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RoutingProtocolRoutingProtocol
OpenShortestPathfirst(OSPF)OpenShortestPathfirst(OSPF)
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RoutingInformationProtocol(RIP)RoutingInformationProtocol(RIP)
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IntroductionofCCNPIntroductionofCCNPIntroductionofIBGPandEBGPIntroductionofIBGPandEBGPFundamentalofBGPFundamentalofBGPCiscoDiscoveryProtocol(CDP)CiscoDiscoveryProtocol(CDP)OSPFNeighborStateInRoutingOSPFNeighborStateInRoutingOSPFMultiAreaConfigurationOSPFMultiAreaConfigurationDHCPConfigurationofCiscoRouterDHCPConfigurationofCiscoRouterEIGRPRedistributionPart1EIGRPRedistributionPart1
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BootingProcessofCiscoRouterBootingProcessofCiscoRouter
BootStrapprogramBootStrapprogram
When Power on the Router then First it will do POST (Power on
Self Test ) . TheWhen Power on the Router then First it will do
POST (Power on Self Test ) . ThePOST analyze Hardware Component of
Router . It verify that all Router interfacePOST analyze Hardware
Component of Router . It verify that all Router
interfaceproperlyworkingornot.AfterthePOSTitwillbootitselfwithhelpofProgramwhichisproperlyworkingornot.AfterthePOSTitwillbootitselfwithhelpofProgramwhichisstoreinROM.storeinROM.
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OSPF(OpenShortestPathFirst)OSPF(OpenShortestPathFirst)
OpenShortestpathFirst(OSPF)OpenShortestpathFirst(OSPF)isaLinkstateRoutingProtocol.ItisOpenisaLinkstateRoutingProtocol.ItisOpenstandardRoutingprotocolthatmeanscansupportanyVendorsunlikeEIGRP.OSPFusestandardRoutingprotocolthatmeanscansupportanyVendorsunlikeEIGRP.OSPFuseDijkstraalgorithmtofindtheShortestpathFirstinthenetwork.LinkstateprotocolupdateDijkstraalgorithmtofindtheShortestpathFirstinthenetwork.LinkstateprotocolupdateRoutingtablewhenchangeaccureintheRoutingtopologyandthenitcreateLinkstateRoutingtablewhenchangeaccureintheRoutingtopologyandthenitcreateLinkstateAdvertisement(LSA).OSPFsupportClasslessIPaddress.Advertisement(LSA).OSPFsupportClasslessIPaddress.
OSPFFeatureOSPFFeature
OSPFsupportClasslessOSPFsupportClasslessOSPFprovidefastconversioncomparisontoRIPOSPFprovidefastconversioncomparisontoRIPOSPFallowscalabilityOSPFallowscalabilityOSPFSupportVLSM/CIDROSPFSupportVLSM/CIDROSPFisaOpenstandardprotocolwhichsupportmultiplevendordeployment.OSPFisaOpenstandardprotocolwhichsupportmultiplevendordeployment.OSPFhasUnlimitedhopCount.OSPFhasUnlimitedhopCount.
