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Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten
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Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Apr 05, 2015

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Page 1: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten

Page 2: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum

The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria) is readily available they take the form of individual amoebae, which feed and divide normally. However, when the food supply is exhausted, they aggregate to form a multicellular assembly, called a pseudoplasmodium or slug (not to be confused with slug the animal). The slug has a definite anterior and posterior, responds to light and temperature gradients, and has the ability to migrate. Under the correct circumstances the slug matures forming a fruiting body with a stalk supporting one or more balls of spores. These spores are inactive cells protected by resistant cell walls, and become new amoebae once food is available.

In Acytostelium, the fruiting body is supported by a stalk composed of cellulose, but in other dictyostelids the stalk is composed of cells, sometimes taking up the majority of the original amoebae. With a few exceptions, these cells die during stalk formation, and there is a definite correspondence between parts of the slug and parts of the fruiting body.

Aggregation of amoebae generally takes place in converging streams. The amoebae move using filose pseudopods, and are attracted to chemicals produced by other amoebae. In Dictyostelium, aggregation is signalled by cAMP, but others use different chemicals.

Dictyostelium has been used as a model organism in molecular biology and genetics, and is studied as an example of cell communication, differentiation, and programmed cell death.

From: en.Wikipedia.org

Page 3: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Der SchleimpilzDictyostelium Discoideum

Page 4: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Entwicklungszyklus von D. Discoideum

Hungerphase II

Wachstumsphase I

Differenzierungs-phase III

Page 5: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Der Lebenszyklus von Didi

Phase I:Die Amöben leben (auf Agarplatten) unter paradiesischen Bedingungen (gutes

Vehältnis Nahrung zu Populationsdichte) als Einzeller und vermehren sich durch Teilung. Diese Phase besteht aus zwei Teilen: Einem Bereich exponentiellen Wachstums und einem stationären Zustand mit konstanter Zellzahl.

Phase II:Erschöpfung des Nahrungsvorrats führt nach acht Stunden zu einer kollektiven

Wanderung der Zellen zu statistisch verteilten Zentren aufgrund von kollektiver Chemotaxis. Wir werden unten sehen, daß dies die Folge einer Steuerung der Zellen durch die Signalsubstanz c-AMP ist.

Phase III:Differenzierung der Zellen und Aufbau eines Schleimpilzes. Drei Typen von

Zellen entstehen: Teilungsfähige Sporenzellen, stabilisierende Stielzellen und Hüllenzellen des Sporenkopfes.

Page 6: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum

Page 7: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Dicties bewegen sich „zufällig“ ohne c-AMP Stimulation

Page 8: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Eukaryotische Chemotaxis

• Richtungsdetektion (directional sensing) - Lokale Anregung-globale Inhibition

• Polarisation (polarization) - Lipidvermittelte Signalübertragung

• Fortbewegung (locomotion) - Aktinpolymerisation

Page 9: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Formen der Signalübertragung

Page 10: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Der Signalstoff c-AMP

1) c-AMP : die Signalsubstanz

2) ATP : fungiert als Energielieferant und als Substrat für die c-AMP–

Produktion

3) Adenylatzyklase : Enzym, das ATP in c-AMP transformiert

4) c-AMP–Phosphodiesterase : ein Enzym, das c-AMP abbaut

Zyklisches Adenosinmonophosphat

Page 11: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Gerichtete Dicties-Bewegung durch einen c-AMP Gradienten

Page 12: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren leiten ihr Signal intrazellulär über trimere G-Proteine weiter, die wiederum die Konzentration intrazelluläre Mediatoren

(Botenmoleküle „second messenger“) verändern.

Page 13: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Rezeptoraktivierung koppelt an die Adenylylcyclase

Bild

(G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren)

Page 14: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Biochemisches Netzwerk der Zellaggregation

(Laub&Loomis, 1998)

Dictyostelium cells accumulate a high-affinity cell surface cAMP receptor (CAR1) that is a member of the G protein –linked family of receptors. When CAR1 binds cAMP, the signal is transduced via a G-protein to activation of adenylyl cyclase (ACA), the membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the formation of cAMP from ATP . Some fraction of this cAMP is then secreted into the environment, while the rest remains within the cell. Binding of external cAMP to CAR1 thus initiates a positive feedback loop in which external cAMP binding CAR1 activates ACA, leading to the production of more external cAMP.

