Colloquium on Pragmatics, Discourse, and Society · 2 Mashael Assaadi (Cardiff University) “The Functions and Meanings of Hijazi Non-Lexical Sounds” Everyday speech in Hijazi

ColloquiumonPragmatics,Discourse,andSocietyBookletofAbstracts

July16,2018UniversityofKent,Canterbury

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MashaelAssaadi(CardiffUniversity)“TheFunctionsandMeaningsofHijaziNon-LexicalSounds”EverydayspeechinHijaziArabicisfullofnon-lexicalsounds(NLSs)suchasafa,youh,wahetc., which have the potential to stand as utterances by themselves to expressappropriate contextually boundmeanings. This study employs theories of pragmatics(Ward2002,2004,2006;Fischer2000)andsocial-semiotics(Saussure1916;Peirce1931)thatprovideatheoreticalexplanationtoexaminetheforms,functionsandmeaningsofsuchlinguisticphenomena.Thesetokensillustratetheinteractionbetweentheculturaland intrapersonal aspects of communication in Hijazi society (Wharton 2003).Consequently, thispartof thestudy investigatesthemappingbetweentheHijaziNLSsformsandmeaningsthroughtheirfunctions.Thesetypesoflinguisticitemsaresimilartoprimary interjections, and hencewe adopt the division of their functions of languageprovidedbyWierzbicka(1992)whodividedthemintotwocategories.First,theexpressiveNLSsthatrefertothosethatexpressfeelings,andhencetheirmeaningsaremappedontoParrott’s(2001)emotionsclassificationswhogroupedalistofemotionsinahierarchicaltreestructurewiththreelevelsofemotions:primary,secondaryandtertiary.Secondly,theconativeNLSsthatrefertothosethatfunctionasdirectivesorcommands,andhencetheirmeanings aremapped ontoHalliday andMatthiessen’s (2014) speech functions.Theyproposethatspeakersadopttwospecificspeechroles:givinganddemandingeithergoods-&-servicesorinformation(p.135).Inthecurrentstudy,thirty-fourNLSshavebeencollected through themethodof observation,while themeaningsof theseNLSshavebeen checked through an open questionnaire elicited from 321 Hijazi speakers’ withdifferingages,genders,educationalbackgroundsanddialects(tribal,urban,inbetween)toexamineifthosevarioussocialvariablesaffecttheusageortheunderstandingofNLSs.ReferencesFischer,K.(2000).Fromcognitivesemantictolexicalpragmatic:Thefunctionalpolysemyof discourseparticles.Berlin,NewYork:MoutondeGruyter.Halliday,M.andMatthiessen,C.(2014).Halliday's introductiontofunctionalgrammar.4th ed.Abingdon:Routledge.Peirce,C.S.(1931-58):CollectedWritings(8Vols.).(Ed.CharlesHartshorne,PaulWeiss&ArthurWBurks).Cambridge,MA:HarvardUniversityPress.Saussure,F.d.([1916]1974):CourseinGeneralLinguistics(trans.WadeBaskin).London: Fontana/Collins.Ward,N.(2000).TheChallengeofNon-lexicalSpeechSounds.InInternationalConferenceon SpokenLanguageProcessing,pp.II:571–574.Ward,N.(2004).PragmaticFunctionsofProsodicFeaturesinNon-LexicalUtterances.In SpeechProsody04,pp.325–328.Ward,N. (2006).Non-lexical conversational sounds inAmerican English. Pragmatics& Cognition14:129-182.Wharton, T. (2003). Interjections, language and the ‘showing-saying’ continuum.Pragmatics andCognition11,39-91.Wierzbicka,A.(1992)Thesemanticsofinterjection.JournalofPragmatics18:159-192.

