Computer Systems. COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959.

Computer SystemsComputer Systems

COMPUTER GENERATIONSCOMPUTER GENERATIONS

1. 1. VACUUM TUBES: VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19591946-1959


1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-19591. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959

2.2.TRANSISTORS: TRANSISTORS: 1957-19631957-1963



2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19632. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

3.3.INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-1964-19791979



2. TRANSISTORS: 1957-19632. TRANSISTORS: 1957-1963

3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-3. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS: 1964-19791979

4.4.VERY LARGE-SCALE VERY LARGE-SCALE INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS:INTEGRATED (VLSI) CIRCUITS: 1980- PRESENT1980- PRESENT

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SUPERCOMPUTERSUPERCOMPUTERTERAFLOP:TERAFLOP: TRILLION TRILLION

CALCULATIONS/SECONDCALCULATIONS/SECOND

• HIGHLY SOPHISTICATEDHIGHLY SOPHISTICATED• COMPLEX COMPUTATIONSCOMPLEX COMPUTATIONS• FASTEST CPUsFASTEST CPUs• LARGE SIMULATIONSLARGE SIMULATIONS• STATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTSSTATE-OF-THE-ART COMPONENTS• EXPENSIVEEXPENSIVE

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MAINFRAMEMAINFRAME

• LARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTERLARGEST ENTERPRISE COMPUTER• 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 5O MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC, COMMERCIAL, SCIENTIFIC,

MILITARY APPLICATIONSMILITARY APPLICATIONS• MASSIVE DATAMASSIVE DATA• COMPLICATED COMPUTATIONSCOMPLICATED COMPUTATIONS

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MIPS: Millions of Instructions per secondMIPS: Millions of Instructions per second

MINICOMPUTERMINICOMPUTER

• MIDDLE-RANGEMIDDLE-RANGE• 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE 10 MEGABYTES TO OVER ONE

GIGABYTE RAMGIGABYTE RAM• UNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABSUNIVERSITIES, FACTORIES, LABS• USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR USED AS FRONT-END PROCESSOR

FOR MAINFRAMEFOR MAINFRAME

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• DESKTOP OR PORTABLEDESKTOP OR PORTABLE• 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128 64 KILOBYTES TO OVER 128

MEGABYTES RAMMEGABYTES RAM• PERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERSPERSONAL OR BUSINESS COMPUTERS• AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE• MANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTSMANY AVAILABLE COMPONENTS• CAN BE NETWORKEDCAN BE NETWORKED

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MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER

LAPTOPS & SMALLERLAPTOPS & SMALLER

• LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): LAPTOP (OR NOTEBOOK): Briefcase Briefcase type package, very portable, can type package, very portable, can be inexpensive, can connect to be inexpensive, can connect to other computers or networksother computers or networks

• HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): HAND-HELD (OR PALMTOP): Sub-Sub-miniature, wireless computer. miniature, wireless computer. Growing in sophistication and Growing in sophistication and connectivityconnectivity

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BASIC COMPONENTS OF BASIC COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMSCOMPUTER SYSTEMS

• UNDERLYING STRUCTUREUNDERLYING STRUCTURE• INPUT/OUTPUTINPUT/OUTPUT• BITS & CODING SCHEMESBITS & CODING SCHEMES• ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNITARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)(CPU)

RAMRAM

PRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORYPRIMARY (MAIN) MEMORY

CONTROL UNITCONTROL UNITARITHMETIC/LOGICARITHMETIC/LOGIC

UNITUNIT

ROMROMCLOCKCLOCK

BUSESBUSES

CPUCPUPRIMARYPRIMARY

STORAGESTORAGE

DATA BUSDATA BUS

ADDRESS BUSADDRESS BUS

CONTROL BUSCONTROL BUS

INPUT

DEVICES

OUTPUT

DEVICES

SECONDARY

STORAGE

TYPES OF MEMORYTYPES OF MEMORY

• RAM : RAM : Random Access MemoryRandom Access Memory– Dynamic: Changes thru processing– Static: Remains constant (power on)

• ROM : ROM : Read Only Memory Read Only Memory (preprogrammed)(preprogrammed)– PROM: Program can be changed once– EPROM: Erasable thru ultraviolet light– EEPROM: Electrically erasable

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INPUT/OUTPUTINPUT/OUTPUT

• TERMINALTERMINAL• POINT-OF-SALES TERMINALSPOINT-OF-SALES TERMINALS• AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINESAUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINES• PUNCHED CARDSPUNCHED CARDS• MAGNETIC INK CHARACTERMAGNETIC INK CHARACTER