Page 15: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Zell-Aggregation durch c-AMP Stimulus

Aggregation of D. discoideum ameobae towards cAMP, lower magnification.  From R. Firtel, University of California, San Diego

Page 16: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Chemotaxis to cAMP is part of a program of differentiation where free-living amoebae aggregate to form a multicellular organism. During aggregation the cells orient and migrate directionally toward selforganizing gradients of extracellular cAMP. Studies of these events in D. discoideum have led to the identification and localization of key molecules in chemotactic signaling pathways and to the basic mechanisms involved in chemotaxis.

For instance, the discovery of a family of receptors, designated cAR1–cAR4, for the chemoattractant cAMP provided the first evidence that chemotactic signaling occurs through seven helix receptors linked to heterotrimeric G proteins. The cARs couple to a specific G protein consisting of 2, one of eleven subunits, and a unique complex. A similar system operates in mammalian leukocytes, where twenty chemokine receptors couple principally to the inhibitory G protein, Gi. Additional elements of the pathway are also conserved: exposure of amoebae or leukocytes to chemoattractants results in increases in multiple second messengers, including PIs (phosphoinositides), cAMP, cGMP, IP3, and Ca2, and subsequent rearrangements in the cytoskeleton.

Dictyostlium Discoideum as Model System for Chemotaxis

Page 17: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Modular view of the chemoattractant-induced signaling pathway in Dictyostelium

Peter N. Devreotes et al.Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2004. 20:22

Page 18: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

G

Signalübertragungsweg dictyostelium discoideum

PIP2 PIP3

CRAC

cAMP

PI3K*

PH

PTENRac/Cdc42

Polarisation- Actin

polymerization

RAS

GradientSensing

pleckstrinhomologydomain

+

Acetylcholin-Aktivierung

Page 19: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Peter N. Devreotes et al. Developmental Cell, Vol. 3, 469–478, October, 2002,

Imaging of PI3K and PTEN

Page 20: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Inositol Phospholipid SignalübertragungPIP3 ist als Produkt der PI3 Kinase ein Botenmolekül wie cAMP. Im Unterschied zu cAMP ist PIP3 in der Memban lokalisiert und aktiviert weitere Signal-Proteine an der Membranoberfläche durch Bindung an

die Pleckstrin-Homologie-Domäne.

PH Domäne

PI3 Kinase

Page 21: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

PIP3 acts as internal compass

Cells expressing PH-Crac-GFP sense a gradient of cAMP released from a micropipette.

Work by Devreotes et al.

Page 22: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Quantitative Image Analysis (Molecular Biology of the Cell, 16, 676–688 (2005) Tian Jin et.al. )

Page 23: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Die Inositol Phospholipid Signalübertragung

PIPPIP2PIP3

Page 24: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Die Inositol Phospholipid SignalübertragungGradient Sensing

The ability to sense and respond to shallow gradients of extracellular signals is remarkably similar in Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae and mammalian leukocytes. Chemoattractant receptors and G proteins are fairly evenly distributed along the cell surface. Receptor occupancy generates local excitatory and global inhibitory processes that balance to control the chemotactic response. Uniform stimuli transiently recruit PI3Ks to, and release PTEN from, the plasma membrane, while gradients of chemoattractant cause the two enzymes to bind to the membrane at the front and back of the cell, respectively. Counteracting signals from the upstream elements of the pathway converge to regulate the key enzymes of PI metabolism, localize these lipids, and direct pseudopod formation.

Page 25: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Regulation der Aktin Polarisation

Page 26: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

PIP3 dynamics: temporal and gradient

Temporal Signal of PH-CRAC-GFP PH-CRAC-GFP in a cAMP gradient

dictybase.org

Kinetic analysis of the translocation from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane of GFP-tagged CRAC (Cytosolic Regulator of Adenylyl Cyclase-a PH domain containing protein) in response to a uniform increase in chemoattractant concentration. Frames were taken every 2 seconds. The chemoattractant was added just before the cell goes out of focus. From C.A. Parent and P.N. Devreotes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.

