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1 Computing Platforms for the XXI Century Abstract: Wikipedia defines Platform as "A raised level surface on which people or things can stand". A more familiar technical interpretation applies to the hardware and OS configuration applicable to the execution of software; most frequently applicable to highly stable PC or Mainframe architectures. But the world has changed a lot since serious computing power moved into the embedded consumer arena. Now, with runs of many millions for single products, the argument for customisation is much more justifiable; so the traditional view of platforms is struggling against a tide of individuality. Can the ARM architecture bring stability back into this chaos, or is something else needed? Isaac Newton realised the reality of platforms when he talked of standing on the shoulders of giants. A platform is a stable place where engineers and scientists can stand to achieve more than they would otherwise have done. So our XXI Century Platforms are the shape to deliver improved Productivity, Reuse, Quality, TTM, Cost, etc. for the System Products we are now charged to deliver. Its business, stupid! Context Keynote at the Euromicro conference The series (est1973) is known worldwide for its scientific quality. Its main event in 2013 is the collocated Digital System Design (DSD) and Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA) conference in Santander, Spain. http://www.teisa.unican.es/dsd-seaa-2013/ 45min Keynote, 60min Slot. 4sep13 Pdf and Tube available at http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/
45

Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

May 06, 2015

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Technology

Ian Phillips

Wikipedia defines Platform as "A raised level surface on which people or things can stand". A more familiar technical interpretation applies to the hardware and OS configuration applicable to the execution of software; most frequently applicable to highly stable PC or Mainframe architectures. But the world has changed a lot since serious computing power moved into the embedded consumer arena. Now, with runs of many millions for single products, the argument for customisation is much more justifiable; so the traditional view of platforms is struggling against a tide of individuality. Can the ARM architecture bring stability back into this chaos, or is something else needed? Isaac Newton realised the reality of platforms when he talked of standing on the shoulders of giants. A platform is a stable place where engineers and scientists can stand to achieve more than they would otherwise have done. So our XXI Century Platforms are the shape to deliver improved Productivity, Reuse, Quality, TTM, Cost, etc. for the System Products we are now charged to deliver. Its business, stupid!
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Page 1: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

1

Computing Platforms for the XXI Century Abstract:

Wikipedia defines Platform as "A raised level surface on which people or things can stand". A more familiar technical interpretation applies to the hardware and OS configuration applicable to the execution of software; most frequently applicable to highly stable PC or Mainframe architectures. But the world has changed a lot since serious computing power moved into the embedded consumer arena. Now, with runs of many millions for single products, the argument for customisation is much more justifiable; so the traditional view of platforms is struggling against a tide of individuality. Can the ARM architecture bring stability back into this chaos, or is something else needed? Isaac Newton realised the reality of platforms when he talked of standing on the shoulders of giants. A platform is a stable place where engineers and scientists can stand to achieve more than they would otherwise have done. So our XXI Century Platforms are the shape to deliver improved Productivity, Reuse, Quality, TTM, Cost, etc. for the System Products we are now charged to deliver. Its business, stupid!

Context Keynote at the Euromicro conference

The series (est1973) is known worldwide for its scientific quality. Its main event in 2013 is the collocated Digital System Design (DSD) and Software Engineering and Advanced Applications (SEAA) conference in Santander, Spain.

http://www.teisa.unican.es/dsd-seaa-2013/

45min Keynote, 60min Slot. 4sep13

Pdf and Tube available at http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/

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Prof. Ian Phillips Principal Staff Eng’r,

ARM Ltd [email protected]

Visiting Prof. at ...

Contribution to Industry Award 2008

Euromicro DSD/SEAA Keynote Santander, Spain

04sep13

1v0

Pdf and Tube available at http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/

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Classic Computing Platforms General Purpose Compute Platforms PC – Dominated by x86 architecture (Intel + AMD + Windows)

Windows ‘N’

DOS

Linux

OpenBSD

FreeVMS

But also Apple ... MacOS ‘N’ – Universal Binaries (PowerPC/x86)

Mainframe - IBM, EMC, Hitachi, Unysis, HP, NEC, Fujitsu Fortran C/C++ Cobol - One of first languages (1959). In 1997, 80% of the world's business ran on COBOL with >200

billion lines of code in existence and >5 billion lines of new code annually (Gartner).

Portable Computing – Pocketable GP Compute Platforms iOS (iPad/iPhone/iPod) Android Windows 8

... We all have our personal favourites!

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But What About Embedded?

BeagleBone Black (TI)

Computers, but without General Programmability The Chip as a Platform? MCU and CPU chips from many vendors?

The PCB Platform? ARM IP a Platform?