RECOGNITION (RECOGNITION (MICRMICR):): Used by Used by banks to process checksbanks to process checks

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• OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION:OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION: Scanned material translated into Scanned material translated into computer characterscomputer characters

• IMAGING:IMAGING: Forms, documents, photos Forms, documents, photos digitized for computer usedigitized for computer use

• BAR CODE LABEL:BAR CODE LABEL: Product label Product label information read into computer. Can information read into computer. Can be used to track inventorybe used to track inventory

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• COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM COMPUTER OUTPUT MICROFILM (COM):(COM): Computer rapidly generates microfilm Computer rapidly generates microfilm documents for archive copies in small documents for archive copies in small spacespace

• VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: VOICE RESPONSE UNITS: Computer Computer recognizes, generates verbal messagesrecognizes, generates verbal messages

• MULTIMEDIA:MULTIMEDIA: Combines text, graphics, Combines text, graphics, sound still images, animations, videosound still images, animations, video

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• BIT: BIT: Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Binary Digit. On/Off, 0/1, Magnetic/NotMagnetic/Not

• BYTE: BYTE: Group of bits for one characterGroup of bits for one character– EBCDIC- Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code (8 bits per byte)– ASCII- American Standard Code for Information

Exchange (7 or 8 bits per byte)

• PARITY BIT: PARITY BIT: extra bit added to each extra bit added to each byte to help detect errorsbyte to help detect errors

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HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED HOW CHARACTERS ARE STORED IN COMPUTER MEMORYIN COMPUTER MEMORY

EXAMPLES OF BYTESEXAMPLES OF BYTES

C: 1100 0011 0C: 1100 0011 0 100 0011 1 100 0011 1

A: 1100 0001 1A: 1100 0001 1 100 0001 0 100 0001 0

T: 1110 0011 1T: 1110 0011 1 101 0100 1 101 0100 1

Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN Note how sum for each byte is an EVEN number number

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EBCDICEBCDIC ASCII ASCII (assume even-parity system)(assume even-parity system)

ALU & CONTROL UNITALU & CONTROL UNIT

• ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: ARITHMETIC- LOGIC UNIT: CPU CPU component performs logic and component performs logic and arithmetic operationsarithmetic operations

• CONTROL UNIT: CONTROL UNIT: CPU CPU component controls, component controls, coordinates other parts of coordinates other parts of computer systemcomputer system

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COMPUTER FILESCOMPUTER FILES

• RECORD: RECORD: Data about a transaction Data about a transaction arranged in a set of arranged in a set of FIELDSFIELDS, each , each holding a datumholding a datum

• FILE: FILE: A group of similar records, A group of similar records, such as accounts receivable or such as accounts receivable or payrollpayroll

• DATABASE: DATABASE: The files of an The files of an organization, an electronic libraryorganization, an electronic library

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COMPUTER FILESCOMPUTER FILES

• SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: SEQUENTIAL ACCESS: A sequence A sequence of files arranged in order, say of files arranged in order, say alphabetically. Usually stored on alphabetically. Usually stored on magnetic tape or cartridgemagnetic tape or cartridge

• DIRECT ACCESS: DIRECT ACCESS: Records stored on Records stored on a a DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICEDIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE ((DASDDASD). Can move directly to any ). Can move directly to any recordrecord

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DIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICEDIRECT ACCESS STORAGE DEVICE

• HARD DISK: HARD DISK: Steel platter array Steel platter array for large computer systemsfor large computer systems

• RAID: RAID: Redundant array of Redundant array of Inexpensive DisksInexpensive Disks

• FLOPPY DISK: FLOPPY DISK: Removable disk Removable disk for PCfor PC

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DISK PACK STORAGEDISK PACK STORAGE• LARGE SYSTEMSLARGE SYSTEMS• RELIABLE STORAGERELIABLE STORAGE• LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATALARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA• QUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLEQUICK ACCESS & RETRIEVABLE• TYPICAL:TYPICAL: 11 2-SIDED DISKS 11 2-SIDED DISKS• CYLINDER:CYLINDER: SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES SAME TRACK ALL SURFACES

CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)CYLINDER 10: TRACK 10 (TOP AND BOTTOM OF EACH DISK)

DISK 1DISK 1DISK 2DISK 2DISK 3DISK 3DISK 4DISK 4DISK 5DISK 5

READ/WRITEREAD/WRITEHEADSHEADS

THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPTTHE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPT

• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEMCOMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM• PROGRAM: PROGRAM: A set of instructions A set of instructions

telling the computer what to dotelling the computer what to do• INSTRUCTION: INSTRUCTION: Individual step or Individual step or

operation in a programoperation in a program• MACHINE LANGUAGE: MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated Translated

instruction understood by particular instruction understood by particular model of computermodel of computer

