———---.— ———-—-755.0SYNOAC7YLY —- — --------------- ————755 .1REOUCTION OEFORMITI ES, ALL LIMBS—— ————755 . 2-755. +DISLOCATION OF H] P--—---—— ------ ‘--———---755 .6L20HN* S 01 SE AS6-—-—--—--—-———————.————— —-———-759 .3
WHITE
ALL LIVE B I RTHs----———-————-——--L lVE B lRTHS HITH CDNGEN ITAL ANOMALIES-——-———--74 O-759CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE-—--—— -————74 o-759
L lVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCE PHAL US——-----—-———---————————— —-740SPINA S1 FICIA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS-——-——————-74I.OSPINA 81 FIDA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALU3——————---7 +1.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS—-—--— —————----—742ANOMALIES OF HEART——-——-- —-766 .0-746.9OTHER ANOMAL 1ES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW--——————— 747.0-747.9ANOMAL 1 ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEW—-——-——-74 B. G-TM .9CLEFT PALATE IWITHOUT CLEFT LIPl ——-—-— ——749.0CLEFT LIP (WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE I---——— --—749 .1CLEFT PALATE iilTH CLEFT LIP-—---—— ——749 .2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY 7RACT——— —-750 .1-750.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTIJH ANO ANAL cANAL-_—---7t3I.3HYPOSPAOI AS-—----—---——---- ‘—-——————-752 .2CL UBFDDT--——-—--—-- ——----——-——— 754.0-7%.9
POLYOACTYLY-----—--—---——--———— ——-_-_---7 Ij .j -0
SYNOACTYLY---—-—-———--—-—--—-———---- ——755. 1REC4JCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LIfOJS-- ——-——75 5 .2-755. +
0 IsLocAT loN oF H1 p-——-—-----—-———-————T55 .6DOHN* S DISEASE—--—--—— -——- ——-—759. 3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE BIRTHs————--———— —- ——— ----
LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES——--— —--740-759coNGEN ITAL ANOMALY RATE-—-——-—-—_—___ --740-759
LIVE BIRTHS UITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN ENC EPHAL U 3-—----—----—---—-———— ----------- 740SPINA B1 FIDA HITH HYDROCEPHALUS—-—————-——--—74I.OSPINA 81 FIOA WITHOUT HYDROCEPHALUS-——--—- ———741 .9CONGEN lTAL HYOROC EP HJILUS----——-—--—-——-_ ._---742ANOHAL 1 ES OF HE ART——-———-———_--7b 6.o-7+6. gOTHER ANOMAL lES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEI.?—--—-—---749 .O-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEW-——-—— T48. O-74B .9cLEFT pALA7E 1H17HOUT CLEFT LIPJ--———-—— -------- 749.0CLEFT L 1P [bilTHOUT CLEFT PALATE )——-————--—7+9.1CLEFT PALATE MITti CLEFT LIP—---——-————— —--T49 .2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT—---—— —750.1-750.8ATRES 1A ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUIS ANO ANAL CANAL 751.3$IYPOSPAOI AS—---------—--—-—-———— —752 .2CLUBFOOT—-—---—-——---—- ————754. 0-734.9POLY OACTYLY--------—----— —-——-—-———--- —---755 .0SYNDACTYLY——-—-—--—---—-—— ——-—-—-----755. 1REDUCT 10N OEFORMIT1 ES, ALL L lHBS--- ———--755 .2-755.4D [SL OCAT 10N DF HIP-——---—---———.—-————.— --755.6DCMN, S 01 SE AS E————--—-—_———— —--759.3
MI NN.
55,761584
1,0+7.2
122
281454161226lB22
B
4;54302228
3:
53,599550
1,041.1
102
2s
::16
HlB22
86
40
E2222
3;
1,01118
1,780.4
2
226
4
MISS.
44, 1D4250
566.8
b4
188
16
1:B
16
8264B
8424
22,975140
609.4
6
1:
J
1:2
12
622
B42
:
20,845106
50B.5
2
644
244
24
4042
MO.
69,616615
883.4
157
39144410
2:1829
55
547273
1:1224
58,231491
843.2
136
35
3;8
2;
;;
:4T6023
1:1222
10,80B120
1,110.3
2
:59
112
2
61250
5
1
MONT.
12,264107
872.5
1121
102+355
:;9133
11,06799
894.6
11
;
:4355
12117
;3
60
I
NEBR.
23,707227
957.5
5
66
2086569
25
2421181077
14
22,332210
940.4
1;
1,01515
1,472. C
1
1
5
1
NE V.
8,966110
1,226.9
2
104106
2
6
6
2:22622
7,61890
l, IB1.4
2
6486
2
4
4
1822622
97414
1,437.4
4
2
224-,
W. H.
11,64D
‘799%
4
7
1;32124
137
1113137
11,52293
807.2
4
741132124
13711131
:
57
42
TABLE 2B. LIVE 8 IRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANoMALY RATES FOR ALL AKOMALIES CO1481NE0 ANO LIVE BIRTHS 1417W SELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 197+-CON.
( sEE HEADNOTE AT BEGINNING OF TA8LE)
CONGENITAL ANOM4LY AND RACE1
TOTAL
ALL L I VE BI RTHS-———-—-—-—-—————--—-LIVE BIRTHS klITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES —740-7s9CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE ———-_-— ___ —740-759
LIVE BIRTHS wITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS—-— -—-—-—--—-—
SPINA 81FIOA IIITH HYOROCEPHALUS-—--—740
--741.0SPINA BI FIOA LIITHOUT HYDROCEPHALU3————————— —-741 .9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS—-————— 742ANOMALIES OF HEART——--——--——— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM——-——O4747-947.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTE14————————— 748.0-746.9CLEFT PALATE (WITHOUT CLEFT LI P)—— ———749.0CLEFT LIP lUITHOUT CLEFT PALATE)-———— --749.1CLEFT PALATE 161TH CLEFT LIP-——— T49 .2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL I14ENTARY TRACT——--- —750.1-750.8ATRESIA AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL ———,51. ~
HY POS PAD I AS-—---————--—-—— 752.2CLUBFOOT——---—-——-——-—— 754.0-754.9PCLYOAC7YLY—-—-—-————— -—755.0SYNOACTYLY—-——————— 755.1REWCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LIUBS-—-——— —755.2-755.40 ISLOCAT 10N OF HIP-——-——-———— —755.6OOWN- S 01 SE AS E———----— —759.3
WHITE
ALL LIVE B I RTHS—-——-———————LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENIAL ANO14ALIES ———--740-7 59CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATE————- 740-759
LIvE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS———— ——740SPINA BIFIDA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS-SplNA BIF1OA WITHOU7 HYOROCEPHALU~
———74 1.0-T41.9
CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS-—-—— -—742hNOMAL 1 ES O F HEART--—-——--—— 766.0-746.9OTHER ANONAL IES OF C lRC ULATORY SYSTEl+-—— 747.0-747.9ANOt4ALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEW-- 748.0-74S.9CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT CLEFT LX Pl -- —749.0CLEFT LIP IWITHOUT CLEFT PALATEl —— —749.1CLEFT PALATE wITH CLEFT LIP————— —149.2
ANOMALIES OF UP? ER AL N4ENTARY 7RACT— ——750. 1-750. BATRES IA AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM A NO ANAL CANAL— —75L.3HYPOSPAOIAS-—-—-----— —752.2CLU8FOOT— --—-_ —____ —754.0-7%.9POLYOACTYLY-———————---— ——755 .0SY NOACTYLY—————————— 755.1REWCT IDN DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMBS-——— 755.2 -755.40 lSLOCAT ION OF HI P-————--—-——— 755.6DGWNI S OISEAS+—-——— 759.3
NEGRO
ALL LIVE 81 RTHS-—-————————— -----------LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES—-—-- 740-759C CNGEN IT AL ANONALY RATE—————- —-740-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS—-——-————-------Spl NA 81 FIOA IE17H HYOROCEPHALUS
7+0-—————741 .0
SPINA BIFIOA UITHOUT HYOROCEPHALU3————————— -761.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEP HALUS———— 742ANOMALIES OF HEAR? ‘-———-—-------746. 0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM- 747. o-74T.9ANOMALIES’ OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM————— 740.0-74s.9CLEFT PALATE (W ITHOU7 CLEFT LI P)--——— ——749 .0CLEFT LIP [161 THOU7 CLEFT PALATE l————-—— —749.1CLEFT PALATE HITH CLEFT LIP—————— -749.2
ANOMAL 1 ES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT——-- —750.1-750 .8ATREsl A ANo STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL ——751.3HYPOSPADI AS—-——- 752.2CLUBFOOT—-—-—-———-— 754.0 -734.9POLYDACTYLY————-———— -755.0SYNOACTYLY——————— ——--755 .1REWCT ION OEFORNITIES, ALL LIMBS—- 755.2 -755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP-———— —-—-— 755.6D D#Ns S 01 SE USE—--——————_ —-759.3
ll,m~tl ~~~Es RACES O’2SER TNAN ~1~ m ~~ .
N.J.
. .
. . .
.. .
.. .
..<..!
..<
..<
. . .
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..4
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. . .
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. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
N. ME)
21,3114 Id
1, 942.?
4
1(
16(II
lilt
z
4
3:(44
1;1(
17,873266
1,488.3
4
lC
llClC
2
1;4
24
3444268
4874
821.4
2
2
N.Y.
239, 11;1,725721.4
3515al3e71432[41+182
1:38
136205242
53692C95
lae, 8121,328703.3
351471336242
;:+3T5
12
1:!170
8646551988
45,376355
782.4
:
:15425
38
2134
153
1:
5
N.C.
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N. OAK
9,970120
1,203.6
4
42
la
s84
22
242422
14
9,155110
1,201.5
4
42
lB
884
2
20242
12
94
OH1O
160,15!1,577984. t
4[145,4f
loi42
;:45:
2(22I?t2151uZt3(2444
138,5581,+15
1,021.2
3812
:924C14524254
20
1%2095226
::40
20,448156
762.9
2
1;2
424
10
E
:
4
OKLA.
