Classical Modernization Perspective

CLASSICAL MODERNIZATION STUDIES

CLASSICAL MODERNIZATION STUDIES

-- studies that have become the exemplars of modernization research, starting a chain of empirical investigations on entrepreneurial achievements, on modern attitudes and behavior, on Japanese religion, and on the social and economic correlations of democracy

McCLELLAND: ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION

-- studies that have become the exemplars of modernization research, starting a chain of empirical investigations on entrepreneurial achievements, on modern attitudes and behavior, on Japanese religion, and on the social and economic correlations of democracy

ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVATION


Motivation research has long considered human motives and needs. However, isolating people's motivational needs can be a difficult process because most people are not explicitly aware of what their motives are.

In attempting to understand employee motivation, Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs. David McClelland furthered this idea in his learned needs theory.

McClelland's experimental work identified sets of motivators present to varying degrees in different people. He proposed that these needs were socially acquired or learned. That is, the extent to which these motivators are present varies from person to person, and depends on the individual and his or her background.


Which group is ultimately responsible for the economic modernization of the 3rd world countries?

According to McClelland (1964), domestic entrepreneurs play the critical role. Thus he argued that researchers need to go beyond the study of economic indicators to study the entrepreneur. He also said that policymakers need to invest in human beings, not just in economic infrastructures.


How can achievement motivation be measured?

McClelland used the projection method to measure individual achievement motivation. After showing a picture to his research subjects he asked them to write a story. Content analysis of each story was then used to assess the achievement motivation of the storyteller.


What are the sources of achievement motivation? Where does it come from?

-- McClelland locates it in family, especially in the process of parental

socialization.

The policy implications of this line of research is to promote economic development in 3rd world countries, it is necessary to promote achievement motivation among 3rd world entrepreneurs.


INKELESS: MODERN MAN

Inkeless is concerned with the following research questions:

1.What is the impact of modernization on the individual's attitudes, values, and ways of living?

2.When world people are exposed to western, modern influence, will they adopt more modern attitudes than before?


Inkeless discovered a stable pattern of “modern men” across countries. In other words, the criteria used to define men as modern in one nation can be used to define men as modern in other countries as well. These are some of the traits shared by modern men, according to Inkeless:

Openness to new experienceIncreasing independence from authority figuresBelief in scienceMobility orientationUse of long-term planningActivity in civil politics


What makes men modern? What are the crucial factors that have led 3rd world men to adopt modern values?

Education is the most important indicator of modern values. Occupation, as measured by the factory work, also has independent effect on modern values.


Whether modernization produces psychological stress among 3rd world people.

The literature on 3rd world modernization has tended to stress the negative impacts of modernization-- social disorganization, personal demoralization, deviance, and alienation.


BELLAH: TOKUGAWA RELIGION

Bellah’s (1957) study examines how the Tokugawa religion has contributed to the rapid economic development of Japan.

Bellah focuses on Japan because of its peculiar patter of industrialization. Japan’s initial wave of industrialization was promoted by a samurai class. It was them who restored the emperor, Supplied a large number of vigorous entrepreneurs, and lay foundation for Japanese modernization.


Despite the fact that there are many religion in Japan (Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shinto,) it is possible to speak of Japanese religion as a single entity.

Religion constituted the central value system of the society. Japanese religion historically began as the ethics of the samurai warrior class; it then became so popularized through the influence of Confucianism and Buddhism that it became the ethics of the entire Japanese population.


Linkages between religion and economic development:

First, diligent work in this word, especially in one's occupation, occupied the central place among ethical duties. Second, an ascetic attitude toward consumption was also present, as can be seen from the following:Always think of divine protection.Cheerfully do not neglect diligent activity, morning and evening.Work hard at the family occupation.Be temperature in luxuryDo not gambleRather than take a lot, take a little.


Indirect influence of religion via the political system.• Japanese Confucianism advocated the

selfless subordination of all the parts to single collective whole.

