Check vocabulary for ielts

AII you need to poss your exoms!

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r5B N 978-0-230-03360-3

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i i

About this workbooklnt rod uct ionThis workbook has been wri t ten for students who are planning to si t ei ther the general t raining or theacademic modules of the IELTS exam. l t covers some of the main vocabulary points that you wi l l needfo[ or come across in, the l istening, reading, wri t ing and speaking sect ions of the exam.

We hope that you f ind the modules in this book useful and that the vocabulary you acquire wi l l helpyou to achieve the grade you want in the |ELTS.

Good luck !

Structu re of the lE LTS WorkbookEach vocabulary area is presented in the form of a sel f-contained module with task-based act iv i t ieswhich present each vocabulary item in a real context.

. Pages 1-53 focus on general vocabulary i tems which can be used in al l aspects of your Engl ish. Someof these are relevant to specif ic tasks in the IELTS exam (for example, descr ibing how somethingworks, wri t ing a let ter or descr ibing a table).

. Pages 54-101 focus on topic-specif ic vocabulary areas which may be required in the exam (forexample, educat ion, business and industry or global problems). Each module consists of three tasks:the f i rst two present vocabulary i tems in context, and the third gives you the opportunity to reviewthe vocabulary in the form of a gap-f i l l exercise.

Using the IELTS Workbook

You should not go through the modules mechanical ly. l t is better to choose areas that you areunfamil iar with, or areas that you feel are of specif ic interest or importance to yourself .

Recording VocabularyRemember that you should keep a record of new words and expressions that you acquire, and reviewthese on a regular basis so that they become a part of your act ive vocabulary.

Extending Your VocabularyAlso remember that there are other methods of acquir ing new vocabulary. For example, you shouldread as much as possible from a di f ferent var iety of authent ic reading mater ials (books, newspapers,magazines, etc).

Using an Engl ish Dict ionaryTo help you learn Engl ish, you should use an Engl ish dict ionary that can clear ly def ine words, provideinformation about grammar and give sample sentences to show how words are used in context. Youcan use any good learner 's Engl ish dict ionary with this workbook, but i t has been wri t ten using thematerial in the Macmillan English Dictionary.

Internat ional Engl ish Language Test ing System (IELTS)

This workbook has been wri t ten to help you improve your vocabulary when working towards thelnternational English Language Testing System (IELTS) examination. The IELTS English examination isadministered by the Universi ty of Cambridge Local Examinat ions Syndicate, The Bri t ish Counci l and IDPEducation Australia. For futher information, visit the vvww.ielts.org.uk website.

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PAGE TITLE

General VocabularY

1 Condi t ion

2 Changes 1

4 Descr ib ing & analYsing tables

6 How something works

7 Writing a letter

8 Present ing an argument

9 Contrast & comparison

1 0 Location

12 Join ing/becoming par t of something b igger' t 3 Reason&resu l t

14 General isat ions & sPeci f ics

16 Focusing at tent ion

17 Opin ion, at t i tude & bel ie f

18 StoPPing something

1 9 Time

20 Objects & actions

22 Likes & disl ikes

24 Obl igat ion & oPt ion

25 Success & fa i lure

25 Ownership, g iv ing, lending & borrowing

27 Groups

28 Around the world

30 Size, quant i tY & d imension

32 Shape & features

33 Emphasis & misunderstanding

34 Changes 2

36 Opposites

38 Addi t ion, equat ion & conclus ion

39 Task commands

40 Confusing words & false friends

44 Useful interview expresslons

45 Phrasal verbs 1

46 Phrasal verbs 2

48 Phrasal verbs 3

49 Phrasal verbs 4

50 Phrasal verbs 5

52 Spel l ing

Topic-specif ic Vocabula rY

54 Education

56 The media

58 Work

61 Money & f inance

63 Polit ics

65 The envi ronment

PAGE TITLE

67 Heal thcare

69 Travel

71 Cr ime & the law

73 Socia l tensions

75 Science & technologY

78 Food & diet

80 Chi ldren & the fami lY

82 On the road

84 The arts

87 Town & country

89 Architecture

92 Men & women

95 GeograPhY

97 Business & industrY

100 Global problems

Answers

102 Answers

123 VocabularY record sheets

iv

ConditionA. Look a t these sentences . They a l l use ' i f ' . Rewr i te each sentence, rep lac ing ' i f ' w i th thewords in hold. You may need to remove some of the other words.

1. You can borrow my dict ionary i f you return i t before you go home.

providing that

2. You can' t go to universi ty i f you don't have good grades.

unless

3. Pol lut ion wi l l get worse i f we cont inue to l ive in a throwaway society.

as long as

4. Many developed countr ies are wi l l ing to waive the Third World debt i f the money is reinvested in

educat ion and medicine.

on condition that

5. Some countr ies wi l l never be able to rect i fy their def ic i ts even i f they work very hard.

no matter how

6. Computers are di f f icul t things to understand, even i f you read a lot of books about them.

however many

7. Crime is a problem, even i f you go to relat ively safe countr ies.

wherever

B. Now rewr i te each sentence beg inn ing w i th the words in bo ld . For example :

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Providing thatyou return it before you go home, you can borrow my dictionary.

C. Comple te these sentences us ing an appropr ia te word or express ion f rom above and your

own ideas .

1. Br i t ish universi t ies wi l l acceot students from abroad

2. Working for a large company can be a ful f i l l ing experience

3. Most banks are happy to lend customers money

4. The government wi l l reduce income tax

5. The environmental s i tuat ion wi l l cont inue to worsen

6. There wi l l a lways be long wait ing l ists at our hospitals

7 . Travel l ing helps you understand more about the world around you

D, Some nouns can be used to express cond i t ion . Comple te these sentences 1-3 w i th one o fthe words f rom A, B or C.

'1 . Be ing ab le to d r ive is one o f the of the job of salesman.

A. prerequirements B. prerequisites C. presuiptions

2. Before you accept a job, i t is important that you agree with the

A. conditionals B. conditions C. conditioners

3 , l t i s a of the university that you attend an interview.

A. requirement B. requisite C. requiem

of the contract.

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Changes 1Look a t the pa i rs o f sen tences in 1 -20 and choose a verb f rom the box wh ich can be usedwi th bo th sentences . ln some cases , the mean ing o f the verb may change s l igh t ly . Then use ad ic t ionary to f ind o ther ob jec ts wh ich can be used w i th the verbs .

1. We need to these cars so disabled The country found i t hard to to thepeople can dr ive them. new government.

2. To make sure your car is safe, you should check He found i t hard toand the brakes on a regular tropical country.basis.

to l i v ing in a

3. You must the vol tage or the He decided to his appearance bysystem wi l l b low up. having plast ic surgery.

4. Our bi l ls wi l l be less i f wegas to electricity.

5. You can' tcontract once i t has been signed.

6. l t wi l l help your digest ion i f youyour diet.