42,+46316
744.5
6
2:4181068
1828
8s1629166
lB6
16
34,723228
656.6
41
22
1:B42
1616
4
1:17126
16
16
4,14126
627.9
2...22
4
k
42
4s
TABLE 20. LIVE 0 lRTHS ANO CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES FOR ALL ANOMALIES COMBINED ANO LIVE B lRTHS WITH SELECTED CONGENITALANOMALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE OISTRICT OF COLUHBIA, 1974--CON.
( sEE HEAONOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE I
CONGENITAL ANOMALY AND RACE1
ToTAL
ALL L 1V E BI RTP3-----—-—----—------—-—————-——--L lVE BIRTHS WITH CONGEN ITAL ANoMALIEs--—--———--74 o-759CONGEN 1T AL ANOMALY RATE--—------—-—-—-——— --740-759
LIVE BIRTHS I117H SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN ENC EPHAL US——----—-—-—--- ——-—--— ——-—740SPINh BIFIOA U17H HYORDCEPHALUS--—-— ———-—---741 .0SPINA 81 FIOA H ITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS--——---—-—---741.9C.ONGEN IT AL HYDR OCEPHALUS—-—--————————-—---742ANOMAL I ES O F HEAR T-----—--—---———-— —746. O-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM—-—-——-747 .0-747.9
ANOMALIES OF RESP1RA70RY SYSTEM ‘——----——748 .0-748.9CLEFT PALA7E {!4 lTHOUT CLEFT L 1 P)--——-—--——-——749. OCLEFT L 1P IHITHOUT CLEFT PALATE]——-—--——————— --749.1CLEFT PAL ATE M1TH CLEFT L 1P————--—-—-———--749 .2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL I14ENTARY TRACT-----—-— 750.1 -750.8AT RESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM A NO ANAL CAN AL-——----751.3HYPOS PAO1 AS-—---— -—_- —-. —-—_ ——_- 752.2CLUB FOOT ——------—--—-—----—---————754. 0-754.9POLY DACTYLY-—-—---—--——----———---——--- 755.0SYNDAC7YLY-—-————-——-—---————-—- 755.1RE0UC710N DEFORMITIES, ALL L IMOS—-—--——---745 .2-755.4D ISLOCAT ION OF H I P---——--—--------—-—--—--755 .6DOHN ~S 01 SE AS E-—--—--—-—---------———————-T59 .3
WHITE
ALL L 1VE S1 RTHS--------—--———-————----------LIVE BIRTHS WITH CONGENITAL ANOHALIES——-———--74 O-759CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY RATE——-—--——--——--74 O-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS—-——-—-———-——— ———-—-—T40SPINA B1 FIOb WITH HYOROCEPHALUS-——— —————-—— -- 74 ~ .0
SPINA BIFIOA 141THOU7 HYOROCEPHALUS---——-—-- 741.9CONGEN lTAL HYDROC EP HALUS—-—---— -——————T42ANOMAL 1 ES OF HEART-——-——---———————— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF C lRC ULATORY SYSTEW--—--—--747. O-T47 .9ANOMALIES OF RESP lRATORY SYS7EM-———-——-748 .O-748.9CLEFT PALATE (1417wJUT CLEFT LIPl ——— —-——-—----749 .0CLEFT LIP (U ITHOUT CLEFT PALATE)-—-—--—- ——---749 .1CLEFT PbLA7E HITH CLEFT LIP————-—-—-— —---749 .2
ANO!4AL 1 ES OF UPPER AL 114ENTARY TR ACT—--——- 750.1 -750.8ATRES 1A AND STENUSIS OF RECIUM A NO ANAL CANAL-——----751.3HYPOSPAD 1AS—-—----———------——— —-——--7 52.2CLUB FOOT ——----——---———--————-— 754. o-7% .9POLYOACTYLY-—--—--—-——--——— ————---755.0SYNDACTYLY--—--—--—--- —---—————— _____ 755.1REWCT 10N DEFORMITIES, ALL L 1f40S-—---———--T45 .2-755.4OISL oCAT ION OF HIP---— -—-———-------——---755 .6OCUN , S 01 SE ASE-—-—-——-————— ———759 .3
ANENC EP HAL us——----—---——-—--————---- 740SPINA BIFIOA UITH HYDROCEPHALUS-—-—-————--741.OSPINA BIF1OA ki17H0UT HYOROCEPHALUS————--———---741.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHA LU3--—-——-———-—— —-——742ANOMALIES OF HEART-—--——----—-————746 .O-746,9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY sYS7EM--———-7747 O-747.9ANOMALIES OF RE SP [RATOR Y SYSTEt4-——-———————— 748.0 -740.9CLEFT PALATE (wITHOUT CLEFT LIP) ———-———---749 .0CLEFT LIP IUITHOUT CLEFT PALA7El—-—--——-—- 749.1CLEFT PAL ATE U lTH CLEFT L 1 P-—----———--———-749. 2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER AL lMENTARY TRACT———— 750.1 -750.8
ATRESIA ANO STENDSI S OF RECTUM A NO ANAL CANAL ——751.3HYPOSPAO1 AS-—---—-----—-————-—--————752 .2C LUO FOOT——--—-----— —————— 754.0- 754.9POLYOAC7YLY—-—-—-——-----—-———-——. 755.0SVNDACTYLV— —————-—--—-——- 755.1iiEWCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMB S-——-— —755.2-7<5. +OISLOCATION OF HIP-—— ---- ——-—-——-- 755.6OOdNI S OISEASE----—-———-—— —-———--759.3
OREG.
32,519293
901.0
124a3
2210
48
1015
75
3036lG
712
511
3D ,829280
900.2
12+B3
2110
48
1014
7
3:3415
711
1?
7088
1,129.9
1
3
PA.
150,8011, 10C729.4
34B
62226416
4403453
222
1::108
26381253
131,679910
691.1
308
54206212
2362a45
2206B
1603620321249
18, 22G186
1,020.4
4
82242468
2
2:72
46
4
R.1.
11,38661
535.7
15231
114
22641
451
10,63859
554.6
i231
114
22641
441
5871
17D.4
S.c.
46,526277
595.4
9
2:
1:22169
13
13
;:464
121
14
2G,013176
628.3
74
143
112
14611
1
d24716
11
18,1G2100
550.0
2
634
2231
237
3936
:
S. DAK
11,185171
1,528.8
221
122488
14
4
;;14
2
G9
9,704139
1,432.4
4
21
122
686
4
111312
2
87
41
TENN.
63,965340
531.5
81220
1:1086lG12
10B
22702664414
49,979284
560.2
812202148841412
1082262844
1:
13,66254
395.3
22
22
B182
TEX.
——
211,0071,3D1616.6
34346934
%
K2096
834
1::12632541460
17B,0411,135637.5
30326732801814441888
630
1::682644
;:
31,540162
513.6
422244
6
:
246125B
1:26
TABLE 29. LIVE BIRTHS AND CONGENITAL ANOHdLY RATES FOR ALL AMIMALIES COMBINED ANO LIVE BIRTHS 141TH SELECTEO CONGENITALANOHALIES, BY RACE: 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT DF COLUMBIA, 1974--CON.
( sEE HEAOtiOTE AT BEGINNING OF TABLE)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY ANO RACE1
TOTAL
ALL LIVE 01 RTHS——————————LIVE 81RTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANO14ALIES-————— ?40-759C~GEN IT AL ANOMALY RATE-——————————— 740-759
ANOUALIES OF UPPER AL IHENTARY TRACT-- 750.1 -750.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANo ANAL CANAL —751.3HYPOSPAOIAS— ---———————— 752.2CLUB FOOT————————--———————— 754.0 -754.9PCLYOACTYLY———————— 755.0SYNOACTYLY————-— 755.1REDUCTION OEFORHITIES, ALL LIH02--- 755.2-155.4DISLOCATION OF HIP-———-— —-755.6DCA6NSS DISEASE——--- 759.3
WHITE
ALL LIVE 01 RTHS--—-———————LIVE BIRTHS IIITH CONGENITAL ANOHALIE+——— 740-759CCNGEN lTAL ANOMALY RATE—— —-—-—--7+ o-759
LIVE BIRTHS WITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS——--———— ——740SPINA BIFIOA H17H HYOROCEPHALU~—--74 O.OSPINA BIFIOA UITNOUT HYDROCEPHALUS——-——— 741.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS———— —742ANOMALIES OF HEART—— —--—-——— 746.0 -746.9OTHER ANOHALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTE+— —7+7. D-747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM——-— 748.0-748.9
ANOMAL1 ES OF UPPER AL 1!4ENTARY TRACT-——— —750. 1-750.8ATRESIA ANLl STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL—- 751.3HYPOSPAOIAS—-———- 752.2CLUBFOOT-———--—————— 754-0 -754.9POLYOACTYLY ——— .——— _- 755.0SYNOACTYLY—————-—— -755.5,REOUCTION OEFORMITIES, ALL LIHBS— 755.2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HIP-———--— —T55.6OWINI S OISEASE————-—-—— —---759.3
ALL LIVE BIRTH3-———LIVE BIRTHS HITH CONGENITAL ANO14ALIES—— ——741J-759
C fflGEN lTAL ANOMALY RATE———— ——-7+ *,5 9
LIVE BIRTHS IAITH SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN ENCEPHALUS———-——————— ——740SPINA 81 FIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS——— 741.0SPINA BIF1OA HITHfXIT HYOROCEPHALUS—— —-741.9CONGENITAL HYOROC EP HALUS--——— 742ANOMALIES OF H EART-————-——— 746.0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEl+———— 747.0 -747.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYS7EN-——— 740.0-742.9CLEFT PALATE lUITtKN2T CLEFT LI PI —749 .0CLEFT L 1P (U ITHOUT CLEFT PALATEl —— 749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIx——————-— —749.2
ANOHAL 1 ES OF UPPER AL HSENTARY TRACT—— -—-—750. 1-750.8ATRES 1A ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL— 751.3HYPOSPADI AS--————— ——752.2
CLLNSFOOT—-————-———-—-—— 75+.0 -754.9POLYOACTYLY——-—-—-— ————755 .0SYNOACTYLY--——————— 755.1REOUCTIDN DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMBS 755.2-755. +DISLOCATION DF HIP--———-- —755.6CWINS S DISEASE——-———— ———759.3
UTAH
29,96(24!
