Compartments & cells

POWERPOINT® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATIONby ZARA OAKES, MS, The University of Texas at AustinAdditional text by J Padilla exclusively for physiology at ECC

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGYAN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION

DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN

UNIT 1UNIT 1

PART A

3 Compartmentation: Cells and Tissues


Three Major Body Cavities

Figure 3-1

The body is divided into various cavities but not all compartments have walls or are completely enclosed


Lumens of Hollow Organs

Hollow organs- contain a space filled with something other than the organ’s tissue.

Heart

Lungs

Blood vessels

Intestines

Lumen – interior of a hollow organ

Fluid-filled interior

Not the internal environment- as is in the GI tract


Functional Compartments

Extracellular fluid- found outside of organ tissue

Plasma-fluid of blood

Interstitial fluid- fluid between blood vessels and tissue cells

Intracellular fluid-fluid inside tissue cells

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-2

Body Fluid Compartments


Cell Membrane: Overview

Membranes in the body may be macroscopic or microscopic and serve different functions


Cell Membrane: Function

Physical barrier- separates intracellular and extracellular fluid

Gateway for exchange- controls what enters and leaves the cell

Communication- surface proteins respond and recognize other molecules which can change cell activity

Cell structure- cell shape is maintained by cytoskeletal proteins attached to membrane proteins. Membrane proteins also form cell junctions

Phospholipid bilayer- composed of mostly lipids and proteins, it’s hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions assist in controlling transport.


Cell Membrane: Structure

The fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane


Cell Membrane: Composition Lipids

Phospolipids – a glycerol molecule with one phosphate and two fatty acid tails- makes up a large percentage of the membrane.

Cholesterols- imbedded in the bilayer it stabilizes the membrane and reduces it’s freezing point.

Proteins Integral – transmembrane protein, serves as a channel

Peripheral – side proteins that may be enzyme of cytoskeleton anchors

Lipid-anchored – associate with sphingolipids to form lipid rafts that may attract other proteins or enzymes

Carbohydrates Glycolipids- carbohydrates and fatty acids Glycoprotiens-carbohydrates and proteins

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-5a

Cell Membrane: Formation

Phospholipid molecules are composed of two fatty acid chains, one glycerol molecule, & one phosphate group


Cell Membrane: Formation

Figure 3-5b


Cell Membrane: Proteins

The three types of membrane proteins: integral, peripheral, and lipid-anchored


Cell Membrane

Concept Map of cell membrane components


The cell membrane covers cells of various sizes, shapes, and functions


Cell Compartments

Cytoplasm- The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

Cytosol - the jelly like substance that suspends the organelles

Inclusions - a non-membranous organelle or insoluble particles

Organelles - cell structures with specific function- “small organs”

Nucleus- contains the genetic information for the cell as chromatin, the nucleolus, and nucleoplasm.


Cell Compartments

A map for the study of cell structure


Organelle “Factory” and summary chart

See board drawing and table on board

Review on your own the functions and structures of the following cell organelles (see fig 3:12):

Inclusions (3-types)

Centrioles, Cillia, & Flagella

Cytoplasmic protein fibers (3 sizes)

Cytoskeleton

Mitochondria

Smooth/Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Cytoplasmic Vesicles

Nucleus


Primary Tissue Types

Epithelial- major functions: are protection, exchange, and lining cavities.

Connective- major functions are: support, storage, communication, immunity.

Muscle- major functions are: posture, movement, heat production, support and protection.

Nerve- major function is communication and control, information processing.


Epithelial Tissue: Structure

Basal lamina

Basement membrane


Epithelial Tissue: Function

Exchange – quick movement of molecules

Transport – move from one side to another and process

Ciliated – move substances in the extracellular matrix

Protective – multiple layers, quickly regenerates

Secretory – produces substances secreted into the extracellular matrix or outside the body.


Exchange Epithelia Single cell layer of flat cells that allow molecules to cross through at different rates,

increase surface area with microvilli.

Rapid transport -

Oxygen -

Carbon dioxide -

Ions and fluids -

Capillaries and lung alveoli -


Transporting Epithelia

single layer or cuboidal or columnar cells, take in a molecule from a lumen and transport it into the blood stream.

Exchange of ions and nutrients -

Tight junctions -

Intestine and kidney -


Ciliated and Protective Epithelia apical cilia allow more the movement of substance on the surface of the

cell, like the ovum or mucus

Ciliated epithelium -

Trachea -

Sweep mucous out -

Protective epithelium -

multiple layers and in skin, serve for protection. Cell have a high regenerative ability.

Skin -

Prevent exchange -


Secretory Epithelia contain goblet cells and

cells that form the different endocrine or exocrine glands in the body

Exocrine tissues Mucous glands

Goblet cells

Secreted externally via ducts

Endocrine tissues Hormones

Secreted to ECF and blood

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 3-28 (1 of 3)

Secretory Epithelia

Development of endocrine and exocrine glands from epithelium


Connective Tissues: Structure

Support and barriers – strong high collagen content allow to withstand forces

Ground substance – varies in amount of water and changes the consistency of the type of connecitve tissue

Cells – have a wide variety of functions

Fixed – imbedded in a dense ground substance

Mobile – blood cells surrounded by a fluid ground substance such as plasma, are able to enter or leave the blood stream.


Connective Tissues: Structure

Fibers and their functions- found in the ground substance, the different ratios of each give each type of connective tissue their unique characteristics.

Fibroblast cells - produce the fibers and ground substance

Collagen – has a stronger tensile strength than steel, there are 12 variations, is most abundant in the body.

Elastin – gives elasticity to tissues

Fibrillin – combines with elastin to give support to elastic organs.

Fibronectin – stick to extracellular matrix of cells and helps in forming blood clots

Reticular fibers- form a network of supportive fibers for cells composed of free cells as in bone marrow, spleen, and lymphnodes


Connective Tissues: Types


Cells and Fibers of Loose Connective Tissue

Figure 3-29 (1 of 2)


Various Connective Tissue Types Strength or flexibility

Tendons and ligaments Collagen dominates

Adipose connective tissue White

Single droplet Brown

Multiple droplets Blood

Plasma matrix Free blood cells

Cartilage Light and flexible Trachea and ears

Bone Calcified Rigid


Muscle Tissues

Contractile Force and movement

Signal conduction

Types Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal


Nervous Tissues

Neurons send signals Excitable

Electrical

Chemical

Glial cells support


Cell Death and Replacement

Apoptosis- cell death not caused by injury or other external reasons

Normal cell replacement – during body formation, or in normal body function cells reach a life limit and die

Programmed cell death - induced by the cell without disturbing adjacent cells; “cell suicide”

Stem cells – undifferentiated cells that can become any cell needed in the body, totipotent, puripotent, and mulitpotent

Role in cell replacement – certain tissues have multipotent stem cells that can replace cells

Research uses and potential – need to find a good source of stem cells, face many ethical issues


Organs

Groups of tissues with related function – each contains the four types of tissues in various ratios

Epidermal tissue (skin) -

Multiple cell layers – epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Multiple tissue types – epitheial, connective, muscular, nervous

Multiple functions – protection, metabolism, temperature regulation, water proofing, blood storage, insulation, excretion, sensory organ

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings UN 3-1 - Overview


Integument System Functions

1. Protection

2. Insulation

3. Water proofing

4. Temperature regulation

5. Excretion

6. Cutaneous Sensory organ

7. Metabolism

8. Blood reservoir

Compartments & cells

Science

pearson education

membrane proteins

benjamin cummingscell

benjamin cummings figure

acell membrane

hollow organ fluid

cytoskeletal proteins

extracellular fluid