7. We need todo l la rs .

from They had toAirport .

f l ights at Heathrow

the terms of the He wants to his appearance.

Prices of f lats from a few thousandto mi l l ions of pounds.

our pounds for You can usual lv goods which arefaulty i f you show the receipt.

8. We have had to our sales force Water wi l l when i t is f rozen.to cooe with the extra demand.

9. The price of oil will next year. Most bosses refuse towhen thev are asked.

2

adaPt o

exchange

renovate

ad jus t . a l te r .

. expand o fade. rep lacQ .

cure o demote o d isappear .

. i nc rease . p romote o reduce

swe l l . sw i tcho t rans fo rm

disso lve. renew. vary

sa lar ies

Changes 1

10. The management decided to thecompany and sel l the off ices.

the sugar in boi l ing water.

1 1. More and more people are moving to ci t ies to The wasp st ing caused his leg to up.the populat ion there.

12. The market for typewri ters wi l l probably_ The pol ice are baff led by the increasing numbercompletely in the next few years. of people who each year.

13. The old contract ran out and we had to _ Many people argue that i t 's fut i le toi t . old host i l i t ies.

14. They have received funds to the The house is in good structural condit ion, but weold bui ldings. need to the central heat ing system.

1 5. The boss offered to h im f rom Our main a im is tothe country.salesman to manager.

16. They wanted to me from lf we you, you wi l l lose a largemanager to salesperson. part of your salary.

17. l f you wash i t too much, the colour wi l l _ We watched the is lands awayinto the distance.

18. The company decided to the You must the books on the shelfpermanent staff with freelancers. when you have f inished with them.

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19. The doctors were unable toher i l lness.

20. Governments are try ing topo l lu t ion .

the meat in salt water forbetween three and five davs.

The best way to save money is tothe number of staff .

3

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Describing & analysing tablesA. Look a t the four tab les be low. These show demograph ic t rends in four d i f fe ren t count r iesbetween 1996 and 2000. The numbers on the le f t and r igh t o f each tab le show thenumber o f peop le in hundred thousands. Us ing the in fo rmat ion in these tab les , match sentences1-13 on the nex t page w i th the appropr ia te count ry . Use the words and express ions in bo ld toh e l p y o u .

KP{,j

Number o f peop le

under 1 8 years of age

Country 1: Lycia50454035302520t f

1 050

Country 2: Cil icia

=I l

Number of peopleover 65 years of age

ffiI] If l

HUIL]m

Number of deaths

fs:\ \ l

ISNumber o f

married people

mI / . / )l,/,/)

Number o fs ing le peop le

Country 3: Moesia

50454035302520t 51 0

50

504540

35302520l 5l 050

50454035302520l 5l 050

50454035302520t )

1 050

50454035302520t )

1 050

504540353025201 51 050

504540353025201 51 050

Country 4: Cappadocia

4

Describing & analysing tables1. ln which two countries was there a considerable discrepancy between married and single people between

1995 and 1998?

2. ln which country was there a constant and considerable discrepancy between married and singlepeople over the f ive-year period?

3. ln which country was there a sudden and noticeable difference between those under 18 and those over65 in 1998?

4. ln which country did the number of under-18s rise dramatically between 1996 and 2000?

5. ln which country did the number of under-18s increase slightly between 1995 and 2000?

6. In which country did the number of over-65s go up sharply between 1996 and 1998?

7. ln which country did the number of married people decline significantly overthe five-year period?

8. ln which country did the number of deaths decrease significantly between 1995 and 1999?

9. ln which two countr ies was there a sl ight decl ine in the number of marr ied people between 1998 and1999?

1 0 . l n w h i c h c o u n t r y w a s t h e r e a s h a r p d r o p i n t h e n u m b e r o f u n d e r - l S s b e t w e e n 1 9 9 7 a n d 1 9 9 8 ?

11. lnwh ichcount rywasthere as l igh t reduc t ion in thenumbero f deathsover the f ive-yearper iod?

12. ln which country was there a significant increase in the number of deaths between 1998 and 2000?

13. ln which country did the number of deaths remain constantover the five-year period?

B. Now look a t the tab le be low, wh ich shows the changes in economic ac t iv i t y in a town overa per iod o f f i ve years . The f igures on the le f t and r igh t show the number o f peop le invo lved inthese ac t iv i t ies , in thousands. Wr i te your own sentences to descr ibe the s i tua t ion in the townregard ing the number o f :

1. People employed in industry between 1996 and 2000.

2. People employed in retai l between 1996 and 2000.

3. People employed in publ ic services between 1999 and 2000.

4. People employed in tour ism between 1996 and 2000.

5. Unemployed between 1998 and 2000.

6. People employed in industry compared with those in retai l in 1996.

7. People employed in industry between 1998 and 1999.

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Number of peoplein indus t ry

Number of people Number of semi-skil led / skil led Number of people

in indus t ry peop le in pub l i c serv ices ( inc lud ing in tour ismpolice, doctors, bus drivers, etc )

t7)t / / )l/,/)

Number ofunemproyeo

r 09

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0

1 0

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

I

0

1996 1997 1 998 1999 2000

5

How something worksL

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A. Look a t these sentences and dec ide wh ich ob jec t i s be ingwords in bo ld to he lp you. You w i l l f ind the ob jec ts h idden inthe page,

descr ibed in each one. Use thethe word gr id at the bottom of

1 . The most important part of this object is a strip of two different metals, one on top of the other. Asthey heaf up, both metals expand, but one does it faster than the other. The strip bends and connectswith a switch, which turns off the power supply. When the strip cools down, the metals contract andthe switch is disconnected. (1word)

This object has several component parts, most of which are made of plastic. A disc inserted into theobject sptns quickly. At the same time a thin beam of light strikes the disc and converts digital symbolsinto sounds. These sounds can be increased or decreased in volume bv means of a button or dial.(3 words)

Liquid and gas arc compressed in a hard metal tube. This can be released by pushing or squeezinga button which opens a valve. When the l iquid-gas combinat ion /eayes the tube and is mixed withoxygen, it rapidly expands. (1 word)

This object is mainly made of aluminium. As it rnoves forward, air flows over two horizontal sections.As it acce/erates, a vacuumisformed over the horizontal sections and the object is pulled into the airby the force of this vacuum. (1 word)

This object consists of two main parts; one is made mainly of plast ic and metal , the other is mademainly of glass. Light enters the glass sect ion and a smal l door in the device opens up when a buttonis pressed. At the same time, a smaller window called an aperture adjusts itself to control the amountof l ight. The l ight is then absorbed by a sheet of plast ic coated in a special chemical. An image isformed and this can then be processed and developed into a two-dimensional paper-based object.(1 word)

A sharp blade inside a plastic container rotates very quickly. lt chops or grinds anything it touches,which we can then use lo produce soup, sauces and dressing. (2 words)

This is a very simple object which or iginated in China. A smal l piece of paper is / i t wi th a match. l tburns away unt i l the f lame rgnites the chemical compound inside a cardboard tube. The result is adisplay of l ight and colour. (1 word)

2.