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CONTROLLERCONTROLLER

• LINK FOR INPUT/OUTPUT OR FILE LINK FOR INPUT/OUTPUT OR FILE DEVICES: DEVICES: To CPU and memory of To CPU and memory of large computer systemslarge computer systems

• HIGHLY SPECIALIZED HIGHLY SPECIALIZED PROCESSOR: PROCESSOR: Manages the Manages the operation of attached devices to operation of attached devices to free the CPU from these tasksfree the CPU from these tasks

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DATA CHANNELDATA CHANNEL

• SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT SPECIALIZED INPUT/OUTPUT PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER):PROCESSOR (A COMPUTER): Takes Takes over function of device over function of device communication from the CPUcommunication from the CPU

• CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH CORRECTS FOR SPEED MISMATCH BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL BETWEEN SLOW PERIPHERAL DEVICES AND VERY FAST CPUDEVICES AND VERY FAST CPU

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SYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSORSYMMETRIC MULTIPROCESSOR

• PROCESSORS PROCESSORS ((CPUsCPUs)) ARE ARE IDENTICAL, WITH EACH IDENTICAL, WITH EACH PROCESSOR OPERATING PROCESSOR OPERATING INDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERSINDEPENDENTLY OF THE OTHERS

• USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND USED IN MOST MAINFRAMES AND SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES SOME MIDRANGE MACHINES

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PARALLEL PROCESSOR PARALLEL PROCESSOR ((PPPP))

• MULTIPLE MULTIPLE CPUsCPUs INSTALLED AS INSTALLED AS PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER PART OF A SINGLE COMPUTER SYSTEM:SYSTEM: Gives separate piece of Gives separate piece of program to each of the program to each of the processors so that work on the processors so that work on the program can proceed in parallel program can proceed in parallel on the separate pieceson the separate pieces

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MASSIVELY PARALLEL MASSIVELY PARALLEL PROCESSOR PROCESSOR (MPP)(MPP)

PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER PARALLEL PROCESSING COMPUTER WITH MANY PARALLEL WITH MANY PARALLEL PROCESSORS:PROCESSORS:

• 32 OR MORE: 32 OR MORE: Different CPUs Different CPUs capable of performing different capable of performing different instructions at the same timeinstructions at the same time

• 1000 OR MORE: 1000 OR MORE: CPUs must all carry CPUs must all carry out the same instruction at the out the same instruction at the same timesame time

Computer Software Computer Software

THE STORED PROGRAM THE STORED PROGRAM CONCEPTCONCEPT

• COMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEMCOMPUTER IS A BINARY SYSTEM• PROGRAM: PROGRAM: A set of instructions A set of instructions

telling the computer what to dotelling the computer what to do• INSTRUCTION: INSTRUCTION: Individual step or Individual step or

operation in a programoperation in a program• MACHINE LANGUAGE: MACHINE LANGUAGE: Translated Translated

instruction understood by particular instruction understood by particular model of computermodel of computer

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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARESOFTWARE

• FIRST GENERATION: FIRST GENERATION: Machine Machine language - binary language language - binary language designed for particular computer designed for particular computer

• SECOND GENERATION: SECOND GENERATION: Assembly Assembly language - substituted mnemonic language - substituted mnemonic operation codes and addresses, operation codes and addresses, translated to machine language by translated to machine language by assemblerassembler

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• THIRD GENERATION: THIRD GENERATION: Procedural Procedural language - FORTRAN, COBOL, C - language - FORTRAN, COBOL, C - translated to machine language by translated to machine language by compiler or interpreter. Example: COBOLcompiler or interpreter. Example: COBOL

• FOURTH GENERATION: FOURTH GENERATION: Nonprocedural Nonprocedural language. Tell what to do, not how to do language. Tell what to do, not how to do it, order not important. Translate to it, order not important. Translate to machine language by compiler or machine language by compiler or interpreter. Example: FOCUSinterpreter. Example: FOCUS

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EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER SOFTWARESOFTWARE

KEY TYPES OF SOFTWAREKEY TYPES OF SOFTWARE

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE: APPLICATION SOFTWARE: Programs written to accomplish Programs written to accomplish particular tasks for computer usersparticular tasks for computer users

• SUPPORT SOFTWARE: SUPPORT SOFTWARE: Programs Programs that support application software that support application software in producing needed output. Does in producing needed output. Does not directly produce output needed not directly produce output needed by usersby users

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APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE

• WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING• SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS• DATABASE MANAGEMENT DATABASE MANAGEMENT