817. f
4
:lela14
A
2t
14
29,03t234
805.9
24
02
122
16
4
1:1810
426
14
136
VT.
6,88162
914. f
4
i2s1
2
4
I
:11
3
6,84162
905.5
4
239142
4
15311
3
13
VA.
70,721522
738.C
228
+0
2:42
261422
2184D5a601610
636
54,032406
751.4
228
3’5
2:42
241018
1:3256161410
3:
15,65510’s
6.99.9
22+
244
8
5:
4
WASH.
50,039598
1,195.1
101010159620
4111220
:48503620101220
45.542494
1,0.34.7
1010
815T+16
49
2:
8
J422616
81020
1,7::
2,797.2
12
22
2
44
IA. VA,
27,07125,
911.;
(
114
1;1
1,i
11
:114(If1(1(1(
t
26.607241
932.1
tItt
12f4
3.44Itt4
144C141010la
8
1,1706
512..9
2
2
w s.
65,191613
946.4
22t
22
;{18143(2a40
12
::434012lalC37
60,368503
966.1
22a
228
731814302D36
12143041341218
E
3,8T528
722.6
24
2
2
6
IAYO.
6,54179
1,207.8
2
1682
42
1
216
62
2
6,294
1,235::
2
1682
42
1
216
62
2
72
As
TABLE 3. CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES BY S1 RTH HE lGHT AND RbCE FDR ALL ANOMALIES COMB INEO AND FOR SELECTEO ANOMALIES:ToTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES AND THE OISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, 1973-74 bvERAGE
[BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF 81RTHS IN SELECTED STATES AND ON A 50-PERCENT SAMPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES; SEE TECHNICAL APPENDIx.REFERS ONLY TO 81RTHS OCCURRING HITHI N THE AREAS REPORTING CONGENITAL ANOMALIES TO RESIDENTS OF THESE AREAS.EAS, SEE TECHNICAL APPENDIX, TABLE 1.
FOR A LISTING OF AR-NUM8ERS AFTER CONGEN1T!4L ANOMALIES ARE CATEGORY NUMBERS OF THE EIGHTH REVIS1ON INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES, ADAPTED, 1965 [l CDA). RATES ARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS WITH DESIGNATED ANOMALY PER 10 D,OOO LIVE BIRTHSIN SPECIFIED GRDUP. HHERE THERE IS MDRE THAN DNE OEFECT PER BIRTH wITHIN ANY GRDUPING OF ICOA CODES, THE 61 RTH 1S COUNTEO ONLYONCE . FOR COMPLETE CATEGORY TITLES, SEE TABLE LA)
AN ENCEPHALUS----—--—--—--———74OSPINA 01 F1OA HITH HYDRDCEPHALU5—-—7 +O. OSPINA BIFIDA MI THDUT HYOROCEPHALU3--T41.9CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS—-—-———-742ANOMAL lES OF HEART--—--——--746 .0-746.9OTHER ANOU. OF CIRC. SYSTEM--- 74 O.74749.9ANOM. OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEH---74O.74848. 9CLEFT PALA7E {H ITHJJUT CLEFT LIP) ----709. OCLEFT LIP [WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE 1-—-741.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT Lrp—-—--—749.2
82o.5 I 2,146.4 2,454.1 1,674.0
96.514.081.728.4
133.343.136.574.028.0T8.8
1,894.1
15T.213.398.348.4
143.260.845.175.830.084. B
41.453. B98.1
170. B115.1
36.366.917.484.3
2,176.7
964.1 684.4
7.76.7
29.98.3
4B.213.1
6.724.721.534.1
6.312.149.091.577.518.519.415.333.7
690.1
8.97.5
33.98.8
51.914.3
7.527.724.537.6
7.213.754.598.535.720.820.516.43s.1
619.5
2.42.1
11.85.5
18.86.73.08.56.4
11.8
1.B5.5
22.254.3
298.76.7
14.34.6
11.5
63& 9
3.37.3
24.613.949.310.2
5.721.923.932.5
4. B8.6
62.180.660.316.914.314.920. E
625.1
5.47.8
26.513.349.310.6
3.822.725.034.1
5.09.0
66.585.732.318.314.515.221.9
655.8
1.34.3
10.219.229.4
3.81.9
14.19.6
14.7
3.83.8
33.338.4
301.35.1
12.23.29.6
661.8
4.09.7
16.822.954.510.9
3.021.221.540.4
4.510.662.576.260.220.111.616.312.7
654. B
4.210.418.021.353.910.7
4.920.323.743.5
4.410.166.975. D41.421.112.217.714.1
714.3
3.1
6.347.247.215.7
6.315. T
15.725.288.1
295. B6.36.33.1
929.1
14. D20.916.397.797.723.3
3.517.434.933.5
2.317.477.964.081.432.6
3.515.1
9.3
927.1
1,2. B23.017.985.899.923.0
3.816.635.958.9
19.2[13.267.966.635.9
3.814.1
7.7
051.1
31.5
204.9,53.0
31.5
31.3
2B3. T
31.5
21.08.4
35.316.362.4lB.410.429.323.940.3
10.215.859.599.478.220.222.515.337.5
B29.8
324. B15.9
157.692.4
103.589.255.749.430.382.8
233.2 20.69.2
42.510.874.725.912.035.225.945.2
8.9108.3
82.82D9. O
99.466.3
103.237.0
107.0
30.641.2
101.3159.112D.4
37.258.517.399.8
1,897.2
ANDM., UPPER AL I14ENTARY TRAc7-750. I-750. 8AT RES IA ANO STENOSIS DF RECTUM ETC. -751.3HYPOS PAO I AS—-——-—-—---—-752. 2CLUB FDoT-———-—--—-—-— 754. 0-754.9POL YDACTYLY----—---— --—---—--753. OSyNDACTVLY— —------— ——-------755. 1REOUCT lDN DE FDRMIT1 ES—-—---755.2-735.4DISLOCATION OF UIP- —-——--—--755 .6OOHN* S DI SE ASE-—--—-—-—-------759.3
55.781.274.8
184.786.031.87a. o
9.623.9
67.575.2
105.8200.1119.8
37.086.624.279.D
16.120.459.1
126.198.720.729.014.063.3
WH17E [ALL ANOMAL IESI-—-—-759-759
SELECTED ANOMALIES:
2,634.6 2,014.6 1,028.1
22.99.5
38.916. B66.319.411.032.026.443.6
11.417.565.8
106.339.422.223.316.341.9
732.4
9.63.0
17.613.730.111.5
6.314.0
9.319.0
427.621.4
211.41D4. 5125.9111.766.559.438.087.9
267.912.8
124.897.2
253.2121.1
T3.4132.1
38.5126.6
125.217.194.735.7153.151.745.092.131.094.2
37.253.0123.1185.266.242.464. T18.1
128.3
195.916.9117.357.3
168.073.553.594.933.599.4
51.767.3
120.02D0.869.342.475.219.7
10B .7
25.811.050.612.787.527.913.6+0.929.950.2
AN ENCEPHALUS--—---— —--—---—-740SPINA 01 FIDA MITH HYORDCEPHALUS-----04 I.OSPINA BIF1OA UITHOUT HYOROCEPHA LU3--T41.9CONGENIAL HYOROCEPHALUS-——- -—742ANOMALIES OF HEART--—-—-— 746.9-746.9OTHER ANOM. OF CIRC. SYSTEU---74O.74749.9ANDM. DF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM—74B. D-748.9CLEFT PALATE [W17HOU7 CLEFT LIP I--—740. OCLEFT L 1P [WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE )----749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIF---——--749.2
AND!!., UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT- 750.1-730.8ATRESIA AND sTENDSIS OF RECTUM ETC. -751.3HYPOS PALYI As-—--—---—-——---—--752 .2CLUBFDOT-—-—-----———----754. 0-754.9pDLyDAcTyLY—--——-—----——--—-755. o
SYNOACTYL Y-——----—-—-—--—-755 .1REOUCT 10N OEFORMITI ES—--—---755.2-755.4OISL OCAT ION OF H] P---—--—-—----- 755.6DOdN, S 01 SEASE------—-——---—--759. 3
68.9106.9
97.4225.7
59.438.095.011.935.6
89.984.4
126.6236.7
BB. I45.997.231.295.4
20.225.36T. 2
142.845. D23.433.015.576.8
NEGRO [ALL AN014AL1ES I-——-7759759
SELECTEO ANDMALIES :
1,077.7 1,407.7
135.8
76.954.349.827.245.340.722.658.B
1
1.,051.7 1,126.0
19.7 55.14.2 3.6
40. B 48.011.2 24.970.3 63.121.1 24.914.1 22.223.9 26.714.1 16.035.1 45.3
9.8 11.611.2 19.639.4 41. B90.0 96.9
279.8 241. T26.7 22.246.4 46.215.5 12.421.1 18.7
743.4
2.33.6
18.25.9
25.517.3
6.415. D11.821.4
IANENCEPHALUS----—--—- —--—--—-T40SPINA 81 F1DA HITH HYDROCEPHA LU3——-740. OSPINA BIFIOb WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS—741.9CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS—--——--T42ANOMAL1 ES OF HEART--—--—---- 746.8-746.9OTHER ANOM. OF CIRC. SYSTEM-—747 .8-747.9ANffl. OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM---74 D.74B49.9CLEFT PALATE {WITHOUT CLEFT LIP) --—740. OCLEFT LIP [WITHOUT CLEFT PA LATE1-—-741.1CLEFT PALATE wITH CLEFT LIP—-——-749.2
93.35.2
41.441.451.036.325.92D.715.567.4
ANDM., UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT- 750.1-750.8ATRESIA ANO STENDS1 S DF RECTUM ETC. -751.3HYPOS PAO1 AS——-——---—-—-—752. 2CLUB FoDT--——-----—------ T54. O-754. 9POLYDACTYL Y—--—---—--——--—-—755. 0
KEz:zGiG;G~::z:;:Ez::01 SLOCA71DN OF HIP--—--——---—--755.6OWN$ S 01 SE AS E-—--——-—---——-759. 3 J
4. D7.2
29. T62.1
287.99.4
18.25.8
14.8
20.7 9.120.7 45.331.1 38.898.4 117.7
150.3 199.210.4 18.136.3 54.3
5.2 9.127.2
4.13.6
33.269.2
284.8lD.915.9
6.821.4
1‘lTOT&s$ INcLUDES R4~S OTSER TiiAW k131TE AND N2GR02INC7JIDES BIRTSS WIT35 BIRTH WEIGHT NOT STATED.3 EQUIVALENTS OF THE GRAM NE IGHTS 2/4TECMS OF FUUNDS ANO OUNCES ARS SHOWN IN THE TECHNICAT.,MP~DM .
