Computing Fundamentals Unit 1- History & Types of Computers.

Computing FundamentalsUnit 1- History & Types of Computers

You’ll learn…

The History of Computing

How to identify categories of computers

How to identify basic components

Computer has a broad meaning

What is a computer?

A computer is a person, instrument, or machine that gathers, processes, and stores information.

Binary Numbering The use of the binary number

system with two values: 0 and 1. 1= ON 0= OFFWhat Counting to Ten Looks Like

Decimal: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10

Binary: 0, 1, 10, 11, 100, 101, 110, 111, 1000, 1001, 1010

Charles Babbage- the “father of computing”

Designed a steam-powered calculator called the Difference Engine in 1821.

His next idea was the Analytical Engine (1856), designed to perform any kind of mathematical calculation.

The British Colossus decoded messages during WWII In 1943, the British built the first “Colossus” computer.

Used to decipher encrypted teleprinter messages sent by the Germans during World War II.

Integrated circuits brought “chips” to computers

One major step in computer development was the integrated circuit A group of tiny

transistors and electric wires built on a silicon wafer, or “chip.”

Over the years, IC’s have continued to get smaller in size but larger in their capacity to function.

The Altair was a computer individuals could afford The first computer that most individuals could

afford was the Altair 8800, built in 1975 by MITS. No keyboard or screen

Information was entered by clicking switches

Apple created the first user-friendly personal computer

Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created the first user-friendly personal computer, called the Apple, with a built-in keyboard, display screen, and storage unit.

The term personal computer refers to a computer designed to be used by one person at a time.

The IBM PC gave way to many clone “compatibles” In 1981, IBM introduced

its version of the personal computer—the IBM PC.

IBM made the general design available to competing companies, resulting in many clones or “compatibles.”

Today, the term PC often refers to computers running Microsoft’s Windows operating system.

Review

What is a group of tiny transistors and electric wires built on a silicon wafer? Integrated Circuit (Chip)

Who created the first user-friendly personal computer? Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak

Who’s the “father or computing” & what did he invent? Steam-powered calculator

Types of Computers

Desktop AKA Personal computer (PC) AKA Microcomputer Individual user

Types of Computers The “Other” Computer

Apple or Mac

Types of Computers Laptop

AKA Notebook Portability Touchpad Tablet PC- handwriting

Types of Computers Tablet PC

Form of notebook

Swivel Screen Handwriting

Stylus

Types of Computers Workstation

Used by scientists, engineers (3-D, CAD) Designed for special high-end apps Multiple CPUs, lots of RAM, multiple,

high-capacity drives Very powerful graphics capabilities and a

large monitor or multiple monitors.

Types of Computers

PDA Personal Digital Assistant AKA Pocket PC Windows or Palm OS Integrate with Phone

or GPS Can do email, web,

Office, etc.

Types of Computers

Mainframe Connected to terminals Bulk data processing Banks, statistics Hundreds of thousands $ Large institutions & govt. Airlines

Types of Computers Terminal Only performs

functions when connected to larger system Linked remotely

to main Data entering Keyboard &

Monitor “Dumb” Terminal

Types of Computers

Supercomputers Large & fast Perform BIG calc’s Volumes of data Millions of $$$ Government Military Research Labs NASA

Types of Computers

Server Network Server

Performs functions for computers on a network

Addressing Manages traffic

Web Server Supports pages

File Server Stores files

Review Managing an airline reservation &

ticketing system would be best performed by which class of computer? Mainframe

Which computer only performs when connected to a larger computer? Terminal

What’s another name for a desktop? Microcomputer

Computing FundamentalsUnit 2- Computer Hardware

Motherboard

Circuit board/Different sizes ATX Connects components

CPU Memory Controllers Expansion ports/slots Bus

CPU Microprocessor Hertz (MHz & GHz) Control unit

reads/interprets instructions Performs

calculations to complete tasks

1979= 8 MHz 1993= 200 MHz 2008= 3 GHz

Memory

RAM (DIMM) Volatile (Temporary) Measured in bytes

MB or GB

ROM On motherboard Non-volatile BIOS ROM

Has instructions to boot your computer Can read from chip, but not store

data

Storage- CD

Optical CD-ROM, DVD-ROM CD-R, DVD+/- R CD-RW, DVD+/- RW

ROM= read only R= Record Once RW= Rewritable

CD= 80 min./ 700MB DVD= 2 hrs./ 4.7GB

Storage- Floppy Disks

8-inch 5 ¼” 3 ½” Magnetic Storage

Storage- Hard Drive Hard Drive- Magnetic MB or GB

Storage- Flash Flash

No moving parts

Input Devices Allow data IN the

computer

Mouse- Input Ball Optical Laser On-screen arrow

is pointer Pointing Clicking Dragging Double-clicking Right-clicking

Voice Recognition- Input Speak commands into PC & enter

text Software must be installed Disabled people use

Are these input devices?