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HowtoconfigureHowtoconfigureStaticRoutingStaticRoutingprotocolinciscoprotocolinciscoRouterRouter
HowtoconfigureHowtoconfiguretwotwoCiscoRouterCiscoRoutertogethertogether
BootingProcessofBootingProcessofCiscoRouterCiscoRouter
HowtoConfigureHowtoConfigureVLANinCiscoVLANinCiscoswitchswitch
WhatisDefaultWhatisDefaultRoutingRouting
ConfigurationOfConfigurationOfRouter1Router1
Router>Router>Router>enRouter>enRouter#conftRouter#conftRouter#hostnameR1Router#hostnameR1R1(config)#R1(config)#ToConfigureIPaddressToConfigureIPaddressonRouter1interfacesonRouter1interfaces
R1(config)#ints0/0/0R1(config)#ints0/0/0R1(configif)#ipadd10.1.1.1R1(configif)#ipadd10.1.1.1255.0.0.0255.0.0.0R1(configif)#clockrate64000R1(configif)#clockrate64000R1(configif)#noshutR1(configif)#noshutR1(configif)#intf0/0R1(configif)#intf0/0R1(configif)#ipadd172.16.1.1255.255.0.0R1(configif)#ipadd172.16.1.1255.255.0.0R1(configif)#noshutR1(configif)#noshutR1(configif)#exitR1(configif)#exitEnableRIPprotocoltoRouter1EnableRIPprotocoltoRouter1
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DifferentbetweenPublicIPAddressandPrivetDifferentbetweenPublicIPAddressandPrivetIPaddressIPaddress
PublicIPaddressPublicIPaddressPublicIPaddressisaaddressthatcanbeaccessiblebyeveryoneovertheInternet.PublicIPaddressisaaddressthatcanbeaccessiblebyeveryoneovertheInternet.PublicIPaddressprovidebytheISP(InternetserviceProvider).ISPresponsibleforPublicIPaddressprovidebytheISP(InternetserviceProvider).ISPresponsiblefortheregisteringIPaddressrangtoprovidetheOrgnization.theregisteringIPaddressrangtoprovidetheOrgnization.
PrivetIPAddressPrivetIPAddressPrivetIPaddressassigntotheLocalAreanetworkwhichcanbeaccessibleonlywithinPrivetIPaddressassigntotheLocalAreanetworkwhichcanbeaccessibleonlywithintheLocalareanetwork.ItscanbeaccessbyoutsideofLocalareanetwork.theLocalareanetwork.ItscanbeaccessbyoutsideofLocalareanetwork.
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RangofPrivetareanetworkRangofPrivetareanetwork
ClassA10.0.0.0ClassA10.0.0.0toto10.255.255.25510.255.255.255ClassB172.16.0.0ClassB172.16.0.0toto172.31.255.255172.31.255.255ClassC192.168.0.0ClassC192.168.0.0toto192.168.255.255192.168.255.255
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HowtoconfigureStaticRoutingprotocolinHowtoconfigureStaticRoutingprotocolinciscoRouterciscoRouter
StaticRoutingStaticRoutingInstaticroutingNetworkadministratorInstaticroutingNetworkadministratorManuallyassignIPaddresstoeachrouter.ManuallyassignIPaddresstoeachrouter.
SyntaxSyntax
Router(config)#iproute
ConfigurationofRouter1ConfigurationofRouter1
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HowtoconfigureHowtoconfiguretwotwoCiscoRouterCiscoRoutertogethertogether
BasicofTwoRouterLABBasicofTwoRouterLAB
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ConfigurationofRouter1ConfigurationofRouter1
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HowtoConfigureVLANinCiscoswitchHowtoConfigureVLANinCiscoswitch
VLANisStandforVirtualLAN.Itmeansdevicelogicallydividedintodifferent2LAN.ItsVLANisStandforVirtualLAN.Itmeansdevicelogicallydividedintodifferent2LAN.Itsimprovesecurityandreliabilityofyournetwork.Switchcreatelogicalbroadcastdomaintoimprovesecurityandreliabilityofyournetwork.SwitchcreatelogicalbroadcastdomaintoeachVLAN.eachVLAN.
VLANCreationinSwitch1VLANCreationinSwitch1
switch1switch1>en>en
switch1#switch1#conftconft
switch2#vlandatabaseswitch2#vlandatabase
switch1(vlan)#switch1(vlan)#vlan10vlan10
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VLAN10added:VLAN10added:
Name:VLAN0010Name:VLAN0010
switch1(vlan)#switch1(vlan)#vlan20vlan20
VLAN20added:VLAN20added:
Name:VLAN0020Name:VLAN0020
switch1(vlan)#switch1(vlan)#exitexit
APPLYcompleted.APPLYcompleted.