SYSTEMSSYSTEMS• PRESENTATION GRAPHICSPRESENTATION GRAPHICS

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APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE

• WORLD WIDE WEB BROWSERSWORLD WIDE WEB BROWSERS• ELECTRONIC MAIL, ELECTRONIC MAIL,

GROUPWAREGROUPWARE• DESKTOP PUBLISHINGDESKTOP PUBLISHING• APPLICATION SUITESAPPLICATION SUITES

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SUPPORT SOFTWARESUPPORT SOFTWARE

• OPERATING SYSTEMS:OPERATING SYSTEMS: Helps maximize Helps maximize work done, eases workload of userswork done, eases workload of users

• JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE:JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE: Allows users Allows users to communicate with operating systemsto communicate with operating systems

• MULTIPROGRAMMING:MULTIPROGRAMMING: Large Large computers can run multiple programs computers can run multiple programs simultaneously. Time-driven approach is simultaneously. Time-driven approach is time-sharingtime-sharing

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SUPPORT SOFTWARESUPPORT SOFTWARE

• MULTITASKING:MULTITASKING: Allows small Allows small computers to work on several computers to work on several programs interactivelyprograms interactively

• VIRTUAL MEMORY:VIRTUAL MEMORY: Allows computer Allows computer to run portions of a large program as to run portions of a large program as required, saving use of main memoryrequired, saving use of main memory

• MULTIPROCESSING:MULTIPROCESSING: Multiple CPUs Multiple CPUs divide workload, increases efficiencydivide workload, increases efficiency

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SOURCES OF OPERATING SOURCES OF OPERATING SYSTEMSSYSTEMS

• PROPRIETARY: PROPRIETARY: Written for particular Written for particular computer class or system. Examples: computer class or system. Examples: Windows 98, Windows 2000Windows 98, Windows 2000

• OPEN SYSTEM: OPEN SYSTEM: Not tied to specific Not tied to specific platform. Examples: UNIX, Linuxplatform. Examples: UNIX, Linux

• NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):(NOS): Manages network Manages network resources, local area networksresources, local area networks

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GRAPHICAL USER GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE INTERFACE (GUI)(GUI)

• MOUSE: MOUSE: A standard pointing deviceA standard pointing device

• ICON: ICON: Graphic or label on screen Graphic or label on screen associated with task or operationassociated with task or operation

• 32-BIT OPERATING SYSTEM: 32-BIT OPERATING SYSTEM: Operating system handles 32 bits at a Operating system handles 32 bits at a timetime

• CLICKING MOUSE ON ICON CLICKING MOUSE ON ICON INITIATES TASKINITIATES TASK

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OBJECT-ORIENTED OBJECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING PROGRAMMING (OOP)(OOP)

• COMPUTER PROGRAMMING COMPUTER PROGRAMMING BASED ON CREATING, USING BASED ON CREATING, USING SET OF OBJECTS: SET OF OBJECTS: Object Object combines data and methods combines data and methods (or chunks of programs)(or chunks of programs)

• EXAMPLES: EXAMPLES: C++, Smalltalk, C++, Smalltalk, JavaJava

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OTHER LANGUAGESOTHER LANGUAGES

• NATURAL LANGUAGES: NATURAL LANGUAGES: User types in User types in or speaks English, computer evolves or speaks English, computer evolves programprogram

• HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE HYPERTEXT MARKUP LANGUAGE (HTML):(HTML): Code used to develop World Code used to develop World Wide Web Wide Web (WWW)(WWW) pages and sites pages and sites

• eXtensible Markup Language eXtensible Markup Language (XML):(XML): Used for data exchange on Used for data exchange on WWWWWW

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DATABASE MANAGEMENT DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SYSTEM (DBMS)(DBMS)

• SUPPORT SOFTWARE USED TO SUPPORT SOFTWARE USED TO CREATE, MANAGE, AND PROTECT CREATE, MANAGE, AND PROTECT ORGANIZATIONAL DATAORGANIZATIONAL DATA

• DBMS: DBMS: Software that manages a Software that manages a database, works with operating database, works with operating system to store and modify data system to store and modify data and to make data accessible in and to make data accessible in authorized waysauthorized ways

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TYPES OF DBMSsTYPES OF DBMSs

• HIERARCHICAL: HIERARCHICAL: Data arranged in a top-Data arranged in a top-down, organization chart fashiondown, organization chart fashion

• NETWORK: NETWORK: Data arranged like cities on a Data arranged like cities on a highway systems, often with multiple highway systems, often with multiple paths between pieces of datapaths between pieces of data

• RELATIONAL: RELATIONAL: Data arranged into simple Data arranged into simple tables, and records are related by storing tables, and records are related by storing common data in each of the associated common data in each of the associated tablestables

