Product Title:Communicating with your child in sign:American Sign Language Development from Birth to Six Age of Intended Audience: Parents/Guardians/Caregivers of Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Children (Ages will vary) Product Goals/Objectives: - To provide information to parents/caregivers who are curious or interested in American Sign Language as a language option for their child and family -To discuss language development of children who have consistent models of American Sign Language Abstract: This tool was developed in a flip-book format, one side being the English version, and the other side being the Spanish version. The tool was developed with a family centered focus; the intention of an early support specialist sitting with a parent/caregiver and discussing/modeling the information in the tool. It discusses developmental milestones of ASL development for ages birth through six, parent-infant interactions,
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Product Title:Communicating with your child in sign:American Sign Language Development from Birth to Six
Age of Intended Audience: Parents/Guardians/Caregivers of Deaf or Hard-of-Hearing Children (Ages will vary)
Product Goals/Objectives: - To provide information to parents/caregivers who are curious or interested in American Sign Language as a language option for their child and family-To discuss language development of children who have consistent models of American Sign Language
Abstract: This tool was developed in a flip-book format, one side being the English version, and the other side being the Spanish version. The tool was developed with a family centered focus; the intention of an early support specialist sitting with a parent/caregiver and discussing/modeling the information in the tool. It discusses developmental milestones of ASL development for ages birth through six, parent-infant interactions, creating a visual environment, and tools and resources for learning ASL.
Communicating with your child in sign:American Sign Language Development from
Birth to Six
Table of Contents Page
Introduction 1Expressive/Receptive ASL Milestones: 2
Ages Birth to SixParent Infant Interactions: 16
Motherese/FathereseCreating a Visual Environment 18
Learning American Sign Language: Tools and resources 19
Bibliography 23
Introduction
Language development is influenced by many factors. Among them are access to language, and parent-child interactions. You are instrumental in your child’s language development.
Many deaf children are visually oriented, and may learn language more effectively through visual means. American Sign Language is one mode through which deaf children learn language. Exposure to consistent, proficient language users facilitates language development in deaf children.
We will look at the developmental milestones of deaf children who have consistent, proficient models for language, the importance of parent-child interactions in the development of language, strategies to make the environment more visually accessible to your child, and available resources for beginning your American Sign Language journey.
www.learnsignlanguage.com
Developmental Milestones:
Ages Birth-One
Receptive Language:Receptive Language:
Between birth and one year, your child may:
• Understand single signs/words • Recognize facial expressions when expressions match behavior
• Example: Lowered eyebrows and head shaking plus the sign for NO
• Respond to simple commands and questions• Example: COME HERE
• Display responsive behaviors – eye contact, visual searching of the environment
Can you think of examples of these with your child?
www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ brochure.htm
Developmental Milestones:Ages Birth-One
• Crying
• Cooing
• Pointing
• Chuckling, gasping, grunting
• Gesturing (for emotional needs, to stimulate your response)
• Uses repetition – to learn about his/her environment through communication
As you can see, both deaf and hearing children display these behaviors. Deaf and Hearing are more alike than different in
their language development
Between birth and one year, your child may display the following:
Expressive Language:Expressive Language:
www.lapeer.org/lsta/promo/ LCID/sld013.htm
American Sign Language Developmental Milestones:Ages Birth-One
• Babbling
• Vocal- (birth-6 months)-past 6 months, lack of auditory stimulation will cause vocalizations to fade
• Manual-(7-10 months)-syllabic stage:• Sequences of gestures that resemble signing/words, but have no meaning
• Will babble manually in “neutral space” in front of the body
• First handshapes- “5” and “S”
• First Signs/Words (8-12 months)
• typically nouns• will be approximations – different formations than signs
used by adultsExample: Mama
