Cold War beginning 1945-1949

COLD WAR (1945-90)

US vs. USSR

- Have you had a cold war with someone?- How can you tell when two people are having a cold war?- What do people do to each other in a cold war?- How similar / different is it when two countries are having a cold war?

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WARAfter being Allies during WWII, USA and USSR viewed each other with increasing suspicionTheir political differences created a climate of tension that plunged the two countries into an era of bitter rivalry

The Cold War would dominate global affairs from 1945 until the breakup of the USSR in

1991

POLITICAL DIFFERENCESAt the core of the tension was a fundamental difference in ideological & political systems U.S.A.: democracy + capitalist economic system: elections and competing political partiesU.S.S.R.: one party dictatorship – the Communists – in which the state controls all resources and activities, little rights for the citizens

Soviets viewed Marx, Engels and Lenin as founders of

Communism

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Yalta Conference Feb 1945Yalta Conference Feb 1945

Germany was still Germany was still undefeated, but losing!undefeated, but losing!

Relationship between Big Relationship between Big 3?3?

What's on the agenda?What's on the agenda?

*What was decided at the Yalta Conference of February 1945?

Ger was to be defeated and then disarmed. Ger was to be divided into 4 occupational zones, which to be controlled by USA, USSR, Br and Fr. Berlin would be in the Soviet zone and also to be divided into 4.Ger would have to pay reparations.USSR would join the war against Japan.A United Nations to be set up to keep the peace.Eastern Europe to become a ‘sphere of influence’ for the USSR. As E. E. countries are liberated, they would hold elections to set up democratic governments. There were to be adjustments to the Polish/USSR border.

YaltaFeb 1945Big Three– Roosevelt– Churchill– Stalin

Agreed to govern Germany jointly

RT – 65th anniversary of Yalta https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=xVGDJNxRzOw

What did Stalin gain from Yalta? [5]- One Soviet zone in Germany; one Soviet zone in Berlin.

- E. Europe would be a ‘Soviet sphere of influence’

- His plans for Poland’s boundaries included large territories from E. Poland.

- the right to deal with prisoners of war from Soviet territories.

- USSR would have veto power in the UN Security Council.

Yalta – Feb 1945

Potsdam – Aug 1945

What had changed?

P. 322-323

And what problems were created these changes?

Battle of Berlin 1945

SUSPICIONS DURING THE WAR

Stalin was furious that the U.S. had kept its development of the atomic bomb a secret

ISSUES

USSR DOMINATED E. EUROPEUSSR suffered ~ 20 million deaths (half were civilians)they felt justified in their claim to E Eneeded E E as a buffer against future German aggressionAlso the land lost in WWI

PUPPET GOVERNMENTSPUPPET GOVERNMENTSStalin installed “satellite” states in E. E.: Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and E. GermanyThis after promising “free elections” for Eastern Europe at the Yalta Conference

In a 1946 speech, Stalin said communism and capitalism were

incompatible – and another war was inevitable

*What was agreed at Potsdam?*What was agreed at Potsdam?• Japan would be attacked as planned (didn't say

how)• Ger (+Berlin) would be divided into 4

occupational zones. Details were finalized• Anything of value could be taken from

Germany as reparations. USSR could have additional reparations.

• Nuremberg trials set up to deal with Nazi criminals.

• Germans living in Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland to be sent back to Germany.https://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=TZ2Um7pZ-gc

Relations at Potsdam?Relations at Potsdam?

*Why so much difficulties and *Why so much difficulties and tension at Potsdam?tension at Potsdam?

- USSR and the West held differing views regarding future of Germany and EE. Both were suspicious of the other side's motives

- Roosevelt died. Truman was more anti-Communist. He saw Stalin’s actions as a Soviet take-over of EE.

- Soviet troops had liberated EE but refused to withdraw. During Potsdam Conf, Stalin’s troops controlled the Baltic States

→ widespread fear of a Communist take-over.

- Stalin set up a Communist govt in Poland as buffer zone against the west, ignoring protests of Br, USA, and the Poles.

- Stalin discovered that USA had secretly tested an atomic bomb!

→ more suspicion and tension.

U.S. ESTABLISHED POLICY OF CONTAINMENTCONTAINMENT

Faced with the Soviet threat, in 1946, George Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, proposed a policy of containmentIt meant U.S.A. would do anything to prevent further expansion of communism

CHURCHILL’s CHURCHILL’s ““IRON CURTAIN” SPEECHIRON CURTAIN” SPEECH

Europe was now divided into two political camps: a democratic WE and a communist EEIn a 1946 speech, Churchill said, “An iron curtain has descended across the continent”The phrase “iron curtain” came to stand for the division of EuropeChurchill, right, in

Fulton, Missouri delivering his “iron

curtain” speech, 1946

The idea of ‘West vs. East’ A guarded border between two rivalry political systems The imaginary division of Europe into two halves:

the Soviet satellites in communist and dictatorships in EE

VS. the capitalist &

democratic states in WE.