∘ The CPUs? ∘ The GPUs? ∘ AMBA? ∘ CoreLink Cells? ∘ SoC Methods?

What about the RTOS’s? There are 45 listed on ARM’s web-site

Or the Design Tools? Verilog/VHDL and Synthesis?

Digital Logic : Based on Boolean Mathematics?

Software Kernels/RTOs Debuggers? Lots of form-factors, targeting different markets

... By-Far the Biggest Footprint of Computers Today!

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The Face of Computing Today

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The Face of Computing Today

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A Machine for Computing ... Computing: A general term for algebraic manipulation of data ...

... State and Time are normally factors in this.

It can include phenomena ranging from human thinking to calculations with a narrower meaning. Wikipedia

Usually used it to exercise analogies (models) of real-world situations; Frequently in real-time (Fast enough to be a stabilising factor in a loop).

... Not prescriptive about Implementation Technology! ... Not prescriptive about ease of (re)Programmability!

y=F(x,t,s) Numerated Phenomena

IN (x)

Processed Data/ Information

OUT (y)

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Electronic Systems1: the KET for 21c! Fundamental to the solutions to all of Societies Challenges Dependent on them today; we will

become ever more so in the future National Independence is not an option:

but Mutual Co-Dependence is!

Though Animated by Electronics; ES are much more than that ...

... They Include all the Technologies and Methods to make them ‘work’ as a Product. The most important technology is

the one that doesn’t work!

... ES Technologies will literally be the Platform on which the 21c will be constructed.

1: aka; Cyber-Physical Systems (Geek-Talk!)

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Putting Technology into Context 21c Businesses have to be Selling things that People (End-Customers) want to buy. Globalisation makes Them Focus on Their Core Competencies Objective: (World) Best at That; Outsource ‘everything else’

Customers, Competition, Operations and Investors are Global Nationality: Has little meaning (Loyalty, Tradition, etc)

Business needs End-Customers buy Functionality not Technology Technologies enable Product Options ..but..

Business-Models make Money

New Products are Technology (HW, SW, Mechanics, Optics, etc) is just a

way to enable Product Options (Create Differentiation)! New Technology always increases Cost/Risk ... But not always Value Design is a Cost/Risk to be Minimised

... Technology is never a Product in its own right!

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Moore’s Law is a Technology Opportunity 10nm

100nm

1um

10um

100um

Appr

oxim

ate

Proc

ess

Geo

met

ry

ITRS’99

Tran

sist

ors/

Chi

p (M

)

Tran

sist

or/P

M (K

)

X

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law

Page 11: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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Markets provide the Growth Drivers

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Milli

ons

of U

nits

1st Era Select work

tasks

2nd Era Broad-based computing

for specific tasks

3rd Era Computing as part

of our lives

... Yesterdays Markets are still valuable; just not the Biggest!

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The Productivity Gap? 10nm

100nm

1um

10um

100um

Appr

oxim

ate

Proc

ess

Geo

met

ry

ITRS’99

Tran

sist

ors/

Chi

p (M

)

Tran

sist

or/P

M (K

)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore’s_law

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... With Supporting

Methodology!

(Incl. Software)

Pre.1990 chip design was entire ... Moore’s Law was handled by ever Bigger Teams and ever Faster Tools With Improved Productivity through HDL and Synthesis ... I was a chip designer in 1975; and did it all, myself, in 3mth (1k gates!)

Post 1995 reuse silently entered the picture ... Circuit Blocks CPUs (and Software) External IP Up-Integration Chip Reuse (ASSP) ... Delivering Productivity, Quality and Reliability

... Birth of HW/SW IP Companies (eg ARM c1991)

... But it also brought the Commoditisation of Silicon (and FABs) !

What Happened to the Productivity Gap?

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How Much Reuse Today? Mobile Products have ~500m gate SoCs / ~500m lines of code Doubling every 18mth Designer Productivity: is just 100-1000 Gates(Lines)/day That is tested, verified, incorporated gates(lines) That’s 2,500-25,000 p.yrs to clean-sheet design! (Un-Resourceable)

Typically ‘Product Designs’ have 50-200 p.yr available ... That’s just ~0.5% New ... >99.5% Reuse already! Not Viable to do clean-sheet product design ... nor has it been since ~1995

The core HW/SW is only a part of a Product ... There’s all of the other Components and Sub-Systems There’s the IO systems (RF, Audio, Optical, Geo-spatial, Temporal) There’s the Mechanical There’s the Reproduction (Factory) There's the Business Model (Cash-flow, Distribution, Legal) There’s the Support (Repair, Installation, Maintenance, Replacement)

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How do we Reuse? Design Tools (across all Product Disciplines) underpin this ... Reuse of Modules and Components Reuse of Existing Code and Circuits Sharing Methodology Sharing Architecture Creating Tools to Accelerate Methodology and Repeatability Design For “x” (DFx) is Design For Up-Stream (Re)Deployment

A significant part is (and will remain) Knowledge based ... The Designer has done similar work before The Team has Collective experience The Company has experience and a customer base

The Design Engineering Role is ... To create Order out of Chaos To apply state-of-the-art and knowledge; to create a Viable Product

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Platforms Mean Productivity Reusing rather than Re-Developing Allows Focus on your value-add; and less on stuff that you can acquire

competitively (which has become commoditised).