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MariaAtmania(ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity)“CommunicatingthroughMusic:ACriticalStylisticApproachtoLyricalProtestsandPublicChantsduringtheArabSpringinTunisiaandEgypt.”In2011,theworldwatchedamovementofpoliticalprotests,namelytheArabSpring(AS),ripplingsorapidlythroughNorthAfricaandtheMiddleEast,whichaimedatoverthrowingthedictatorialregimesandraisingsocialconsciousnessofthemasses.Protestagainsttheoustedpresidentswasorganizedindifferentformsamongwhichprotestmusic,whichcanbe conceptualized simply as lyrical statementsof social dissent, constituted apart. Thecurrentresearchobservesthattextsofrap,rockandfolkdepictedArabyouthmusiciansparticularlyinTunisiaandEgyptaspoliticiansembracingtheideologyofresistancethatwasadvancedbyFoucault(1991)asanecessitytopower.Musiciansseemtohavereflectedacertain type of discourse to dialogue with the public on social illnesses towards veryparticularends.Thepublictoo,throughtheirchantsandYouTubecomments,seemtohaverespondedtothesongswithaparticulardiscourse.ThoughinFoucauldianterms(1991)therelationshipbetweenlanguageandpowerisbidirectionalinthatlanguageaspowercanbeusedeithertodominateortoresistdominantgroups,contemporarypractitionersofcriticaltheorieshavefocusedalmostentirelyontheideologyofdominanceintheirattemptstoestablishthelanguage/powerrelationship.ThepresentresearchwillbefocusedonaperiodofpoliticalunrestinwhichthepreviouslybannedmovementsofArabyouthmusicturnedto become oppositional forces to the dominant powers through enacting ideologies ofresistancetoinstantiatesocialchangebydialogicallyenergizingtextconsumersinthefaceofdictatorialleaders.Throughstylisticandcriticaldiscourseanalysesacrosssongs,publicchantsandYouTubecommentsatthestagesofproduction,receptionandinterpretation,thecurrentproposalwillattempttodemonstratehowmusicalandpublicdiscoursehavebeeninteractingduringtheAS,inwhatways,towardswhatendsandhowsuccessfulitwas.HalimaBenzdira(ManchesterMetropolitanUniversity)“InvestigationofPolitenessPatternsinEmailRequests:CaseStudyofAlgerianPh.D.FemaleStudentsatUKUniversities”Thisresearchseekstoexploretheeffectsofaddressees’genderand‘expertpower’ontheuseofpolitenessstrategieswithinemailrequestsinanasymmetricalcontext.Research into speech act realization has revealed that using politeness strategies inrequestsisinfluencedbyfactorsliketheaddressees’gender(Kuriscak,2015),power(Song,2017), languageproficiency level (AlMasaeed,2017), L1 transfer (ZarepourandSaidloo2016).Requestshavebeendefinedasdirectives,wherethespeakerimposeonthelistener(Searle,1979;Reiter,2000), thuspolitenesshasbeenconceivedasaway to soften theimposition. Evidently, requests have generated considerable attention, whereas, emailrequestshavereceivedalittle.Theobjectiveofthisstudyistoelucidatethestudents’perceptionof‘politeness’coupledwith how they employ its strategies in relation to the supervisor’s gender and ‘powerexpert’ (French and Raven, 1959). Furthermore, the study investigates how the use ofparticularstrategymightaffecttheresponse,beitanacceptanceorarefusal.

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Data collection tools are threefold (triangulation): first, online surveys to trigger thestudentsperceptionofwhatistheappropriateemailbehaviour.Second,WrittenDiscoursecompletion tasks (DCTs) alongwith real request emails collection. Finally, unstructuredinterviewstoseetheunderpinningreasonsbehindtheuseofcertainstrategies;accordingtothetwodimensionstested(genderoftheaddressees,theirexpertpower).Thestudywillpertaintothebodyofdataininterlanguagepragmatics;thoughitsresultsmightnotprovidegeneralizationtothewholepopulation.Nevertheless, itcanpacetheground for further studies; thus it might help construct good relationships betweenoverseas students and their teachers/supervisors by avoiding misunderstandingsoccurrence.Theresultsmightalsobebeneficialtoresearchersinterestedintheclassroomteaching of foreign language pragmatics, as they might be useful to universities’internationalofficesandinternationalpartnershipdevelopmentoffices.ReferencesAl Masaeed, K. (2017) 'Interlanguage Pragmatic Development: Internal and External ModificationinL2ArabicRequests.'ForeignLanguageAnnals,50(4)pp.808-820.Bella,S.(2012)'Pragmaticdevelopmentinaforeignlanguage:AstudyofGreekFLrequests.' JournalofPragmatics,44(13)pp.1917-1947.Kuriscak,L.(2015)'ExaminationofLearnerandSituationLevelVariables:ChoiceofSpeech ActandRequestStrategybySpanishL2Learners.'Hispania,98(2)pp.300-318.Zarepour,F.andSaidloo,M.I.(2016)'AnAnalysisofIranianEFLLearners'EnglishWritten RequestiveE-mails.'JournalofLanguageTeachingandResearch,7(3)p.579.Blum-Kulka,S.,House,J.,Kasper,G.andFreedle,R.O.(1989)'Cross-CulturalPragmatics: RequestsandApologies.'Brown,P.andLevinson,S.C.(1987)Politeness:someuniversalsinlanguageusage.Vol.4. Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress.Economidou-Kogetsidis,M.(2016)'Variationinevaluationsofthe(im)politenessofemails fromL2learnersandperceptionsofthepersonalityoftheirsenders.'JOURNALOF PRAGMATICS,106pp.1-19.Félix-Brasdefer,J.C.(2010)'Intra-lingualpragmaticvariationinMexicoCityandSanJosé, Costa Rica: A focus on regional differences in female requests.' Journal ofPragmatics, 42(11)pp.2992-3011.Johns,A.andFelix-Brasdefer,J.C.(2015)'Linguisticpolitenessandpragmaticvariationin request production in Dakar French.' JOURNAL OF POLITENESS RESEARCH-LANGUAGE BEHAVIOURCULTURE,11(1)pp.131-164.Kasper, G. (1990) 'Linguistic politeness: Current research issues.' Journal of Pragmatics,14(2) pp.193-218.Kuriscak,L.(2015)'ExaminationofLearnerandSituationLevelVariables:ChoiceofSpeech ActandRequestStrategybySpanishL2Learners.'Hispania,98(2)pp.300-318.Lakoff, R. T. (1975)Languageandwoman'splace.London;NewYork (etc.);:Harper andRow.Leech,G.N.(2014)Thepragmaticsofpoliteness.NewYork,NY:OxfordUniversityPress.Raven, B. H. and French, J. R. P. (1958) 'Group support, legitimate power, and social influence1.'JournalofPersonality,26(3)pp.400-409.