Expressive Language:Expressive Language:
www.iol.ie/~johnpmon/ signs.html
www.lessontutor.com/ eesASL4.html
www.lifeprint.com/asl101/ pages-signs/momdad.htm
www.bananasinc.org/ parentLinks.php
American Sign Language Developmental Milestones:
Ages One-Two
Receptive Language:Receptive Language:
• Understand multi-word phrases
• Recognize frequently fingerspelled words
• Understand basic meanings of facial expressions• Example: Frown and Lowered eyebrows means SAD, ANGRY
• Respond to NO
• Understand simple questions• Example: Do you want milk? (MILK WANT)
• Manual Jargon Babbling (12-14 months) babble sequences that look like ASL but have no meaning
• Attempts to use 2 sign combinations, but will still rely on single signs with simple handshapes (13-22 months)• Additions to handshape repertoire: A, B, C, O, and 1• Sign NO or use headshake to express no• Begin to name objects instead of just pointing • Begin using facial expression in signing
• Example – Raised eyebrows plus sign for a Yes/No question
• Attempts at fingerspelling (when vocabulary reaches approximately 100 words)
•
www.4woman.gov/owh/pub/
aabreastfeeding/ faq.htm
American Sign Language Developmental Milestones:
Ages One-Two
Expressive Language:Expressive Language:• “Vocabulary Explosion” – Expansion of vocabulary from
5 to 250 words• Use WHERE and WHAT signs for questions (12-21 months)• Use signs that denote physical states (15-24 months)
• Examples: TIRED, THIRSTY, HUNGRY• Use emotional signs (18-20 months)
• Examples: SAD, HAPPY, SCARED• Begin to use simple verbs WANT and LIKE (18-24 months)• Use many words to mean NO – DON’T WANT and NONE (18-24 months)• Begin to use handshapes for familiar objects
• Example: TREE, CAR
www.givingtreeonline.com/ onlinestore.html
American Sign Language Developmental Milestones:
Ages Two - Three
Receptive Language:Receptive Language:
• Understand and carry out more complex commands and requests
• Example: Bring me your shoes (SHOES+BRING)• Show interest in explanations of how and why• Increase attention span up to 20 minutes• Gain eye contact before conversation begins
• Name and describe scribbled creations• Sign continually during waking hours
• Sign to himself/herself during play• Ask simple questions• Converse about here and now• Attempt more complex signs, but still rely on simple handshapes• Use directional verbs
• Understand language related to basic concepts of number, color, and time• Understand and carry out commands that include more than one action or object
• Example: When you are done playing, put your toys in the box (PLAY+FINISH, BOX+TOYS+MOVE)
• Use language easily to relate ideas, feelings, stories, and problems• Tell two events in correct sequence• Hold long, detailed conversations• Use language to draw attention to himself/herself• Acquire and more consistently attempt to use complex handshapes: L, R, V, X, Y, 3• Attempt complex sentences• Expand facial grammar to include number, intensity, and time• Use handshapes with movement for familiar objects
• Example: CAR, RAIN
Between ages three and four, your child may:
www.hrdc-drhc.gc.ca/.../publications/
nlscy/mar98_e.shtml
American Sign Language Developmental Milestones:
Ages Four - Five
Expressive Language:Expressive Language:
• Tell long stories accurately
• Know and express first, middle and last name
• Understand and express concepts of time with accuracy
• Ask for clarification if he/she does not understand communication
Between ages four and five, your child may:
new-www.speechtx.com/
American Sign Language Developmental Milestones:
Ages Five - Six
Expressive Language:Expressive Language:
• Use complex handshapes clearly and often• Fingerspell more clearly than before• Use complex sentences appropriately:
• Topicalization – setting up a situation and then elaborating content of story (Topic-Comment word order)
• Use space to show location of nouns and verbs• Use “Bracketing”- WH-question words used at beginning and end of question
exaggerated intonation with longer vowel production
• Special words (Baby talk)• Talking about “here and now”• Repetition of words/phrases• Prolonged gazing/eye conact• Use of questions• Nonverbal communication signals (touch,
facial expression)• Long pauses between sentences/phrases• Short, simple, but grammatically correct
expression• Special words (Baby talk)• Talking about “here and now”- object
being discussed brought into conversational space
• Repetition of signs• Prolonged gazing/eye contact• Extensive use of POINT• Interspersing nonverbal affective acts with
language (tickling, tapping)• Long pauses between periods of signing• Majority of utterances are single signs• Imitation expansion
Hatfield, Nancy (n.d.) Promoting early communication II: The role of the family. Hearing, Speech and Deafness Center, Seattle, WA.