Exiting....Exiting....
switch1#switch1#
AssignIPaddresstotheVLANAssignIPaddresstotheVLAN
switch1switch1>en>en
switch1#switch1#conftconft
switch1(config)#switch1(config)#intvlan10intvlan10
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#ipadd192.168.1.1255.255.255.0ipadd192.168.1.1255.255.255.0
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#noshutnoshut
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#exitexit
switch1(config)#switch1(config)#intvlan20intvlan20
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#ipadd192.168.2.1255.255.255.0ipadd192.168.2.1255.255.255.0
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#noshutnoshut
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#exitexit
switch1(config)#switch1(config)#exitexit
AssignPorttotheVLANAssignPorttotheVLAN
switch1switch1#conft#conft
switch1(config)#switch1(config)#intf0/2intf0/2
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportaccessvlan10switchportaccessvlan10
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#intf0/3intf0/3
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportaccessvlan10switchportaccessvlan10
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#intf0/4intf0/4
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportaccessvlan20switchportaccessvlan20
switch1(configif)#intf0/5switch1(configif)#intf0/5
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportaccessvlan20switchportaccessvlan20
ShowVLANINFORMATIONShowVLANINFORMATION
switch1#switch1#shvlanshvlan
-
VLANNameStatusPortsVLANNameStatusPorts
1defaultactiveFa0/1,Fa0/6,1defaultactiveFa0/1,Fa0/6,
Fa0/7Fa0/7Fa0/8Fa0/8
Fa0/9,Fa0/10,Fa0/9,Fa0/10,
Fa0/Fa0/12Fa0/Fa0/12
Fa0/13,Fa0/14,Fa0/13,Fa0/14,
Fa0/15,Fa0/16Fa0/15,Fa0/16
Fa0/17,Fa0/18,Fa0/17,Fa0/18,
Fa0/19,Fa0/20Fa0/19,Fa0/20
Fa0/21,Fa0/22,Fa0/21,Fa0/22,
Fa0/23,Fa0/24Fa0/23,Fa0/24
Gig1/1,Gig1/2Gig1/1,Gig1/2
10VLAN0010activeFa0/2,Fa0/310VLAN0010activeFa0/2,Fa0/3
20VLAN0020activeFa0/4,Fa0/520VLAN0020activeFa0/4,Fa0/5
VLANCreationinSwitch2VLANCreationinSwitch2switch2switch2>en>en
switch2#switch2#conftconft
switch2#vlandatabaseswitch2#vlandatabase
switch2(vlan)#switch2(vlan)#vlan10vlan10
VLAN10addedVLAN10added
Name:VLAN0010Name:VLAN0010
switch2(vlan)#switch2(vlan)#vlan20vlan20
VLAN20added:VLAN20added:
Name:VLAN0020Name:VLAN0020
switch2(vlan)#switch2(vlan)#exitexit
APPLYcompleted.APPLYcompleted.
Exiting....Exiting....
AssignIPaddresstotheVLANAssignIPaddresstotheVLAN
switch2>switch2>enen
switch2#switch2#conftconft
switch2(config)#switch2(config)#intvlan10intvlan10
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#ipadd192.168.1.1255.255.255.0ipadd192.168.1.1255.255.255.0
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#noshutnoshut
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#exitexit
switch2(config)#switch2(config)#intvlan20intvlan20
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#ipadd192.168.2.1255.255.255.0ipadd192.168.2.1255.255.255.0
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#noshutnoshut
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#exitexit
AssignSwitchPorttoVLANAssignSwitchPorttoVLANswitch2#switch2#conftconft
switch2(config)#switch2(config)#intf0/2intf0/2
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#switchportaccessvlan10switchportaccessvlan10
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#intf0/3intf0/3
-
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#switchportaccessvlan10switchportaccessvlan10
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#intf0/4intf0/4
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#switchportaccessvlan20switchportaccessvlan20
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#intf0/5intf0/5
switch1(configif)#switch1(configif)#switchportmodeaccessswitchportmodeaccess
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#switchportaccessvlan20switchportaccessvlan20
switch2(configif)#switch2(configif)#exitexit