*So what’s the situation in 1946?

• EE was largely in the hands of the USSR! Why?

• USSR’s Red Army liberated EE from Nazis occupation during WWII.

• Yalta Conf. guaranteed EE to be Soviet ‘sphere of influence’.

• Stalin refused to withdraw his troops and used EE as a buffer zone against ‘attacks’ from the west.

• Communist govts in Soviet satellites. • The ‘democratic elections’ were rigged by

Stalin.• 'Iron Curtain' speech

THE UNITED NATIONS

Hopes for world peace were high at the end of the warThe most visible symbol was the United Nations (U.N.)Formed in June 1945, the U.N. was composed of 50 nations Unfortunately, the U.N. soon became a forum for competing superpowers to spread their influence over others

The United Nations today has 191

member countries

Then something happened in Greece...

THE TRUMAN DOCTRINEAmerican policy of “containment” soon became the “Truman Doctrine”This doctrine vowed to provide aid to support “free peoples who are resisting outside pressures” of communismAid = military + financial aid!By 1950, the U.S. had given $400 million in aid to Greece and TurkeyImplications?

Biography: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzviCCiQ6Mw

Cold War doc on Doctrinehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Waqo1u5NPE

Marshall PlanU.S. Secretary of

State George Marshall proposed a large-scale aid program to rebuild Europe.

Nearly $17 billion in U.S. aid was sent to Europe 1948 - 1952.

THE MARSHALL PLANPost-war Europe was devastated economicallyIn 1947, Secretary of State Marshall proposed a U.S. aid package to European nationsWestern Europe accepted the help, while Eastern Europe was not allowed to.16 countries received $13 billion in U.S. aid By 1952 Western Europe’s economy was flourishingThe Marshall Plan

helped Western Europe recover economically

Marshall Plan aid sent to

European countries

Greece 1947

Marshall Aid

cartoon, 1947

“It’s the same thing without mechanical problems.”

USA USSR

1

So why the Truman Doctrine & Marshall So why the Truman Doctrine & Marshall Plan were so significant?Plan were so significant?

Hints:- to Greece?- to Eastern Europe/ Europe?- to USA’s foreign policy?- to US-Soviet relations?- for the development of Cold War?

• It ensured Greece did not fall to the Communists. In 1945 Br sent troops to Greece to support the non-Communist side. But in 1947 Br could not afford it anymore. The USA offered financial aid for Br troops and helped the non-communist side win. This marked start of Truman Doctrine era.

• It marked the end of USA isolationism and beginning of USA’s active involvement and ‘world collaboration’ and that ‘there would be no more appeasement of dictators.’ USA was determined to prevent the spread of Communism. Every Communist action would meet an American reaction.

• USA was resolved to send financial and equipment aid to any country threatened by a Communist take-over. Truman’s aim was ‘containment’ - to stop communism from spreading further.

• Money and advice were invested in WE to recover from WWII.

• It contributed to the Cold War and further increased tension and suspicion between the two superpowers. It led to more hostile reactions from Stalin (Berlin), formation of NATO, arms race and USA’s involvement later in Asia, (Korea and Vietnam).

US$ 17 billion to Europe!

Where is this?

Why was Berlin a source of Why was Berlin a source of conflicts in 1940s?conflicts in 1940s?

The future of Berlin was never clarified in Potsdam.

In 1948 USA, Br and Fr zones merged to form West Berlin and introduced a new currency. Stalin thought this was against the Yalta Agreement and was a plot to make East Berliners envious of capitalism.

West Berlin was an isolated area of capitalism (with Marshall Aid $) and democracy, surrounded by communism.

Stalin feared that the Allies were planning to reunite Germany. So he tried to force them out from West Berlin.

USA convinced the world that Stalin was plotting to take over the whole of Ger and then the rest of Europe.

Tension escalated when Stalin blockaded all supply routes into West Berlin. Eventually Stalin had to back down.

SUPERPOWERS STRUGGLE OVER GERMANYIn 1948. USA, Fr, and Br decided to combine their 3 zones into 1 (West Germany) and introduced a new currencyStalin thought it was against Yalta agreement and that the Allies were trying to create a new Germany that was wealthier than the Soviet East Germany.Now more problems were bound to occur

Western Allies had no right to be in Berlin. They are threatening us because they had a base in our Soviet Zone and they are showing off the capitalist way of life!

Berlin Berlin BlockadeBlockade

On 24 June 1948, Stalin blocked all 3 routes between West Allied zone to West Berlin!

the 2.1 million residents of West Berlin had only enough food for 5 weekshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EAwwNmBRP8 Intro -> 13:34 – 16:00 -> 34:05-35:05 -> 40:37-41:41

USA & BR AIRLIFT SUPPLIES USA & BR AIRLIFT SUPPLIES TO WEST BERLINTO WEST BERLIN

Trying avoid a military war with the Soviets, USA and Br started the Berlin airlift to drop supplies into West BerlinFor 327 days, 277,000 flights, they brought in 2.3 million tons of food, fuel and medicine to the West Berliners

Facts about the Facts about the OperationOperation

All for 2.5 million people (~ 4,500 tons of supplies each day).