3 .

4.

6 .

7 .

a c A R E N G I N E W E R T T Y U

A s D F G H J K t z X c V B o N M

B A L L P o I N T P E N A a A c W

a W E R F o o D P R o c E s s o R

B T Y U I o P A D s A G R K T M J

I A M N B K E T T L E V o c E P T

c E c X z L K J H G F D 5 5 R U H

Y R s A P o I U Y T R E o E W T E

c o M P A c T D 5 c P L A Y E R

L P L K J H G F D s A a W E R R M

E L G H T B U L B M N B V c X oc A M E R A I F R E W o R K U sL N K I H G F D s A a W E R T Y T

T E L E V s I o N T Y U I o P A

M I c R o W A V E o V E N N G E T

B. There are n ine more ob jec ts h idden in the gr id .descr ip t ion o f how they work , us ing the bo ld wordsmore usefu l words in the answer key (on page 103) .

Choose four ol them and wri te a br iefand express ions above. There are some

6

Writing a letterA. Be low, you w i l l see e leven common s i tua t ions tha t peop le encounter when they are wr i t inga fo rmal le t te r . Choose the sentence or phrase (A , B or C) tha t wou ld be most appropr ia te ineach s i tua t ion .

1. You are wri t ing a let ter to the headteacher of a school or col lege, but you don't know their name.How do you begin your let ter?A. Dear headteacher B. Dear Sir / Madam C. Dear 5ir

2. You have received a let ter f rom the manager of a company which buys computer components fromyour company, and you are now replying. What do you say?A. Thank you for your letter. B. Thanks a lot for your letter. C. It was great to hear from you.

3. You recently stayed in a hotel and were very unhappy with the service you received. You are nowwri t ing to the manager. What do you say?A. I had a horrible time at your hotel recently. B. I would like to say that I am unhappy aboutyour hotel. C. I would like to complain about the service I received at your hotel recently.

4. You have sent a let ter of appl icat ion to a col lege, together with your curr iculum vi tae which thecol lege requested. What do you say in the let ter to explain that your curr iculum vi tae is attached?A. You asked for my curriculum vitae, so here it is. B. As you can see,l've enclosed mycurriculum vitae. C. As you requested, I enclose my curriculum vitae.

5. You have appl ied for a job, but you would l ike the company to send you more information. Whatdo you say?A. I would he grateful if you would send me more information. B. I want you to send me moreinformation. C. Send me some more information, if you don't mind.

6. In a letter you have written to a company, you tell them that you expect them to reply. What do you say?A. Write back to me soon, please. B. Please drop me a line soon.C. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

7. In a let ter you have wri t ten, you want the recipient to do something and are thanking them inadvance of their act ion. What do you say?A. Thank you for your attention in this matter.. B. Thanks for doing something about it.C. I am gratified that you will take appropriate action.

8. The company you work for has received an order from another company and you are wri t ing to themto acknowledge the order and let them know when you can del iver. What do you say?A. About the order you sent on 12 January for.... B. I would like to remind you of the orderyou sent on 12 January for... C. I refer to your order of 12 January

9. In a lette[ you explain that the recipient can contact you if they want more information. What do you say?A. Give me a call if you want some more information. B. If you would like any moreinformation, please do not hesitate to contact me. C. If you would like any more information,why not get in touch?

10. You began a let ter with the recipient 's name (e.9., Dear Mr. Perr in). How do you end the let ter?A. Yours faithfully B. Yours sincerely C. Best wishes

1 1. You did not begin the letter with the recipient's name (see number 1 above). How do you end the letter?A. Yours faithfully B. Yours sincerely C Best wishes

B. Look a t these sentences and dec ide i f they are t rue or fa lse .

1. Formal let ters are always longer than informal let ters.

2. In a formal let ter i t is acceptable to use col loquial Engl ish, s lang and idioms.

3. ln a formal letter it is acceptable to use contractions (e.9., l 've instead of I have)

4. ln a formal let ter you should include your name and address at the top of the page.

5. ln a formal let tel you should always wri te the date in ful l (e.9., 1 Apri l 2000 and not 1/4/00).

6. In a formal let ter, you should always put your ful l name (e.9., James Harcourt and not J. Harcourt)after your signature at the bottom of the letter.

7. Formal let ters do not need to be broken into paragraphs. l t is acceptable to wri te them as onecont inuous paragraph.

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Presenting an argumentA. Read the tex t be low, in wh ich somebody is t ry ing to dec ide whether to go s t ra igh t toun ivers i ty f rom schoo l , o r spend a year t rave l l ing around the wor ld . Put the i r a rgument in tothe cor rec t o rder , us ing the key words and express ions in i ta l i cs to he lp you. The f i rs t one andlas t one have been done fo r you .

A (1) l 'm real ly in two minds about what to do when I leave school. Should I go straight to universi tyor should I spend a year travel l ing around the world?

B. It is often said that knowledge is the key to powe4 and I cannot disagree with this.

C. On the one hand, I would experience lots of different cultures.

D. Unfortunately, another point is thatif I spent a year travelling I would need a lot of money.

E. And l 'm not alone in this opinion. Many consider a sound career and a good salary to be animportant goal.

F. However, it could be argued that I would also meet lots of interesting people while I wast rave l l ing .

G. Secondly, i f I go straight to universi ty, l ' l l learn so many things that wi l l help me in my future l i fe.

H. First of a/I, there are so many benefits of going straight to university.

l . But I bel ieve that i t would be easy to make a bi t whi le I was travel l ing, giv ing Engl ish lessons orworking in hotels and shops.

J. Moreover, l ' l l be able to take part in the social activities that the university offers, and meet lotsof new fr iends who share the same interests.

K. The most important point is that the sooner I get my qualifications, the quicker l ' l l get a job andstart earning.

L. Nevertheless, these inconveniences would be an inevi table part of t ravel l ing and would begreat ly outweighed by the other advantages.