ShowVLANinformationinswitch2ShowVLANinformationinswitch2
switch2#switch2#shvlanshvlan
VLANNameStatusPortsVLANNameStatusPorts
1defaultactiveFa0/1,Fa0/6,1defaultactiveFa0/1,Fa0/6,
Fa0/7Fa0/7Fa0/8Fa0/8
Fa0/9,Fa0/10,Fa0/9,Fa0/10,
Fa0/Fa0/12Fa0/Fa0/12
Fa0/13,Fa0/14,Fa0/13,Fa0/14,
Fa0/15,Fa0/16Fa0/15,Fa0/16
Fa0/17,Fa0/18,Fa0/17,Fa0/18,
Fa0/19,Fa0/20Fa0/19,Fa0/20
Fa0/21,Fa0/22,Fa0/21,Fa0/22,
Fa0/23,Fa0/24Fa0/23,Fa0/24
Gig1/1,Gig1/2Gig1/1,Gig1/2
10VLAN0010activeFa0/2,Fa0/310VLAN0010activeFa0/2,Fa0/3
20VLAN0020activeFa0/4,Fa0/520VLAN0020activeFa0/4,Fa0/5
InthisinformationportFa0/2andFa0/3aredefineforVLAN10,andPortFa0/4andInthisinformationportFa0/2andFa0/3aredefineforVLAN10,andPortFa0/4andFa0/5aredefineforVLAN20Fa0/5aredefineforVLAN20
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DifferencebetweenHubandSwitchDifferencebetweenHubandSwitch
HUBHUB
HUBisaleastexpansivedevice.HUBisaleastexpansivedevice.ItusedtoconnectsegmentofaLAN.ItusedtoconnectsegmentofaLAN.Whenframecometoaportthenhubtransmitthatframetoalloutgoingport.Whenframecometoaportthenhubtransmitthatframetoalloutgoingport.Itisahalfduplexdevice.Itisahalfduplexdevice.
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ItisalayeronedeviceofItisalayeronedeviceofOSImodel.OSImodel.
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Openshortestpathfirst(OSPF)Openshortestpathfirst(OSPF)Open
shortest path first(OSPF)Open shortest path first(OSPF) is a link
state routing protocol and open standardis a link state routing
protocol and open standardprotocolmean to say that it canbeusedwith
any vendor not likeEIGRP . it is interiorprotocolmean to say that
it canbeusedwith any vendor not likeEIGRP . it is interiorgateway
routing protocol used to distribute routing information with in an
autonomousgateway routing protocol used to distribute routing
information with in an autonomoussystem. InOSPF if changed occur in
the network then router willmulticasts the routingsystem. InOSPF if
changed occur in the network then router willmulticasts the
routinginformation to all the nodes in the network . so that all
nodes will be the same routinginformation to all the nodes in the
network . so that all nodes will be the same
routinginformation.information.
OSPFusesDijkstrausesalgorithmtofindthebestrouteinthenetworktoforwardpacketOSPFusesDijkstrausesalgorithmtofindthebestrouteinthenetworktoforwardpacketfromsourcetodestination.itisusesSPFtreeforroutecalculationtofindtheneighbor.fromsourcetodestination.itisusesSPFtreeforroutecalculationtofindtheneighbor.
OSPFProperties:OSPFProperties:
ItisclasslesssoitsupportVLSM/CIDR.ItisclasslesssoitsupportVLSM/CIDR.IthasunlimitedHopcount.IthasunlimitedHopcount.Itissupportmultiplevendor.Itissupportmultiplevendor.Minimizingroutingupdatetraffic.Minimizingroutingupdatetraffic.Allowscalability.Allowscalability.ItsA.Dvalue110.ItsA.Dvalue110.Itsupportequalcastloadbalancing.Itsupportequalcastloadbalancing.Itisalsosupportauthentication.Itisalsosupportauthentication.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,RoutingRouting,,RoutingprotocolRoutingprotocol
Enhanceinteriorgatewayprotocol(EIGRP)Enhanceinteriorgatewayprotocol(EIGRP)Enhance
interior gateway protocol(EIGRP)Enhance interior gateway
protocol(EIGRP) is a balance hybrid protocol and also is a balance
hybrid protocol and alsocisco properties protocol it means this
protocol only can support Cisco environment orcisco properties
protocol it means this protocol only can support Cisco environment
orCiscodevices . to find thebestpath ituses lowestmetric if
theRouterhasmultiple linkCiscodevices . to find thebestpath ituses
lowestmetric if theRouterhasmultiple linkthen the best path is
selected on the basis of the lowest metric. it is include thethen
the best path is selected on the basis of the lowest metric. it is
include
thesubnetmaskinitsroutingupdate.subnetmaskinitsroutingupdate.