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Sanjaya,I.N.S.andSitawati,A.A.R.(2017)'TheEffectofGrammaticalAccuracyandGender onInterlanguageRequestStrategy.'TEFLINJournal:Apublicationontheteachingand learningofEnglish,28(2)p.212.Song, S. H. (2017) 'The Brown and Levinson theory revisited: A statistical analysis.'LANGUAGE SCIENCES,62pp.66-75.Terkourafi,M.(2005)'Beyondthemicro-levelinpolitenessresearch.'JournalofPoliteness Research,1(2)pp.237-262.MartinBoyle(UniversityofKent)“Measuring and Accounting for Taiwan’sMaintenance of its de facto Independence: ALinguistics-DrivenDiscourseAnalyticResearchDesign.”TheRepublicofChina(ROCorTaiwan)hasbeenclaimedbythePeople’sRepublicofChina(PRC)since1949,whentheChineseNationalists(KMT)fledthereattheendoftheChineseCivilWar.Beforedemocratisationintheearly1990s,theROCwasanauthoritarian,Chinesesettler regime that claimed sovereignty over the whole of China. Democratisation andTaiwanisationoftheROCstateledtopoliticaldivergencefrom(Nationalist)China,adeclineinChineseandariseinTaiwanesenationalidentityandadesireforadejureRepublicofTaiwan (ROT). This is expressed in partisan terms in a loose China-identifying (KMT) –Taiwan-identifying(DPP)divide.Atthesametime,intenseeconomicconvergencewiththePRC,PRCpowerandTaiwan’sunrecognisedstatusmeanthisdesireissimplyapipedreamandthat tomaintainde facto independenceandresistPRCpower itmustmaintain thefictionthatitistheROC.Itdoesthisthroughadiscourseof“ROCIndependence”(huadu)asopposedto“TaiwanIndependence”(taidu).Taiwan’selitesdeployahuadudiscourseintheirpolicystatements.However,itisobscuredbydiplomaticrhetoricalconventionsandisopentomultiple(mis)interpretations.Granted,explicitpolicystatementssendimportantsignals,butimplicitlinguisticsignallingmoreeffectivelybringsidentitytobearininternationalrelationsbecauseitishardertofake.Itisalsoharderforresearcherstolocate.Yetitprovidesmorerobusttextualwarrantforinterpretiveclaims.Alinguistics-informeddiscourseanalyticresearchdesignresolvesthisbymelding (post)positivistwith interpretiveapproaches.For linguists,discourseanalysisinvolvesderivingdiscoursesfromtextusingco-textandcontext.Social-scientificandCritical(CDA) discourse analytic approaches analyse context, but often ignore the lexico-grammaticalco-text,arehighly interpretiveorconflatetext, rhetoricanddiscourse.TheLinguisticssub-fieldsofCorpusLinguistics(CL)andPragmaticsresolvethisbypermittingthequantitativemeasurementofsalienttextandthequalitativeanalysisoftextincontext.Linguistic universals (what is true of English is true of Chinese) invite straightforwarddiscourseanalytictechniquesthatlocatefirmtextualwarrantforinterpretiveclaimsaroundthemeaningof political actors’ statementswhile raisingquestions abouthowandwhylistenersandresearchersderiveoneandnotanotherdiscoursefromatext.MyresearchdesigncombinesCL,CDAand (Gricean)Pragmatics in foursteps: first, I constructeda5millionwordmastercorpusofTaiwanesepoliticalspeech(TPS)inEnglishcoveringtheyears1992-2016;second,IusedCLtoidentifysalientlanguage,themesanddiscoursesinTPS;third, Ianalysedselectedsub-corporaagainstthemastercorpusto locate,compareand