46
TABLE 4. CONGEN lTAL ANOMALY RATES BY AGE OF MOTHER ANO RACE FoR ALL AN9MALIES COUOINEO 4No FoR SELECTED ANoMALIEs:TOTAL OF 46 REPORTING STATES ANO THE oISTRICT OF COLUHBIA, 197S-7+ AVERAGE
(BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS IN SELECTEO STATES ANO ON A 50-PERCENT SAMPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES; SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX.REFERS ONLY TO BIRTHS OCCURRING WITHIN THE AREAS REPORTING Congenital hNof+AL lEs To REslo ENTs oF THEsE ARE As. FOR A LISTING OF AR-
E4s, SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX. TA8LE I. NUM8ERS AFTER CONGENITAL ANoMALIES ARE CATEGORY NUMBERS OF THE EIGHTH RFVIS1ON lNTERNATIDNAL
CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, AOAPTEO, 1965 (ICOA). RATES ARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS WITH OESIGNATEO ANOMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS
I! sPECIFIEO GROUP. WHERE THERE 1S MORE THAN ONE OEFECT PER BIRTH HITHIN ANY GRouPING OF ICDA COOES, THE BIRTH IS COUNTED ONLYONCE. FoR COMPLETE CATEGORY TITLES, SEE TABLE 1A]
Congenital ANOMALY ANO RACE 1
TOTAL { ALL ANOMALIES )-——7+G_759
SELECTED ANOMALIES:
AN EVCEPHALUS-——--—- ——--—T40SPINA BIFIOA HITH HYOROCEPHALUS-—--701.0SPIWA BIFIOA HITHOUT HYOROCEPHALU3--741. SCONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS—-—— T42ANOHAL I ES OF HEART--—--—----746. 0-746.5OTHER ANOJ4. OF CIRC. SYSTFN---74D.74749.9ANOM. OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM-—748.*748.5CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT cl C= I TPI——7KLOI-I Cn t 10 l“1T14n11T r.1 FF
ANOM., UPPER ALIMENTARY 7RACT-750.1-750. tATRESIA ANO sTENOSI S OF RECTUM ETC. -751.3HYPCKPAOI AS-—--—--—--—-—— 752.2CLUB FOOT——------—--—---754. O-T54. 5PDLVOACTYLY—--—-----—-----—--755 . cSYNOACTYLY -—-----------—----—--755 .1REOUCTIDN 0EFO?MITIES---—---755 .4-755.4OISL OCATION OF HIP--—---—-------- 755.6001AN9 S 01 S EASE——-----—--——--759. 3
WHITE IALL ANOHALIES)——--74 bT55
SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
AN EVCEPHALUS---——--——-———74CSPIYA 81 FIOA WITH HYOROCEPHALUS---—TC1. CsPINA BIFIOA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS--741.5CONGENITAL HYOROCEPHALUS————742ANOVAL I ES 3 F HEART--—--—---746 .O-746. !OTHER ANON. Or CIRC. SYSTEH-—747. *7+7.!ANON. OF RESPIRATORY SYS7EH-—748. O_74B. $CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT CLEFT LIP) ----7C9. CCLEFT LIP (WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE I—-749. ICLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP—————— 749. i
ANOU., UPPER AL lMENTARY TRACT-750 .I-750. IATRES!A ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ETC. -751.?HYPOSPAOIAS—---—--—--—-—-— T52. ZCLUB FOOT——----—--—--—--754. O-75*. !POLYO&CTYL Y-—-—----—-—-—-——755. [SYYOAC7YLY-—-------—-———- 755.1REOUCTIDN DE FORM IT I ES---—---755.4-755.4oISLOCAT 10N OF HI P--—--—-——-7S5. tOCMNg S 01S EASE--—---—-—-—-—--759. ?
------ .---------- -. .. . --—-—-—746. O-7+6. !OTHER AN~. OF CIRC. SVSTE14---747. D-74T. !ANQM. OF RESP lRATO!?Y SYSTEU---748. 0-7+8. $CLEFT PALATE CWITHOUT CLEFT LIP J-—-74C. CCLEFT LIP (U ITHOUT CLEFT PALATE )—--741.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP————-----749. i
ANON., UPPER AL INENTARV TRACT-750. 1-750.1AIRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ETC. -751.2HY POS P AOI A3——--------—-- —-752 .;cLuBFooT--—-------—-—---754.o-T54.~P OLVDACTYL Y----—--—--—--—-—75 5.(SYNOACTYLY----—----—-——-—— 755.1REWCTION OEFDRMITIES—-—---77552-755.IoISL OCAT ION OF HIP--—--—-—— 755. !DOIAN* S OISEASE--—------——— 759.:
TOTAL
h
10-14YFAeS
B20.5
21.08.4
;: j
62.418.410.429.323.94D.3
10.215.859.599.478.220.222.515.337.5
829.8
2;:;
38.916.866.319.411.032.026.443.6
11.417.565.B
106.339.422.223.316.341.9
732.4
9.63.0
17.613. T30.111.5
6.314.0
9.319.0
4.07.2
29. 762.1
287. 99. 4
lB. 25. 8
14. B
820.2
13.9
69.59.5
41.7
9.3+.6
55.6
13.99.3
27.8115.9134.4
18.532.4
4.6
856.3
91.3
45.7
11.4
ST. 1
34.311.422.8
137.!I34.322.822.8
785.2
24.0
56.116.040.1
16.0
40.1
8.032.0
104.2208.3
16. C40.1
8.C
AGE OF MOTHER
15-19 YEARS
811.7
14.28.6
36.8lT.O50.515.311.225.719.83T.1
8.913.157.1
109.8103.5
21.326.113.017.5
833.4
15.310.645.218.956.017.312.429.122.544.8
11.215.068.4
126.433!.225.02S.914.121,2
721.5
10. B2.9
15.111.826.9
9.36.8
15.410.012.2
2.57.5
30.164.9
282.711.517.6
6.16.1
006.7
9.46.8
39.517.754.516.1
9.926.017.127.0
3.17.8
57.1111.2140.3
17.729.617.119.2
B31.5
10.26.B
50.127.254.420.410.229.718,733.1
3.48.5
72.2134.2
55.219.541.621.223.8
737.5
8.47.0
23.82.8
49.05.67.0
15.414. C12.6
Z.t7. c
35.072.8
284.112. t11.2
B.47.C
lT-19YEARS
B12.8
15.39.0
36.116.949.615.211.525.720.439.4
10.114.357.1
109.595.322.225.312.117.1
833.7
16.311.444.317.456.316.712.829.023.247.0
12.616.367.7
125.035.026. D26.512.820.7
715.9
11.61.4
12.115.019.310.6
6.815.4
8.112.1
2.47.1
28.562.2
282.211.119. ?
5.?S.t
22-24YEAR S
804.1
21. T10.335.517.262-318.110.727.524.735. T
9.915.060.6
102.5T9. 720.120.915.420.2
B1l.6
24.711.730.418.066.318.311.430.327.238.7
10.916.267.0
109.940.321.421.516.722.5
717.8
6.53.1
19.813.628.012.3
5.810.910.216. C
4.17.5
29.761.1
296.511.618.1
5. e6. f
25-29YEARS
779.5
23.27.0
33.615.560.619.2
8.329.124. D43.5
9.515.661.190.863.119.422.516.029.5
779.7
23.77.5
36.1x5.662.1X9.7
8.730.526.344.5
9.8IT. O65.194.339.121.422.916.731.3
714.5
10. E3.8
17.116.532.414.6
3.814.6
+.427.3
5.75.1
29.253.5
283.C3.t
20.?5.1
14.t
30-34YEAR S
835.4
26.06.2
32.413.370.320.713.035.026.243.5
10.8lB.957.491.366.6IB.520.0Z5.446.6
B45. O
27.96.9
35.613.974.922.214.437.72B.346.2
11.620.660.393.536.621.020.815.552.5
765. D
12.11.39. k8.1
29.612.1
6.713.4
6.725.5
5.49.4
39. C69.5
295.82.1
18.86.7
14.8
35-39YFARS
,036.5
18.78.i
39. f18. ?BB. i20.1
9.145. i25. f50.7
20. (25.153. !
105. (80.81S.123.117. f
159. !
,081.1
20.i9.:
44.:16.:93. C23. (11.:49. !25.154. !
24.129.161.1
121.(46. !21.:28. [19.1
173.1
802.:
12.:3.1
18. !33.!55.!
9.:
37.124.’21.1
6.;9.:
12.:43.:
277.’9.’6.:6.;
89. !