Motherese/FathereseMotherese/Fatherese
Parent-Child Interactions
As you can see, Baby talk is similar among Deaf and Hearing parents. Exaggeration of words/signs and facial expressions, slower, simpler forms of
language are used by both Deaf and Hearing parents to facilitate language development.
A Visual EnvironmentA Visual EnvironmentBoth Deaf and Hearing parents naturally interact and communicate effectively with their deaf children. Parenting behaviors such as playing with your child and displaying affection are universal, and extremely important to your child’s development. The main difference between parent-child interactions is the knowledge that Deaf parents have about the visual needs of their child. It is natural for them because of their own visual needs. You may or may not be accustomed the visual needs of your child.
Let’s look at some strategies to make your environment more visually accessible to your child.
www.cdaccess.com/ html/pc/asl.htm
Creating a Visual EnvironmentCreating a Visual Environment
Parent-Child Interactions
• Adjust lighting so that visual communication can take place• Use distinct facial expressions• Use appropriate attention getting strategies (a tap on the arm, leg,
or shoulder)• Sign in your child’s visual field
• Be sure that your child has a clear view of your face and hands• If possible, get down on the floor and either across from your
child, or with him/her on your lap• Sign on your child’s body to model placement and form of
signs- where signs occur and correct handshapes• Move the object of interest between you and your child (if
possible, hold it up by your face) so that signing about the object can take place in your conversational space
Creating a Visual EnvironmentCreating a Visual Environment
Parent-Child Interactions
• Follow the interests of your child
• Notice what he/she is focused on• Wait for him/her to shift focus from the object to you • Respond to his/her eye contact with smiling and signing
about the object of interest
***Repeat all of these interactions so your child will learn to connect these experiences with language, link objects
with meaning, and continue to develop language***
Tools and ResourcesTools and Resources
Learning American Sign Language
• Sign language Videotapes/Books• Sign with your baby
- Includes a book, video, and quick reference guide• Signs for Me: Basic Sign Vocabulary for Children, Parents and Teachers
- Has picture along with sign- Has index in Spanish, Hmong, Vietnamese,
Cambodian, Lao, Tagalog, and English• Random House Webster's Concise American Sign Language Dictionary
• American Sign Language Classes• Contact your local continuing education program• Contact your state school for the Deaf
BibliographyAnderson, D., & Reilly, J. (2002). The MacArthur communicative development inventory: Normative data for American Sign Language. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7(2), 83-106. Bonvillian, J.D., & Folven, R.J. (1993). Sign language acquisition: Developmental aspects. In Marschark, M., & Clark, D. M. Psychological Perspectives on Deafness (pp. 229-265). New York: Oxford University Press. Carew, M.E. (ed.) (2001). Schools and programs in the United States. American Annals of the Deaf, 146, 75-134. French, M.M. (1999). The toolkit: Appendices for starting with assessment. Washington, DC: Pre-College National Mission Programs. Hatfield, N. (n.d). Promoting early communication II: The role of the family. Hearing Speech and Deafness Center, Seattle, WA. Jamieson, J. R. (1995). Interactions between mothers and children who are deaf. Journal of Early Intervention, 19 (2), 108-117. Marchark, M. (1993). Psychological development of deaf children. New York: Oxford University Press. Ogden, P.W. (1996). The silent garden: Raising your deaf child, new fully revised edition. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Pettito, L. A., & Marentette, P.F. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode: Evidence for the ontogeny of language. Science, 251, 1493-1496. Spencer, P.E. (2001). A good start: Suggestions for visual conversations with deaf and hard of hearing babies and toddlers. Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Retrieved October 20, 2002 from: http://clerccenter2.gallaudet.edu/KidsWorldDeafNet/e-docs/visual-conversations/index.html Spencer, P.E., Bodner-Johnson, B. A., & Gutfreund, M. K. (1992). Interacting with infants with a hearing loss: What can we learn from mothers who are deaf? Journal of Early Intervention, 16 (1), 64-78.
