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SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS

Number 52 November, 1994 $7.00

Chinese Romanization Systems: IPA Transliteration

by Warren A. Shibles

Order h r n Dq~artment of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies

University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19 104-6305 USA

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IPA TRANSLITERATION OF

CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT

The following attempt toward providing a standard IPA phonetic chart for Mandarin

Chinese. The phonetic literature on Chinese is in a state of crisis. There are over fifty

romanization systems for Chinese none of which is phonetic. Romanization-English dictionaries

are. practically speaking. unavailable. One wishing to learn Chinese is left without being able to

know how the words read are to be pronounced.

This paper is an attempt to remedy this problem by giving the IPA phonetics for each of the

words in Mandarin. An IPA phonetic transcription is also provided for each of the major

romanizations. which may also be translated into all of the others. All of the reasonably available

IPA transcriptions have been given. including the actual (Reulphonetik) of the author. This

provides a comprehensive comparative phonetic analysis. This complete phonetic dictionary is

also intended to serve as a guide for teaching. language acquisition. and research. It is to be

revised and corrected for greater accuracy and expanded to include the range of acceptable

pronunciations and dialects.

CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS: IPA TRANSLITERATION

I. INTRODUCTION: THE ROMANIZATION HOAX The first part of this presentation deals with the problem of romanization, the second part

with intonation, the third gives a nearly complete chart rendering of each system of romanization

into the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). In one sense this first part may be entitled, The

Grear Chinese Romanization Hoar. Chinese characters have been rendered phonetically into the

orthography of Western languages and this is referred to as romani;ation. Presumably, this helps

one to pronounce Chinese. The case is that none of them is correct, and they do not help much

with pronunciation. Some romanizations were also intended to replace the Chinese character as

the basis of the written language. In the first place. there are different romanizations. Legeza

(1968, 1969) gives fifty different romanizations. Because of this we do not know which

pronunciation is the correct one. A third volume of romanizations was announced, but it never

appeared. Consider the Wade (W) (1867) romanization, ts'e. It is rendered by different

romanizations as: ce, ts'u, tsh&. ts'c, cche, ts'o. c' 0; tg; tse, tso, etc. The Wade or Wade-Giles

system is based on Wade (1867) and modified by Giles in (1892. cf. 1912). The latter version is

now used. The revised version is referred to as Wade or Wade-Giles. A simplified Wade system

was created by Anderson (1970) which gives a different spelling for each tone.

In addition, there are countless popular folk or pseudo-phonetic renderings, such as

exemplifying u.11 by American pronunciation (AP) sure. Fan (1988) gives (AP) she for 161.

andjeep for [ t ~ ] . Goldenthal(1978). has developed another romanization, according to which.

for example. ch'i (W) becomes chee. Instead of using IPA symbols Kershul(1987) reduces an

unphonetic Pinyin romanization to a self-styled unphonetic symbolism used nowhere else. Thus,

the language learner is unable to know how to pronounce any Chinese word. The following

chart illustrates how she could have given the IPA equivalent of the Pinyin. Only the IPA

symbols admit of one sound for each letter. Thus. Pinyin and Kershul's symbols could be

pronounced in a great number of ways. in effect giving no reliable phonetic information. Pinyin Kershul IPA-S cha chah tJa, tsa chi chr t l - ~ he huh hY hou hoh xou qing cheeng t ~ ~ r ~ xi n sseen Gm Ye yeh p YU Yew jy yun yoon jyn

zhong jung zi zuh

d3ur~ dzm

Romanizations, like other orthographies. do not represent places of articulation or

individual sounds. For example, s and o may represent wide ranges of sounds. Confusion also

arises because one romanization must be translated into another for intelligibility. Yee (1975)

produced a text to teach and drill students in the transliteration of one system of romanizations into

another. It compares Yale. Pinyin and Wade-Giles. With Fenn's (1955) The Five Thousand

Dictionuv. Wade romanizations lead directly to meanings and Chinese characters. Hillier's (1 945)

dictionary gives the Wade-Giles rendering and the Chinese character. To use the Pinyin Chinese-

English Dicrionay (1979) would require Pinyin romanization to be translated into the Wade

system. A Pinyin-English or Pinyin-Chinese dictionary is hardly, if ever. to be found. In addition

to the romanizations in Legeza. there is provided by Anderson ( 1970) a concordance to five

systems of transcription. and drill books. developed to learn to translate one system to another. for

example, Wade z Pinyin > Yale > GR.

GR is the Gwoyeu Romatzyh System. the National Language Romanization adopted in

1928 by the Chinese government as a standard of pronunciation for both Chinese and non-

Chinese. It is now replaced by Pinyin (cf. Pinyin 1979). Chao (1957) uses GR which is made

even more complex than other romanizations because different letters are given to be learned for

each tone or ending. For example, Wade ai is given in GR in the four tones as: Tone 1. ai, 2. air.

3. ae. 4. ay. Thus. a different spelling must be memorized for each tone. Anderson (1970) gives

a Silnplified Wade which, for example. gives for the above ai : 1. ai. 2. aiv. 3. aix, 4. aiz. About

this system, Newnham (1 97 1 54) wrote, Chinese find GR quire baffling.. ..One British firm in

Hung Kong planned to send its private cables in GR as a safeguard against industrial espionage,

on grounds that no Chinese would be able to intercept and read them.

The most prevalent romanizations in dictionaries and texts are Wade, Pinyin and Yale.

Only Bruce. Edwards and Chun (1930) (IPA-B) give a full course using the (IPA) which is

regarded as the main phonetic system of all of the romanizations. Brief tables are also provided

showing the IPA transliteration of the Wade system. One reason for this may be because the

famous phoneticist, Daniel Jones. was a member of the phonetics adoption committee (cf. Jones &

Woo 1912). Legeza (1968: 14) includes the IPA phonetics equivalents of romanizations. but states

that it is only included to enable non-specialisrs to establish the phonetic vulue of .yZlables. He

thereby undermines the only truly phonetic system of the fifty he presents.

In regard to place names. the Supplement to the People's Rep~tblic of China. Pinvin to

Wade-Giles. Wade-Giles to Pinvin (1988) gives Pinyin and Wade. and the Zhongguo Diminglu

(1983) gives 32.000 place names in Pinyin. For example: From Pinyin to Wade-Giles are:

Xinchi > Hsin-ch'ih. Xindian > Hsin-tien, Qiangji > Ch'iang-chi.