• Adaptation of samurai ethics to modern entrepreneurship:

1. Operate all enterprise with the national interest in mind.

2. Never forget the pure spirit of the public service.3. Be hardworking, frugal, and thoughtful to others.4. Utilize proper personnel.5. Treat your employees well6. Be bold in starting an enterprise but meticulous in its prosecution.


LIPSET: ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND

DEMOCRACY

Lipset’s (1963) work is concerned with how political democracy is related to economic development.

Lipset addresses the question of whether only wealthy societies can give rise to democracy, and whether poor societies with a large impoverished mass lead to oligarchy or to tyranny.

ECONOMIC DEV’T & DEMOCRACY

Variables: Four types of Political systems in Europe and Latin America

1. European stable democracies: countries with an uninterrupted continuation of political democracy since World War I and the absence of a major political movement opposed to the democratic “rule of the game”

2. European unstable democracies and dictatorships: countries in Europe that do not meet the above criteria

3. Latin American democracies and unstable dictatorships: countries with a history of more or less free elections since WWI

4. Latin America stable dictatorships: countries in Latin America that do not meet the above criteria


Various indices for the concept of economic development

• Wealth, as measured by per capita income, number of persons per motor vehicle, and the number of physicians, radios, telephones, and newspaper per 1,000 persons

• Industrialization, as measured by the percentage of employed labor in agriculture and per capita energy consumed

• Urbanization, as measured by the percentage of population in cities over 20,000, in cities over 100,000 and in metropolitan areas

• Education, as measured by primary education enrollment, post primary enrollment, and higher education enrollment per 1,000 persons


Lipset found that no matter what index is used for economic development, it is always higher for democratic countries than for dictatorships. Thus more democratic countries have higher average wealth, higher degree of industrialization and urbanization, and a higher level of education than do less democratic nations.


What explains the strong relationship between economic development and democracy?

Lipset basically provides a social class explanation: “Economic development, producing increased income, greater economic security, and widespread higher education, largely determines the form of the ‘class struggle’ ” that lays the foundation of democracy.


In sum, Lipset has documented and explained this strong relationship between economic development and democracy. Lipset’s qualifies his findings by adding a new factor of the rate of industrialization.

In Lipset’s words, “Wherever industrialization occurred rapidly, introducing sharp discontinuities between pre-industrial and industrial situation, more rather than less extremist working-class movements.”


POWERS OF CLASSICAL MODERNIZATION THEORY

• has focused on ways in which past and present pre-modern societies become modern (i.e., Westernized) through processes of economic growth and change in social, political, and cultural structures.

• contemporary developing societies are at a pre-modern stage of evolution and they eventually will achieve economic growth and will take on the social, political, and economic features of western European and North American societies which have progressed to the highest stage of social evolutionary development

POWERS OF C.M.T.

• advanced industrial technology produces not only economic growth in developing societies but also other structural and cultural changes.

• he common characteristics that societies tend to develop as they become modern may differ from one version of modernization theory to another.

• but, in general, all assume that institutional structures and individual activities become more highly specialized, differentiated, and integrated into social, political, and economic forms characteristic of advanced Western societies.

POWERS OF C.M.T.

CRITICISMS OF CLASSICAL MODERNIZATION THEORY

Modernization theory has been criticized, mainly because it conflated modernization with Westernization -- a process whereby societies come under or adopt Western culture in such matters as industry, technology, law, politics, economics, lifestyle, diet, language, alphabet, religion, philosophy, and/or values.

CRITICISMS OF C.M.T.

• The modernization of a society required the destruction of the indigenous culture and its replacement by a more Westernized one.

• This view sees un-modernized societies as inferior even if they have the same standard of living as western societies.

• Opponents of this view argue that modernity is independent of culture and can be adapted to any society.

CLASSICAL MODERNIZATION THEORY

References for powers and criticisms of classic modernization theory slides:

• http://www.springerlink.com/content/y0w1282p70191613/• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernization• http://what-when-how.com/sociology/modernization-theory/

Classical Modernization Perspective

Education

modern men

men modern

modern maninkeless

modern influence

modern manwhat

modern attitudes andbehavior

world modernization

thetokugawa religion