Uso el lenguaje manual en la comunicacion con su niño sordo: Desarrollo del “American Sign Language” desde el nacimiento a los seis
meses de edad
Translation By Ileana Rios-Mercado
Contenido
PaginasIntroducción 1Desarrollo de las areas Receptivas /Expresivas del ASL: 2
Nacimiento a los seis meses de edadInteracciones entre Padres y Niño: 16
Maternalismo/PaternalismoCreación de un ambiente visualmente accesible 18
Aprendiendo ASL:Herramientas y recursos 19
Bibliografía 23
IntroducciónEl desarrollo del lenguaje es influenciado por muchos factores. Entre
ellos está la accesibilidad que el niño tenga al lenguaje, y las interacciones que este tenga con sus padres. Usted forma parte importante en el desarrollo del lenguaje de su nino.
Los niños sordos estan mas orientados al area visual, por lo cual desarrollan lenguaje mas efectivamente a traves de medios visuales. El “American Sign Language” es una herramienta a través de la cual los ninos sordos aprenden lenguaje. La exposición a peritos y usuarios constantes del lenguaje, facilita el desarrollo de este en niños sordos.
A continuacion discutiremos las etapas del desarrollo del “American Sign Language” en niños sordos que poseen modelos constantes y excelentes para su desarrollo. Ademas, hablaremos de la importancia de la interaccion entre padres y niño en el desarrollo del lenguaje, estrategias para hacer un ambiente más visualmente accesible a su niño, y los recursos disponibles para comenzar su travesía en el “American Sign Language”
www.learnsignlanguage.com/
Etapas De desarrollo:Nacimiento a Un año de edad
Lenguaje Receptivo:Lenguaje Receptivo:
Características que su niño puede mostrar:• Entiende palabras/señas simples
• Reconoce expresiones faciales cuando estas estan acompañadas de acciones
• Ejemplo: Las cejas bajadas acompañadas del movimiento de la cabeza mas la seña de “NO”
• Responde a mandatos y preguntas simples
• Ejemplo: VEN ACA
• Exhibe comportamientos que reflejen una respuesta- ejemplo: contacto visual, exploración visual del ambiente que le rodea
¿Puede usted pensar en ejemplos de éstos con su niño?
www.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/ brochure.htm
Etapas de Desarrollo:Nacimiento a Un año de edad
• Llanto
• “Cooing”
• Señala
• Rie, “gasping”, “grunting”
• Utiliza gestos con el proposito de expresar necesidades emocionales o estimular una respuesta de su parte
• Repite- utiliza la comunicacion para aprender sobre el ambiente que le rodea
Notara que tanto los niños sordos como niños con audición normal exhiben los mismos comportamientos. Ambos muestran mas semejanzas que diferencias en el desarrollo del lenguaje
Caracteristicas que su niño puede exhibir:Lenguaje Expresivo:Lenguaje Expresivo:
www.lapeer.org/lsta/promo/ LCID/sld013.htm
Etapas del desarrollo del “American Sign Language:”Nacimiento – Primer año
• Balbuceo
• Vocal- (Nacimiento a seis mesesde edad)-Después de los 6 meses, la carencia del estímulo auditivo causará que las vocalizaciones cesen.