M. In my opinion, starting work and making money is one of the most important things in life.

N. On the other hand, I could end up suffering ,from culture shock, homesickness and some strangetrooical diseases.

O. Furthermore, if I spent a year travelling, I would learn more about the world.

P. (16) Al l r ight, I 've made my mind up. NoW where's my nearesttravel agency?

B. Us ing the key words and express ions in i ta l i c f rom the las t exerc ise , p resent an argumentfo r one o f the fo l low ing issues :

1. A government 's main pr ior i ty is to provide educat ion for i ts people.

2. The only way to save the environment is for governments to impose str ict quotas on the energy weuse (for example, by restr ict ing car ownership, l imit ing the water we use).

3. Sat isfact ion in your job is more important than the money you earn.

4. Liv ing in a town or ci ty is better than l iv ing in the countryside.

5. l t is our responsibi l i ty to help or look after those less fortunate than ourselves ( for example, thehomeless, the mental ly i l l ) .

8

Contrast & com pa risonComple te these sentences w i th the most appropr ia te word or express ion f rom A, B or C. t

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1. The two machineso n o i l .

A. differ

2 The

3. Many people cannot

A. differ

4. Chi ldren must be taught to

A. differ

5. There is a

7. The management must not

A. differ

considerably. One has an electr ic motol the other runs

B. differentiate C. differential

in weather between the north and the south of the country is verynot iceable.

A. comparison B. contrast C. compare

between lemon juice and l ime juice.

B. differentiate C. contrast

between r ight and wrong.

C. distinguish

between being interested in pol i t ics and joining a pol i t ical

B. contrast

6. Can you tel l the

A. difference B. differentiate C. contrast

party.

A. distinguish B. distinctive C. distinction

between a good boss and a bad one?

C. common

to mine .

C. identical

C. distepancy

B. contrast

between male and female appl icants.

C. disqiminate

8. Asia covers a huge area. , Europe is very smal l .

A. By way of contrast B. By ways of comparing C. By similar means

9. The new model of car is verv to the old one.

A. same

10. Her po l i t i ca l op in ions are

A. same

B. similar

11. Some pol i t ical part ies have such simi lar manifestoes that they are di f f icul t to

A. tell apart B. say apart C. speak apart

1 2 . M y f r i e n d s a n d l e n j o y d o i n g m a n y o f t h e s a m e t h i n g s . l n t h a t r e s p e c t , w e h a v e a l o t

A. in similar

13. There seems to be a large

B. in parlicular C. in common

between the number of people employed inservice industr ies, and those employed in the pr imary sector.

B. exactly

A. discriminate B. disqetion

14. Bri t ish and Austral ian people share the same language, but in other respects they are as di f ferentas

A. cats and dogs B. chalk and cheese C. salt and pepper

15. Bri tain 's economy is largely based on i ts industry,ago i t was an agrar ian country.

9A. while B. whereas C. whereby

a few hundred years

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Locat io nA. Look a t th is d iagram and comple te the sentences oppos i te us ing the express ions l i s tedbe low. In some cases , more than one answer i s poss ib le .

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. . .d i rect ly opposi te. . .

. . .on the r ight-hand side of . . .

. . . in c lose proximity to. . .

. . . to the lef t of . . .

. . . to the r ight of . . .

. . .at the bottom of. . .

. . . in the bottom r ight-hand corner of . . .

. . .surrounded by. . .

. . . in the top lef t -hand corner of . . .

. . .exact ly in the middle of . . .

. . .stands outside.. .

halfway between...

. . . in the bottom lef t -hand corner of . . .

. . .at r ight angles to/perpendicular to. . .

. . . rough ly in the midd le o f . . .

. . .on the lef t -hand side of . . .

. . .para l le l to . . .

. . .a t the top o f . . .

. . . in the top r ight-hand corner of . . .

10

Locat io n

1. ftre 9 is

--nt . 1 6 9 = l t S

3. rhe & is

4. rhe ? is

s. rhe Q is

ths @. to. the E is

the q) . 11 ' The l * is

1s. The P is

16. rhe i l ' t

the diagram. 18. rhe t l$i is

the diagram . 19. rhe Jl

the diagram.

.n" I .

the d iagram.

the d iagram.

the d iagram.

the d iagram.

the d iagram.

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6. rne H isthe p .

7. the 4 is

8. ftre @ is

9. the fil is

B. How we l l do you know your count ry? Wr i te the name o f a c i ty , town, v i l lage ori s l a n d w h i c h . . .

is s i tuated in the middle of your country.

is bui l t on the slopes of a mountain.

is located on the coast.

stands on a cape or peninsula.

is bui l t on the edge of a r iver or lake.

is a two-hour journey by car or bus from the capital .

is a short distance off the coast.

is about 10 mi les (approximately 16 ki lometres) from your home

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try to use new vocabulary items whenever possible.

11

12 . r he * * * . t " t l . r eO6)C) .Ine oragram.

t3. The X is the E.the d iagram.

the E.

the -* and

14. The id is

tr'" {\.

the d iagram' 12. f t re I is

town.

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Joinin glbecoming part of something biggerThe sentences be low a l l con ta in a word or express ion in i ta l i cs wh ich is re la ted to the idea o f two

o i ro r " th ings jo in ing together , somet imes w i th the resu l t tha t they be .come par t o f someth ing

Uigg" r . f tow6ver , t t r iwo ids and express ions have a l l been pu t in to the wrong _sentence. Put

th6 i r ln to the i r cor rec t sen tence. In some cases , more than one answer i s poss ib le '

A . Move the verbs in to the r igh t sen tences .

1. His salary is merged to the cost of l iv ing, and increases on an annual basis.

2. The Internat ional Book Associat ion blended with Universal Press in 1999 to form the Internat ional

Press.

3. To get a better finish, he swallowed up the two paints together'

4. The firm integrated with its main competitor in the battle to win more customers.

5. The suggest ions from al l the committees were took over into the main proposal.

6. The immigrants faced hostility when they were first incorporated into the community.

7. A lot of students had problems before they amalgamated into college life.

g. When the large internat ional col lege got together the smal ler school, a lot of people lost their jobs.

9. The students t inked one evening and decided to protest about their s i tuat ion.

10. A large internat ional company assimi lated our f i rm last month and started making immediate

cnanges.

B. Move the nouns in to the r igh t sen tences .

1. fhe al toy between England and France came close to breaking down many t imes during the

nineteenth centurY.

2. The synthesrs between England and Scotland is over 300 years old.

3. ln 2003, the three regional organizat ions responsible for helping homeless people formed a nat ional

blend to help and support one another.

4. Brass is a wel l -known al l iance of copper and zinc.

5. Water is a coalition of hydrogen and oxygen.

6. The plan is a unification of several earlier proposals'

L The merger of ltaly did not occur until the second half of the nineteenth century.

g. The company made its fortune by selling a popular union o'f coffee.