The Chinese character itself has a phonetic component which is of use only if one already

knours the sound in question. It is neither reliable. nor a standard international phonetic system.

and does not represent points of articulation. In addition, there are countless dialects using

different pronunciations. Newnham ( 1971:39) states that written Chinese does not give the tone

and the phonetic can at best only hinr at the basic sound irself. Also. ninety different characters

may have the same pronunciation. A special national Chinese character phonetic alphabet system.

Chu-yin tzc-mu, has been developed. These are placed usually on the top right of the regular

Chinese character to indicate pronunciation (Choy 1990. Legeza 1 %8. Y utang 1972).

In summary. over fifty different romanizations have been developed none of which is

genuinely phonetic. Bourgerie (19923234235) in a review of a work on Cantonese particles

states, My main complaints with L 's book are. . .he uses rhe Yale romaniration. for

Cantonese. . ..[PA wo~ild probably be more appropriate. . ..The transcript ions are given without

explumtion. Dictionaries and texts use different romanizations resulting in mutual unintelligibility

or requiring special concordances and transliterations. The consequence is that from the phonetic

perspective. Chinese romanization is one of the greatest hoaxes in the field of phonetics. With no

other language have linguists produced so many systems which are so devoid of phonetic value. It

is clear that the International Phonetic Alphabet is needed if Chinese is to be properly represented

phonetically. However, because romanization is still used I have provided a key chart by means of

which one may transcribe from one romanization to another and. most importantly to the IPA system itself. It will be seen that there are some different versions of IPA given. indicating that

more careful transcription is needed even with the best phonetic system available.

The major romanizations are given here for transliteration. German romanization. though

not a major one. is provided for contrast. French and Russian may be found in Legeza (1968-9).

For simplification. the different spellings for the four tones in GR are not included. Before

presenting the analysis a brief clarification of intonation is given.

11. INTONATION

Intonation is notoriousl~~ 'difficult' to transcribe. i.e.. it is hard to reach

agreement even among experienced transcribers. (Thorson: 106)

Mandarin is generally considered to have four tones intoned roughly as the following

symbols suggest: Tone 1. - even. 2. r rising, 3.- falling-rising, 4.1 falling. These tones are

phonemic. The same basic sound. l i . means something different in each tone. In addition, the

neutral tone. which is not identified by a tone symbol. is chameleon-like taking on different or no

tones. These symbols are used with transcription to indicate tones except for the romanizations of

GR and Simplified Wade (Anderson 1970) which give different spellings for each tone. e.g., (GR)

Tone-1. fa. 2. far. 3. faa. 4. fah. IPA-S (Author's IPA transcription) uses the following

intonation: = low-high. [ ^ ] =231. ['I =323. Bold 1-12 = low to high tones (not used here).

According to this system. the above four tones would be rendered as: Tone 1. 131. tone 2 [33]. tone

3 [3s]. tone 4 [32]. The numbers represent the direction of intonation. However. they give

additional information regarding pitch. Tone 1. may be any number [ I-51 to indicate its relative

height. The usual tone system does not indicate pitch. In addition. stress (fortis-lenis, volume),

duration and sound quality may be shown by traditional diacritics or description, such as voiced-

unvoiced. length symbols, or stress marks. Hockett (1947:256), who gives six tones for Peiping.

defines tones as contrasting contours of pitch, volume. glottali:ation, and length. In Annamese.

the tone may also have the qualities, breathy [ .,I. or creaky [ - 1. e.g.. [@3] (PIPA 198441).

Sometimes the superscripts refer to pitch and/or stress. Standard size numbers often in brackets

are used to indicate dictionary given tones (bold superscripts could also be used for this purpose).

Example: (Wade romani zation. see other symbols and abbreviations below) fan = (IPA-L) [fan], (IPA-S) [f&@] (4). Here (4) is the standard dictionary given tone.

There is tone sandhi and tones are taken on by neutral tones. so that the dictionary tone is

not an adequate guide to the way in which syllables are intoned. In addition, there are individual

variations and ranges of acceptable pronunciation. The superscript system is used to show the

actual pronunciation, thus. in the case of fan above. the official tone is (4). but the intonation is

13,. Tone 2 and tone 1 are often level in Mandarin. Actual pronunciation (Realphonerik ) does not

follow the neat patterns of the official four tones. Adherence to them results in exaggeration or the

wrong pitch. tone direction. or stress. Goldenthal (1978:87) similarly observed that the Chinese

have a tendency ro 'underemnphasi:e' most tones, and give strong emphasis to k e y . .words. The

loss of tone Hockett (1947:257) describes in terms of the oxymoron. quiet stress. The official tone

of Chu is lfuZ4], but may instead be pronounced [jd]. Also. the common assertion that all

unstressed syllables are toneless. cannot be followed. It would be incorrect to give r or I.

usually.

Another reason for using superscripts is that they can be used for every other language as

well. In some respects. each language may be considered as a tone language. For example.

Ladefoged (1971) showed that English has five tones for the word. yes. In summary, it is not

clear what tone is to include: pitch, stress. sound change, quality, etc. The literature defines it in

diverse ways. The official dictionary definitions and all-statements about tones often differ from

transcriptions of the actual spoken language. This is one reason for the emphasis placed here on

the case method of presenting an extensive list of the transcribed sounds of the individual words.

IV. CHINESE ROMANIZATION SYSTEMS: IPA TRANSLITERATION

Symbols of IPA phonetic sources are:

(B) Bruce, Edwards & Chun 1930 (HS) Huang & Stimson 1976

(C) Cheng 1973 (HU) Huang 1%9

(CA) Canepari 1983 (L) Legeza 1%8

(D) Bollard 1993 (LT) Li & Thompson 198 1

(DU) Duden 199099- 102. DU = I tal. in (R) Riidenberg 1963

"Other" column. (S) S hibles (author)