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RoutingInformationprotocol(RIP)RoutingInformationprotocol(RIP)Routing
information protocol (RIP)Routing information protocol (RIP) is a
Distance vector protocol which used to find the is aDistance vector
protocol which used to find thebest path based on the hope count in
the network . RIP perform routing onlybest path based on the hope
count in the network . RIP perform routing
onlysingleautonomoussystembecause it isa interiorgatewayprotocol
.Numberofhops insingleautonomoussystembecause it isa
interiorgatewayprotocol .Numberofhops
intheRIPislimitedthatwhyitpreventfromroutingloopingbecausenoofhopswillexceedtheRIPislimitedthatwhyitpreventfromroutingloopingbecausenoofhopswillexceed(means16hop)
consideredas unreachable .RIPhasmaxnumber of hop15.
Inwhich(means16hop) consideredas unreachable .RIPhasmaxnumber of
hop15.
Inwhichpathofremotenetworknumberofhopswillbelessthatpathconsideredasbestpathforpathofremotenetworknumberofhopswillbelessthatpathconsideredasbestpathforroutepackettothedestination.routepackettothedestination.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,RoutingRouting,,RoutingprotocolRoutingprotocol
whatisRoutingloopwhatisRoutingloopRouting loop is a common
problemoccur in the network during forwarding packet fromRouting
loop is a common problemoccur in the network during forwarding
packet
fromsourcetodestination.Routingloopisaconditioninwhichpacketiscontinuallymovinginsourcetodestination.Routingloopisaconditioninwhichpacketiscontinuallymovinginthecirclewithoutreachingdestination.
itshappenduetomisscommunication,
incorrectthecirclewithoutreachingdestination.
itshappenduetomisscommunication,
incorrectinformationupdateintheroutingtableanditcanbemissconfigurationofrouter.mostlyitsinformationupdateintheroutingtableanditcanbemissconfigurationofrouter.mostlyitshappeninthelargenetworkbecauseanylinkgoesdownandnotinformtosourcerouter.happeninthelargenetworkbecauseanylinkgoesdownandnotinformtosourcerouter.aboutthelinkgoesdown.aboutthelinkgoesdown.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,RoutingRouting,,RoutingprotocolRoutingprotocol
WhatisRoutingProtocolWhatisRoutingProtocolTherearethreeclassesofRoutingprotocolTherearethreeclassesofRoutingprotocol1Distancevector:1Distancevector:ThoseprotocolwhichisfindthebestpathtoaremotenetworkonThoseprotocolwhichisfindthebestpathtoaremotenetworkonthebasisofdistancevectorprotocolandthevectorindicatethedirection.Theroutethebasisofdistancevectorprotocolandthevectorindicatethedirection.TherouteRouteconsiderasabestRoutewhichiswithleastnumberofHope(Router).DistanceRouteconsiderasabestRoutewhichiswithleastnumberofHope(Router).DistancevectorRoutingprotocolsendallroutingtableinroutingupdatebutonlyneighborRouter.vectorRoutingprotocolsendallroutingtableinroutingupdatebutonlyneighborRouter.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,RoutingprotocolRoutingprotocol
WhatisDynamicRoutingWhatisDynamicRoutingAtypeofRoutinginwhichprotocolareusedtofindbestandshortestpathforroutetheAtypeofRoutinginwhichprotocolareusedtofindbestandshortestpathforroutethedata
for the destination and also used to find network and dynamically
update Routingdata for the destination and also used to find
network and dynamically update
Routingtable.DynamicRoutingprotocolalsosupportapplicationsoftwarewhicharerunningonthetable.DynamicRoutingprotocolalsosupportapplicationsoftwarewhicharerunningontherouter.thereareseveralprotocolusinginthedynamicroutingwhichisknownasRoutingrouter.thereareseveralprotocolusinginthedynamicroutingwhichisknownasRouting