43-49YEARS
1,710.5
10.63.0.649.317.6
149.631.714.145.840.591.5
17.629.9BI. O
103.896.045.828.222.9
670.5
1,792.8
13.211.052.717.6
158.235.2
6.652.746.187.9
22.037.498.9
109.9+8.348.322.024.2
T64. 6
L,240.4
10.542.0
52.621.052.6
21.084.1
10.594.6
336.421.010.5
283.8
47
TA,BLE 5. CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES BY PLURALITY OF BIRTH AND RACE FOR ALL ANOMALIES COMBINED AND FOR SELECTFO ANOMALIFS :TOTAL DF 46 REPORTING STb TES AND THE DISTRICT OF COLIJMBIA, 1973-74 AVERAGE
{BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS 1 N SELECTED STATES AND ON A 5D-PERCENT SAMPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES: SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX.REFERS ONLY TO BIRTHS OCCURRING WITHI N THE AREAS REPDRTING CONGENITAL ANOMAL lES 10 RESIOENTS OF THESE AREAS.EIS, SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX, TABLE 1.
FOR A LIST1 NG OF AR-Nut4BER5 AFTER congenital ANOMALIES ARE CAT EGORy NUMBERS OF THE EIGHTH REVISION INTERNATIONAL
CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, AOAPTFO, 1965 [l COA). RATES ARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS WITH DESIGNATED ANOMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIPTHSTN SPECIFIEO GROUP. WHERE THERE I S MORE THAN ONE DEFECT PER BIRTH WITHIN ANY GRoUP lNG OF ICOA CODES, THE BIPTH IS COUNTED ONLYONCE. FOR COMPLETE CATEGORY TITLES, SEE TABLE 1A]
ALL LIVE BIRTHSI
SINGLE LIVE BIRTHS LPLU
TOTAL?
—B117THS INOELt VERIES
CONGENITAL 13NQMALY
=1==TOTAL]
ALL AUOMAL 1 E S-- —------ —-—---74 D-759 820.5
21.0B .4
35.316.362.4lB.410.429.323.94D.3
lD.215. B59.599.478.220.222.515.331.5
029.8 732 81T. C B26.5 731.7
9.53.1
18.013.729.811. +
6.113.8
9.118.9
3.87.3
2B. 862.1
289.69.2
18.15.6
14.4
965.7
35.77. T
38.622.277.351.213.539.629.939.6
12.621.271.5
137.105. D30.930.912.618.3
1, O1O.7I 7154.1
10.5
15.741.915.715.720.920.920.9
lD.55.2
68.062.0
214.620.920.915.731. +
SELECTED ANOMALIES:
42.69.T
40.624.376.660.810.945.0
22.69.5
3B.716.766.1
kNEV CEPHAL US--------—---——---——--—------74 oSPIVA BIF1OA uITH HYDRDCEPHA LUS-————041. OSPINA 8IF1OA U1THOU7 HYOROCEPHALUS_—--T4149.9CONGEN 1TAL HYOQ OCEPHALU S—--------—--—----742ANOMAL 1ES OF HEART--—--——-—---746. Q-746.9OTHER ANOM. 9F CIRC. SYSTEM-----—--747. o-747. qANOM. OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM---------T9 B.B-7W.9CLEFT PALATE I WITHOUT CLEFT L1 PI--—------749. OcLEF7 L rp IUITHOUT CLEFT PALATE I——-——----749. ICLEFT PALATE UITH CLEFT LIP---—————749.2
9.6 2D.73.0 0.4
17.6 35.213.7 16.130.1 62.111.5 17.7
6.3 10.314.0 29.1
9.3 23.019.0 40.4
22.99.5
3B.916.066.319.411. D32.026.443.6
18.611. D31.826.343.5
31.645.0
ANOM., UPPER AL IMENTARY TRACT--—--15T50 -85O.8ATRES 1A ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM ETC. —-----751.3HY POSP AO 1 As—----------—----------——--752. zCLU8 F007——---------— --——---—--754. 0-754.9PDLYOACTYLY-----—--—------—-—-——-7=..3. n
11.417.565.8
106.339.422.223.316.341.9
13.425.574.2
153.25T.234.132. B12.215.8
4.C7.2
29.762.1
287.5
10.115.7
11.317.465.7
105.559.398.670.1 39.1
22. D23.116.342.4
SVNDiCiYiY-—--------------—--———-7i5IiREOUCTION DE FORM I TIES---—---—-—--755.2-755.4DISL OCAT 10N OF HIP---—--—-----—- —---755.600IIN * S 01 SE ASE------------------—---—-759.3
9.4lB.2
5.814.8
20.022.315.337.9
1
123WLFJDES RACRS OTHSR TSAN WHI’2S AND NEGRO.
TABLE 6. CONGENITAL ANOMALY RATES BY LEGITIMACY STATUS AND RACE FOR ALL ANOMALIES COMB INEO ANO FOR SELECTED ANcIMALIES:TOTAL OF 35 REPORTING STATES ANO THE OISTRICT OF CDL UMBIA, 1973-74 AVERAGE
[BASED DN 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS IN SELECTED STATES ANO ON A 50-FERCENT SAMPLE OF SIRTHS IN ALL CITHER STATES; SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX.REFERS ONLY TO 81R7HS OCCURR1 NG UITHIN THE AREAS REPORTING SQTH CONGENITAL ANOMALIES ANO LEGITIMACY STATUS TO REsl OENTs @F THEs EAREAs. FOR A LISTING OF AREAS SEE 7ECHNICAL APPENOIX, TABLE I. NUMBERS AFTER CONGENIAL ANOHALIES ARE CATEGORY NLN4BFRS OF TH=EIGHTH REV IS1ON 1NTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, AOAPTEO, 1965 [ lCOAI. RATES ARE NUMBER OF LIVE SIRTHS NITH OF SIGNATEO A-NOMALY PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS IN SPECIFIEO GROUP. liHERE THERE IS MORE THAN ONE OEFECT PER BIRTH WITHIN ANY GROUPING OF ICDACOOES, THE BIRTH IS COUNTED ONLY ONCE. FOR COMPLE7E CAT EGDRY TITLES, SEE TABLE 1A 1
LEGI’FIMATE BIRTHS I lLLEGITI MATE 81RTHSCONGEN17AL ANOMALY
TOT,iL1 I wHITE I NEGRD TOTAL1 WHITE
936.4
NEGRO
ALL ANOMAL I E s---—------— ——-—————-----740-7 59
SELECTEO ANOMAL lES :
805.2 812 700.4 8D7.6 703.5
ANENCEPHALUS------------——----—— ———-—-----—-------740SPIVA BIF IDA !41 TH HYOROCEPHA LUS---—----——-—-—-----—-7+1 .0SP INA B 1 F 10 A ii lTHOUT HYDROCE PHAL US———-—-——-—---——---7 +1.9CONGEN lTAL HYOROCEPHALUS—————---—--——--—-——-—742ANOMAL 1 ES OF HEART--------------——--—————--746.Q-746 .9DTHER ANOMALIES DF C lRC ULATORY SYSTEM-—--———----747 .0-747.9ANOq. OF RESP 1RATORY SY STEM-----———--—--——-—--T4S .Q-74B .9CLEFT PAL ATE (WITHOUT CLEFT LIP )--——------———---——-749 .0CLEFT L 1P IU17HOUT CLEFT PALATE I-—-—-—-—-—-----—-749.1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LIP--—-———----———-————--749.2
21.69.s
37.015.962.016.4
9.930.425.342.2
23. D 10.1lD.6 3.439.5 17.416.2 12.564. B 31.417.0 B. 5lD.2 6.131.6 17.426.7 12.244.3 19.5
12.26.1
29.615.850.512.810.727.217.020.4
16.211.546.620.477.018.914.754.529.342.4
9.32.s
18.912.030.6
0.37.2B. 98.3
16.2
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY 7RAC7-—-—--———--85 O. I-75O.8ATRESIA ANO sTENOSIS OF RECTUM ANO ANAL CANAL---------—---751.3HVPDSPAOI AS-----—-------—-----——-————----—-------752 _ 2CL UBFOOT------------------------------754.D-754.9POL YOACTYLY-----------------------------------------755 .0SYNOACTVLY--------------———--—-—-—-— ——-—-—-755 .1REOuc?lDN OEFORUITIES, ALL LIMB S----—----————-----755 .2-755.4OISL OCAT lDN OF HIP--—-------------—--—-———-------755 .60 WNi S 01 SE ASE--—------—------—————-—-——--—---759 .3
TABL8 7. COKENITAL ANCMALY RATES BY ONTCCMEOF LAST PREGNANCY,INTERVALSINCETE7041tL4TIIllOF LAST PREGNANCY,AND RACE: TOTAL OF 36RETORTINGSTATESAND THE DISTRICTOF COLUNEIA, 1973-7f+AVERAGE
(BASEDON 100 PERC2NTOF BIRTHS IN SELECTSDSTATESAND Cli A 50 -PERCENT BANPLE OF BIRTHSIN ALL OTHER STATES; SEE TECHNICALAPPENDIX.REF8RS ONLY TO BIRTNS OCCORRINGWITSIN 2’S2AREAS REPORTINGBOTH CONGENITALAN@fALIESANDDEATHTO RESIDENTSOF TNESEAREAS.