Confocal image of GFP-tagged CRAC in living amoebae undergoing chemotaxis. CRAC-GFP specifically translocates to the leading edge of newly elicited pseudopods. The chemoattractant gradient is established using a micropipet located near the upper right corner of the frame. Images were captured every 5 seconds. From C.A. Parent and P.N. Devreotes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions.

Page 27: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Actin Polymerisation an der Front

Page 28: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

PolarisationFormveränderung durch Aktivierung des Zytoskletts

Review by Weiner

Page 29: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Biochemisches Netzwerk der Zellaggregation

(Laub&Loomis, 1998)

Negative feedback comes from PKA, inhibiting CAR1. However this positive feedback does not continue unabated. Two to three minutes after the stimulation of cells with external cAMP and the activation of ACA, there is a rapid 5- to 10-fold reduction in the affinity of CAR1 to cAMP and a consequent reduction in ACA activity. CAR1 returns to its original unphosphorylated and high-affinity state shortly after the removal of external cAMP, indicating that the phosphates are rapidly removed by a phosphatase. When cAMP is removed, the modification of CAR1 is reversed, and CAR1 is again able to bind cAMP with high affinity. Thus, ligand binding oscillates in response to the levels of external cAMP.

Page 30: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Modelle zur Erklärung von Chemotaxis

Local excitationglobal inhibition

Page 31: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Die chemotaktische Polarisation ist persistent

from Parent et al.

Page 32: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Lokale Aktivierung-Globale Unterdrückung

Drei-Zustandsmodell von Rappel et al. (2002)

Die Inhibierung wird durch cGMP vermittelt

Die Membran kann die Zustände Q (quiescent), I (inhibited) und A (activated) annehmen.

Page 33: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

An- und Aus-Schalten der c-AMP Stimulation

Page 34: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Diffusionsgleichungen

Modellierung der intrazellulären Botenstoffverteilung

LineareRatengleichungen

Randbedingungen

=Zustandsdichtenc=conc.(cAMP)g=conc.(cGMP)q: quiescent, a: activated,i: inhibited

Page 35: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Num. Lösung der Diffusionsgleichungen

Page 36: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Simulationsergebnisse

Page 37: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)
Page 38: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Zellbeweglichkeit ist durch Aktin getrieben

© Firtel

ProtrusionAdhesionRetraction

Three steps of locomotion:

Page 39: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Eucaryotic Chemotaxis : localized response to chemoattractant

Figures : Firtel Gerisch

Page 40: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Cell Aggregation

Time-lapse video of small group of aggregating cells.  Interval between movement steps is 6 minute.  From P. Devreotes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. 

Page 41: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

c-AMP Waves in Aggregating Cells

Core of a spiral wave in aggregating D. discoideum cells. Time between images is 10 seconds. From F. Siegert and C. J. Weijer, J. Cell Sci. 93, 325-335 (1989).

Page 42: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Video Zellaggregation

Page 43: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Biochemisches Netzwerk der Zellaggregation

(Laub&Loomis, 1998)

a rapid positive feedback activation of CAR1, via ACA, followed by a delayed negative feedback inhibition of CAR1, via PKA, produces the observed oscillations in Dictyostelium cells developed for 4 h.

Page 44: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Dark field waves of D. discoideum cells on caffeine agar. Time between images is 36 seconds. From F. Siegert and C. J. Weijer, J. Cell Sci. 93, 325-335 (1989).

Page 45: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Autokatalytische Oszillatoren

)()( txyxdt

dy

ydt

dx

kxvdt

dm

dt

dx

v

v

Page 46: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Der Van der Pol Oszillator

0)()()(1)( 2 txtxtxtx Van-der-PolGleichung

)()(1 2 txytxdt

dy

ydt

dx

Ein äquivalentes Gleichungssystem in Normalform ist:

Klassisches Modell eines autokatalytischen Oszillators mit (t)=(x2-1).