(GR) Gwoyeu Romatzyh (Simon 1964) (W) Wade-Giles romanization

Wade

a ai an

"18 ao cha ch'a chai

chhi than &'an chang ch'ang chao ch'ao the

ch'e

c h ' h ch&% ch'eng chi ch'i chia ~ h ' i a chiang ch'iang

IPA-B

a a1

an aq QO

d3a tJha g3ai tJhar d3an tran d3ar-j tsq d3ao tsao

d 3 ~ t , h d p n tt@an d 3 ~ r ~ t b q 5 I chi fia chia PiclIJ chiaq

IPA-L

a ai an aq ao Z a @'a qai ~ ' a i zan &'an dqaq Q ' ~ I J zao

ZF t5"d q n @'an Z A ~

t ~ ' hq

dai t6' i dgia tc' ia dziaq tciarj

IPA-S

a ai an aq ao d3a t/tra g3ai t/tJai d3aii tsan d3aj tsa 0 d3au tI/gau d 3 ~ 6 t p d3en t/t,[en $!34 t j-4 dzi tci d3lzi.a &.a

dniaq tGag

Pinyin

a ai an

ang ao zha cha zhai

chai zhan chan zhang chang zhao

chao zhe

che zhen chen zheng cheng

J1

qi jia qia jiang qiang

Yale

a ai an

ang au

ja cha

jai chai

jan chan

jang chang

jau chau

je che

jen chen

jeng cheng

J1

chi

jya chya

jyang chyng

GR

a ai an

ang au

j a cha

j ai chai

jan chan

jang chang

jau chau

j e

che

jen chen

jeng cheng

J1

chi

jia chia

jiang chiang

Ger. (R)

a ai

an

ang au dscha tscha dschai

tschai dschan tschan dschang tschang dschau tschau dscho

dschen tschen dscheng

tscheng

dji tj i djia tjia djiang

tjiang

0th~ DU= Italic

a mu), a a,. an arl) au (HU).ap

$a: (CA),d'a [sa(HS),qa

93 (HS). d3gi t-h/tlJai,tJai n

d13ai5 (HU) [Jan d3aq@). dzag tc+aq (HU) ~ S Q U , d3ag ts = t ~ , d30a. d 3 ~

t s ~ , d3a (D) dpn, dpn tJan, &all (D)

tfq d3i (D), dzi tG'i (C), @i ja (S). dzia @a d3i;q, mr~ n

[siarl rn .

chiao ch'iao chieh ch'ieh chien ch'ien

chih ch'ih chin ch'in ching ch'ing chi0

ch'io chiu ch'iu chiung ch'iuna tho ch'o thou ch'ou chu ch'u chm ch'ua chuai ch'uai ~ h u a n ch'uan chuang

ch'uan

chui ch'ui chun ch'un

chung ch'ung chuo

d&ii t6'iao dzic tc 'k d$ien t6'ien

Z[J) ts ' (I) dzin t$in d?ir~ ts'iq

d;r,iu t ~ ' i u dziuq ts' iuq Z U ~

t ~ ' u 3 ??U t8'3.l zy Q'U z , p ~ ' u a quai ~ ' u a i quan t8'uan quarJ ~ ' u a q

qui ~ ' u i q - Q ' ~ ~

ZUY Q ' U ~

Siao chiao Pic chi& i n chien

dy n

t b jrn chrn B~ chIrJ jio chlo jiu chiu jiUq chiuq d33 ts3 d30u tjhou d3u t h u d 3 a t[ua d3uai tsuai d3uan t h u a n d3ua1~ tbuaq

d3ui t h u i d3un irUn d31.q trq d 3 ~ 3

~ ~ D O / U

tci.afi dzi.2 t ~ i . & d~ i - c i i t ~ i . e n

d 3 ~ t1.1'/~' dzin & ~ n da~rj tar3

dai.u @~.u/o dzi.uq ~ ~ U I J

d3Ci.5 tJu.3 d3333: t] '~: d3u: tru: d3u.a t[u.a d3u.ai t[u.ai @u.an tSu.an

$ 3 ~ . 3 1 9 1 ~ t~u.a&-j

d3u.i: t1u.i: d3u:1~ D

e w ~ f i T

d3ug t J ‘q

jiao qiao

jie qie jian qian

zhi chi

jin qin j ing qing

jiu qiu jiong qiong zhuo chuo zhou chou zhu chu zhua chua zhuai chuai zhuan chum

zhuang

chuang

zhui chui zhun chun

zhong chong

jyau chyau

jye chye

j ~ a n chyan

j r chr

jin chin

j ing ching

jyou chyou

jyung chyung

jwo chwo

jou chou

ju chu

jwa chwa Jwai chwai jwan chwan

jwang

chwang

jwei chwei jwun chwun

jung chung

jiau chiau

jie chie jian chian

JY c h ~ j in chin

j ing ching

jio chio jiou chiou

jiong chiong

j uo chuo

jou chou

ju chu

jua chua j uai chuai Juan chuan

juang chuang

j uei chuei juen chuen

jong chong

juo

djiau tjiau djia tj ia djian

tjian

d s c k tscbi dj in tjin

djins tjing dj iau tjiau djiu tjiu djiung tjiung dscho tscho d~chou tschou dschu tschu dschua tschua dschuai tschuai dschuan tschuan

&uang

~ ~ a n g

dschui tschui dschun tschun

dschung tschung dscho

daiau (HU) tqia u d@c t~ic dzicn n

&hie (CA) C t

d ~ j (HU). d3i ~ = ~ , t $ , t j j d z ~ n @In

~ I I J (cA), ~ Z I I Z

tGIg

dziou (HU)

tdo,~ dzyuq (m) tciuq n .

d 3 p th3 n

d30(D), d3oy t b u n

gu (CAI), d3u ~ J U

t/ua n

d3ua n

d3uai n f i

l ~ ~ ~ i A

d3pan t/uan n

3u:arJ (D)

qpag

d3uei - n

t h e j r\ n

d3pn Quen (HU)

d3uq (D)

tJ,7~g d3g3

chuo

jiu chiu jiuan chiuan jiue chiue jiun chiun e en

eng el fa fan

fang fei fen

feng fo fou fu ha hai han

hang hau hei hen heng he hou shi shia shiang shiau shie shian shin

tscho dj ii

tjii djiian tji3a.n djiau

tjiiii dj un

tjiin o en heng iirl fa fan

fang fe fen

feng fo fou fu ha hai han

hang hau he hen heng he hou hsi hsia hsiang hsiau hsia hsian hsin

tfu3 n -

y = yi. dzy @by (CAI @y dzyen (HU) tcycn dzyE t ~ y & d z ~ n t~ yn A

an (HU).mn

J tQs(LT). AI-

fa f a n , fan fan (m). faq fq1 (CA), fqi fan

fq (D). fq fo fop fu: (D). h X (HS), xa h = x/h. xaj h = xh, xan

xag xap

han X C ~ F&ho. X A

X O ~ ri (D). 6i str.6, sia (D) Ji;'aq. G-aq

n .