Globalisation has changed the meaning of Local... ∘ English as the lingua-franca ∘ International Contract Law ∘ Instant global telecoms (ICT) ∘ The World-Trade Organisation (WTO) ∘ IT and the Internet ∘ Standardisation of GP-Compute Architecture

Platforms have changed scope of Reuse ... ∘ Actual Business-2-Business cooperation (Partnering, not just Out-Sourcing). ∘ In all aspects of business: Technical and Administrative ∘ Irrespective of geographic location ∘ Irrespective of tangibility of ‘product’. ... Just like does.

... And these businesses avoid Commoditisation ... By Differentiating their Platform Products

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Good Platforms ‘Fit’ Many Niches...

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Growing opinion that 14 or 7nm will be the smallest yieldable node ... Ever!

All Exponentials Must End ... 130nm

90nm

30nm

14nm

7nm

Just 3-4 gen. (5-8yr) to the end of Planar Scaling

... can get into the last of the of planar chips! Its also the end-of-the-road for

‘promising technologies’ ! Clean-Sheet Synthesis Scalable Processor Arrays Formal Design Top-Down Design

Only things on the drawing board today ...

...And the end for Moore’s Law?

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Electronic era:

1975-2005 System era:

2003-2030

Cascade of Technologies supporting Functional growth ...

... The ‘Law’ started with Wood ⇒ Stone ⇒ Bronze ⇒ Iron

Moore's Real Law: x2 Functionality Every 18mth! Fu

nctio

nal D

ensi

ty (u

nits

)

1960 1980 2000 2020

102

1010

106

1012

100

Page 20: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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… System-Scaling Maintains Momentum!

... A disconnect for Moore’s Planar-Scaling Law, ... but not for ‘his’ System-Scaling Law.

Interposer today

Die-Integration ..and.. Genuine 3D-Process very soon

10 Layer Interposer

4x Transfer to Production

8x Sampling

10 stack 1.6 mm Active Carrier

DRAM - 20nm Si FIN-MOS CPU- 90nm Si CMOS RF - 300nm GaAs PV - 500nm Ge

Die-Stack Mixed-Technology

300nm Si CMOS

Die-Stack

13aug13

24-Layers 3D NAND-Flash

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Packing Technology in an iConic Product

Analogue and Digital Design Embedded Software Mechanics, Plastics and Glass Micro-Machines (MEMs) Displays and Transducers Robotics and Test Knowledge and Know-How Research, Education and Training Components, Sub-Systems and Systems;

Design, Assembly and Manufacture Metrology, Methodology and Tools ... Involving Many Specialist Businesses

... Round and Round the World ...Not-Least from Europe

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A lot of Technologies in a Smart Phone

... And more than 99%+ is Reused!

Page 23: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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Take a Look Inside...

http://www.ifixit.com

The Control Board.

Level-1: Modules

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Inside The Control Board (a-side)

http://www.ifixit.com

Level-2: Sub-Assemblies Visible Computing Contributors ...

Samsung: Flash Memory - NV-MOS (ARM Partner) Cirrus Logic: Audio Codec - Bi-CMOS (ARM Partner) AKM: Magnetic Sensor - MEM-CMOS Texas Instruments:Touch Screen Controller and mobile DDR - Analogue-CMOS (ARM Partner) RF Filters - SAW Filter Technology

Invisible Computing Contributors ... OS, Drivers, Stacks, Applications, GSM, Security, Graphics, Video, Sound, etc Software Tools, Debug Tools, etc

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Inside The Control Board (b-side)

GPS Bluetooth, EDR &FM

http://www.ifixit.com

Level-2: Sub-Assemblies More Visible Computing Contributors ... A4 Processor. Spec:Apple, Design & Mfr: Samsung Digital-CMOS (nm) ...