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interpretthediscoursesofdifferentTaiwaneseactors; fourth, Icarriedoutapilotstudyusing the 2015 China-Taiwan presidential summit to measure and account for theTaiwanesepresident’sdiscourseinthecontextofbroaderdiscoursesofTaiwaneseidentity.Todothis,IusedtheCDADiscourseHistoricalApproach(DHA)andfocusedontheDHA's'linguisticmeansofrealisation'toexaminethepragmaticsofpresupposition,implicatureand pronoun use (deixis). Initial findings reveal a huadu discourse across the politicalspectrum and provide no textual warrant for a more China-identifying KMT discourse.Rather, what the Taiwan-identifying side perceives as a pro-China KMT discourse thatthreatensTaiwan’ssecurityissimplydiplomaticandrhetoricalframing.StefanBreitrück(EberhardKarlsUniversitätTübingen)“DeleuzeReadingFoucault:TheRhizomaticsofDiscourseandPower”The topic ofmypresentation isGillesDeleuze’s analysis ofMichel Foucault’s concepts,figuresofreflection,andmethods,aspresentedandappliedinTheOrderofThings,TheArchaeology of Knowledge, and Discipline and Punish. Deleuze's elaboration can beconsideredasanex-plicationofFoucault'stheoreticalim-plications,exploring,explainingandadvancinghisheuristicsfromalinguistic-philosophicalandsystem-philosophicalpointofview.Inmypresentation,IwillfocusfirstonDeleuze’sworkonstatements,whomheregardsasthe fundamental semantic elements, logically prioritising them over phrases andpropositions.Heconceptualisesthemasvirtualandmanifoldintensities,whichunfoldtheirsemanticpotentialbybeingconnectedtootherstatements,therebyfillinguporfulfilling,respectively,discoursiveterritoriesina–here,Deleuze’smostimportantfigureofthought– rhizomatic way. The collateral, correlative, and complementary relations betweenstatements,Deleuzecontinues,definethespecificform,structure,andtopoiofdiscourses.Inthesecondpartofmytalk,ImoveontoDeleuze’sanalysisofFoucault’sconceptualisationof power,whomhe characterises as anabstractmachine that expands its reach in thepolitical,economic,cultural,socialetc.spheres inanequallyrhizomaticmanner,that is,throughtheapplicationofspecificpowertechniquesandthroughtheproductionofspecificdisciplines.TechniquesanddisciplinesthatinterconnecttheVisibleandtheSayable–toaddressFoucault'smainconceptualspaces–,therebyproducingwhatisregardedasTruth.Withmypresentation,Iwouldliketo,first,castalightonthemicro-dimensionofFoucault’stheoretical apparatus and, second, offer an answer to the core questions 'What is adiscourse?'and'Whatispower?'Conceptualgroundworkthatcouldbeofinterestforthecolloquium Pragmatics, Discourse, and Society, as clarification of these questions is anecessaryprerequisiteforbuildingtransdisciplinarybridgesunderthebannerofdiscourseanalysis.

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SakineÇabuk(MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity)“DiscourseParticlesinKurmanjîKurdish-TurkishContact”ExploringinteractionamongKurdishspeakingfamilymembers,thispaperinvestigatestheuse of discourse particles in Kurmanjî-Kurdish in relation to the contact phenomenabetween theKurdishandTurkish languages.Corpus analysisof thedataobtained fromaudioandvideorecordingsof family talkon thephonewascarriedout toexamine thesemantic-pragmaticpropertiesofdiscourseparticles.Althoughsomeparticlesinthecorpusseem to be unique to Kurdish, some others appear to be borrowed from Turkish andintegrated intoKurdishbyundergoingsomephonological changes.The findings suggestthatKurdishspeakersborrowsomelexicalitemsandintegratethemintoKurdishwithsomechanges at the phonological level, or combine themwith some Kurdish particles. Eventhough the Kurdish and Turkish languages have had close contact and a long-lastingcoexistence in the linguistic setting of Turkey, which results in the borrowing of someparticlesfromTurkishandtheiruseindailyinteractionbyKurdishspeakers,itishardtoarriveataconclusionaboutlanguagechangeatthislevel.JacopoCastaldi(CanterburyChristChurchUniversity)“CriticalDiscourseStudiesandHegemony–AGramscianApproach”TheconceptofhegemonyhasoftenbeencalleduponintheCriticalDiscourseStudies(CDS)literature, but primarily with the view that any discourse that attempts to representdominantideologiesasnaturalorcommonsensicalishegemonical(MachinandMayr2012:24;WodakandMeyer,2016:9).In order to gain a clearer understanding of the concept of hegemony and to make itmethodologically and theoretically applicable to theCDSenterprise, this paper looks atGramsci’sconceptualizationofhegemonyandinvestigatestwokeyaspects:thepurposeofhegemonic discourse and how this is produced or reproduced. Firstly, it is argued thathegemony, as a socio-political concept, is neither negative nor positive. Secondly, it issuggested that discourses, from a Gramscian perspective, can only be categorised ashegemonic if theyareproducedby thecivil, rather thanpolitical, society.Thirdly,whileacknowledgingtheimportanceofanalysingpoliticaldiscoursesandgenres,itisproposedthat the analysis of mass mediated popular genres should be prioritised in order tounderstandhowcontemporaryhegemonyworks.Suchanapproach, for instance,mayprovideanargument againstoneof the criticismsraised by Chilton (2005: 27), namely that humans possess what has been calledMachiavellianintelligenceandshouldthereforebeable,atleastinprinciple,torecognisethetacticaldeceptionwhichisatthebasisofmindmanipulation.Itissuggestedthatwhathegemonicdiscoursedoesistocomeinforms(e.g.genres)thatwouldnotnecessarilyalertthe counter-deception mechanisms due to being perceived as non-threatening by thereceivers.Thewidereachofthemassmediatedpopulargenres,finally,enableshegemonicdiscoursetospreadideologiesonsuchascalethatitallowsdominantpowerstomaintaintheirprivilegedpositionwithoutusingcoercivemeans.AGramscianapproachtoCDScanprovideaframeworktoresistsuchdiscourses.