~ j g ~ , sjau CI

~ i & li:an, gjen Sin. gm

J Y U

chyu

jywan chywan

jywe chywe

jyun chyun e en

eng er fa fan

fang fei fen

feng fwo fou fu ha hai han

hang hau hei hen heng he hou

sy i SYa syang syau

SYe syan

syin

day @ ~ / y dau.&/an tcy& /an day.& G U ~

dayn tcyn aca en

G y , ? fafa

f q n fagb fei f i n

f ~ g ' f g , fw3 fo fu. f u ha x/hai

h a / ~ n h q hao hei hh/&/mD h ~ r ~ h7/. XO"

6i cja,@a Gja/&q1 siau/o &J&, sjl 6 i . v G~/I/! n

dzy t6' y &yan tc'yan

dgy& ts'ye dgyn ts'yn Y

an

AJ

fa fan

fag fei fan

f ~ q f3 f3u fu xa xai xan

xaq xao xei xan xliq XA

X ~ U

Gi sia ciag ciao sic cien cin

ch'uo chu ch'ii chum ch'iian chueh ch'iieh chun ch'iin 8

en

eng 6rh fa fan

fang fei fgn

f2ng fo fou fu ha hai han

hang hao hEi hen heng h o = he hou hsi hsia hsiang hsiao

hsieh h i e n hsin

ju 9U juan quan

jue Clue jun qun e en

eng er fa fan

fang fei fen

feng f"

fou fu ha hai

hang hao hei hen heng he hou xi xis xiang xi ao

xie xian xin

tru3 3

j Y ~ h y fyan chyan ~ y a chya jyn chyn

A.I

fa fan

faq fex fan

fArJ f3 bu fu xa xar xan

xaq XQO

x e ~ xan mq xn X ~ U

61

Giaq d a o Gie sien 61n

xing

xi u xiong XU

xuan xue

xun hu hua huai huan huang hi hun hong huo

Y i ran rang rao ren

reng ri

re TUO

rou IU

rua ruan mi run rong

g a ka

gai kai

gan kan

gang

6 11 1. 6iu: ~1 IJ C y :

hsing

hsiu hsiung hsii

sying syou

syung SYU

sywan sywe

sywun hu hwa hwai hwan hwang hwei hwun hung hwo

Y i ran rang rau ren

reng r

re TWO

mu r~

rwa wan rwei rwun

rung doa ka

gai kai

gan kan

gang

hsuan hsiieh

hsiin hu hua huai huan huang hui h*n hung hue

jan j a w jao jgn

jEng jih

j 2 jo jou

ju Qua) b a n

jui jun juns ka k'a kai

k'ai kan k'an kang

c=?I ~ i u ciuq

6iq

ciu Cyq (2y

shing

shiou shiong shiu shiuan shiue

shiun hu hua huai huan huang huei huen hong huo i ran rang rau ren

reng

r~'

re mu rou N

ma ruan ruei ruen rong

ga ka

gai kai

gan kan

gang

6 ~ 3

cyn XU

xua xuai xuan x u q xuer xun X U ~ xu3 1

an JCUJ JQO

mn

J A ~ '.I

M

J ~ U

IU

.ma luan

hsing

hsiu hsiung hsu hsuan hsiau

hsiin hu hua huai huan huang hui hun hung huo i

jan jang jau jen

jeng 31

j e j0 jou ju jua juan jui jun jung

Gyan GY&

G y n XU

xua xuai xuan xuaq xui xun XUI) xu3 JI an ~arj . I ~ O

-ran

. I A ~

(1)

.IY

m3 13U

JU

.ma man

GIr3 (CAI, c q 6iou n n

G~yq/3 (c) ~ 0 6 ~ rn

~ p n cyc Gym ((-A), gm XU

xua (C). xga

x p i xuan F,

xua Q, xuaq n .

x ye- x p n XUq hu3 0 . ~ ~ 3

1 (LT), mi Z.qm (a), raq rau zg, "(CA).rn

mq n' m Fmjo,je, q 3 *. do:, TO@

P, TU

p rpan qej %an TUf7

Gue/an cue : GyT1 hu hwG1 hwai hwan hwcu~ x/h/kwe hwun hug hw3 . .

JI:, l(:)l F *

lae en, l a g - a . I ~ l a o ~le*hn rlnq

A

,J, JY nr - ~liia/3

F .

.IO/J~* * *

t ~ , d u .ma liian .IU?

diln JUO/O ga kha g ai khai qan khan ga'J

mi .I-UJI

J U ~ 0

qa kha 0

gal khar 0

gan khan o

SCUJ

mi .~u.n .n.lrl 0

ga k'a fiai k'ai 0

gan k'an gaq

ga ka

gai kai

gan kan

gang

qa ka gaj kaj gan kan gag

I leng 1 leng I leng ] leng

li (D). fi lia liar] n .

&a _U

lie l k n lin (D), ~ I I

11q (CA), I I ~ J

EQU (CA)

l p 109 lu &an l g m 1 vn lug lii (HU). ly Iycn lye m a (HU), ma ma$ (CA) man marl mao (CA). mau mqi man ( D )

mag lll~.

mjau mi& mjen ~ N I I

miq (D),

mjop m3 ~ O Y mu na (HU), na nai

li lia liang liao lie lian lin ling

liu lu0 lou 1 u luan

lun liin long 1 ii liian liie ma mai ma" mang mao

mei

meng mi

miao mie mian rnin ming miu mo mou mu na nai

li 1i.a li.arj 1 i . a ~ li .a& 1i.m 11n 11 j

1i.u 9 , 1 . 3

lo: lu luan lun 1 y n~ 1 U/UIJ

l - j~ , 1 ~ : 1y.m lye mii mai mae/iin rnarJ/3 mao mei mimen mj mi : mi.au mi:.& mi:.en mi :n mi g/q rni.u: m"3 mo mu na nai

li lia liaq liao lie lien lin liq

liu luo l3u lu luan 1l.m lyn lug 1 y lyan lye ma mai man mar^ mao mei men m ~ r j mi miao mi& mien min miq miu m3 mou mu na nai