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FILING METHODSFILING METHODS• INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD INDEXED SEQUENTIAL ACCESS METHOD (ISAM)(ISAM)

::– EACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEYEACH RECORD IDENTIFIED BY KEY–GROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERSGROUPED IN BLOCKS AND CYLINDERS–KEYS IN INDEXKEYS IN INDEX

•VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD VIRTUAL STORAGE ACCESS METHOD (VSAM)(VSAM) : :–MEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALSMEMORY DIVIDED INTO AREAS & INTERVALS–DYNAMIC FILE SPACEDYNAMIC FILE SPACE

VSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASESVSAM WIDELY USED FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES

•DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHODDIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD**

COMPONENTS OF DBMS:COMPONENTS OF DBMS:

• DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE: Defines data elements in databaseDefines data elements in database

• DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: Manipulates data for applicationsManipulates data for applications

• DATA DICTIONARY/DIRECTORY: DATA DICTIONARY/DIRECTORY: Formal definitions of all variables in Formal definitions of all variables in database, controls variety of database database, controls variety of database contentscontents

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STRUCTURED QUERY STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)LANGUAGE (SQL)

EMERGING STANDARD EMERGING STANDARD

DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGEDATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE

FOR RELATIONAL DATABASESFOR RELATIONAL DATABASES

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ADVANTAGES OF ADVANTAGES OF RELATIONAL DBMSRELATIONAL DBMS

• NEW DATA ELEMENTS CAN EASILY BE NEW DATA ELEMENTS CAN EASILY BE ADDED AS NEW NEEDS ARISEADDED AS NEW NEEDS ARISE

• NEW RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE CREATED NEW RELATIONSHIPS CAN BE CREATED AS NEW QUERY/REPORTING NEEDS AS NEW QUERY/REPORTING NEEDS CHANGECHANGE

• FEWER DATA CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS FEWER DATA CONSISTENCY PROBLEMS DUE TO LESS REDUNDANT DATA DUE TO LESS REDUNDANT DATA STORAGESTORAGE

• MORE “USER FRIENDLY” TOOLSMORE “USER FRIENDLY” TOOLS

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COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE)ENGINEERING (CASE)

• HELPS AUTOMATE SOFTWARE HELPS AUTOMATE SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT: DEVELOPMENT: Used by computer Used by computer professionals to help automate professionals to help automate software developmentsoftware development

• MAY INCLUDE:MAY INCLUDE:– upper-CASE (requirements definition and design)

– lower-CASE (code generation)– I-CASE or integrated-CASE

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CHANGING NATURE OF CHANGING NATURE OF SOFTWARESOFTWARE

• MORE HARDWIRING OF SOFTWARE MORE HARDWIRING OF SOFTWARE AND MORE MICROCODEAND MORE MICROCODE

• MORE COMPLEXITY OF MORE COMPLEXITY OF HARDWARE/SOFTWARE HARDWARE/SOFTWARE ARRANGEMENTSARRANGEMENTS

• LESS CONCERN WITH MACHINE LESS CONCERN WITH MACHINE EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY

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• MORE PURCHASED APPLICATIONS MORE PURCHASED APPLICATIONS AND MORE PORTABILITY OF THESE AND MORE PORTABILITY OF THESE APPLICATIONS FROM ONE APPLICATIONS FROM ONE COMPUTER PLATFORM TO ANOTHERCOMPUTER PLATFORM TO ANOTHER

• MORE PROGRAMMING USING MORE PROGRAMMING USING OBJECT-ORIENTED AND VISUAL OBJECT-ORIENTED AND VISUAL LANGUAGES, IN LARGE PART LANGUAGES, IN LARGE PART BECAUSE OF EMPHASIS ON BECAUSE OF EMPHASIS ON GUIsGUIs

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• MORE EMPHASIS ON APPLICATIONS MORE EMPHASIS ON APPLICATIONS THAT RUN ON INTRANETS AND THE THAT RUN ON INTRANETS AND THE INTERNETINTERNET

• MORE USER DEVELOPMENTMORE USER DEVELOPMENT• MORE USE OF PERSONAL MORE USE OF PERSONAL

PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE ON PRODUCTIVITY SOFTWARE ON MICROCOMPUTERS, ESPECIALLY MICROCOMPUTERS, ESPECIALLY PACKAGES WITH A PACKAGES WITH A GUIGUI

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Computer Systems. COMPUTER GENERATIONS 1. VACUUM TUBES: 1946-1959.

Documents

computer memory slide

computer generations

wireless computer

second slide

microcomputer slide

computer characters

parity system slide

character byte