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ReferencesChilton,P.,2005.MissinglinksinmainstreamCDA.InWodak,R.andChilton,P.(eds.),Anew agendain(critical)discourseanalysis:theory,methodologyandinterdisciplinarity (Vol.13).JohnBenjaminsPublishing,pp.19-51.Machin,D.andMayr,A.,2012.HowtoDoCriticalDiscourseAnalysis.London:Sage.Wodak,R. andMeyer,M., 2016.CriticalDiscourse Studies:History,Agenda,Theory and Methodology. InWodak, R. andMeyer,M. (eds.),Methods of critical discourse studies.Sage.pp.1-22.MagdalenaMariaDrewniak(UniversidaddeGranada)“Thehighclassdiscourse:theculturemechamasameansofconveyingthenegativeimageofpeasantsinthePolishlanguage”Theaimofthispresentationistodiscussthenegativeimageofpeasantsmanifestedinthecontemporary Polish language in phraseological expressions employing the culturemecham[*aboor].InthePolishlanguagechammaintainstwomeanings–thecontemporaryand theoldonepresent fromthe16thcentury.Thecontemporarymeaning refers toaperson who is rude and unmannered while the old one was used by high classes todisdainfullycharacteriseapersonbelongingtoalowerclass,thatis,apeasant.Itwillbedemonstratedthatmetaphoricalexpressionsemployingtheculturemechamconveythenegative connotation of peasants bymaking reference to certain features that can berelatedtotheoldmeaningofcham.Thefeaturesinquestionare:badmanners,insolence,avarice and egoism, drunkenness, ugliness, the status of an incomplete human being,filthiness, poor quality, the impossibility of change. The presentation aims to divideexemplarymetaphoricalexpressionsemployingtheculturemechamthatcanbefoundinthecontemporaryPolishlanguageintoninegroupscorrespondingtotheabove-mentionedfeatures.Theyevoketheimageofpeasantsregardedasunmannered,rude,drunkanduglyandareusedtoforminvectivesinthecontemporaryPolishlanguage.Sinceallofthemarenegativeinnature,itcanbeobservedthattheimageofpeasantstheyevokeisunfavourableandtheattitudetowardspeasantsthatismaintainedinthecontemporaryPolishlanguageishighlydisrespectful.SousenElbouri(UniversityofAberdeen)“TheDifferentUsesof‘la’asaDiscourseMarkerinBenghaziArabic”ThesubjectofthisstudyisdiscoursemarkersintheArabicdialectspokeninBenghazi,Libya.Thoughspokenbynearlyamillionspeakers,ithashardlybeenfeaturedinrecentstudiesofArabicdialects.BenghaziArabicisveryrichwithvariouslinguisticmarkerswhichfunctionin differentways such as ‘yani’ (Imean), ‘bahi’ (okay), ‘arafti’ (you know), and others.Speakersuse 'la'ona socialbasiswherecultureandenvironmentaid inperceiving theintendedmeaning.Thefocusofthispaperistoexemplifyanddescribeseveralsensesof‘la’meaning‘no’asadiscoursemarkerthathavenotpreviouslybeenrecognized.Thediscourse

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marker‘la’carriesdifferentpragmaticmeaningsandfunctionsaccordingtothecontextinwhich it isused.The informantsof this studyareallnatives fromBenghazi.Thedata iscollectedfromdailyconversations.Although‘la’appearstobesimpleandstraightforward,thispaperwilldemonstratethatthisisnotthecaseinconversation.Afterestablishingthecategoriesoftheusesof‘la’,itcanbearguedthat‘la’hasacoremeaning.Instancesof‘la’were also used to express denial, disagreement, disbelief, approval, doubt,misunderstanding,emphasis,sarcasm,rejection,expectation,andturn-taking.Additionally,‘la’ was found to have special interpretations than its basic meaning when used inanswering greetings. In fact, it can be used to fulfil various discourse functions. Theinterestingphenomenon,ascanbeseenfromtheconversations,isthateachtimeitwasused,ithadadifferentcommunicativeintent.BeatriceFagan(UniversityofKent)“TheMedicalisationofMaternalDiscoursesinNineteenthCenturyFrance:ACaseStudy.”Towards the latter half of the nineteenth century, a depopulation crisis developed inFrance.ThepopularityofNeo-Malthusianismanddegenerationtheory,combinedwithalow birth-rate and high infant-mortality rate, prompted politicians and physicians toattempttoinfluenceandreshapethepracticesanddiscoursessurroundingreproductionand the family. Through the rhetoric utilised in politics, journalism and literature,depopulationwastransformedintoanillness,frequentlydescribedasadiseasewhichwascausingFrancetosicken.Thepathologicalvocabularyutilisedinthesediscoursesfurtheremphasised the attempts to bring depopulationunder the jurisdiction and influenceofmedical professionals. Within this larger discursive medicalisation, Mothers werespecificallytargetedaskeytotheissueofinfantmortality.Thedevelopmentofpuericulture–thescienceofrearingchildren–allowedphysicianstobombardmotherswithadviceandguidanceonhowtobe‘unebonnemère’andresultedinaproliferationofquasi-medicalbooks,pamphletsandadvicemanualsonchildcare.Previous academic literature has focused on the historical and social aspects ofdepopulation,relyingheavilyonstatisticstospeculateonthechangingpracticesofFrenchmothers. This paper will shift to a more textual approach and demonstrate thetransformation, medicalisation and pathologisation of depopulation and populationistdiscoursesinnineteenthcenturyFrance.Thiswillbeachievedthroughacasestudyofthequasi-medical paper La JeuneMère (1873-1905) by Dr André-Théodore Brochard. Thispublicationwasaimeddirectlyatmothersandcontainsablendofmedicalarticlesonchildcarewithillustrations,poemsandcorrespondence.Thus,takinginspirationfromFoucaultiandiscourseanalysisandSusanSontag’sIllnessasMetaphor (1978), this paper will illustrate the importance of textual analysis inunderstanding depopulation in France, and through the use of previously unexaminedquasi-medicaltextsitwillhighlighthowmedicalandpathologicallanguagewasutilisedbyphysicianstoinfluenceand‘cure’depopulation.