li lia liang liao lieh lien lin ling lio li u lo lou 1 u

Jan

lun liin lung 1 ii liian liieh ma mai man

mao

mei men mEng mi miao mieh mien rnin ming miu mo rnoU mu na nai

li

lya lyang lyau

lye lyan lin ling

lyou Iwo lou lu lwan lwun lywun lung

~ Y U

lywan lywe ma mai man mang mau

mei men meng mi myao

mYe myan min ming myou mwo rnou mu na nai

li lia liaq liao lie lien h 11q lie liu 13 lou lu luan l ~ n l ~ n lq 1 y lyan lya ma ma1 man mag mao me1 man mq mi miao mi^ mien ~ ~ l ~ l l

m ~ q miu m3 mou mu na nai

li lia liang liau lie lian lin ling lio liou luo lou 1 u luan

luen liun long liu liuan liue ma mai man mang mau

mei men meng mi rniau mie mian min ming miou mo mou mu na nai

li lia liang liau lia liiin lin ling l iia

liu lo lou 1 u luan lun liin lung lu liian liia ma mai man mang mau

me men meng mi miau mia mian min ming miu mo rnou mu na nai

nan (D), nan naq nau n qi nan naq ni niarJ n

Gag qk ~ ~ j i ~ n ~ I Z

niq (D). nrg

g i ~ ~ ny3 nou nu nuan n p n nuq Ry

njk A

ou (HU). o_u ba (HU). ba pa (HU), pa bd pa_i ban pan paq (CA), bag paq ba u

pau be (D). bg pqi pgb n (CA) p h e n (CAI h31.j

nan nang nao

ne nen neng ni niang niau

.. ma niih ni n ning ni o ni u

no

nou

nu nuan nen nung n ii niia

o OU

ba

pa bai

pai ban

pan bang

pang bau

pau be

Pe ben

pen beng

nan nang nau

nei nen neng ni

nyang nyao

nYe nyan nin ning

nyou nwo

nou nu nwan nwun nung

ny" nywe e OU

ba

pa bai

~ a i ban

pan bang

pang bau

Pau bei

~ e i ben

Pen beng

nan nang nao nei nen neng ni niang niao nie ni an nin ning Fenn) *iu nuo, no

nou nu nuan nun nong nii niie ole OU

ba

pa bai

~ a i ban

Fan bang

pang bao

Pa0 bei

~ e i ben

Pen beng

nan nang nao nei nEn neng ni niang niao nieh nien nin ning nio

ni u no

nou nu nuan nun

nii, niu niieh

o. (2) OU

Pa p'a pai p'ai

Pan p'an

Pang ~ ' a n g Pa0 p'ao

pi p'ei

pen p'Cn

pEng

nan nang nau nei nen neng ni niang niau nie nian nin ning ni o niou nuo

nou nu nuan nuen nong ni u

niueh o OU

ba

pa bai

pai ban

Pan bang

pang bau

P ~ U

bei

~ e i ben

Pen beng

nan naq na0 n e ~ nan llrzlJ ni niaq niao ,ic nien nin

nio niu n3 nou nu, ny nu/iian nun nuq niu nya

OU

ba pha b a r phar ban phan bag p h q bao phao kr phe~ lpn phan b ~ q

nan naq na0 nei nan Mrj ni niaq niao nie nien nin niq (Not in

niu nu3 n3u nu nuan nun nu9 ny ny&

3U

ba p a

9

l p i p' ai

ban p 7 an baq

9

p aq bao p 7 ao &i p'ei ban p q an b ~ q

nan nag nau nei n&n n.AIJ

ni niaq niau ni.& nicn nim nr/iq QLIO or

nju, nio noa no nu nEn nrln nu9 ny ny.& oa, Y 0

ba pha bai $ai b ~ n pllae/an ba/ar~ ptlaq bau phau p-h/bei n

phe hen pI1e n b ~ q

shan shang shao she shei sh2n shEng shih

shou shu

rao A

[an

SJ ou u

$an Fag

$ei p n $4 J

F3U

&U

8/Jzn $/Jag 8/rau1

shan shang shao she sl~ei shen sheng shi

shou shu

$/. -%-

shan shang shau she "sei shen sheng shr

shou shu

$/.pei $/-'en F/ JV~

11. JJ, , J.E J-0

Ju

shan shang shau she shei shen sheng

shy shou shu

schan schang schau scho sche schen scheng schi

schou schu

Jan (D), Ian lserl (D), J~

J~~ n

f~ J~J- p n w , J a n sYq ( 2 ) ( ~ )

$(J) (CAL si roll n

$U (CA), JU

shua shuai shuan

shuang

shui shun shuo

SO

SOU

ssfi,szu' SU

Suan sui sun sung ta t'a

tai t'ai tan

t'an

tms t'ang tao

t'ao ti? tqE tei t'ei ten tEng

t'&ng ti t'i

shwa shwai shwan

shwang

shwei shwun

shwo

SU' 0

SOU

sz SU

swan

swei sblun sung da

ta

dai

tai clan

tan

dang

tang dau

tau de te dei tei den

deng teng

di ti dyau tYau

dye y e dyan

Van

[ua Juai Juan [Uq Sui/er un

S U ~ S3

SOU

sw SU

suan sue1 sun suq da tha

@I thar Qan than

daq t h q dao thao d~ thy d e ~

C L \ ~ n

t hh~~ - $ thi

shua shuai shuan shuang

shuei

shuen shuo

SUO

SOU

SY

su

suan

suei suen song da ta

dai

tai dan

tan

dang

tang dau

tau de te dei

tei den

deng teng

di ti diau tiau di e tie dian tian

ti ao t'iao ti eh t'ieh tien t'ien

shua shuai shuan

shuang

shui shun

shuo

SUO

SOU

si SU

suan

sui sun song da ta

dai

tai dan

tan

dang tang

dao

tao de

te dei tei den

deng teng

di ti

schua schuai schuan schuang

schui

schun schuo

SO

SOU

si su

suan sui sun sung da ta

dai tai dan

tan

dang tang dao

tau do

to de

te

den deng teng

di ti

diau tiau dia

tia d i a ti&

sua suai suan Fuaq $ui Fun pu3 SU3

S3U

SU

suan sui sun SUq da t'a

Mi t'ai

dan t'an

daq t'aq

dao t ' ao @ t'u dei t' ei dan &IJ t ' q @ t'i

diao t h a o die thi& dicn thien

diao tiao

die

tie dian tian

fya /uai n n

Juan n

ruaq n .