9. The propose d federation of the Liberal and Labour Parties in the election was cause for much ridicule.

10. As a result of the compound with the other company, Flax International became the largest in its field.

12

Reason & resultA. Jo in the f i rs t par t o f a sentence in the le f t -hand co lumn wi th a second par t f rom ther igh t -hand co lumn, us ing an appropr ia te express ion showing reason or resu l t f rom thecent ra l co lumn. In some cases , more than one o f the express ions f rom the midd le i s poss ib le .

1 . The po l i ce asked h im h is , . .

2 . He fa i led h is exam. . .

3. A persistent cough.. .

4 . . 5he s ta r ted harangu ingthe crowd.. .

5 . Hespent thewho leweekendrev is ing . . .

5. They came in quiet ly. . .

7 . He re f used to lendanyone money,. .

8. The bank manager refusedto lend the companymore money.. .

9. The school was forcedto close.. .

10. What were your. . .

1 1 . What a re the . . .

12. Stress and overwork can.. .

13. The army attacked withoutcons ider ing the , , ,

14. He fai led to send off hisappl icat ion form and.. .

15. Riots and street f ight ing.. .

B. Now complete these sentences wi th an appropr ia te express ion f rom the centra l co lumn ofthe tab le above.

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1 .

2 .

3 .

4.

5 .

5 .

People often do things without considering the

The government raised the income tax rate



When quest ioned, many racists cannot give a logical

their act ions.

curb inf lat ion.

curb ing in f la t ion .

the rapidly rising rate of inflation.

their at t i tudes

Panic buying

He was arrested

The family was forced to economise

The fumes from motor traffic

when the stock market crashed.

towards other racial groups,

7. The soaring cr ime rate alarmed the pol ice superintendent andzero-tolerance pol ic ing pol icy.

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

he was a danger to others and himself .

go heavi ly into debt.

. . ,pass his exams

.. .wake anyone

was unable to enrol l forthe course

.. .upsett ing me l ike that?

.. .his lack of revision

.. .start ing a r iot

its low turnover and poorsales history

.. i ts act ion

when the police officers ontr ial were acquit ted

.. .a large earthquake?

.. .people rarely repay a loan

.. .seek professional medicalhe lp

dif ferent people indifferent ways

.. .poor student attendance

.. .speeding through the town

people in many di f ferent ways.

adopt a

13

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Generalisations &A. Match the sentences in the l i s t be low w i th an appropr ia te sentence in the l i s t oppos i te . Theunderl inedexpressions in the f i rst l ist should have a simi lar meaning to the words or expressionsin bold in the second l ist .

FIRST LIST

1. Small items of information are very important in a curriculum vitae.

2. I need to have precise information about your new proposals.

3. The plan was unable to go ahead because of a small impoftant detailwhich is important in order tomake something happen.

4. He demanded to know the small, precise and sometimes unimportant details.

5. When you read a piece of text in the exam, you should read it quickly first to get the qeneral idea.

6. Before you write an essay, you should plan it first and give a broad description without giving muchdetail.

7. Odd features or details which make something different make the world a more interesting place.

8. Saying that all seventeen-year-olds take drugs is a bit of a genetalslatement..

9. Many cars have very similar typicalfeatures.

10. The huge r ise in computer sales is a good example of the direct ion in which technology is heading.

11. Normally, most students sitting the exam manage to pass with a good grade.

12. The new library shows a good example of British architecture at its best.

13 . Beforeyout rave l somewhere , i t i s impor tan t tomakeadeta i led l i s to f th ings tha tyouneedto take .

14. French fries with mayonnaise is a dish which is an odd feature or detail of Belgian cuisine.

15. The art ic le shows as an example his views on the way the company should develop.

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try to use new vocahulary items whenever possible.

specifics

14

Generalisations & specificsGIo5o-o_

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B.

SECOND LIST

A. Please let me have the specifics as soon as possible.

(-

E.

F.

lt's very frustrating when a minor technicality puts a stop to your plans.

ln the same way, kimchii is a concoction of cabbage, chi l l i and garl ic which is peculiar to Korea.

D. You should include full details of your past experience.

Once you have an outline, you will discover that your work is easier to organise.

We must be careful not to make this kind of generalisation.

G. l temize everything in order of importance, beginning with your passport and visa.

H. As far as he was concerned, the minutiae could not be overlooked.

l. Most manufacturers are aware that these characteristics are what help sell their product.

J. lt also provides us with an accurate illustration of the advances we have made in the last twentyyears.

It i l lustrates his preference for increased automation.

Once you have the gist , i t should be easier to understand i t .

I t exempl i f ies the style that is becoming increasingly popular with town planners.

ln general, the average result is a B or C.

C For example, it is one of the peculiarities of the British system that judges and lawyers wear wigs incourt .

l'/

B. Wr i te a l i s t o f the words and express ions in bo ld above. Put themwhether they are ta lk ing about genera l th ings or spec i f i c th ings . Tryword in a sentence o f your own.

in to two groups based onto g ive examples o f each


15

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Focusing attentionA. Rear range the le t te rs in bo ld to fo rm words wh ich are used to focus a t ten t ion on someth ing .They a l l end w i th the le t te rs -LY. Wr i te the words in the gr id underneath . l f you do i t cor rec t ly ,you w i l l f ind another word used to focus a t ten t ion in the bo ld ver t i ca l box .

1. They reduced pol lut ion pislmy by banning cars from the ci ty centre during the rush hour.

2. The strange weather at the moment is gaerl ly due to the El Nifro phenomenon.

3. We're examining i i lmprary the f inancial aspects of the case.

4. People i lnamy go on hol iday in the summer.

5. The library is veceslxuily for the use of students and staff.

6. lt 's a ilaptarrculy difficult problem which we hope to resolve as soon as possible.

7. The advertisement is elcifipcsaly aimed at people over 50.

8. Some western countr ies, otbanly Canada and the United States, have a very high standard of l iv ing.

9. The staff are stomly women of about twenty.

10. Our tr ip to Poland was rpeluy an educat ional v is i t .

11. My home town is famous hf iecly for i ts large number of schools and col leges.

The word in the bold vert ical box f i ts into this sentence:

The company t rades in the Fa r Eas t .

B. D iv ide the words aboves9W and one group be ingsomething.

in to two groups , one group be ing the words wh ich mean on ly o rthe words which mean in most cases , normally or the main reason for

Only or solelyIn most cases, normally or the main

reason for something

16

Opinion, attitude & beliefA. The words in i ta l i cs in the fo l low ing sentences are a l l used to ta lk about op in ion and be l ie f .However , the words are grammat ica l l y incor rec t ( fo r example , a noun has been used ins teadof an ad jec t ive , o r a verb has been used ins tead o f a noun, e tc . ) , o r somet imes a noun hasbeen used wh ich has the wrong mean ing . Put the words in to the i r cor rec t fo rm.