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protocol.protocol.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,RoutingRouting,,RoutingprotocolRoutingprotocol
WhatisDefaultRoutingWhatisDefaultRoutingDefaultRoutingDefaultRoutingusedonly
inastubnetwork whichhasonlyoneexit interface in thisusedonly
inastubnetwork whichhasonlyoneexit interface in
thistypeofRoutingadministratordosenothasknowledgeofthedestinationbutitmustknowtypeofRoutingadministratordosenothasknowledgeofthedestinationbutitmustknowthenexthopeaddress.itismainlyusedthattypeofroutingwhichhasslowerlink.Ithasthenexthopeaddress.itismainlyusedthattypeofroutingwhichhasslowerlink.Ithasverylesssecurity.verylesssecurity.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,networkingnetworking,,RoutingRouting
whatisStaticRoutingwhatisStaticRoutingInStaticRoutingadministratorhasknowledgeabouttheirnetworksohemanuallydefineInStaticRoutingadministratorhasknowledgeabouttheirnetworksohemanuallydefinetherouteintheroutingtableforroutingpacketfromsourcetodestination.therouteintheroutingtableforroutingpacketfromsourcetodestination.
Advantageofstaticrouting:Advantageofstaticrouting:
ThereisnooverheadontheCPUofRoutersowecanusecheaprouterThereisnooverheadontheCPUofRoutersowecanusecheaprouterThisissecureroutingThisissecurerouting
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,RoutingRouting
CCNPCCNPCiscocertifiednetworkprofessionals (CCNP) isasecond
levelCiscocertifiednetworkprofessionals (CCNP) isasecond levelof
CISCO certification exam which is offer by Cisco systemof CISCO
certification exam which is offer by Cisco system.Requirement for
CCNP exam should be passed of Cisco.Requirement for CCNP exam
should be passed of
Ciscocertifiednetworkassociates(CCNA)exam.CCNAcertificationcertifiednetworkassociates(CCNA)exam.CCNAcertificationisvalidfor3years
ifwithin3yearCCNPcertificationwillnodoisvalidfor3years
ifwithin3yearCCNPcertificationwillnodothen CCNA certification will
be expire. Now days threethen CCNA certification will be expire.
Now days
threeCCNPspecializationofferedbyCISCO:CCNPspecializationofferedbyCISCO:CCNPcertification
isconsideredproof thatcertifiedpersonwouldbeableforwork in
theCCNPcertification isconsideredproof
thatcertifiedpersonwouldbeableforwork in
thenetworkinfrastructure.networkinfrastructure.Thereis3partofCCNPThereis3partofCCNP
RoutingRouting
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking
OSIModelOSIModelTheTheOSIModel(Opensysteminterconnectionmodel)OSIModel(Opensysteminterconnectionmodel)have7layereachlayerishave7layereachlayerisresponsiblefordatacommunicationinnetwork.Layerisasmallerpartofcommunicationresponsiblefordatacommunicationinnetwork.Layerisasmallerpartofcommunicationsystem.Thelayeraredividedintopartupperlayerandlowerlayer.Theupperlayersystem.Thelayeraredividedintopartupperlayerandlowerlayer.Theupperlayerresponsibleforuserapplicationhowfilearerepresentonthecomputerandlowerlayerresponsibleforuserapplicationhowfilearerepresentonthecomputerandlowerlayerresponsibleforhowtocommunicationbetweennetwork.Eachlayerreceiveservicefromitsresponsibleforhowtocommunicationbetweennetwork.Eachlayerreceiveservicefromitslowerlayer.lowerlayer.
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Labels:Labels:CisconetworkingCisconetworking,,networkingnetworking
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