Civil Rights up to 1960

11stst Slaves arrived to North America Slaves arrived to North America in 1619in 1619

They worked on tobacco farms in They worked on tobacco farms in VirginiaVirginia

The slaves came from West AfricaThe slaves came from West Africa

Slavery existed in the U.S. from Slavery existed in the U.S. from 1619-18651619-1865

After the Civil War ended and the After the Civil War ended and the North won slaves were freed!North won slaves were freed!

Emergence of Civil Rights Emergence of Civil Rights MovementMovement

250 years African Americans were enslaved in the 250 years African Americans were enslaved in the U.S.U.S.

Reconstruction is the time period after the Civil Reconstruction is the time period after the Civil War that gave rights to African AmericansWar that gave rights to African Americans

3 Amendments were passed to ensure rights to 3 Amendments were passed to ensure rights to all citizens regardless of race during all citizens regardless of race during Reconstruction Reconstruction – 1313thth outlawed slavery outlawed slavery – 1414thth gave citizenship rights to anyone born or gave citizenship rights to anyone born or

naturalized (accepted) in the U.S.naturalized (accepted) in the U.S.– 1515thth extended voting rights to ALL MALES extended voting rights to ALL MALES

Segregation in the SouthSegregation in the South Jim Crow laws created in the South in the late 1800s Jim Crow laws created in the South in the late 1800s

to ensure segregation after Reconstruction. (i.e. to ensure segregation after Reconstruction. (i.e. ““whites onlywhites only”” water fountains) water fountains)

Plessy vs. FergusonPlessy vs. Ferguson (1896) – Supreme Court decision (1896) – Supreme Court decision that established that established ““separate but equal.separate but equal.””

Southern Democrats in Congress banded together to Southern Democrats in Congress banded together to obstruct attempts to pass federal civil rights obstruct attempts to pass federal civil rights legislation & keep the legislation & keep the status quostatus quo (the existing (the existing system of segregation)system of segregation)– Known as the Congressional BlocKnown as the Congressional Bloc– Many governors from the South, such as George Many governors from the South, such as George

Wallace (Alabama), Lester Maddox (Georgia), and Wallace (Alabama), Lester Maddox (Georgia), and Orval Faubus (Arkansas) believed in the status quoOrval Faubus (Arkansas) believed in the status quo

Case would be the landmark case for civil rights until Case would be the landmark case for civil rights until the 1950sthe 1950s

““Separate but Equal”Separate but Equal”

Civil Rights in the 1940sCivil Rights in the 1940s Jackie Robinson became the Jackie Robinson became the

11stst African American to cross African American to cross the “color line” and join the the “color line” and join the major leagues in 1947major leagues in 1947

Truman demanded his Truman demanded his inauguration be integrated inauguration be integrated when he was re-electedwhen he was re-elected

Federal order to Federal order to desegregate the armed desegregate the armed forces and discriminatory forces and discriminatory hiring in the federal hiring in the federal government in 1948government in 1948– Result of the effectiveness of Result of the effectiveness of

groups such as Tuskegee groups such as Tuskegee Airmen during WWIIAirmen during WWII

Sweatt v. PainterSweatt v. Painter

NAACP won a case involving the right of Herman NAACP won a case involving the right of Herman Sweatt, an African American, who wanted to Sweatt, an African American, who wanted to attend the Law School at UT-Austinattend the Law School at UT-Austin– Texas argued that its constitution prohibited integrated Texas argued that its constitution prohibited integrated

educationeducation– Created a separate law school for BlacksCreated a separate law school for Blacks– Thurgood Marshall argued the case for NAACPThurgood Marshall argued the case for NAACP

Supreme Court ruled that the separate school Supreme Court ruled that the separate school failed to qualify as “separate but equal” in failed to qualify as “separate but equal” in facilities with other future lawyers and Sweatt facilities with other future lawyers and Sweatt was allowed to attend with White studentswas allowed to attend with White students– Isolated from peers they would work with in futureIsolated from peers they would work with in future

Desegregation in SchoolsDesegregation in Schools Brown vs. Board of EducationBrown vs. Board of Education (1954) – (1954) –

Supreme Court overturned Plessy and said Supreme Court overturned Plessy and said segregation was now illegal.segregation was now illegal.– Linda Brown was denied admission to a whites Linda Brown was denied admission to a whites

only school that was only 6 blocks from her only school that was only 6 blocks from her home. She had to be bused for miles to the all home. She had to be bused for miles to the all black school. Filed suit.black school. Filed suit.

– Thurgood Marshall argued successfully for Thurgood Marshall argued successfully for Brown.Brown.

– Marshall later became the 1Marshall later became the 1stst African American African American to the Supreme Courtto the Supreme Court

– Southern schools resisted ruling.Southern schools resisted ruling.

Little Rock NineLittle Rock Nine White Citizens Councils formed to stop segregation.White Citizens Councils formed to stop segregation. Little Rock Central High School (1957) – 9 black Little Rock Central High School (1957) – 9 black

students wanted to enroll. They were met with students wanted to enroll. They were met with violence and chants such as violence and chants such as ““Lynch them.Lynch them.””

Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus sent Arkansas Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus sent Arkansas National Guard to prevent them from enteringNational Guard to prevent them from entering– One of many governors in the South to favor One of many governors in the South to favor

segregationsegregation 10,000 National Guards sent to school by Pres. 10,000 National Guards sent to school by Pres.

Eisenhower to protect students.Eisenhower to protect students. Faubus tried to shut down the school at the end of Faubus tried to shut down the school at the end of

the year but forced to keep it open by the Supreme the year but forced to keep it open by the Supreme CourtCourt

Photos of Little Rock Nine

Montgomery Bus BoycottMontgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks challenged the cityRosa Parks challenged the city’’s s segregation laws and refused to move to segregation laws and refused to move to the back of the bus reserved from African the back of the bus reserved from African Americans.Americans.

Thousands of African Americans Thousands of African Americans participated in the bus boycott that lasted participated in the bus boycott that lasted almost a year.almost a year.

By December 1956 the Supreme Court By December 1956 the Supreme Court ordered the end of segregated buses.ordered the end of segregated buses.

Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956Montgomery Bus Boycott 1956

Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

Leader of the Montgomery Bus BoycottLeader of the Montgomery Bus Boycott Selected as President of the Southern Selected as President of the Southern

Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). African American Christian churches were African American Christian churches were

vital in organizing civil rights protests.vital in organizing civil rights protests. King followed in the nonviolent steps of King followed in the nonviolent steps of

Gandhi.Gandhi.– Civil disobedience: non-violent tactics to promote Civil disobedience: non-violent tactics to promote

your stanceyour stance KingKing’’s strong belief in Christianity inspired him s strong belief in Christianity inspired him

to denounce injustice while loving his to denounce injustice while loving his enemies.enemies.

Sit-in MovementSit-in Movement

Black students led sit-inBlack students led sit-in’’s at southern s at southern colleges.colleges.

SNCC – Student Nonviolent SNCC – Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee. Led student Coordinating Committee. Led student protests especially lunch counters. protests especially lunch counters. Eventually facilities were integrated.Eventually facilities were integrated.

Lunch counter sit-insLunch counter sit-ins

Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Passed in 1957, Eisenhower passed this law to Passed in 1957, Eisenhower passed this law to

increase African-American voting in the Southincrease African-American voting in the South– Many Southern states made African Americans Many Southern states made African Americans

pass literacy tests or pay poll taxes (pay to vote)pass literacy tests or pay poll taxes (pay to vote) Created the Civil Rights Commission and a Civil Created the Civil Rights Commission and a Civil

Rights Division on the U.S. Justice Department.Rights Division on the U.S. Justice Department.– Federal courts now have the power to register Federal courts now have the power to register

African American votersAfrican American voters Act was ineffective because of complex voting laws Act was ineffective because of complex voting laws

but set the pattern for more civil rights legislationbut set the pattern for more civil rights legislation

1950s Culture and Laws1950s Culture and Laws GI Bill: established veterans’ hospitals, provided for GI Bill: established veterans’ hospitals, provided for

vocational rehabilitation, low-interest mortgages vocational rehabilitation, low-interest mortgages available and granted stipends covering tuition and available and granted stipends covering tuition and living expenses for veterans attending college or living expenses for veterans attending college or tradetrade

Baby Boom: record number of babies born (3.4 Baby Boom: record number of babies born (3.4 million) during the 1950smillion) during the 1950s

Interstate Highway Act of 1956: authorized the Interstate Highway Act of 1956: authorized the construction of a 41,000 mile network that would construction of a 41,000 mile network that would go across the nationgo across the nation– 3 reasons why built: eliminate traffic, make coast to coast 3 reasons why built: eliminate traffic, make coast to coast

travel easier, and make it easier to escape a large city in travel easier, and make it easier to escape a large city in case of an atomic attackcase of an atomic attack

Legacy of Civil Right Movement Schools are integrated today.Schools are integrated today. African American studies have been African American studies have been

established in universities across the U.S.established in universities across the U.S. More African Americans in leadership roles More African Americans in leadership roles

in businesses, education, and politics.in businesses, education, and politics. Large numbers of African Americans are Large numbers of African Americans are

graduating from high school and colleges.graduating from high school and colleges. Discrimination in the workplace has Discrimination in the workplace has

lessened.lessened. First African American president elected in First African American president elected in

20082008

1950s Culture and Laws1950s Culture and Laws Suburbs: grew from the result of the baby boom Suburbs: grew from the result of the baby boom

and GI Bill since it was cheaper to city in the and GI Bill since it was cheaper to city in the outskirts of a cityoutskirts of a city– Levittown, NY was the firstLevittown, NY was the first– Ex: Mesquite, Lancaster, PlanoEx: Mesquite, Lancaster, Plano

Rock ‘n’ Roll: musical art form that came from the Rock ‘n’ Roll: musical art form that came from the Great MigrationGreat Migration– Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry made the art form popular Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry made the art form popular – Many adults thought it was the “devil’s” musicMany adults thought it was the “devil’s” music– Led to other musical art forms today (rap, pop, techno)Led to other musical art forms today (rap, pop, techno)

Consumerism: growth of franchisesConsumerism: growth of franchises– Person owns a chain of stores or businessesPerson owns a chain of stores or businesses