i y e i Jyan pU3 n

SF3 sou (CA). sog si (HU). si su (D). su syan sfigr (CA) suan SUq da ta

d@ ra,i dan tan

darl tar3 (D), tag dag tag d ~ . dn thy (CA),

dgi tqi dan dar~ faTl ti (CA), di ti (HU), ti djap ~ia g a& tie (HU). [ie

@n tien

[wa swai - w ~ n waq

*-w i - wun w3

SU.3

SO

s LU SU

suaen swi S W U ~

S U q

da -h /ha

dai t"ai &/an t

&n T

daq tllaq d/dau tilau dua thy" dei tei den d ~ q h q @ ti

diao t'iao $E

t'ie $en t'ien

diau tjao di.e ti.& di.cn tjen

drr~ fn7 djog du:, hy ~ Y U (C) . dog tog dza tsa d@ tlai (D). tsaj dzan (HU) tsan (HU) dzaq

d3au (D) tsa ,U dz/i ~SY/A (cA). ~ S A

dze_i tsq. d w n t ~ a n dmq t s q dzu (D). d q 3 t s p dzop tsog dzu omit t. tsu dzuan

n

t~uan n

(t)sui ( D ) t spq dzmn n

ts p n

h q fiuq du

ding

ting diou

duo tuo dou tou tza tsa tzai

tsai

tzan tsan

tzang

tsang tzau tsau

tze tse t zei tsei

tzen

tsen

tzeng

tseng dzuo tsuo tzou

tsou

tzu

t su tZuan tsuan tzuei tsuei

tzuen

tsuen tzong - tsong du

ding

ting

dyou

dwo

two dou tou dza tsa dzai

tsai

dzan

tsan dzang

tsang dzau tsau

dze

tse dzei tsei dzen tsen

dzeng

tseng

dzwo tswo dzou

tsou dzu

tsu dzwan tswan dzwei tswei

dzwun tswun dzung tsung du

ding

Cing

diu

do to dou tou dsa tsa dsai

tsai

dsan tsan dsang

tsang dsau

tsau

dso

tso dse tse dsen tsen

dseng

tseng dso tso dsou

tsou

dsu

t su dsuan tsuan dsui tsui

dsun tsun dsung tsung du

ding

ting

di u

duo

tuo dou tou za

ca

zai cai

zan

can

zang

cang zao cao

ze

ce

zei cei

zen cen

zeng ceng ZUo

cuo ZOU

cou zu

cu

Z U a "

cuan zui cui

ZUn

cun zong cong du

ting

t'ing tiu

to

t'o tou

t'ou tsa ts'a tsai

ts'ai tsan

ts'an

tsang ts'ang tsao

ts'ao ts6 ts' e tsei ts'ei tssn t s ' h

tsgng ts'gng

t so ts'o

tso" ts'ou tsu

ts ' u tsuan ts'uan tsui ts'ui

b'un tsung ts'ung tu

diq t' i r ~ diu du3 t'u3 d3u t 3 u dza ts'a dzai ts'ai dzan ts 'an d ~ q ts'aq dzao ts'ao ~ Z X

~ S ' Y

dzei ts'ei dzan ts'an d ~ r j ts'Arl dzu3 ts'u3 dz3u ts93u dzu ~ S ' U

dzuan ts'uan dzui ts'ui dzun ts'un d ~ ~ r ) t s ' q du

d ~ q thiq diu d3 th3 d3u thou dza tsha dzar tshar dzan tshan dzaq I-

tshaq dzao tshao @Y t s h ~ d z e ~

tshan dull t s h q

dz3 tsh3 dzou tshou d t.-hu dzuan n

tshuan dzuer tshue~ dzun tshun bq n .

tshuq du

d ~ l ~ tIrJ di.u dw3, du3 tu3

do to dza ts/tsa dziii tsal dzan tsan &aq tsaq d@ii tsad d z ~ t s ~ r dzei tsei dzen tsen dznrl tsW dzu.3/1) tSu.3 dzo: tso: dzu ~ S U

&wan n r,

tswan dzwi tsui dzwun tswun dzmj ~ s J u ~ du

tu duan turn dui tui dun tun dung tung

‘I$

tsi wa wai wan

wang we wen weng wo

wu

Ya y ai Yaw Yau y a yan 1

yin ying yo,yiia

YU Yung y ii y iian yiia y iin

hl

&an n

@an tue i 0. dpei ty ei tuan (LT)

hpn mq ( c A ) . ~ u ~

i ~ g dzi 0. dzi tsi (HU).lzi ua (HU). _ua

~ i ' uan, van - . uag uei 0. g e j uan (LT), pan W A ~ (cA), uaq

C I .

WQ ( C A ) . p

u (LT) , yu ia (HU) ,.a

jaq (0) jaq iau (LT) ,jay i& (HU)>i&

@n . LI

,in iq (HU).& I;;& "'

jy: (CA) .jog Y U ~ o . i ~ r ~ ii (LT) ,iy yen (LT) .yen - u&, ]fi~-~,y&

~ Y X !

tu dwan twan dwei twei dwn twun dung tung dz

tsz

wa w a i

wan wang wei wen weng wo

wu

Ya y ai yang Yau Ye Yan Y i yin ying

You yung YU

ywan Ywe Y U ~

tu duan tuan dui tui dun tun dong tong zi

ci

wa wai

wang wei wen weng wo

wu

Ya y ai yang Yau Ye Yan Y i yin ying

You

yong YU

yuan

Yue Y U ~

tu duan

tuan duei tuei duen tuen dong tong

WY

tsy ua uai uan uang uei uen ueng uo

u ia iai

iang iao ie ien 1

in

ing iou iou iong iu iuan iue iun

thu du.an tllu.an dwlui twi d ~ n ttien dr~rJ tuq GP tsw wa wai w8/wan wag wei w ~ n WArJ

w$a WU. wU .ia jai J Q ~

j au/o J&

]en . . j 1 . . jm -1 ~?l

.i ( 0 ) ~

JUTJ V

JY JY.&n

J Y ~

jyen

t'u tuan t'uan tui t'ui tun t'un tunP t'ung

tzu" tz'u

wa wai wan

wmg wei w2n weng wo

wu

Ya y ai Fang Yao yeh Yen yi (cf. i)

yin

Ylng yo Yu yung y ii yiian yiieh yiin

th3 duan thuan due1 thuex dun thun dur) thuq dzw tshu wa w sti wan waq we1 wan w A q w3 wu Ja jar ~ a q Jao JC

jen

. . J U ~ . . I lr)

13

JY jyan jy3 jyn

t'u duan t'uan dui t'ui dun t'un dug t' UI-J

wa w ai wan waq wei wan WAq w3 wu

iai3- jag j ao

J&n .*

]I . . J 111 . . J ~ I J

JDU

JUIJ

fyan J ye J Y ~

References

Anderson, Olov. 1970. A concordance to five systems of transcription for standard Chinese.