Page 47: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Lösungen der Van der Pol GleichungDas System verhält sich als selbsterregender Oszillator

x

x

x

y

Page 48: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Die allosterische Kontrolle der Enzymaktivität

=S (1 +S) (1 + Pex)

2

L + (1 +S)2

(1 + Pex)2

(S)

S

Die über die allosterische Steuerung der c-AMP Produktion (Rezeptor-Adenylatzyklase-Komplex) eingeführte Funktion (Pex,S) führt zu einer starken Rückkopplung des c-AMP auf seine Reproduktion.

(siehe z.B. Prigogine and Nicholis Ch14.3, Fig.14.3

Pex

L = k1 / k2

L ist die sogenannte allosterische Konstante und ist gleich dem Verhältnis der Geschwindigkeitskonstanten der Dissoziation k1 und der Assoziation k2 des Effektors:

Page 49: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Wiederholung

Page 50: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Modell nach Goldbeter&Segel

S : Substrat

Pin : Produkt innen

Pex : Produkt aussen

(1)

(2)

(3)

Der Rezeptor – Adenylat Komplex wird als allosterisches Enzym modelliert mit nicht-linearer Kooperativität (Pex,S)

v: Zufluß von Substrat (ATP): Maß für die Aktivität des Enzymskt: Translokationsrateh: Verdünnungsfaktor

intexP

Sin PkSPK

K

dt

dP ),(

KP, KS sind Gleichgewichtskonstanten; und zwar ist KP die Dissoziationskonstante des c-AMP–Rezeptor–Komplexes und KS die Michaelis-Menton-Konstante (KS = [ES] / [E] [S]) des Systems ATP–Adenylatzyklase.

Page 51: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Näherung der Goldbeter Gleichung

dSdt

= v - (Pex , S)

P in =KS

k t

Pex , S)

= KS / KP h k

Wie bei selektiven Rezeptor-Hormon-Bindungen üblich, ist die Dissoziations konstante KP sehr klein. Üblicherweise ist KP 10-9 Mol/Liter. Dagegen ist KS (= Maß für die Substratkonzentration (S), bei der die Hälfte der Bindungsstellen besetzt ist) viel größer; typischerweise KS 10-4 Mol/Liter. Daher variiert der intrazelluläre c-AMP–Spiegel sehr langsam und

Page 52: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Lösungen des Goldbeter Models

Stationäre Lösungen:

dS/dt=0

dPex/dt=0

Fixpunkt:

Trajektorie (a): Einmalige Erregung, das System kehrt zum Fixpunkt (Ruhezustand) zurück.

Liegt der Arbeitspunkt im instabilen Bereich zwischen A und D (neg. Steigung) treten selbsterregte Oszillationen auf.

A

B

Page 53: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Beobachtung : Spontane c-AMP OszillationenDie optische Dichte homogenisierte Zellsuspensionen von Dictyostelium zeigt eine kollektive Veränderung der Zellen an, die mit dem Ausstoß von c-AMP verbunden ist. [G. Gerisch und B.Hess, 1973]

Ständig gerührte Zellsuspensionen (t>6h) benehmen sich als autonome Oszillatoren und senden mit einer Periode von acht Minuten c-AMP–Signale aus.

Auf den Empfang eines c-AMP–Impulses antwortet die Zelle nach einer Verzögerung von ein bis zwei Minuten mit der Aussendung eines 100-fach verstärkten c-AMP–Impulses.

Page 54: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Time-lapse video of monolayer of aggregating cells filmed through a dark-field macroscope.  White bands represent chemotactically oriented cells.  Period of wave initiation is 6 minutes.  From P. Devreotes, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions

Page 55: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Biochemisches Netzwerk der Zellaggregation

(Laub&Loomis, 1998)

Page 56: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Wahl der kinetischen Konstanten und Simulationsergebnisse

gemessengeschätzt

Page 57: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Einfluss eines c-AMP Pulses auf die Phase

Zugabe von c-AMP (schwarzer Peak) hat praktisch keinen Effekt auf die Phase in der ACA-Hochphase.

