Class 08 emerson_phonetics_fall2014_articulation_vowels_consonants

Phonetics ~ Class 8

CD 233

Lavoie

Today’s learning goals

Develop ways to talk about articulation

Experiment with vowel production

Match nasals with their articulation

Explore consonant articulation

Admire the design of consonant chart

Turn and talk re: HW

Introduce your imaginary neighbor to the person sitting next to you

Explain how you described the process of producing voice to the neighbor

What neighbor characteristics did you take into consideration when you created the description?

Your experience with articulation

Have you ever been instructed on how to articulate something?

Have you ever tried to instruct someone on how to articulate something?

How successful were you?

What frame of reference?

Or what plane of reference

Anatomical planes let you know the point of view and make appropriate comparisons

Also, how many dimensions?

Potatoes!

Guys in cylinders

Transfer to cats

Planes through a woman

Movies of articulation

Watch the velum moving up and down Try to tie it mentally to nasal or oral sounds X-ray movie again

http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/transcription%20exercises/moviepage.htm

MRI - five frames per second http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uTOhDqhCKQs

Test your memory for vowels

In your notebook, draw out the vowel system of English as you remember it

If this is difficult, you should review your notes from earlier in the semester

Very schematic V quadrilateral

Vowel articulation

Tongue height: high/low dimension

Tongue advancement: front/back

Lip configuration: spread/rounded

These factors can identify each vowel

Experimenting with vowels

Start with high front; glide to low front

Start with high back; glide to low back

Do you hear specific breaks between vowels or do they melt together?

Are the steps equal? Front and back?

What if you round front vowels?

Vowel quadrilateral

General chart that roughly corresponds to articulation: Tongue height and Tongue advancement (front/back)

Bounded by point or corner vowelsCharts occur with varying degrees of

stylization

Degrees of stylization – the T map

Vowel chart situated in mouth

Very useful vowel chart

A

Monophthongs and diphthongs

Sound symbol = phthong in Greek

One sound = monophthong Same quality throughout the vowel

Two sounds = diphthong One quality at the beginning: another at the end But really it’s a gliding thing – a motion or trajectory

rather than two static endpoints

Getting a feel for tongue shape

Using x-ray tracings, we’ll articulate vowels and pairs of vowels to try to feel the tongue shapes

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BH4D9g6D5kY (ultrasound 5 vowels)

How can vowels vary?

Substitution

Omission – drop the vowel,

Distortion – centralization, monophthongize, diphthongize

Addition – add another vowel, onglide, offglide

Diphthong articulation

Swampier

Place finger on tongue while pronouncing to detect movement Say our three phonemic diphthongs Then compare our phonetic diphthongs

Which symbols for each part?

Canadian raising

“aboot”It’s the parts of the diphthong

http://www.ic.arizona.edu/~lsp/Canadian/canphon3.html#diphthongs

http://www.yorku.ca/twainweb/troberts/raising.html

Back to nasals for consonants

Hum these nasal consonants m, n, ng

What can you feel going on?

Which nasal is this?

How about this nasal?

Consonant articulation

Experiment with some consonants As you make p, f, theta, t, g, h, s, esh, r, l

What’s moving? What’s staying put? Is there any contact between articulators? Where is the contact? How big is the contact? Is the air stopped or just constricted?

Descriptors of a consonant

Manner

Place

Voicing

Nasality

Places of articulation

Bilabial

Labiodental

Interdental

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

How about in other languages?

Manners of articulation

Stop

Fricative

Affricate

Liquid

Glide

How about in other languages?

The genius of the chart

Much like the periodic table of the elements http://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/fundamental

s/periodictable/section2.rhtml

The consonant chart has rhyme and reason Columns basically represent place of

articulation Rows basically represent manner of

articulation

IPA consonant chart

Watch cinegradiographs

Cineradiographs of musicians http://blog.davidhthomas.net/2011/08/x-ray-

video-of-dancing-tongue-in-clarinetists-mouth-not-what-you-expect/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpOwuAMqFTA

What information does this provide?

Problems with the filter, I

Articulatory undershoot – not reaching appropriate targets for each segment

Vowels are centralized; not distinct enough Dysarthric speakers have reduced V space Reduced V space when recovering from head

injury Deaf speakers have reduced vowel space

Problems with the filter, II

Can’t achieve precise tongue placement (dysarthrias)

Consonant closures wrong place (kids, deaf)

Inadequate stop closures (Broca’s, MS, PD)

Recall voicing, nasal tests

Voicing Hand on throat

Nasality Pinch nose lightly

Consonant articulation

We have been exploring articulation so you can figure things out on your own

http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/E005bi-OrgansArt.htm

Interpreting sagittal sections

The “small articulation heads”

What sound is being articulated? Voicing (look at glottis) Nasality (look at position of velum) Place (look at where articulators approach) Manner (look at how close the articulators

are)

Limitations of mid-sagittal plane

Mid-sagittal does not show pattern of tongue contact on palate

Palatography (static, dynamic) shows: Tongue to palate (linguopalatal) contact Palate to tongue (palatolingual) contact

Static palatography

Information from UCLA if needed because photos too dark

http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiology/static_pal_new/webpal.htm

http://www2.hawaii.edu/~vanderso/LDC.pdf

Capturing palate images

Palatography yields …

Palatogram Linguagram

Static palatography

The charcoal method works for a single sound Imagine and draw the contact pattern of the tongue on

the palate for a few consonants, such as t, s, sh, g, l, r

Dynamic palatography

You really want to know the pattern of contact over time!

But the charcoal method would just make a big black mess and obscure individual contact

That’s where EPG – electropalatography – comes in Uses a pseudopalate (like a retainer)

Pseudopalate and digital display

/t/ /k/

Clinical uses (Michi et al 1986)

Dynamic palatography generates visual display of constantly changing tongue to palate contact over time, using an artificial palate plate covered with electrodes

The display of contact helps clinician guide client’s sound formation

Pamela’s /s/ (groove width)

Pre-treatment Post-treatment

Pamela’s /r/ (symmetry)

Pre-treatment Post-treatment

Cool flying 3D palates

From the UCLA Phonetics Lab (section III) We can look at change of contact during phrases

http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/facilities/physiology/epg.html

Silly comparison

Consonant articulation

Descriptors of a consonant Manner

Stop, Fricative, Affricate, Liquid, Glide

Place Bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar,

palatal, velar, glottal

Voicing (voiced or voiceless) Nasality (nasal or oral)