Provides the iPhone 4 with its GP computing power. (Said to contain ARM A8 600 MHz CPU and other ARM IP)

ST-Micro: 3 axis Gyroscope - MEM-CMOS (ARM Partner) Broadcom: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and GPS - Analogue-CMOS (ARM Ptr) Skyworks: GSM Analogue-Bipolar Triquint: GSM PA Analogue-GaAs Infineon: GSM Transceiver - Anal/Digi-CMOS (ARM Partner)

Page 26: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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The A4 SIP Package (Cross-section)

Down 3-Levels: IC Packaging The processor is the centre rectangle. The silver circles beneath it are solder balls. Two rectangles above are RAM die, offset to make room for the wirebonds.

Putting the RAM close to the processor reduces latency, making RAM faster and cuts power. Unknown Mfr (Memory) Samsung/ARM (Processor) Unknown (SIP Technology)

Source ... http://www.ifixit.com

Processor SOC Die

2 Memory Dies

Glue

Memory ‘Package’

4-Layer Platform Package’

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The Processor Unit (Nvidea Tegra 3, Around 1B transistors)

NB: The Tegra 3 is similar to the A4/5, but is not used in the iPhone

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Lots and Lots of Designers ...

159 Tier-1 Suppliers ... Thousands of Design Engineers 10’s of thousands of Engineers Globally

... Hundreds more Tier-2 suppliers (Including ARM)

Page 29: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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So What Does ARM Really Do? “ARM designs processor technology that lies at

the heart of advanced consumer products”

Page 30: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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Multiplier

Instruction Decoder

Address Incrementer

nRESET ABORT

nIRQ nFIQ

WRITE SIZE[1:0]

LOCK

CPnCPI CPA CPB

CLKEN CLK

CPnOPC

CFGBIGEND

TRANS

RDATA[31:0]

Barrel Shifter

32 Bit ALU Write Data Register

Address Register

Register Bank

ADDR[31:0]

and

Control Logic

A B u s

A L U B u s

P C

PC Update

Decode Stage

Instruction Decompression

Incrementer

Read Data Register

WDATA[31:0]

PROT

Scan Debug Control

B B u s

1991: ARM a RISC-Processor Core …

Page 31: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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The ‘Lego-Brick’ Chip-Design Concept

ARM7 Core

DMA

Par. Port

PCMCIA UART (2)

Int’t. Contr.

Memory Interface

Timers W’Dog Arb’tr. Misc.

Page 32: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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Today, users require a pocket ‘Super-Computer’ ... Silicon Technology Provides a few-Billion transistors ...

ARM’s Technology (still) makes it Practical to utilise them ...

But Systems Got Ever-More Complex!

• 10 Processors • 4 x A9 Processors (2x2): • 4 x MALI 400 Fragment Proc: • 1 x MALI 400 Vertex Proc. • 1 x MALI Video CoDec • Software Stacks, OS’s and Design

Tools/ • ARM Technology gives

chip/system designers ... • Improved Productivity • Improved TTM • Improved Quality/Certainty

ARM

ARM

ARM

ARM

ARM

ARM

nVidea Tegra3

... So By Definition ARM is (≥1) Platform!

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Making Systems out of Transistors ARM Technology drives efficient

Electronic System solutions: Software increasing system efficiency

with optimized software solutions Diverse components, including CPU

and GPU processors designed for specific tasks Interconnect System IP delivering

coherency and the quality of service required for lowest memory bandwidth Physical IP for a highly optimized

processor implementation

Backed by >900 Global Partners ... >800 Licences Millions of Developers

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C/C++ Development

Middleware

Debug & Trace

Methodology As Well As Hardware

Energy Trace Modules

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The Right Horse for The Course ...

... Delivering ~5x speed (Architecture + Process + Clock)

About 50MTr

About 50KTr

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... Means 24 Processors in 6 Families

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Power-Efficiency Watts don’t just Happen; they are Caused! In the Chip Matching the processor to the application Minimise voltage/frequency (P=CV2f) Variable/Gated clock domains Variable/Switched voltage domains Maximises ‘Activity Power’ dependence (Counter Intuitive)

In the Software Give the OS and the Application SW

Information and Controls Methodology and Utilities

In the System Architecture Extend control beyond the chip

` ... HW Dissipates; but SW Makes It!

Page 38: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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Parallel is More Power-Efficient

Processor

f

Input Output

Processor

f/2

Processor

f/2

f

Input Output

Capacitance = 2.2C Voltage = 0.6V

Frequency = 0.5f Power = 0.4CV2f

Capacitance = C Voltage = V

Frequency = f Power = CV2f

... By a factor determined by Amdahl or Gustafson?