In beiden Fällen wurde der c-AMP Zuwachs schnell durch die Phosphodiesterase abgebaut.

Zugabe von c-AMP (schwarzer Peak) in einer Niedrigphase von ACA und internem c-AMP läßt den Zyklus um fast eine halbe Periode vorwärtsspringen.

Das Netzwerk führt zur Synchronisierung der Zellen.

Page 58: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Phase Shift by adding cAMP

Simulation Experiment

(Laub&Loomis, 1998)

Phase at which cAMP was added

Adding cAMP to an oscillating cell leads to no change if done at zero phase shift, but either delays the cell or advances the cell in ist cycle. As result, the cells synchronize within maximally 1h.

Phase at which cAMP was added

Page 59: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Phase Shift synchronizes cell populations

Uncoupled by external cAMP Coupled by external cAMP

(Laub&Loomis, 1998)

Synchronization in the computer model. If external cAMP does not mix between cells (hypothetical control case), cells do not synchronize. But even two cells which oscillate at maximal phase difference, start to synchronize within 1h.

Page 60: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Robustheit des biochemischen NetzwerksDie Frequenz der Oszillation hängt nur schwach von der Veränderung der kinetischen Konstanten ab.

Zugabe von c-AMP (schwarzer Peak) hat praktisch keinen Effekt auf die Phase wurde schnell durch die Phosphodiesterase abgebaut.

... It has been argued that any biologically significant circuit that has survived selective surveillance must be robust in the face of random perturbations, and our circuit supports such an hypothesis (Barkai and Leibler, 1997). ...

Page 61: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Die zyklische Phosphorylierung der Kinase ERK2Phospho-ERK2 läßt sich durch spezifische Phospho-ERK2-Antikörper mit Hife von Western Blot nachweisen.

(Maeda et al. Science 2004)

Page 62: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Simulation der Aggregatbildung

Zeitserie von 3000 Zellen:Die c-AMP Konzentration ist durch Grauton angedeutet und läßt eine Spirale erkennen.

E und (F) sind Seitenansichten von © und (D). In (D) sind alle Zellen in einem Aggregat versammelt und rotieren um die Längsachse.

von T. Brettschneider, 1997

Page 63: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Die Theorie zellulärer Automaten

Gekoppelte Felder mit jeweils einen von drei Zuständen :

0: Erholungsphase, 1: Ruhephase, 2: Angeregter Zustand

Ein diskretes Reaktions-Diffusions-System

Die Regeln :

Start mit zufälliger Anfangskonfiguration

01; 2 0; 1 1, wenn kein Nachbar in angeregtem Zustand1 2, wenn mindestens ein Nachbar angeregt

Page 64: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Simulationsergebnis einer einfachen Dynamik

Page 65: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Computermodell der Zellbewegung

In einem 3-D Medium werden in jedem Voxel (i,j,k) die extrazelluläre c-AMP Konzentration (i,j,k)und die Anzahl Zellen N(i,j,k) betrachtet:

Die Veränderung der extrazelluläre c-AMP Konzentration folgt einer Reaktions-Diffusionsgleichung und hängt von der Zelldichte N(i,j,k) und der zeitabhängigen intrazellulären c-AMP Konzentration ab:

Die Beschreibung der Bewegung der Zellen enthält drei Komponenten:

1) Chemotaxis vc=k grad 2) Zufallsbewegung3) Bewegung auf Grund eines „Zelldrucks“ bei zu großer Zelldichte

Page 66: Chemotaxis von Eukaryonten. Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium Discoideum The dictyostelids are a group of cellular slime moulds. When food (normally bacteria)

Simulation der Aggregatbildung

Zeitserie von 3000 Zellen:Die c-AMP Konzentration ist durch Grauton angedeutet und läßt eine Spirale erkennen.

E und (F) sind Seitenansichten von © und (D). In (D) sind alle Zellen in einem Aggregat versammelt und rotieren um die Längsachse.

von T. Brettschneider, 1997