MTES OF IAST LIVE BIRTH AND LAST FSTALFOR A LISTTNC OF ARFAS , SEE TECNNICAL APPENDIX, TABLE 1. RATESASS NOM8SR OF LIVE BIRTHSWITH
CCNGBNITALANUL4LIESPER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHSIN SPECIFIEDGROUP)
OUTCOMEOF LAST PREGNANCYAND INTERVALSINCE TESMINATI~ OF L4ST PREGNANCY
ALL SECONDAND HIGHSR ORDER PR3GtLANCIESWITH CONCSNTTALAN@LIES* -----------
0 MONTRS (PLURALDELIwRIEs)-------------------------------------------------------1-11M~HS ------------------------------------------------------------------------12-17MmS-----------------------------------------------------------------------1S-23M_S-----------------------------------------------------------------------26-35MO~S -----------------------------------------------------------------------36-47M~HS -----------------------------------------------------------------------4S-59M_S-----------------------------------------------------------------------60 MONTHS OR MOM------------------------------------------------------------------NU2 STAT~-------------------------------------------------------------------------
o MONTHS (PLVSAL D~ImRIES)-------------------------------------------------------~il;7M~~&-----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------------------------------18123MON~S -----------------------------------------------------------------------24-35M_S-----------------------------------------------------------------------36~47MONTHS------------------------------------------....................---------48-59MO~S -----------------------------------------------------------------------60 MONTHS OR M~E------------------------------------------------------------------NOT STATED-------------------------------------------------------------------------
TUML1
854.5
1,132.2920.3827.5857.3838.0Sos.77ss.1916.0898.9
829.8
1,119.1860.9805.9S25.4822.6803.2774.2910.0759.4
1,008.2
1,707.sl,:clj.g
1,104:81,0s0.9954.1
1,170.21,149.8997.7
1,001.1
*1,123.;
2,381.;
l,oo6.i
WHITE
1,159.!930.5835.t872.1845.5810.:788.(946.(895.(
837.(
1,145.9575.5817.4834.8S27.9S02.2775.6937.9730.7
1,024.5
1,9s5.1996.48S9.6
1,152.11,128.11,025.31,148.31,255.7978.8
1,023.8
*
1,351.Z
2,564.i
1,029.;
NEGRO
791.4
959.0746.2749.4771.2784.7790.3738.5784.0S91.2
777.0
940.4661.7719.9770.27s5.38S0.2723.1789.6881.7
875.5
900.9998.4921.87s3.s781.4606.3
1,;;:.:
1,006:3
869.7
*
870.1
‘INCLUDES RACES OTHER THAN WllITEAND NEORO.2EXCLVDESBIRTNsWTTS BIRTHORDER NOT STATED.
T6BLE 8. CONGENITAL ANoMALY RATES BY EDKATIONAL ATTAINMENT OF HOTHER AND RACE FOR ALL ANOMALIES COPBINEOANO FOR SELECTED ANOMALIES: TDTAL OF 37 REPoRTING STATES ANO THE DISTRICT DF CDL UMOIA, 1973-74 AVERAGE
( BASED ON 100 PERCENT OF BIRTHS 1 N SELECTEO STATES AND ON A 50-PERCENT SAMPLE OF BIRTHS IN ALL OTHER STATES; SEE TECHNICAL APPENOIX .REFERS WALV TO BIRTHS OCCURRING WITHIN THE AREAS REPORTING B07H CONGENITAL ANOMALIES 6ND EDUC&TIONAL ATTAINMENT TO RESIDENTS OFTHEsE AREAS. FOR A L1S71NG OF AREAS, SEE 7ECHN1CAL APPENOIX, TA8LE 1. NuMBERS AFTER CONGENITAL &NOMALIES ARE CATEGORY NUMBERS nr$THE EIGHTH REVISION IN7ERNhTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF OISEASES, AOAPTEO, 1965 (ICOA). RATES ARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHS WITH OE$IG-NATEO ANOMALY PER 100,000 LIvE BIR71S 1 N SPECIFIEO GROUP.ICOA COOES, THE BIRTH 1S COUNTEO ONLY ONCE.
uHERE THERE 1S MORE rHAN OWE OEFECT PER BIRTH IA17HIN ANY GROUPING wFOR COMPLETE CATEGORY TITLES, SEE TABLE 1A)
CONGENITAL ANOMALY AND RACE 1 TOTAL
ror AL [ ALL ANOMAL fEs )--—-—-——-——-740-7 59
SELEC7E0 ANCIM?4LIES :
AN EN CEPHALUS-----------------——-—---—--——74OSPINA BIFIOA WITH HYDROCEPHA LUS--——-———-741. OSPINA BIFIOA U ITHOUT HYOROCEPHALUS--——-——-741.9CONGEM IT AL HYOROCEP HALuS-—---——-—-—-—--—-— 742ANOMAL 1 ES OF HE ART-------—- —--——-—746. O-T46. 9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM—----04747 -947.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM—-—-— 748.0-740.9CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT CLEFT LI P) —--—-—-——--749. OCLEFT L FP (WITHOUT CLEFT PALATE )——-———-749. 1CLEFT PALATE WITH CLEFT LID.---—— ----- —---749 .2
ANOMAL IES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT——--710.1-78 O.8A7RES 1A AND STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANbL CA NAL-—-7S3.3HYPOS P AO lAS-—--—— ---——--—-—-———-752 .2CLU8 FOOT—--—------------- —---- ——----754. 0-754.9POLYOACTYLY-—--——-—--——--.——-———-755.OSYNOAC7YLY--------------———--—-——---—---755.1REOUCTION DEFORMITIES, ALL LIMBS--—-—755.2-755.6OISL OCAT ION OF HI P---—-———-—-——-——-755 .600 IAN* S 01 SE AS E--—------—--—-——-- ——-759 .3
16HITE (ALI. ANOMAL IESl----—- ———-------740-759
SELECTED ANOMALIES:
ANENCEPHALUS---------—-----—--———---—-—--74OSPINA 8ZFIDA UITH HYOROCEPHALUS----—----—---7+1.OSPINA BIFIOA i41THOUT HyoRocEpHALu3—-—-———--74 I.9CONGENITAL HYDROCEPHALUS--—-—---—-——--—— 742ANOMALIES OF HEART---—-----—--—--——-7+6 .0-746.9OTHER ANOMALIES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEW—----04747 -947.9ANOMALIES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM—-———-- 7%3.9-7%3.9CLEFT PALATE [WITHOUT C.LEF7 L lPI—-—-———--749. oCLEFT LIP III ITHOU1 CLEFT PALATE )——-———-7+9.1CLEFT PALATE ISITH CLEFT LIP—---—-—-— —7+9 .2
ANOHAL lES OF UPPER AL IMENTARY 7RACT—-—-—15750 -85O.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL---751.3HYPOSP AOI AS-----------—----—-——-—--—--752 .2CL U8FO07—---—-——----—----—— —754. 0-754.9POLY OACWL Y-—---------—--------—-————-755. 0SYNDACTYLY-—--—------———--——-——————— 755.1REOUCT ION DEFORMITIES, ALL L 1!3SS-—-—--755 .2-755.4DISLOCATION OF HI P---------------——-——-—--755 .6DOUN* S D1 SE ASE--—--—--—--—--———— 759.3
NEGRO ( ALL ANOMAL IE S1-—-—--—-—-——-740 -759
SELECTEO ANOMALIES:
ANENCE PHAL US-------------—--———--—— 740SPIVA BIFIOA WlTH HYDROCEPHALUS--—----—--——-741. OSPINA 81 FIOA WITHOUT HYOROCEPHAL US———--——-7+1.9CONGE! 1TAL HYOROCEP HA LUS-—-------——--——-—742ANoMAL 1 ES OF HFART--------——-----———746.O-746.9OTHER ANDMALIES nF CIRCUL#TORY SYSTEH—----O4747-947.9ANOMAL [ES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM--— ——748.0-748.9CLEFT PALATE (U ITHOUT CLEFT LIP) ----—--— —-.749.0
ANOMALIES OF UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT--——710.1-78 O.8ATRESIA ANO STENOSIS OF REC7U14 AND ANAL CANAL-—-751.3HYPOSPAOIAS-—----------—-—-——-—— 752.2CLUB FOOT —-—--—------——---——-—— 754.0-75%9POLYOACTYLY.----—-—-—---——--_--—_--__7~~ .0SYNOACTYLY--------—----—-—-————-—--75 5.1REOUCT ION DEFORMITIES, ALL LW5S-——--25755- $55.$OISL0CA710N OF HIP---—--—--—--——-—---——-755. 6ODI(NS S 01 SEAS E--—---—-—-—--——-—---——-759.3
a41.8
21.18.4
36.116.859.417.910.030.325.640.1
11.415.563.4
104. ?80.821.422.715.838.9
863.3
23.59.5
+0.217.765.119.511.633.428.544. a
13.118.170.7112.640.323.823-717.444.1
714.9
9.03.617.312.627.58.25..3
13.29.C16.6
3.25.2
31.260.q
286. ?8.$
17.46.513.1
YEARS OF SCHCIOL COMPLE7ED BY MOTHER
=?=853.5
13.26.8
37.920.957.113.26.8
41.320..434.9
4.714.144.3119.2a9.922.123.414.153.7
a96. a
13.B7.5
44a23.D63a15.5a.b
48.323.035.6
6.315.550.0
13a. o49.425.920.714.460.4
629.7
9.03.9
21.513.731.3
2.013.75.9
19.6
7.821.55a.7
226.05.9
31.311.729.3
079.6
19.a9.0
40.516.360.1la.612.132.o25.145.7
11.515.757.2
110.7117.221.921.112.028.6
925.6
25.011.34a. a17.370.722.412.937a30.932.3
13.318.771.0
l:g::
25.422.613.935.5
73a. 9
6.93.5
19.512.629.59.19.t
16.98.7
19.5
5.26.5
25.155.9
309.210.016.06.110.4
12YEARS
a50. I
22.19.a
3B.7lB. O58.118.211.231.326.039.4
12.817.467.6
105.473.219.623.216.i’37.6
a72. o
24.110.742.719.363.619.411.934.529.663.4
14.619.973.7
112.43a.421.724.517.94ha
703.0
10.25.1
1+.511.524.78.54.79.a9.0
14.1
1.72.6
36.761. a
2a5.67.7
16.26.8
10.7
13-15YEAR S
828.7
21.36.6
2s. a13.367.719.59.7
23.126.243.2
11.314.77s. 192.666.023.122.615.943.2
834.9
23.97.6
30.614.071.221.410.524.927.043.9
L2. 116.576.396.339.325.323.917.9+6. 1
759.2
1.7
13.510.130.4
B.55.1
10.113.523.7
6.83.4
47.362.6
289.110.113.53.413.5
16 YEARS4N0 OVER
776.7
19.24.3
27.813.954.816.7
9.627.026.532.3
11.914.162.399.747.726.825.222.551.2
7a4.4
17.44.528.614.055.516.310.426.626.635.9
13.214.964.2
101.038.127a24.723a56.7
675.7
26.2
26.213.117.413.1
17.48.7
a. 734.9100.2213.613.134.98.74.4
NOTSTATEL7
651.5
42.79.5
23.723.760.79.513.127.3111.927.3
1.211.935.6Y5.91!7.823.1,14.2
7.142.7
640.0
51.913.0;~7. 519.455.1
9.714.629.213.032.4
1.611.345.474.530.814.617.a9.7
45.4
685.5
19.4
14.629.229.29.T
14.69.74.9
14.69.7
63.2257.7
9.T4.9
38.9
lllT~ALll INcL~ES RACEa OTHSR THAN CAHITE AND NEGRO.