1. ln my opinionated, technology is moving too quickly.

2. As far as I am concerning, happiness is more important than money.

3. Scientists are convincingly Ihat human degradation of the environment is causing thousands ofsoecies to become extinct.

4. The government are regardless the Third World debt as a major barr ier to global economicdevelopment.

5. Hundreds of people called the television station to register their drsapprove of the presenter'sbehaviour.

6. She marnfenance that most young people would rather work than go to school.

7. Do you reckoning that there will be an election in the next two years?

8. We strongly suspicion that the proposal to develop the computer faci l i t ies wi l l not go ahead.

9. I doubtful that the new government wi l l keep al l i ts promises.

10. Do you disapproval of smoking?

11. l take strong except to people coming late or cancel l ing appointments at short not ice.

12. A lot of people arefanat ic about sport in general and footbal l in part icular.

13. Br i t ish health inspectors are obsession about cleanl iness in restaurant ki tchens.'14. After years of struggle, the moderations have gained control of the party.

15. He has very conservatism views and disapproves of change.

15. The government are commitmentto the struggle to end inst i tut ional racism in the pol ice force.

17. She was dedicat ion to her family and would do anything to protect them.

18, They come from a strongly tradi t ion family who st i l l bel ieve in arranged marr iages.

B. Put these nouns and ad jec t ives , wh ich descr ibe peop le 's be l ie fs , under the most appropr ia tehead ing in the tab le . Can you th ink o f any o ther words or express ions tha t you cou ld add?

o p i n i o n a t e d . a r e p u b l i c a n r p r a g m a t i c . a M u s l i m . a n i n t e l l e c t u a l

a r e v o l u t i o n a r y . t o l e r a n t o a m o r a l i s t . n a r r o w - m i n d e d . b i g o t e d

open-minded . a vegan . le f t -w ing . r igh t -w ing . a soc ia l i s t . a roya l i s t

a Buddh is t . a conserva t ive . a l ibera l . a communis t . a vegetar ian . dogmat ic

m o r a l . a f a s c i s t . r e l i g i o u s . a H i n d u . m i d d l e - o f - t h e - r o a d . a n a n a r c h i s t . a s t o i c

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Personal convictions and philosophies

17

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Stopping somethingFor each o f the examples 1-15 , choose an appropr ia te verb f fom the box wh ich bes t f i t s thedescr ip t ion and can be used in the sample senten€e.

1. To cut out part of a document, a computer f i le, etc.To stop your hard disk becoming too full, you shouldprogrammes.

any unwanted

2. To off ic ial ly end a law so that i t is no longer val id.

The new government Bill seeks to the existing legislation.

3. To discourage someone from doing something.The threat of severe punishment didn't the thieves from striking again.

4. To persuade someone not to do something.The college tries tofor them.

students from entering exams which are not suitahle

5. To annul or cancel a contract or agreement.The committee decided to its earlier resolution on the use of itsprem$es.

5. To l imit or suddenly stop something, such as a person's freedom.

The military government attempted toarresting its leaders.

the democracy movement by

7. To end something suddenly and f inal ly.

The Cornucopian government decided to

8, To refuse something which is offered.

relations with Utopia.

You should never a good job when it's offered to you.

9. To decide not to support or be part of a project or activity after you have agreed to do so.

We decided todifficulty.

when we discovered the company was in financial

10. To state that something is not correct.Before his trial, his lavvyer advised him to embezzling company funds.

11 . To s top someth ing wh ich has been p lanned.

There is no refund if youdate of the departure.

your holiday less than three weeks before the

12. To make a judgment or rul ing no longer val id.

He applied for a judicial review to

13. To stop doing something that you have done for qui te a long t ime.

You should smoking if you want to feel healthier.

14. To stop something which has been going on for a long t ime.

They agreed to their long-standing dispute.

15. To take something away.I would he grateful if you would

the verdict.

back out . sever . quash . suppress .

remove o turn down o pUt an end to

deter . d issuade .

o delete . repeal .

g ive uP ' cancel

rescind . denv

18my name from your mailing list.

Ti meA. Use the t ime c lauses in the boxes to comple te the sentences . Pay par t i cu la r a t ten t ion to thewords tha t come before or a f te r the t ime c lause.

Part 1 : One act ion or s i tuat ion occurr ing before another act ion or s i tuat ion.

tcto5o-o

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pr io r t o . p rev ious l y . ea r l i e r . f o rmer l y . p recede . by the t ime

1 .

2 .

3 .

the advent of the Industr ial Revolut ion, pol lut ion was vir tual ly unheard of.

the army had restored order, the city had been almost completely devastated.

known as Burma, the republ ic of Myanmar is undergoing a slow and painful

a blizzard.A

5 .

6 .

ool i t ica I t ransformation.

A sudden drop in temperature wi l l usual ly

I t was my f i rst t r ip on an aeroplane. l 'd always gone by train.

The Prime Minister made a speech praising chari ty organisat ions working in Mozambique.that day he had promised massive economic aid to str icken areas.

Par t 2 : One ac t ion or s i tua t ion occur r ing a t the same t ime as another ac t ion or s i tua t ion .

1 . the minister was making his speech, thousands of demonstrators took to

the speech they jeered and shouted slogans.

the streets.

The minister cont inued speaking. the police were ordered onto the streets.

He f inished the speech with a word of praise for the pol ice.throwing bott les and br icks, and the r iot began.

people began

)

3A! .

while/asijust as o during/throughout r at that very moment r in the meantime/meanwhile

Par t 3 : One ac t ion or s i tua t ion occur r ing a f te r another ac t ion or s i tua t ion .

af te rwards . as soon as / once / the minu te tha t fo l low ing

1

)

3 .

the earthquake, emergency organisat ions around the world swung into act ion.

the stock market collapsed, there was panic buying on an unprecedented scale.

the area became pract ical lyThe Klondike gold rush lasted f rom 1896 to 1910.deserted overnight.