• Manual-(7 a 10 meses)-Etapa silábica:
• Las secuencias de los gestos que se asemejan a señas/palabras, pero no tienen ningún significado
• Balbuceará manualmente en un “espacio neutral” frente a su cuerpo
• Las primeras formas manuales (handshapes) seran “5” y “S”
• Primer Señas/Palabras (8 a 12 meses)• Son típicamente sustantivos• Aproximaciones manuales a las señas utilizadas por los adultos
• Ejemplo: Mamá
Lenguaje Expresivo:Lenguaje Expresivo:
www.lifeprint.com/asl101/ pages-signs/momdad.htm
www.iol.ie/
~johnpmon/ signs.html
www.lessontutor.com/
eesASL4.html
www.bananasinc.org/ parentLinks.php
Etapas del desarrollo del “American Sign Language:”Nacimiento – Primer año
Lenguaje Receptivo:Lenguaje Receptivo:
• Entiende frases de múltiples palabra
• Reconoce con frecuencia palabras deletreadas
manualmente
• Comprende el significado de expresiones faciales básicas• Ejemplo: Frunce el ceño- enojado• Cejas bajas- triste
Etapas del desarrollo del “American Sign Language:”Uno a Dos años de edad
Lenguaje Expresivo:Lenguaje Expresivo:
Características que su niño puede exhibir:
• Jerga Manual (12-14 meses) las secuencias de balbuceo manual se parecen al ASL pero no tienen ningún significado
• Intenta expresar frases (combinaciones de 2 señas) en el lenguaje manual, pero continua utilizando con mayor frecuencia expresiones aisladas, de una palabra, con formas manuales (handshapes) simples (13-22 meses)
• Aumenta su repertorio en las formas de las manos (handshapes): A, B, C, O,and 1
• Expresa manualmente “NO” o mueve la cabeza para expresar negación
• Comienza a nombrar objetos en vez solo señalarlos
• Comienza a acompañar las señas con expresiónes faciales
• Ejemplo – Levanta las cejas al hacer preguntas de Sí/No
• Intenta deletrear manualmente palabras cuando su vocabulario alcanza aproximadamente 100 palabras
www.4woman.gov/owh/pub/
aabreastfeeding/ faq.htm
Etapas del desarrollo del “American Sign Language:”Uno a Dos años de edad
Lenguaje Expresivo:Lenguaje Expresivo:• “Explosión de Vocabulario” – Su vocabulario se amplia de 5 a 250 palabras.• Hace preguntas de “DONDE” y “QUÉ” en lenguaje manual (12-21 meses)• Utiliza señas que denotan estados físicos (15-24 meses)
Como usted puede ver, el “baby talk” o chiquiteo es similar entre padres sordos y oyentes. La exageracion de palabras/senas y expresiones faciales suaves son formas simples del lenguaje utilizadas por los padres para facilitar el desarrollo
del lenguaje.
Un Ambiente VisualUn Ambiente VisualLos padres sordos y oyentes interactuan y se comunican efectivamente con sus niños sordos. Comportamientos como jugar con su niño y exhibir el afecto, son universales en los padres y extremadamente importantes para el desarrollo de sus niños. La diferencia principal entre las interacciones de padres oyentes y sordos es el conocimiento que los padres sordos tienen sobre las necesidades
visuales de su niño. Esto es natural para ellos debido a sus propias necesidades visuales. Usted puede o no estar acostumbrarse a las necesidades visuales de su
niño.