60
TABLE 9. BIRTS INJURYsATES FOR TYPE OF INJURY,BY SSS AND FACE: TL72ALOF 41 REPORTINGSTATESAND TIiEDISTRICTOF COLUNEIA,1973-74AVERAGE
(BASEDON 100 PERCEN2OF BIR’2HSIN SELECTEDSTATESAND ON A 50-PERCENT SAMPLEOF BIRTNSINREFERSONLY TO BIRTNSOCCURRINGWITHINTNB AREAS REPORTING BIRTS INJURIESTO RBSIDE2i”2S01TSCNNICALAPPENDIX,TABLE 1. RATESASS NIRIT!EROF LIVE BIRTSSWITN DESIGNATEDINJURYPER 10I
.L02NER STATES;SEE TECNMCAL APPENDIX.X12SEAWS . FOR A LISTINGOF AREAS> SEE)00LIVE BIRTNSIN SPECIFIEDCROUP)
Y3TAL2
216.0;;~.:
251.1256.2210.1
179.0177.4172.0
TYPE OF BIR’lli1NJUR%—
rum
—10.210.76.9
13.013.97.6
7.3
z::
:PINALCORD
mm
I%Js
82.484.068.2
94.697.077.8
69.570.358.2
Omo?.RAND
JNsPsc-IFIED
127.5127.2120.6
149.4151.3130.8
104.4101.8110.1
1TOTALFOR SACN SEX GROOP 2NUUDES RACESOTNSR THAN WR2’LSAND NECRO.2SUSWTECORIESOF INJITcIESARE ??3TADDITIVE SINCE IKIRE TRAN ONE CONOITIOlfMAY EXISTAT BIRTH.
51
TABLE 10. BIRTH INJURYRATES FOR TYPE OF INJURY,BY BIRTHWEIGHTAND RACE: TOTAL OF 41 REPORTINGSTATESAND THE DISTRICTOF COLUMBIA,1973-74AVBSAGE
(BASEDON 100 PERCENTOF BIRTHSIN SELECTEDSTATESANo ON A 5O-PERCENTSAMPLEOF B12tTHsIN ALL OTHERSTATES;SEE TECHNICALAPPENDIX.REFERSONLYTO BIRTHS WCOBRING WITHINTHE ARSAS REPORTINGBIRTH INJURIESTO RZSIDENTSOF THESEARSAS. FOR A LISTINGOF AREAB, SEETECHNICALAPPENDIX. TABLE 1. BATESARE NONBBR OF LIVE SIRTHSWITH DESIGNATEDINJURYPER 100,000LIVE BIRTHSIN SPECIFIEDGROUP)
1,500GRAMS OR LESS----------------------------------------------------------------------1,501-2,000GWMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------2,001-2,50DGWMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2.500GRANS OR LESS----------------------------------------------------------------------
1,500 GLVIMS OR LESS----------------------------------------------------------------------1,501-2,000GMS------------------------------------------------------------------------2,001-2,500GWMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------
2,500GRAMS OR LESS----------------------------------------------------------------------
1,500 GRAMS OR LESS----------------------------------------------------------------------1,501-2,000GMS------------------------------------------------------------------------2,001-2,500GMS------------------------------------------------------------------------
2,500GRANS OR ~SS----------------------------------------------------------------------
2,501-3,000GMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------3,D01-3,500G~S ------------------------------------------------------------------------3,501-4,000G~S ------------------------------------------------------------------------4,001-4,500GWS ------------------------------------------------------------------------4,501-5,000GMMS ------------------------------------------------------------------------5,D01GRAMS OR MORE----------------------------------------------------------------------NOT STATED-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
‘OYAL3
216.0
33s.1240.4164. S
205.6
144.5169.6233.3398.5759.8
!,s37.1312.6
217.9
399.1247.6173.1
220.0
146.8166.522s.s392.6720.6
!,720.8357.9
191.3
227.9212.s135.4
166.5
123.5175.5244.2397.t
1,0S2.43,663.5
61.6
TYPE OF BIRTH 7.NJDRY
RAIN
10.2
7s.056.522.s
37.6
z:+
1;:216.3;;,;
10.7
.02,067.726.9
45.5
;:;5.412.914.3
84.;
6.9
32.634.57.1
16.9
;::2.411.847.1$07.1
;PINALCORD
SONE
N&E
S2.4
4s.069.445.5
50.4
42.147.191.2214.9552.7
Z,245.O69.5
S4.O
60.05s.445.9
50.3
44.446.090.0207.5523.4
!,162.773.7
6S.2
26.169.044.5
46.1
26.747.799.8263.9S94.1
2,S49.461.6
OTHERAND
JNsPEC-IF7.ED
127.5
220.1119.497.5
120.4
95.91.20.11.3S.21s0.9200.5!i79.7173.7
127.3
96.3117.8134.5‘LBO.0190.05B6.O200.0
120.6——
169.3109.3S7.3
105.8
91.012s.2146.0161.518S.2407.1
“EQUIVLBNTS OF THE GRAM WSIGHTSIN TERMSOF POUNDSAND OUNCESARE SHOWN 3N THE TECRNICALAPPENDIS.2,,mTfitI~~~Es BACSS OTHRRTHAN WHITE~ ~Gp-D.~SUBCATEGORIESOF INJLELIESARE NOT ADDITIVESINCSM3RE THAN ONE CONDITIONMAY EXISTAT BIRTH.
52
TABLE 11. BIRTH INJURYRATES FOR TYPE OF INJORY, BY PLURALITYOF BIRTHAND RACE: TOTAL OF 41 REPORTINGSTATESAND TNS DISTRICTOFCOLIMSIA, 1973-74AVERAGE
(BASEDON Loo pERc5NTOF BIRTHSIN SELECTEDSTATESAND ON A 50-PERCENTSAMPLEOF BIRTHSIN ALL OTHER STATES;SEE TECHNICALAPPENDIX.REFERSONLY TO BIRTHSCCCURRINCWITHINTHE ARSAS REPORTINGBIRTR IN.TNRIESTO RESIDSNTSOF THESEAREAS. FOR A LISTINGOF AREAS, SEETECWNICALAPPENOIX, TABLE 1. RATESARE NUMBER OF LIVE BIRTHSWITH DESIGNATEDINJURY PER 100,000LIVE BIRTWSIN SPSCIFIEDGROUP)
LIVE BIRTHSIN PLNSALDELIVERIES----------------------------&-;;---------------------------226.5 ::.; -:- ----.--------------.----. 208.4 I
NEGRO--------------------------- 309.4 32:9 :J t
B~ ~mm
~~w unspec-ified
82.4 127.5B4.o 127.268.2 120.6
SI.7 128.283.6 128.065.B 121.0
118.1 B9.2106.5 86.7171.1 105.3
1TUTALFOR EACH FLDTAL7.TYGROUP INGLUOESRACSS OTHER TNAN WRITE AND NSGRO.ZSNBC4TSGORfESOF 7.NJOXIESARE NIT ADDITIV2SINCS3QRS THAN ONE CXIN07.TIONMAY EXISTAT BIRTH.
62
TECHNICAL APPENDIX
CONTENTS
%mces of Data ................................ ......... .............................................................................................. 55Sample Size........... ................................................................................................................ .................. 55Birt~ Weight ................... ...................... ........................................................................................... ........ 57Medmaf Definitions .............................................................. ................................................................... 57Indweet Standardization of Congenital Ano rnaly Rates .......................................................................... 58
APPENDIX TABLE
I. Areas reporting congenital anornahes, birth injuries, legitimacy status, dates of last live bkth andfetal death, and educational attainment of mother: Each State and the District of Columbia,1973-74 56
TECHNICAL APPENDIX
Sources of Data
Information on congenital anomalies andbirth injuries for this report was derived fromentries on live birth certificates. In 1973 and1974, 46 States and the District of Columbiahad a descriptive type of question on congenitalanomalies on the face of the birth certificate;41 States and the District of Columbia had adescriptive type of question on birth injuries.The question wordings were usually identical toor varied slightly from the wording of the 1968revision of the United States Standard Certif-icate of Live Birth, which is as follows:
“Congenital malformations or anomalies of child(Describe or write ‘none’)”
“Birth injuries to child (Describe or write ‘none’)”
Indiana required a. supplementary form to becompIeted for the reporting of anomalies, butno provision has yet been made to compile datafor this State. The Georgia birth certificatecontains a checklist of selected anomalies andbirth injuries, but the listing is not sufficientlydetailed to permit inclusion of information fromthis State. Massachusetts collects birth injurydata for only a sample of births and is conse-quently excluded from the reporting area. Thecomposition of the reporting areas for con-genital anomalies and birth injuries is show-n intable I.
All tables included in this report are bymother’s place of residence. Births to U.S. resi-dents occurring outside this country are notreallocated to the United States. Births to non-residents of the United States occurring in theUnited States are also excluded from tab-ulations.