Output Devices Data comes OUT

of the computer Name some

Review

Which part of the computer performs calculations and controls processes? CPU

What is it called when people can speak into a PC and have it perform those commands? Voice recognition

Which type of memory is volatile? RAM

Review

Which software translates speech into text? Voice recognition

What is the name of the path that data travels on a motherboard? Bus

Which type of storage device has no moving parts? Flash/USB drive

Computing FundamentalsUnit 3- Maintaining & Protecting Hardware

Evaluating Components

Buying List the tasks,

software Check

requirements Portability or

not MAC or PC Storage

devices Peripherals

Evaluating Components

You could upgrade Add RAM New keyboard, mouse

(connections) Drives/Cards

May require pro to install

PC Connections

USB Ports PnP “hot swap” Handles up to

127 devices Speeds up to

480mbps (40MB) A to B

connectionsAB

Parallel & Serial Parallel

25 port female IEEE 1284 Old Printers

Serial 9 port male RS-232 Old modems &

mice

Parallel & Serial Devices Parallel Serial

PS/2 Ports & VGA Port PS/2 Purple

Keyboard Green

Mouse 6 pin

VGA Blue Monitor 15 pin female

NIC & Modem NIC RJ45 100Mbps

Modem RJ11 Phone/Line Jacks 56kbps

Sound Card Line Out

Headphone Speakers

Line In

Microphone

Routine Maintenance

Visual Inspection Check cables

Plugged in Good condition Inside computer too

Compressed Air Dust off keyboards, inside PC

Wipes For monitors No tissues or towels (lint/scratch) No glass cleaners

Dusty!

Troubleshooting Example

On boot, message popup Unable to load library wxfw.dll.

Attempted to load <Key notfound>\wxfw.dll.Error code:126

Search online for wxfw.dll Found it was from a Desktop

Weather Program Found program & uninstalled Reboot & no error

Troubleshooting

1. Recognize you have a problem2. Replicate the steps to the

problem3. Check Basic Solutions

Cables, restart

4. Look or research for help & support

5. Talk to a technician6. Follow their instructions7. Confirm it’s fixed

Troubleshooting Scenarios- Check the basics The entire computer has

completely frozen up. I can't click anywhere on the screen. I can't even use the Start button to shut it down. Ctrl + Alt + Delete

I press print & the printer does not respond at all. Check the cables

Protect from Theft & Damage Protect Hardware

Power surge or spike

Surge suppressor Power outage

UPS Theft

Laptop locks Padded bags

Protect Files Online backup CD/DVD backup

What’s a surge? An increase in voltage significantly

above the designated level

Surge Protector diverts extra voltage like a valve

Define joules

Care for Removable Media Keep away from electrical fields

(TV/monitor)

Avoid extreme temperatures

Don’t touch media surface

Hold optical disks at edges

Keep disks in case when moving them

Review Which device protects a

computer from electrical surges? Surge suppressor

Which component has an RJ11 jack? Modem

Which component has a 15 pin female connector? VGA

Review A legacy printer would be

plugged into which port? Parallel

When troubleshooting, what would a basic solution be? Checking the cables

What is the last step in troubleshooting? Confirm the problem is fixed

Computing FundamentalsUnit 1- Computer Systems & Networks

Operating Systems

Controls the way the computer interacts w/ parts & users Windows MAC Unix Linux

Windows Vista Screenshot

MAC OS Screenshot

Computer Networks

Computers need to communicate with each other

Standards allowed them to “speak the same language”

Networks Data Communications

Connecting How do you connect

to a network? NIC

How Networks work Computers

connect to one another

Usually a server

Network Benefits & Features Central Storage of files

Share files, resources, printers

Maintain network centrally

Secure

Backup

Networks

LAN Local Area Network Devices connected in small area This classroom, this school, your

house

Networks

WAN Wide Area Network Connects LANs Over a large geographic area

Internet

Originally for government

Largest network

What’s the most commonly used feature on the Internet? Email Email is stored on a server

NOT ON PC

Intranet

Looks like Internet

Only works w/in company network Great security

Handbooks, forms, news, policies

Intranet Screenshot

Extranet Allows outside organization to

access internal info Extension of intranet

Outside suppliers

Employees

Strict security Username & password

Extranet Screenshots

End of Day Two

Review

A room of 5 connected computers describes a… LAN

To connect to a network, your PC must have a… NIC

This type of “Internet” is for internal use only within a business. Intranet