On its biggest day, the "Easter parade“, April 16, 1949, there were 1,398 flights -- one every minute.

In total, >278,000 flights carried 2.3 million tons of relief supplies.

Berliners receiving food

SOVIETS LIFT BLOCKADE

Realizing they were beaten and suffering a public relations nightmare,

the Soviets gave up and lifted their blockade in May, 1949

Results of Results of Airlift?Airlift?

A victory for Allies and disaster for Stalin

Tensions between the West and the Soviets further increased!

Allied cooperation paved way for formation of new military alliance, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, NATO

Soviets formed their own alliance, called Warsaw Pact in 1955http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=5EAwwNmBRP8

USA USSR

12

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5EAwwNmBRP8

Beginning until 03:4013:34-20:4732:14-37:16

40:40-

NATO FORMEDThe Berlin blockade increased Western Europe’s fear of Soviet aggressionAs a result, ten West European nations joined the U.S and Canada on April 4, 1949 to form a defensive alliance known as the North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationThe NATO flag

On April 4, 1949, twelve Atlantic nations formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).

The NATO flag

NATO (1949)

signing of North Atlantic Treaty April 4, 1949

A meeting of the NATO representatives

11stst October 1949 October 1949

The People’s The People’s Republic of Republic of China was China was

established established under Mao under Mao Zedong!Zedong!

1949: The Birth of PRChttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yUI3bfLnf5s

Growth of Communism in ChinaGrowth of Communism in ChinaSun Yat-sen appealed for Soviet aid following the Versailles Conference

1921-25 – China received advisors, arms, communist propaganda, and loans from USSR!

2: COLD WAR HEATS UP in Asia!Since 1920s Chinese communists struggled against nationalist government of Chiang Kai-ShekU.S.A. supported Chiang by giving his Nationalist Party $3 billion aid during WWII !But Mao Zedong’s Communist Party in China was stronger and more popular (especially among peasants)

Civil War in China 1927-1937Civil War in China 1927-1937

war between Communists and Nationalists

Communist leader – Mao Zedong

Nationalist leader – Chiang Kai-shek

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5Os4xdm5lI

War halted in 1939-45 (to fight against the Japanese)

Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalist government wasted foreign economic aid on corruption and ineffective management…Communists were victorious in 1949Nationalists retreated to Taiwan

CHINESE CIVIL WAR: 1945-1947After Japan left China in 1945, Nationalists and Communists fought a bloody civil war

Despite the U.S. sending $ billions to the Nationalists, the Communists under Mao won the war and ruled China

MAO

Communist China gained control over:

Turkestan (Xinjiang)Inner MongoliaManchuriaTibetPRC = People’s Republic of China /

ROC = Republic of China

Suddenly 20% of the world turned communist! The Americans were very nervous that communist would soon spread to the whole Asia.

Why was the PRC Why was the PRC significant?significant?

USA STUNNEDUSA was shocked that China had fallen to the CommunistsMany believed containment had failed and communism was expandingAmerican fear of communist expansion increased – ‘domino theory’

MCCARTHY LAUNCHES “WITCH HUNT”

The most famous anti-Communist activist was Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican from WisconsinMcCarthy took advantage of people’s concern about Communism by making unsupported claims that 205 state department members were Communists

Anti-Communist propaganda during McCarthy era

MCCARTHY’S DOWNFALLFinally, in 1954 McCarthy went too farHe accused high ranking Army officers of being CommunistsIn the televised proceedings McCarthy’s bullying of witnesses alienated the national audienceThree years later he died of alcoholism at age 49

McCarthy’s attacking style and utter lack of

evidence led to his downfall

SECTION 4: TWO NATIONS LIVE ON THE EDGE

After World War II, the U.S. and U.S.S.R. competed in developing atomic and hydrogen bombsThe Soviets tested their first atomic bomb in 1949 The U.S. began work on a bomb 67 times stronger than the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima – the hydrogen bomb

An H-bomb test conducted by America near Bikini Island in Pacific Ocean,

1954

BRINKMANSHIPBy the time both countries had the H-bomb (1953), Eisenhower and his Secretary of State Dulles made it clear they were willing to use all military force (including nuclear weapons) to stop aggressionThe Soviets followed suit This willingness to go to the edge of all-out war became known as brinkmanship

Some Americans created shelters in their

backyards in case of nuclear attack

THE COLD WAR SPREADS

As the Cold War heated up, the U.S. depended more and more on information compiled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)The CIA began attempts to weaken or overthrow governments unfriendly to the U.S.

THE WARSAW PACT

To counter the U.S. defense alliance (NATO), in 1955 the Soviets formed their own mutual defense alliance known as the Warsaw Pact

NATO

WARSAW

NEUTRAL