(Wade. Simplified Wade, G-R. Pinyin. Yale) Lund: Studentlitteratur.

Bollard, John, ed. 1993. Pronouncing dictionup of proper names. Detroit, MI: Omnigraphics.

Bourgerie. Dana. 1992. Review: Utterance particles in Cantonese conversation. Journal for the

Linguistic S o c i e ~ of America 68, no. 1 : 2340235.

Bruce, James, E. D. Edwards, and Shu Chun. [1930]. Chinese. 2 vols. Daniel Jones, phonetics

advisor. London: Linguaphone Institute.

Cheng, Chin-Chuan. 1973. A synchronic phonology of Mandarin Chinese. (Uses IPA) The

Hague: Mouton.

Chinese. 1974.Language/30 Series. Washington. D.C.: Educational Services Corp.; Guilford,

CT: Audio-Forum. (Yale System).

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1957. Mandarin primer. (GR) M A : Harvard University Press.

Choy, Rita Mie-Wah. 1990. Read and write Chinese. (National, Pinyin, Yale) San Francisco,

CA: China West Books.

Duden Aussprachewiirrerbuch . 1990.3 Aufl. (2 Aufl. 1974) Bearbeitet von Max Mangold.

Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut.

Fan, Zhilong. 1988. Essential Chinese for travelers. (Folk phonetics) San Francisco: China

Books.

Fenn, C. H. 1955 The five thousand dictionary. Orig. 1940. M A : Harvard University Press.

Giles, Herbert. 1912. A Chinese-English dictionmy. 2nd rev.. vol.1. Shanghi: Kelly & Walsh.

Goldenthal, Allen. 1978. Think Chinese speak Chinese. (Own romanization, Pinyin, Yale,

Wade-Giles) NY: Regents.

Hillier. Walter. 1945. An English-Chinese dictionary of Peking colloquial. Orig. 1910. (Wade

system.) London: Kegan Paul.

Hockett. Charles. 1947. Peiping phonology. Journal of the American Orien~al Society 67:253-

267.

Huang, Raymond. 1969. Mandarin pronunciation: Explained with diagrams. (IPA

recommended) Hong Kong University Press.

Jones, Daniel, and Kwing Tong Woo. 1912. (IPA) A Cantonese phonetic reader. London.

Kershul. Kristine. 1987. Chinese in I 0 minutes a day. 4th ed. Seattle, WA: Bilingual Books.

(Pinyin and folk phonetics)

Legeza, Ireneus. 1968. Guide to transliterated Chinese in the modern Peking dialecr:

(Conversion tables ofthe currently used infernational and European systems.) Vol. 1.

Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Legeza, Ireneus. 1%9. Guide to rransliterared Chinese in 1h.e modern Peking dialect.

(Conversion tables ofthe o~itdated internarional and European individual systems) Vol.

2. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

Li, Charles. and Sandra Thompson. 1981. Mandarin Chinese. University of California.

Newnham. Richard. 197 1. About Chinese. Baltimore. MD: Penguin.

Pinyin Chinese-English d ic t iona~. 1979. Hong Kong: Commercial Press.

PIPA. Principles of the international phonetic alphabet. 1949. (rev. 1984). London:

University College.

Simon, W. 1964. A beginners Chinese-English dictionary of the national language (Gwoyeu).

London: Percy Lund. Humphries.

Supplement to the People's Republic of China. Pinyin to Wade-Giles, Wade-Giles to Pinyin.

1988. Washington, D. C.: Defense Mapping Agency.

Wade, Thomas. 1867. Yii-?En.. .. London.

Wu, zhaoyi. W. Liang, S. Qian, Y. Guo. 1988. The English.-Chinesepocket Pinyin

dictionary. Beijing: New World Press.

Y ee, Dennis. 1975. Chinese romanization self study guide: Comparison of Yale and Pinyin

rornanizations. Comparison of Pinyin and Wade-Giles romanizarions . Honolulu:

University Press of Hawaii.

Y uang. Lin. 1972. Lin Yutang 's Chinese-English dicrionary ofmodern usage. (National and GR)

Hong Kong: The Chinese University of Hong Kong.

Zhongguo Dirninglu (Gazetteer in China). 1983.32,000 names in Han characters and Pinyin.

People's Republic of China.

Previous Issues

Number

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 0

1 1

12

1 3

Date

86/11

86112

8713

8711 1

87/12

88/1

8811

8812

88/12

8916

8917

8918

8911 0

Author

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

Andrew Jones Hiroshima

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

Robert M. Sanders University of Hawaii

Eric A. Havelock Vassar College

J. Marshall Unger University of Hawaii

. Tsung-tung Chang Goethe-Universitiit Frankfurt

Various Authors

Soho Machida Daitoku-ji, Kyoto

Pratoom Angurarohi ta Chuldongkom University Bangkok

Edward L. Shaughnessy University of Chicago

VictorH.Ma-r University of Pennsylvania

Jiaosheng Wang Shanghai

Title

The Need for an Alphabetically Arranged General Usage Dictionary of Mandarin Chinese: A Review Article of Some Recent Dictionaries and Current Lexico,pphical Projects

The Poetics of Uncertainty in Early Chinese Literature

A Partial Bibliography for the Study of Indian Influence on Chinese Popular Literature

The Fow Languages of "Mandarin"

Chinese Characters and the Greek Alphabet

Computers and Japanese Literacy: Nihonzin no Yomikaki N6iyoku to Konpytlta

Indo-European Vocabulary in Old Chinese: A New Thesis on the Emergence of Chinese Language and Civilization in the Late Neolithic Age

Reviews (I)

Life anc) Light, the Infinite: A Historical and Philological Analysis of the Arnida Cult

Buddhist Influence on the Neo-Confucian Concept of the Sage

Western Cultural Innovations in China, 1200 B.C.