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RecepOnursal(UniversityofKent)“HegemonyandthelogicsofKurdishConflictinTurkey”Despiteitsviolenthistory,TurkishRepublichasseenamovementtowardspeacewiththeinceptionofnegotiation-liketalksbetweenthestateandAbdullahOcalan,theleaderofthePKK (KurdistanWorkerParty), since2009.Especially, the lastattemptcalled 'ResolutionProcess'(December2012-July2015)waswidelyconsideredasthebestchanceforlastingtheKurdishConflictthathadbecomeaGordianknot.However,thisattemptwasalsofailedinJuly2015andconflicthasescalatedagain.TakingtheKurdishConflictasatheoreticalandempiricalobjectofinvestigation,myresearchaimtounderstandwhytherehasbeennopoliticalsolutiontotheconflict.Thispaperdevelopsthemaintheoreticalframeworkandargumentoftheresearchproject.It suggests that a discourse-theoretically informed analysis of the Kurdish Conflict andResolutionProcesscanshedlightonandindeedhelpexplaintheresistancetothesettlingoftheconflict.Accordingly,drawingonpost-foundationaltheoryofhegemony,discourseandmeaning(LaclauandMouffe1985),post-foundational theoryofsubject/subjectivity(Lacan1977)andtheLogicsofCriticalExplanation(GlynosandHowarth2007),itaimstoexaminethepoliticaldiscoursesoftheconflictedpartiesonKurdishConflictsince2009.Overall,thispaperdemonstratesthewayinwhichIaimtoanalysethediscursivestrugglesbetweenconflictedpartiesinKurdishConflicttonotonlymapthedifferentunderstandingof the Kurdish Conflict and its resolution but also examine the social, political andfantasmatic logics underpinning constructions of the relationship between conflictedparties.BartoszPietrzak(JagiellonianUniversity,Krakow)“Whataboutpeaceinpre-IslamicArabicsociety?Anexampleoflexical-conceptualanalysisonthelexiconofthepre-IslamicArabicpoetickoinédialect”Pre-Islamic Arabic society seemed to be constantly torn apart by wars. The limitedresourcesofthehomelandofArabsdrovethemtoendlessconflictoverdominanceandsurvival,whichmusthavehadanimmenseimpactontheirwayofthinkingaboutpeace.The main objective of the paper is to present how the situation of peace has beenconceptualizedintheintertribalArabicpoetickoinédialect(PIAPK).Consequently,itaimstocompareEnglishandpre-IslamicArabicconceptualizationofsocialandpoliticalactivitiesrelated to the situation ofmaking peace (peace, truce, ceasefireetc.) by providing thecharacteristicsoftheconceptualizationofarelevantsemanticfield.The main assumptions of the research methodology stems from the interpretation ofJackendoff’s Parallel Architecture theory (Jackendoff 2002, 2009) and the cognitiveapproachtomeaningasreflectingakindofknowledgesharedbythesocietyofspeakers(Geeraets2006:5).Intheanalysis,alistoflexemesusedinPIAPKinreferencetothesituationofpeacewasproposedbasedon-(medievalcompilationsofwordsusedinagivencontextinClassicalArabic).Themeaningof theselected lexical itemswasanalyzedbymeansof theoldestArabic dictionaries. Due to an extent of vagueness of the dictionaries’ explication, the

