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CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS
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CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Dec 16, 2015

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Page 1: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

CHEMICAL BONDING

• IONIC BONDS

• COVALENT BONDS

• HYDROGEN BONDS

• METALLIC BONDS

Page 2: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.
Page 3: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

IONIC BONDING

When an atom of a nonmetaltakes one or more electrons

from an atom of a metalso both atoms end up with

eight valence electrons

Page 4: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

IONIC BONDING

IS THE COMPOUND AN IONIC COMPOUND?

METALMETAL NONMETAL

SUBSCRIPTS

Page 5: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

IONIC BOND FORMATION

Neutral atoms come near each other. Electron(s) are transferred from the Metal atom to the Non-metal atom. They stick together because of electrostatic forces, like magnets.

Page 6: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

IONIC BONDING

Metals will tend to lose electrons and become

POSITIVE CATIONS

Normal sodium atom loses one electron to become sodium ion

Page 7: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

IONIC BONDING

Nonmetals will tend to gain electrons and become

NEGATIVE ANIONS

Normal chlorine atom gains an electron to become a chloride ion

Page 8: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

POLYATOMIC IONS--a group of atoms that act like one ion

NH4+1--ammonium ion

CO3-2--carbonate ion

PO4-3--phosphate ion

IONIC BONDING

Page 9: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

IONIC BONDING

SODIUM SULFATE

Page 10: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Properties of Ionic Compounds

• Crystalline structure.

• A regular repeating arrangement of ions in the solid.

• Ions are strongly bonded.

• Structure is rigid.

• High melting points- because of strong forces between ions.

Page 11: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Crystalline structure

+

+

+ +

+

+

++

+

--

--

- --

--

The POSITIVE CATIONS stick to the

NEGATIVE ANIONS, like

a magnet.

Page 12: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Do they Conduct?

• Conducting electricity is allowing charges to move.

• In a solid, the ions are locked in place.• Ionic solids are insulators.• When melted, the ions can move

around.• Melted ionic compounds conduct.• First get them to 800ºC.• Dissolved in water they conduct.

Page 13: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Ionic solids are brittle

+ - + -+- +-

+ - + -+- +-

Page 14: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Ionic solids are brittle

+ - + -

+- +-+ - + -

+- +-

• Strong Repulsion breaks crystal apart.

Page 15: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.
Page 16: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

COVALENT BONDING

When an atom of one nonmetal

shares one or more electrons

with an atom of another

nonmetal so both atoms

end up witheight valence electrons

Page 17: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

COVALENT BOND FORMATION

When one nonmetal shares one or more electrons with an atom of another nonmetal so both atoms end up with eight valence electrons

Page 18: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

COVALENT BONDING

IS THE COMPOUND A COVALENT COMPOUND?

NONMETALNONMETAL NONMETAL

YES since it is made of only nonmetal elementsYES since it is made of only nonmetal elements

Page 19: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons

F

Page 20: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding

• Fluorine has seven valence electrons

• A second atom also has seven

F F

Page 21: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons

F F

Page 22: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons

F F

Page 23: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons

F F

Page 24: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons

F F

Page 25: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons

F F

Page 26: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons Both end with full orbitals

F F

Page 27: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons Both end with full orbitals

F F8 Valence electrons

Page 28: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Covalent bonding Fluorine has seven valence electrons A second atom also has seven By sharing electrons Both end with full orbitals

F F8 Valence electrons

Page 29: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Single Covalent Bond

• A sharing of two valence electrons.

• Only nonmetals and Hydrogen.

• Different from an ionic bond because they actually form molecules.

• Two specific atoms are joined.

• In an ionic solid you can’t tell which atom the electrons moved from or to.

Page 30: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Water

H

O

Each hydrogen has 1 valence electron

Each hydrogen wants 1 more

The oxygen has 6 valence electrons

The oxygen wants 2 more

They share to make each other happy

Page 31: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Water

• Put the pieces together• The first hydrogen is happy• The oxygen still wants one more

H O

Page 32: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Water

• The second hydrogen attaches

• Every atom has full energy levels

H OH

Page 33: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide• CO2 - Carbon is central atom (

I have to tell you)

• Carbon has 4 valence electrons

• Wants 4 more

• Oxygen has 6 valence electrons

• Wants 2 moreO

C

Page 34: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide

• Attaching 1 oxygen leaves the oxygen 1 short and the carbon 3 short

OC

Page 35: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide Attaching the second oxygen leaves

both oxygen 1 short and the carbon 2 short

OCO

Page 36: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more

OCO

Page 37: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more

OCO

Page 38: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more

OCO

Page 39: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more

OCO

Page 40: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more

OCO

Page 41: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more

OCO

Page 42: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in

the bond

OCO

Page 43: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in

the bond

OCO8 valence electrons

Page 44: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in

the bond

OCO8 valence electrons

Page 45: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Carbon dioxide The only solution is to share more Requires two double bonds Each atom gets to count all the atoms in

the bond

OCO

8 valence electrons

Page 46: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

How to draw them

• Add up all the valence electrons.• Count up the total number of electrons to

make all atoms happy.• Subtract.• Divide by 2• Tells you how many bonds - draw them.• Fill in the rest of the valence electrons to fill

atoms up.