Page 39: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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CoreLink Supports Multi-Processing

ACE

ACE

NIC-400 Network Interconnect

Flash GPIO

NIC-400

USBQuad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

Interrupt Control

CoreLink™DMC-520

x72DDR4-3200

PHY

AHB

Snoop Filter

Quad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

Quad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

Quad Cortex-

A15

L2 cache

CoreLink™DMC-520

x72DDR4-3200

8-16MB L3 cache

PCIe10-40GbE

DPI Crypto

CoreLink™ CCN-504 Cache Coherent Network

IO Virtualisation with System MMU

DSPDSP

DSP

SATA

Dual channel DDR3/4 x72

Up to 4 cores per cluster

Up to 4 coherent clusters

Integrated L3 cache

Up to 18 AMBA

interfaces for I/O coherent accelerators

and IO

Peripheral address space

Heterogeneous processors – CPU, GPU, DSP and accelerators

Virtualized Interrupts

Uniform System

memory

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big.LITTLE Processing For High-Performance systems...

Tightly coupled combination of two ARM CPU clusters: Cortex-A15 (big Performance) and Cortex-A7 (LITTLE Power) - functionally identical Same programmers view, looks the same to OS and applications

big.LITTLE combines high-performance and low power Automatically selects the right processor for the right job Redefines the efficiency/performance trade-off

big

“Demanding tasks”

LITTLE

“Always on, always connected tasks”

30% of the Power (select use cases)

Current smartphone

big.LITTLE Current smartphone

big.LITTLE

>2x Performance

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Fine-Tuned to Different Performance Points

Simple, in-order, 8 stage pipelines

Performance better than mainstream, high-volume smartphones (Cortex-A8 and Cortex-A9)

Most energy-efficient applications processor from ARM

Complex, out-of-order, multi-issue pipelines

Up to 2x the performance of today’s high-end smartphones

Highest performance in mobile power envelope

Cortex-A7 Cortex-A53

Cortex-A15 Cortex-A57

LIT

TLE

bi

g

Queue

Issue

Integer

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CPU Migration Migrate a single processor workload to the appropriate CPU Migration = save context then resume on another core Also known as Linaro “In Kernel Switcher”

DVFS driver modifications and kernel modifications Based on standard power management routines Small modification to OS and DVFS, ~600 lines of code

big.LITTLE MP OS scheduler moves threads/tasks to appropriate CPU Based on CPU workload Based on dynamic thread performance requirements

Enables highest peak performance by using all cores at once

big.LITTLE Software Model

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Businesses Within The Global Life-Cycle

De- Commission Upgrade Maintain Install Reproduce Qualify Integrate Design

Company A, Product-X

De- Commission Upgrade Maintain Install Reproduce Qualify Integrate Design

Company-B, Product-J,K,L

De- Commission Upgrade Maintain Install Reproduce Qualify Integrate Design

Company-C, Product-M,N,O

Design Tools Training Education ICT Conferences Patents Know-How Tool-Libraries Models Software Research Methods

Tools Technologies Prototypes FABs Components Know-How Methods

Equipment Know-How Standards Procedures ICT Methods Training

Big Finance Equipment Know-How Components Out-Sourcing JIT Factory Auto’n Methods TQM Training

Equipment Know-How Standards Methods Supply Logistics Training

Equipment Know-How Supply Logistics Training

Equipment Know-How Supply Logistics Training

Equipment Know-How Standards Logistics Training

Companies B & C Provide Their Valued Product(s) to Other Customers As Well (Efficiency of Reuse)...

... Enabled By Globalisation: ICT, WTO, English Language, Containers and Int’l Contract Law

... All Platforms are Valued in Product Life-Cycles

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Conclusions ... Business is about Making Money for Investors ... Technology just enables Product Options, not all of which are Valuable “Optimality” is seldom a Product Differentiator; “Better” is! ... Most Tech. Enterprises provide Components into Product Life-Cycles

Platforms are just Productivity Aids ... A way of creating new Products as quickly and cheaply as possible Valued is not the same as Valuable ARM is a Productivity Aid to the biggest market for Computers today ... So by definition ARM’s Products are (key) Computing Platforms (plural)

Electronic Systems will be the foundation of our future ... They will be fundamental to whatever Society makes of the 21C (+ and -) And Society will be increasingly unaware of them! Requirements for ever more Sophisticated Functionality will require ever

more sophisticated Technology-Platforms throughout their Life-Cycles

... But Electronic Systems will be The Product-Platform for the XXIc

Page 45: Computing Platforms for the XXIc - DSD/SEAA Keynote

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Prof. Ian Phillips Principal Staff Eng’r,

ARM Ltd [email protected]

Visiting Prof. at ...

Contribution to Industry Award 2008

Pdf and Tube available at http://ianp24.blogspot.co.uk/