The Contributions of Tang and Five Dynasties Transformation Texts (pien-wen) to Later Chinese Popular Literature

The Complete Ci-poems of Li Qingzhao: A New English Translation

Pages

31

45

iv, 2 14

14

4

13

i, 56

ii, 39

46

31

8

71

xii. 122

Price

$2.50

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Number

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

2 1

22

Date

891 12

9011

90/3

9014

9015

906

90/10

90112

9113

Author

Various Authors

George Cardona University of Pennsylvania

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

Heather Peters The University Museum Philadelphi a

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

BosatMan Nalanda

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

Philippa Jane Benson Carnegie Mellon University

David Moser University of Michigan

- -

Title

Reviews (11)

On Attitudes towards Language in Ancient hdia

Three Brief Essays Concerning Chinese Tocharistan a. The Significance of Dunhuang and Turfm Studies b. Early Iranian Influences on Buddhism in Central Asia c. History o f Chinese Turkistan in the Pre-Islamic Period

Tattooed Faces and Stilt Houses: Who Were the Ancient Yue?

Two Non-Tetragraphic Northern S ini tic Languages a. Implications of the Soviet Dungan Script for Chinese Language Reform b. Who Were the GyBmi?

Backlull / Peking / Beijing

[Tlze] File [on the Cosmic] Track [and Individual] Dough/tiness]; Introduction and Notes for a Translation of the Ma-wang-tui Manuscripts of the Lao Tzu [Old Mastery

Two Cross-Cultural Studies on Reachg Theory a. Cross-ortho,oraphic Stroop Research: One Study in Context b. The Composing Process of a Bilingual Novice Writer

Slips of the Tongue and Pen in Chinese

Pages

69

19

16

28

28

6

68

9, 13

45

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Previous Issues, cont.

Number

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

3 1

32

33

Date

9117/4

9118

9118

9119

911 8/3 1

91/9

9 1 I9

91/10

9 1/10

92/8

92/9

Author

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

David A. Utz University of Pennsylvania

Jean DeBernardi University of Alberta

JAO Tsung-i Chinese University of Hong Kong

Victor H. Mair, editor University of Pennsylvania

ZJHOUYouguang State Lanbouage Commission Peking

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvania

M. V. Sofionov Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Academy of Sciences, Moscow

Various Authors

David McCraw University of Hawaii

FENG Lide & Kevin Stuart Chuankou Number One Middle School and Qinghai Education College

Title

Tracks of the Tao, Semantics of Zen

Language, Writing, and Tradition in lran

Linguistic Nationalism: The Case of Southern Min

Questions on the Origins of Writing Raised by the Silk Road

S c h n i f t f e s ~ s c h n ! : f i ~ ~ ~ on Writing and Language in Honor of John LkFrancis orz His Eighrieth Birthday

The Family of Chinese Character- Type Scripts (Twenty Members and Four Stages of Datelopment)

What Is a Chinese "Dialect/Topolect"? Reflections on Some Key Sino- English Linguistic Terms

Chinese Philology and the Scripts of Central Asia

Reviews (I10

How the Chinawornan Lost Her Voice

Lnterethnic Contact on the Inner Asian Frontier: The Gangou People of Minhe County, Qinghai

Pages

10

24

22 + 3 figs.

10

ix + 245

1 1

31

10

68

27

34

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Nuinkr

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35

36

37

38

39

40

4 1

42

Title

Two Papers on Sinolinguistics 1. A Hypothesis Concerning the Origin of the Tern1 fn~rqi~ ( "Countert omy ") 2. East Asian Round-Trip Wortls

Reviews (1V)

Hmyu Wailaici de Yuyuan Kaozheng he Cidian Biannlan (Philological Research on the Ety nlology of hailwords in S initic and Dictionary Compilation)

Chinese oddh hi st Historiography and Orality

The Linguistic ancl Textual Antececlen ts of 7 % ~ Sufra of the Wise arid tliv Foolisl~

A Material Case for a h t e Bsring Strait Crossing Coincident with Pre-Colun~birm Trans-Pacific CI-assings

Tiao-Fish through Chinese Dictionaries

Miching Mallecho: The Zllrir~gua cv) and Classical Rhetoric

Kham Tibetan Language Materials

Date

92/10

92/11

9312

93/3

9314

93/8

93/9

931 10

93/1 1

Author

Victor H. Mair University of Pennsylvanizl

TheEditor, with iu~ added note by Edwin G. Pulleyblank

Wenkan XU Hnnytc Da Cidiurr editorial oftices Shanghai

Tanya Stc~rch University of New Mexico

VictorH.Mair University of Pennsylvania

Jordan Paper Y ork University

Michael Cur Center for Language Studies O t w University of C ornnlerce

Pa111 Goldin Flanlard University

Rmcliin-Jashe Yulshul Tibetan Autonomc~us Prefecture, Kokonor (Qinghai) 8r Kevin Stuart Institute of Foreign h g l a g r s Ulaanhaatar, Mongolia

Pages

13

37

13

16

95

17

68

27

39

Price

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Pages

72

15

28

2, 155

11

xxxiv. 110

28

, 7

9 plus 4 figs.

Nu~ilber

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

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Author

MA Q ~ i d i n , MA Wari- xiang. and MA Zhicheng Xining Edited by Kevin Stuwt Kokcmor

Dolkun Kanlberi Columbia University

Mark Hansel1 Carleton College

E. Bnice Brooks. et nl.

Robert S. Bauer Mahitlo1 University Salaya Nakornpathom Thai land

Victor H. Mair University of Peimsylva-ria

Ltido Rocher University of Pennsylvania

YINBinyong State Language Conmlission and Institute for Algditxl Linguistics (Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)

HAN Kangxin Institute of Archeology Chinese Academy of Social Scierices

Date

93112

94/1

9415

94/7

9418

94/9

941 10

94111

94/11

Title

Salar hnguagz Materials

The Three Thousand Year Old Cl~rcli511 Man Preserved at Zaghunliiq

The Sino-Alphabet: The Assirnilatior. of Roman Letters into the Chinese \Vri ting System

Reviews (V)

Sino-Tihetan *kolo " Mteel"

Introclilction and Notes for a Comple.te Tra~slation of the Chlrntl~ Tzrr

Oralityand Textuality - in the Indian Context

Diyi gt. Lacling Zinlu de H m y ~ Pinyir Fa~ig'an Shi Zenyanp Chansheng de? [How Was the First Rornanized Spelling System for Sinitic Prtdu~cxl?]

The Str~cly of Ancient Hurrian Skeletons kern Xin.jiang. China