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meaning was specified on the basis of the observation on PIAPK corpus (context andcollocationof theselected items). Inorder topreciselycharacterize themeaningof thelexemes, in some cases, a hypothetical etymological specification was provided.Subsequently,explicationofmeaningoftheselecteditemswaspostulated,andbasedonit,thesemanticfieldofmakingpeacesituationwascharacterized.Theresearchresultssuggestthatthepre-IslamicArabicconceptsofmakingpeacedifferfromtheirEnglishequivalents,accentingdifferentfeatures,whichreflectthespecificsoflifeinthegivensocialcircumstances.ReferencesGeeraerts,Dirk (ed.) (2006):Cognitive linguistics: basic readings,NewYork:Moutonde Gruyter.Jackendoff, Ray (2002): Foundation of Language. Brain,Meaning, Grammar, Evolution, Oxford:OxfordUniversityPress._____________(2009):‘TheParallelArchitectureanditsPlaceinCognitiveScience’,[in:] Heine, Bernd (ed.). The Oxford Handbook for Linguistic Analysis,Oxford: Oxford UniversityPress,pp.645-668.FarwaQazalbash(RiphahInternationalUniversity,LahoreCampus)“ACriticalDiscourseAnalysisoftheConstructionof‘Honor’inChinoy’s‘AGirlintheRiver:ThePriceofForgiveness’”ThisstudyinvestigatedhowthenotionofhonorhasbeenconstructedinSharmeenObaidChinoy’sOscarWinningdocumentary:AGirlintheRiver:ThePriceofForgiveness.Throughitsscript,theresearcherhasinvestigatedhowvariouslinguisticstrategieshavebeenusedtoconstructtheissueofhonorkillinginaPakistanisociety.WiththehelpoftoolsofferedbyCDApractitionerse.g.Fairclough (1992),VanDijk (2006),Gee (2011)andReisiglandWodak(2000),theresearcherhasfoundthat‘honor’seemstobeametaphorforsocialapproval and women are objectified as mere carriers of this idea. The discourse thedocumentaryhascollectivizedtwogroups,onewhichfavorstheprotagonist(Saba)inherdecision tomarry according toherwill byelopingwithQaiser and the secondwhich isagainstSaba’sdecisionandpaintherasanagentofdisrespectandattemptonherlifeinthe name of honor. The findings show that the documentary it kept its focus upondiscussinghonorkillinginvariousways.ChoiceoflexiconofSaba’sfatherunearthssocietyasadriving force.Thehonoras suchwasnotapersonalmatteras itwasa socialone.Personally,itwouldhavebeensufficientforSaba’sfathertolethergoafterherdecisionsandboycotthersocially,butthatwouldn’thaverestoredhishonor.Fromitsdefinitiontoits loss, honor is a social construction, andhence canbe restoredonly through sociallyacceptableways.Itwasimportanttostudytheconstructionofhonoranditsimplicationbecause‘honorkilling’isaverygraveissueinPakistan.ArecentreportbyHumanRightsCommissionofPakistan(2016)revealsthatinthepastthreeyearsmorethantwenty-threehundredwomenhavebeenkilledinPakistaninthenameofhonor.

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LorraineRamos(UniversityofCalifornia,Merced)“SpanishHeritageLanguageStudents'useofMetaphorinUniversityLevelWriting”Thequestionofheritagelanguagelearnersinforeignlanguageclassroomshasbeenwidelydebated in second language education, especiallywith Spanish in aU.S. Professors likeGuadalupeValdéshasbroughtpedagogicalfocustoSpanishheritagelanguagestudentsinorder to retain, develop andmaintain their first language.While previous researchhasconcentratedonadvancedSpanishstudentsandwritingdevelopment,fewhaveexaminedstudentsuseofconceptualmetaphorswithinautobiographicallinguisticnarratives.Pairinggenre theory from Systemic Functional Linguisticswithmetaphor theory by Lakoff andJohnson,mypaperwillexaminethemetaphorsusedby3rdand4thyearuniversitySpanishstudentswithinthenarrativegenrefromacorpusof16,091words.Iarguethatheritagelanguagestudentsuseavarietyofbiculturalmetaphors,transferredfrombothlanguagesto conceptualize their linguistic development, in addition to usingmetaphor in specificnarrativestagesasaliterarystrategy.Theuseofconceptualmetaphorsinheritagelanguagelearnershasyettobestudiedandcanbeconnectedtosecondlanguagelearning.Inconclusion,thisstudy,bycloselyexaminingthefunctionofstudentdiscoursethroughtheirmulticulturalmetaphoriccompetencewillprovideinstructorsimportantinsightsonhowtofurtherstudents’writingdevelopmentinthetargetlanguage.KatrinRenkwitz(UniversityofBonn)“ShowingPatternsintheIntonationofApologiesBasedontheSeverityoftheOffense”It is indisputable that the intonation applied to each utterance we produce serves animportant function in bringing across our intended message. From an interculturalperspective,studyingandunderstandingthisinterplayofwhatandhowsomethingisbeingsaid can help in preventing misunderstandings between e.g. L1 and L2 speakers of alanguage (cf. Wichmann 2015). Furthermore, it can help to improve Text-to-Speechsoftware(cf.e.g.Hirst2005)andsyntheticspeechingeneral,whichincreasinglycontributestooursocietallandscape.Althoughthesepointsarecertainlytrueforthemorepracticalaspectsoflanguageaswell,researchontheinterfaceofPragmaticsandProsodyisstillscarce.Besidesthefindingthatintonationalmistakescanleadtomisunderstandings,studiessofarsuggestthatintonationplaysaroleinupgradinganddowngradingpoliteness(cf.GiliFivela&Bazzanella2014)andcanevenbeusedtostrategicallyconveyimpoliteness(cf.Culpeper2005).Forspeechacts,resultsdemonstrateaconnectionbetweenthemultiple functionsofThankyouandthepleaseinplease-requestsandtheproducedintonationpatternintheirrespectivecontexts(cf.Aijmer1996,Wells2006;Wichmann2004).Asafurthercontribution,thisstudyfocusesonthespeechactAPOLOGYandinvestigatestheappliedintonationpatternsandfunctionalstrategies,bylookingattheirdependencyontheseverityofthepreviouslycommittedoffense(low–medium–high).Inafashiontypicalofpragmaticsstudies,thepresentedstudyfallsbackondatagatheredthroughOralDiscourseCompletionTests (ODCTs),whichexplicitlyaskedthe informants to formulateapologiesinsixdifferentsituations.Basedonapilotstudy(n=25informants)dependencies