B . Look a t these words and express ions andthe pas t , (2 ) the pas t lead ing to the present ,sentence fo r each one.

dec ide i f we usua l ly use them to ta lk about (1 )(3) the present or (4) the future. Try to wri te a

for the next few weeks . as things stand . ever since . in medieval t imes

nowadays . from now on . back in the 1990s . over the past six weeks

over the coming weeks and months r in another f ive years' t ime . one day

in those days . a few decades ago . lately . at this moment in t ime

at the turn of the century . in my childhood / youth . at this point in history

by the end of this year . for the foreseeable future . for the past few months

last century o these days . f rom 1995 to 1998 . sooner or la ter

19

LG=.ctGrJo

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Obj ects & actionsA. The words in the box descr ibe the ac t ions o f the th ings in 1 -37 . Match each ac t ion w i th theth ing i t descr ibes .

evapora te .exp lode .change .me l t . fade .bounce

crumb le . t r i ck le . r i se . s ink . r i ng o con t rac t o c rack . escape

s t re tch . wobb le . congea l . bu rn o sp i l l o smou lder . e rup t . sp in

revo lve o se t . f l ow. s l i de . ro ta te . sp read . e rode . meander

tu rn .subs ide . f reezeog fow.expand .v ib ra te . f l oa t

1. The planet Earth moving round on i ts axis.

2. A washing machine in i ts f inal stage of a wash.

3. The moon moving around the Earth.

4. The CD-ROM tray on a computer base unit .

5. A house slowly sinking into soft ground.

6. Water slowly being converted into vapour.

7. Cooking fat becoming sol id on an unwashed plate.

8. Traffic moving smoothly along a motorway.

9. Water changing from a l iquid to a sol id because of the cold.

10. Glass changing from a sol id to a l iquid in very high heat.

11. A loose wheel on a car.

12. Gas coming out of a faul ty valve,

13. A rubber bal l hi t t ing the ground and going back into the air .

14. Loose windows in a window frame when a large vehicle passes nearby.

15. The populat ion of a town becoming bigger.

15. A T-shirt which has been washed so often it has lost its colour.

17 . The sun coming up in the morn ing .

18. The sun going down in the evening.

19. A wheel on a slow-moving train.

20. Traffic lights going from red to amber to green.

21. Cl i f fs being slowly destroyed by the sea.

22. Documents being laid out on a table.

20

Obj ects & actions23. A wide r iver winding through the countryside.

24. The sun turning people on a beach br ight red.

25. An incense st ick in the entrance to a temple.

26. A lump of dry earth being rubbed between somebody's f ingers.

27. Cold metal as it gets hotter.

28. Hot metal as it gets cooler.

29. A piece of elast ic being pul led so that i t becomes longer.

30. A window being hi t by a stone so that a long, thin break is formed.

31. Coffee fal l ing out of a cup by mistake.

32. A bomb suddenly blowing up.

33. An alarm clock suddenly going off .

34. A boat going to the bottom of a river.

35. Dead f ish ly ing on the surface of a pol luted lake.

35. A volcano throwing out lava and ash.

37. Orders for a new product arr iv ing at a company very slowly.

B . Severa l o f the words in the box on the prev ious page can have more than one mean ing . Useyour d ic t ionary to check wh ich ones , then comple te these sentences be low wi th an appropr ia teword . You w i l l need to change the fo rm o f most o f the words .

1. The queues for the embassy were so long theythe street.

al l the way down

2, "What do you think you're doing?" he angri ly.

3, The government decided that the best economic course would be to let the dol lar

4. Pr ices have been steadi ly al l year.

5. The l ight f rom the torch began to as the batteries ran out.

5. The twig loudly as he stood on i t .

7. After the rainstorms passed, the floodwaters gradually

8. The discussion around the problem of student accommodation.

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9. The doctor

10 . The car

his broken arm.

out of control on the icy road.

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Likes & d islikesA. Look a t the words and express ions in the box and dec ide i f they have a pos i t i ve connota t ion( fo r example , they te l l us tha t somebody l i kes someth ing) o r a negat ive connota t ion ( fo rexample , they te l l us tha t somebody d is l i kes someth ing) .

B . Now look a t these pa i rs o f sen tences . Somet imes, bo th sentences are cor rec t , somet imesone o f them is wrong ( fo r example , the cons t ruc t ion is wrong) o r i t does no t sound na tura l .Dec ide wh ich ones .

1. A. l t was wel l -known that he was loathed by the other teachers,

B. l t was wel l -known that the other teachers loathed him.

2. A. Sometimes I yearn for some t ime on my own.

B. Sometimes some t ime on my own is yearned for.

3. A. Sport is passionate about by a lot of people.

B. A lot of people are passionate about sport .

4. A. Animals are quite fond of by Bri t ish people.

B. Br i t ish people are quite fond of animals.

5. A. The first time I visited Venice, I was captivated by the city.

B. The f i rst t ime I v is i ted Venice, the ci ty capt ivated me.

6. A. Going to the cinema tonight is fancied by me.

B. I fancy going to the cinema tonight.

7. A. From a young age, the idea of t ravel l ing was keen on me.

B. From a young age I was keen on the idea of t ravel l ing.

8. A. I look forward to hearing from you soon.

B. To hearing from you soon I look forward.

9. A. l t is a wel l -known fact that students dread exams.

B. l t is a wel l -known fact that exams are dreaded by students.

l oa the .

fancy .

appea l to

fasci nated

yearn fo r . pass ionate about o

keen on o look fo rward too de tes{ r cannot s tand .

by o tempted by o disgust .

fond of o

. d read

repe l '

revol t .

capt ivated by. l ong f o r

at t racted to

cannot bear

22

Likes & dislikes10. A. Most chi ldren long for the long summer hol iday to arr ive.

B. The long summer hol iday is longed for by most chi ldren.

11. A. His sense of humour is appealed to by watching other people suffer.

B. Watching other people suffer appeals to his sense of humour.

12. A. Racism is real ly detested by me.

B. I real ly detest racism.

13. A. A lot of people cannot stand the long Bri t ish winters.

B. The long Bri t ish winters cannot be stood by a lot of people.

14. A. The idea of l iv ing in a cold country repels me.

B. I am repel led by the idea of l iv ing in a cold country.

15. A. She was attracted to the tal l , handsome man who had helped her.

B. The tal l , handsome man who had helped her attracted her.

16. A. I have always been fascinated by information technology.

B. lnformation technology has always fascinated me.

17. A. Were you tempted by his offer of a job in Austral ia?

B. Did his offer of a job in Austral ia tempt you?

18. A. His mannerisms and habits disgusted me.

B. I was disgusted by his mannerisms and habits.

19. A. Bigoted, arrogant people revolt me.

B. I am revolted by bigoted, arrogant people.

20. A. Gett ing up early in the morning cannot be born by me.

B. One thing I cannot bear is gett ing up early in the morning.


GIo5o-g

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23

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Obligation & optionA. Look a t sen tences 1-10 and dec ide i f the exp lanat ion wh ich fo l lows each one is t rue or fa lse .Use the words and express ions in bo ld to he lp you dec ide .

1. During the exam, a penci l and eraser are required.The people organising the exam will provide you with a pencil and an eraser.