Page 47: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Examples

• HCN C is central atom• N - has 5 valence electrons wants 8• C - has 4 valence electrons wants 8• H - has 1 valence electrons wants 2

• HCN has 5+4+1 = 10

• HCN wants 8+8+2 = 18• (18-10)/2= 4 bonds• 3 atoms with 4 bonds -will require multiple bonds -

not to H

Page 48: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

HCN

• Put in single bonds• Need 2 more bonds• Must go between C and N

NH C

Page 49: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

HCN Put in single bonds Need 2 more bonds Must go between C and N Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add

NH C

Page 50: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

HCN Put in single bonds Need 2 more bonds Must go between C and N Uses 8 electrons - 2 more to add Must go on N to fill octet

NH C

Page 51: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Polar Bonds

• When the atoms in a bond are the same, the electrons are shared equally.

• This is a nonpolar covalent bond.• When two different atoms are connected,

the atoms may not be shared equally.• This is a polar covalent bond.• How do we measure how strong the atoms

pull on electrons?

Page 52: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Electronegativity

• A measure of how strongly the atoms attract electrons in a bond.

• The bigger the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond.

• 0.0 - 0.3 Covalent nonpolar

• 0.3 - 1.67 Covalent polar

• >1.67 Ionic

Page 53: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

How to show a bond is polar• Isn’t a whole charge just a partial chargemeans a partially positivemeans a partially negative

• The Cl pulls harder on the electrons• The electrons spend more time near the Cl

H Cl

Page 54: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Polar Molecules

Molecules with ends

Page 55: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Polar Molecules

• Molecules with a positive and a negative end• Requires two things to be true The molecule must contain polar bonds

This can be determined from differences in electronegativity.

Symmetry can not cancel out the effects of the polar bonds.

Must determine geometry first.

Page 56: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Is it polar?

• HF

• H2O

• NH3

• CCl4

• CO2

Page 57: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Intermolecular Forces

What holds molecules to each other

Page 58: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Intermolecular Forces

• They are what make solid and liquid molecular compounds possible.

• The weakest are called van der Waal’s forces - there are two kinds

• Dispersion forces• Dipole Interactions

– depend on the number of electrons – more electrons stronger forces– Bigger molecules

Page 59: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Dipole interactions

• Depend on the number of electrons

• More electrons stronger forces

• Bigger molecules more electrons

• Fluorine is a gas

• Bromine is a liquid

• Iodine is a solid

Page 60: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Dipole interactions

• Occur when polar molecules are attracted to each other.

• Slightly stronger than dispersion forces.

• Opposites attract but not completely hooked like in ionic solids.

Page 61: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Dipole interactions

• Occur when polar molecules are attracted to each other.

• Slightly stronger than dispersion forces.

• Opposites attract but not completely hooked like in ionic solids.

H F

H F

Page 62: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Dipole Interactions

Page 63: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Hydrogen bonding

• Are the attractive force caused by hydrogen bonded to F, O, or N.

• F, O, and N are very electronegative so it is a very strong dipole.

• The hydrogen partially share with the lone pair in the molecule next to it.

• The strongest of the intermolecular forces.

Page 64: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Hydrogen Bonding

HH

O+ -

+

H HO+-

+

Page 65: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Hydrogen bonding

HH

O H HO

HH

O

H

H

OH

HO

H

HO HH

O

Page 66: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

MOLECULAR SHAPES

OFCOVALENT

COMPOUNDS

Page 67: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

VSepR tHEORY

Page 68: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

What Vsepr means

Since electrons do not like each other, because of their negative charges, they orient themselves as far apart as possible, from each other.

This leads to molecules having specific shapes.

Page 69: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Things to remember

•Atoms bond to form an Octet (8 outer electrons/full outer energy level)

•Bonded electrons take up less space then un-bonded/unshared pairs of electrons.

Page 70: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.
Page 71: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Linear

•Number of Bonds = 2

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2

•Bond Angle = 180°

EXAMPLE:

BeF2

Page 72: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Trigonal Planar

•Number of Bonds = 3

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 3

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0

•Bond Angle = 120°

EXAMPLE:

GaF3

Page 73: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Bent #1

•Number of Bonds = 2

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 2

•Bond Angle = < 120°

EXAMPLE:

H2O

Page 74: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Bent #2

•Number of Bonds = 2

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 2

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1

•Bond Angle = >120°

EXAMPLE:

O3

Page 75: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Tetrahedral

•Number of Bonds = 4

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0

•Bond Angle = 109.5°

EXAMPLE:

CH4

Page 76: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Trigonal Pyramidal

•Number of Bonds = 3

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 4

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1

•Bond Angle = <109.5°

EXAMPLE:

NH3

Page 77: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Trigonal bIPyramidal

•Number of Bonds = 5

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 5

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 0

•Bond Angle = <120°

EXAMPLE:

NbF5

Page 78: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

OCTAHEDRAL

•Number of Bonds = 6

•Number of Shared Pairs of Electrons = 6

•Number of Unshared Pairs of Electrons = 1

•Bond Angle = 90°

EXAMPLE:

SF6

Page 79: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Metallic Bonds

• How atoms are held together in the solid.

• Metals hold onto there valence electrons very weakly.

• Think of them as positive ions floating in a sea of electrons.

Page 80: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Sea of Electrons

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

• Electrons are free to move through the solid.

• Metals conduct electricity.

Page 81: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Metals are Malleable

• Hammered into shape (bend).

• Ductile - drawn into wires.

Page 82: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Malleable

+ + + ++ + + +

+ + + +

Page 83: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.

Malleable

+ + + +

+ + + ++ + + +

• Electrons allow atoms to slide by.

Page 84: CHEMICAL BONDING IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS HYDROGEN BONDS METALLIC BONDS.