Observemos algunas estrategias para hacer su ambiente visualmente accesible para su niño.
www.cdaccess.com/ html/pc/asl.htm
Cree un Ambiente VisualCree un Ambiente Visual
Interacciones entre Padres y Niño
• Una clara iluminacion del area es importante para que la comunicación visual pueda ocurrir
• Utilice las expresiones faciales distintas
• Utilice estrategias adecuadas para llamar la atencion de su nino (un toquesito suave en el hombro, brazo, pierna)
• Cuando se comunique hagalo dentro del campo visual de su niño
• Asegurese de que su niño puede ver claramente su cara y manos
• Si es posible, bajese al nivel del nino o sientelo al nivel de su regazo
• Exprese las senas en el cuerpo de su niño para demostrar su colocación y forma, donde ocurren y cual es la forma correcta de las manos
• Ubique el objeto del interés entre usted y su niño. Si es posible, aproxime el objeto a su cara, asi las expresiones manuales sobre el objeto
tendran lugar en su espacio conversacional
Crear un Ambiente VisualCrear un Ambiente Visual
Interacciones entre Padres y Niño
• Siga los intereses de su niño
• Observe en qué el/ella fija su atencion
• Espere a que su niño dirija su atencion hacia usted
• Responda a su contacto visual con una sonrisa y comente sobre el objeto del interés
***Repita todas estas interacciones así su niño aprenderá a unir estas experiencias con el lenguaje, unir objetos con el
significado. De esta forma continuara desarrollando su lenguaje***
Herramientas y RecursosHerramientas y Recursos
Aprendiendo “American Sign Language”
• Videocintas y Libros de American Sign Langugage• Sign with your baby
- Incluye un libro, un vídeo, y una guía de referencia rápida
• Signs for Me: Basic Sign Vocabulary for
Children, Parents and Teachers
- Tiene cuadro junto con muestra
- Tiene índice en Español, Hmong, Vietnamita, Camboyano, Lao, Tagalog, e Inglés
• Random House Webster's Concise American Sign Language Dictionary
• Clases deAmerican Sign Language• Entre en contacto con su programa local de la formación permanente
• Entre en contacto con la escuela pública para sordos de su area
Mientras que usted practica para convertirse en un abil modelo del lenguaje visual, el interaccionar con la comunidad
sorda le proporcionará oportunidades para el desarrollo del lenguaje en usted y su niño
• Interacciónes con adultos y niños sordos• Proyectos de Mentores Sordos• Sordos Narradores de historias• Interaccion con otras familias de niños sordos
BibliografíaAnderson, D., & Reilly, J. (2002). The MacArthur communicative development inventory: Normative data for American Sign Language. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7(2), 83-106. Bonvillian, J.D., & Folven, R.J. (1993). Sign language acquisition: Developmental aspects. In Marschark, M., & Clark, D. M. Psychological Perspectives on Deafness (pp. 229-265). New York: Oxford University Press. Carew, M.E. (ed.) (2001). Schools and programs in the United States. American Annals of the Deaf, 146, 75-134. French, M.M. (1999). The toolkit: Appendices for starting with assessment. Washington, DC: Pre-College National Mission Programs. Hatfield, N. (n.d). Promoting early communication II: The role of the family. Hearing Speech and Deafness Center, Seattle, WA. Jamieson, J. R. (1995). Interactions between mothers and children who are deaf. Journal of Early Intervention, 19 (2), 108-117. Marchark, M. (1993). Psychological development of deaf children. New York: Oxford University Press. Ogden, P.W. (1996). The silent garden: Raising your deaf child, new fully revised edition. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. Pettito, L. A., & Marentette, P.F. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode: Evidence for the ontogeny of language. Science, 251, 1493-1496. Spencer, P.E. (2001). A good start: Suggestions for visual conversations with deaf and hard of hearing babies and toddlers. Laurent Clerc National Deaf Education Center. Retrieved October 20, 2002 from: http://clerccenter2.gallaudet.edu/KidsWorldDeafNet/e-docs/visual-conversations/index.html Spencer, P.E., Bodner-Johnson, B. A., & Gutfreund, M. K. (1992). Interacting with infants with a hearing loss: What can we learn from mothers who are deaf? Journal of Early Intervention, 16 (1), 64-78.