Data shown in this report refer only to birthsoccurring within the areas reporting congenitalanomaly or birth injury information to residentsof these areas. Where tables include informationon legitimacy status, outcome of Iast pregnancy,interval since termination of last pregnancy, andeducational attainment of mother, the numberof States from which information can be drawnis reduced. This is because the birth certificatesof States which include a question on congenitalanomalies may not also request information forthese other variabIes. Areas reporting these othervariables are shown in table I. The items sex andrace of child, age of mother, live-birth order,plurality of birth, and birth weight are reportedby all States. Consequently, the size of thereporting area does not change when these var-iables are shown.
Sample Size
Birth statistics for 1973 and 1974 are basedon information from two sources. For 9 Statesin 1973 and 16 States in 1974, statistics arebased on information from the total file of birthrecords provided to the National Center forHealth Statistics through the Cooperative HealthStatistics System. In 1973 these States wereColorado, Florida, Maine, Michigan, Missouri,New Hampshire, New York (exclusive of NewYork City), Rhode Island, and Vermont. In
1974 Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska,Oregon, and South Carolina were added to thislisting. Statistics for the remaining States arebased on information obtained from a50-percent sample of birth records. A discussionof sampling procedures and sampling errors for1973 and 1974 may be found in the Technical
55
Table 1. Areas reporting congenital anomalies, birth injuries, legitimacy status, dates of last Iiva birth and fetal death, and educationalattainment of mother: Each State and the District of Columbia, 1973-74
CongenitalDates of last Educational
Area Birth Legitimacy live birth andanomalles injuries status
attainmentfetal death of mother
Alabama x xAlaska x x x x xArizona x x x x xArkansas x x xCalifornia x x xColorado x x x x xConnecticut x x x x—Delaware x x x x x—District of Columbia x x x x xFlorida x x x x xGeorg!a xHawaii x x x x xtdaho x xIllinok x x x x x
Indiana x x x
Iowa x x x x xKansas x x x x xKentucky x x x x xLouisiana x x x x—Maine x x x x xMaryland xMassachusetts x xMichigan x x x x xMinnesota x x x x xMISSISSIPPI x x x x xMissouri x x x x xMontana x x x xNebraska x x x x xNevada x xNew Hampshire
x xx x x x x
New Jersey x x xNew Mexico x xNew York x x x xNorth Carolina x x xNorth Dakota x x x x xOhio x x x—Oklahoma x x x x xOregon x x x x xPennsylvania x x xRhode Island x x x x xSouth Carolina x x
.–’-.—.——————l ;
x x—
South Dakota x x x—. x—Tennessee x x x xTexas x xUtah x x x x xVermont x x x xVirglnla x x x xWashington x x x xWest Vlrghsla x x x x xWlsconshs x x x x xWyoming x x x x x
56
Appendix of Volume I of Vital Statistics of theUnited States for these years.
Birth Weight
In practically all areas, birth weight isreported in terms of pounds and ounces ratherthan in grams. However, the metric system hasbeen used in tabulating and presenting the statis-tics to facilitate comparison with data publishedby other groups. The equivalents of the gramintervals in pounds and ounces are as follows:
500 grams or less= 1 lb 1 oz or Icss501- 1,000 grams= 1 lb 202 - 21b 3 oz
1,001- 1,500 grams= 21b 40Z - 31b 4021,501-2,000 grams = 3 lb 5 oz - 4 lb 6 oz2,001-2,500 grams = 4 lb 7 oz - 5 lb 8 oz2,501-3,000 grzms = 5 lb 9 oz - 6 lb 9 oz3,001-3,500 grams= 61b 10 oz - 7 lb 11 oz3,501-4,000 grams = 7 lb 12 oz - 8 lb 13 oz4,001-4,500 grams = 8 lb 14 oz - 9 lb 14 oz4,501-5,000 grams = 9 lb 15 oz -11 lb O oz5,001 grams or more= 11 lb 1 oz or more
For purposes o f classification, infantsweighing 2,500 grams or less at birth are consid-ered to be of low birth weight. This criterionwas recommended by the American Academy ofPediatrics in 1935 and adopted by the WorldHealth Organization in the Sixth Revision of theInternational Lkts of Diseases and Causes ofDeath (1948).
Medical Definitions
Brief definitions of the selected congenitalanomalies appearing in tables 2-6 and 8 are pre-sented below. For more detailed informationabout these anomalies and the complete listingof anomzdies shown in tables 1A and 1B, ref-eren ce may be made to Congenital Mal-formations 9 and Birth Defects Atlas and Com-pendiums 2
ICDA Code
740 Anencephalus
Anencephalus is a developmental
NOTE: A list of references follows the text.
741.0741.9742
749.0749.1749.2
751.3
752.2
754
anomaly characterized by partial ortotal absence of the brain. In a livebirth the condition is lethal soonafter birth.
Spina bifida with hydrocephzdusSpina bifida without hydrocephalusHydrocephalus (without spina bifida)
Spina bifida is a developmentalanomaly characterized by a defectof the bony spinal canal. Hydro-c ephalus is a condition charac-terized by abnormal accumulationo f fluid in the cranial cavity,accompanied by enlargement of thehead, prominence of the forehead,and atrophy of the brain.
Cleft paIate is a fissure or openingalong the median line of the roof ofthe mouth. cleft lip (sometimesreferred to as harelip) is a defect inthe upper Iipj usually due to thefadure of the median nasal andmaxillary processes to unite.
Atresia and stenosis of rectum
This term refers to the absence orclosure (atresia) or narrowing orstricture (stenosis) of rectum andanal canal.
Hypospadias
H ypospadias is a developmentalanomaIy in the male in which theurethra opens on the under side ofthe penis or on the perineum. Inthe female, the urethra opens intothe vagina.
Clubfoot
Clubfoot is a deformity of the footin which the footshape or position.
is ttisted out of
.57
755.0 Polydactyly
PolydactYlv is a developmentalanomaly characterized by the pres-ence of excess digits (fingers andtoes).
755.1
755.2 -755.4
755.6
759.3
Syndactyly
Sy ndactyly is the condition inwhich two or more fingers or toesare more or less completely growntogether or adherent; webbedfingers or toes.
Reduction deformities, all limbs
This term refers to incomplete de-velopment or total absence of alimb.
Dislocation of hip
Dislocation of hip is displacementof hip.
Down’s disease
Down’s disease is an abnormalitycharacterized by the presence of anextra chromosome 21. Mentalretardation is almost universal. It isalso called mongolism.
To eliminate the effect of differences in thebirth weight distribution between legitimate andillegitimate births, the indirect method of stand-ardization was used to adjust congenital anom-aly rates for these groups. Weight-specific con-genital anomaly rates for all births regardless oflegitimacy status for each racial group (table 3)were used as the standards in this procedure.Standardization for weight differences was doneseparately for each race using the followingformula:
Weight-standardized congenital anomalyrate for given legitimacy status group andgiven race =
c1A
ZAW bw,lw
where c1 is the observed number of congenitalanomalies for a given legitimacy status group fora given race; Aw, the weight-specific rates of thestandard population for a given race; b ~, 1, thenumber of births for each birth-weight categoryfor a given legitimacy status group for a givenrace; and A, the crude congenital anomaly rateof the standard population for a given race.
—ooo —
58* u. s. 013 VENMENT PIUNTIIW OFFICE :1978 2s1-259/27
VITAL AND HEALTH STATISTICS Series
Series 1. Programs and Collection Pro cedures. – Reports which describe the general programs of the NationalCenter for HeaIth Statistics and its offices and divisions and data collection methods used and includedefinitions and other material necessary for understanding the data.
Series 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research. –Studies of new statistical methodology including experi-mental tests of new sutvey methods, studies of vital statistics collection methods, new analyticaltechniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected data, and contributions to statistical the&y.
Series 3. Analytical Studies. –Reports presenting analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and healthstatistics, carrying the analysis further than the expository types of reports in the other series.
Series 4, Documents and Committee Reports. –Final reports of major committees concerned with vital andhealth statistics and documents such as recommended model vital registration laws and revised birthand death certificates.
Series 10. Data From the Health Interview Survey. –Statistics on illness, accidental injuries, disability, use ofhospital, medical, dental, and other services, and other health-related topics, all based on data colIectedin a continuing national household interview survey.
Series 11. Data From the Health Examination Sumey and the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. –Datafrom direct examination, testing, and measurement of national samples of the civilian noninstitu-tionalized population provide the basis for two types of reports: (1) estimates of the medically definedprevalence of specific diseases in the United States and the distributions of the population with respectto physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics and (2) analysis of relationships among thevarious measurements without reference to an explicit finite universe of persons.
Series 12. Data Fro m the Institutionalized Population Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reports fromthese surveys will be in Series 13.
Series 13. Data on Health Resources Utilization. –Statistics on the utilization of health manpower and facilitiesproviding long-term care, ambulatory care, hospital care, and family planning services.
Series 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities. –Statistics on the numbers, geographic distri-bution, and characteristics of health resources including physicians, dentists, nurses, other healthoccupations, hospitals, nursing homes, and outpatient facilities.
Series 20. Data on Mortality. –Various statistics on mortality other than as included in regular annual or monthlyreports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, and other demographic variables; geographic and timeseries analyses; and statistics on characteristics of deaths not available from the vital records based onsample surveys of those records.
Series 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Dioorce. –Various statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce otherthan as included in regular annual or monthly reports. Special analyses by demographic variables;geographic and time series analyses; studies of fertility; and statistics on characteristics of births notavailable from the vital records based on sample suweys of those records.
Series 22. Data From the National Mortality and Aratality Surveys. –Discontinued effective 1975. Future reportsfrom these sample surveys based on vital records will be included in Series 20 and 21, respectively.
Series 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth. –Statistics on fertility, family formation and dis-solution, family planning, and related maternal and infant health topics derived from a biennial surveyof a nationwide probability sample of ever-mazried women 15-44 years of age.
For a list of titles of reports published in these series, write to: Scientific and Technical Information BranchNational Center for Health StatisticsPublic Health ServiceHyattsville, hid. 20782