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betweentheintonationpatternandtherelevantfactorsarediscussedandsubstantiatedbyusingexamplesfromanauditoryandacousticanalysis.ReferencesAijmer,K.(1996).ConversationalroutinesinEnglish:Conventionandcreativity.Studiesin languageandlinguistics.London,NewYork:Longman.Culpeper, J. (2005). Impoliteness and Entertainment in the Television Quiz Show: The WeakestLink.JournalofPolitenessResearch.Language,Behaviour,Culture,1(1).GiliFivela,B.,&Bazzanella,C.(2014).Therelevanceofprosodyandcontexttotheinterplay between intensity and politeness. An exploratory study on Italian. Journal of PolitenessResearch,10(1).Hirst, D. J. (2005). Form and function in the representation of speech prosody. Speech Communication,46(3-4),334–347.Wells, J. C. (2006). English intonation: An introduction. Cambridge, UK, New York:Cambridge UniversityPress.Wichmann,A.(2004).TheintonationofPlease-requests:Acorpus-basedstudy.Journalof Pragmatics,36(9),1521–1549.Wichmann,A. (2015).Functionsof Intonation inDiscourse. InM.Reed& J. Levis (Eds.), Blackwellhandbooksinlinguistics.ThehandbookofEnglishpronunciation(pp.175– 189).Malden,MA:WileyBlackwell.DanWang(UniversityofKent)“DISEASEMetaphorinChineseRealEstateDiscourse:aCDAApproach”This study investigates the use ofDISEASEmetaphors in the discourse surrounding theChinesehousingcrisis.Thepremiseofthisstudy,inaccordancewiththeCDAorientation,is that languagehastheability toshapesocialcircumstances,apotentialwhich isoftenexploitedby those in power (Fairclough, 1989; vanDijk, 1995). This studypays specificattentiontometaphor,whichfrequentlycarriesanideologicalchargeinpublicdiscourse(Musolff,2017).First, the socio-economic context is explained, setting out the principles for the corpusanalysis. The compiled corpus contains 689,123 words and comprises data from twosources: the official newspaper of the ruling Communist Party (People’s Daily), and itsreadercomments.Thecorpusanalysisemploysaprotocolofmetaphoridentificationthatincorporates on previous studies (e.g.: Semino et al., 2017), which singles out DISEASEmetaphors.It is found that DISEASEmetaphors (CRISIS IS DISEASE in ConceptualMetaphor Theoryterms)representalargeproportionofthemetaphordata,whichis inlinewithpreviousresearch. However, unlike previous relevant studies (e.g.: Peckham, 2013), the presentstudyreveals that the“containedvspandemic”distinction is lessprominent thanotherdistinctions,whichhavetodowiththetypeofdiagnosisandprognosis,namely“treatablevs. untreatable”, “curable vs. fatal”, and “chronic vs. acute”. Besides, some of thesedistinctions are culture-specific, where DISEASE metaphors are embedded in theknowledgeofTraditionalChineseMedicine(TCM),whichsubscribestoaholisticapproach

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(Liu and Henkle, 2002). The metaphorical use of TCM terms also reflects ideologicaldifferencesbetweenpro-governmentandanti-governmentlanguage:theformeruseTCMtermsmorewidelyandmorefrequently,portrayingthehandlingofthecrisisasasmoothprocess.Overall,itisshownthatalthoughDISEASEmetaphorsareusedbybothsides,pro-government rhetoric favourspositively chargednotions relating to treatment, recovery,andsustainedhealth.ReferencesCharteris-Black,J.,2004.Corpusapproachestocriticalmetaphoranalysis.Springer.Fairclough,N.,1989.Languageandpower.LondonandNewYork:Longman.Peckham,R.,2013.Economiesofcontagion:financialcrisisandpandemic.Economyand Society,42(2),pp.226-248.Musolff,A.,2017.Metaphor,ironyandsarcasminpublicdiscourse.JournalofPragmatics, 109,pp.95-104.Liu, J. and Henkel, T., 2002. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM): are polyphenols andsaponins the key ingredients triggering biological activities?. Current medicinalchemistry,9(15), pp.1483-1485.Roubini,N.andMihm,S.,2010.Crisiseconomics:Acrashcourseinthefutureoffinance. London:Penguin.Semino,E.,Demjén,Z.,Demmen,J.,Koller,V.,Payne,S.,Hardie,A.andRayson,P.,2017.The onlineuseofViolenceandJourneymetaphorsbypatientswithcancer,ascompared withhealthprofessionals:amixedmethodsstudy.BMJsupportive&palliativecare, 7(1),pp.60-66.VanDijk,T.A.,1995.Aimsofcriticaldiscourseanalysis.Japanesediscourse,1(1),pp.17-27.