2. Parents can be made l iable fortheir chi ldren,s debts.Parents may be legally responsible for the money their children owe.

3. He was obliged to pay back the money that he had won.He had the choice whether or not to pay back the money that he had won.

4. Students doing holiday jobs are exempt from paying income tax.Students doing holiday iobs pay a smaller amount of income tax than other peopte.

5. The United Nations voted to impose mandatory sanctions on the country.The United Nations imposed legatly-binding sanctions which had to be obeyed by everyone,without exception.

6. The doctors forced him to stop smoking.The doctors asked him to stop smoking.

7 ' lt was an emergency and she pressed the red button; there was no alternative.There was nothing else she could do; she had to set off the alarm by pressing the red button.

8. Classes on Wednesday afternoons are optional./t rs necessa ry to attend c/asses on Wednesday afternoons.

9. ltis compulsoryto wear a crash helmet on a motorcycle.It is your choice whether or not to wear a crash helmet when you ride a motorcycle.

10. The museum is asking visitors for a voluntary donation of f2.You don't need to pay E2 to visit the museum.

B. Comple te these sentences w i th an appropr ia te word or express ion f rom the exerc ise above.In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le .

1. Visi tors to the countrv are to declare any excess tobacco or alcoholimports to the customs officer.

2. l 'm afraid I have but to resign from the committee.

3. l f you are caught speeding, you wi l l be the payment of the f ine.4. Attendance at all classes is

end of the course.

5. Many ret i red people do

5. In some countr ies, there is a

7. For vis i tors to Bri tain from outside the European Union, a visa may be

8. He said he was innocent, but the pol ice

9. Most new cars come with

10. Chi ldren's clothes are

air-condit ion ing.

, otherwise you may not get a certificate at the

work in their local community.

death sentence for al l drug traf f ickers.

him to confess.

Don't forget-to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try to use new vocabulary it6ms whenever possible.

24

from VAT.

A. Match the f i rs t par t o f each sentence in the le f t -hand co lumn wi th i t s second par t in ther igh t -hand co lumn us ing an appropr ia te word f rom the cent ra l co lumn. These words shou ldco f foca te w i th the under l ined words in the r igh t -hand co lumn. In most cases , i t i s poss ib le touse the words in the cent ra l co lumn wi th more than one sentence.

S U C C E S S

rcto=o-g

oftocrtro-

Success & failure

1 The two warring countriesmanaged to . . .

Dur ing h is f i rs t year asPresident he managed to.. .

The company couldn' t af fordto move to new premises butwere able to. . .

He worked hard at his joband was soon able to. . .

The country badly needed toincrease its overall standardof l iv ing and attempted to.. .

After four years of hardwork, the motor racing teammanaged to . . .

He desperately wanted tostart a new job, but first ofa l l he had to . . .

Many people want to be r ichbut few.. .

I have a lot of plans, and oneof them is to. . .

. . .secure. . . . . .h is ambi t ions o f be ingpromoted to marke t ingmanager.

. . .my aims of doing wel l atschool and then going touniversity.

...an agreement for a new lease.

...its targets - those of freeeducat ion and healthcare -

within eight years.

...his obligations to his currentemproyer.

. . . the i r qoa l o f becomingmi l l iona i res .

. . . their dreams of winning theMonaco Grand Prix.

. . .a lot more than his predecessorhad in the previous f ive.

...a compromise over the termsfor oeace.

. . .accompl ish . . .

. . .a t ta i n . . .

. . .ach ieve . . .

6 .

. . . f u l f i 1 . . .

7 .

. . . rea l i ze . . .8 .

9 .reach

B. Comple te these sentences w i th an appropr ia te word or express ion f rom A, B or C.

FAILURE

1. The People's Foundat ion Party decided towith the Democratic Liberal Party.

A. abate B. abandon C. abhor

2. Peace talks between the two countries

A. collapsed B. collaborated C. collared

4. Our planned visi t to the Czech Republ ic

i ts plans to establ ish a coal i t ion government

, with neither side able to agree on terms.

when the inevi table impasse was reached.

C. fondled

because we were unable to get the visas.

with debts of over f 1 mi l l ion.

B. folded C. foiled

when the European Bank declared their

3. Progress in the talks

A. faulted

5. The company

A. faulted

B. faltered

A. fell over B. fell down C. fellthrough

6. Their plans to impose str icter import quotasact ions i l legal.

A. mistook B. mislead C. misfired

25

N O U N S

L

s5.ctGlr,

oI

oLocoCtl

Ownership, giving, & borrowinglend ingA' Comple te sentences 1-13 w i th an appropr ia te word f rom the box . In some cases , more thanone answer may be poss ib le .

1 .

2 .

The law ensures that respect the pr ivacy of the people who l ive ih thei i houses.

of restaurants across the country protested at the new government tax that wasput on food.

Private car were hi t the hardest when tax on petrol was increased.

The pr ice of commercial has almost doubled in the last four vears.

When the recession hi t , he was forced to sel l his 250-acre

Many fami l ies los t a l l the i r when the r iver f looded.

in the locker and give the key to the recept ionist .

need to rel inquish the off ices when the runs out at the end of the

protect famil ies who are thrown out of their homes because thev are unable to

3 .

+.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

Put your

We wil lyear.

def ic i t .

10 . A lo t o foff their

1 1 . T h e

9. They appl ied to the World Bank for a to help pay off their balance of payments

people lost their homes when the interest rate rose so much they were unable to pay

complained to the counci l that the house they were l iv ing in was overrunwith vermin.

12. The law does l i t t le topay the

13. Everybody is being asked to make a to help the vict ims of the disaster.

donat ion

mortgage

a possessions . lease o

o estate . propr ietors

owners e tenants. be long ings .

o rent o property

land lo rds . l oan

B. The words in bold have beenshou ld be long in . In some cases ,

put in to the wrong sentences. Decide which sentences theymore than one answer is poss ib le .

V E R B S

1. Banks wi l l refuse to rent money to anyone without suff ic ient col lateral .

2' lf you want to contribute a room in the centre of the city, you should be prepared to pay a lot ofmoney.

3. The best way to see the country is to provide a car from an agency for a cou ple of weeks.

4. Companies al locate from banks to f inance their business.

5. lt is not only the wealthy who provide for money to charities.

6. l t is our responsibi l i ty to /eave our parents when they get old.

7. The government wi l l tax you heavi ly for any money that your relat ives may lend for you in their wi l l .

8. Local councils will borrow free accom modation to the most needy on a f irst-come, first-served basis.

9. Chari t ies such asthe Red Crescent hirefree medical aid to areas hi t bv disasters.26

GroupsA. Put these words in to the tab le based on the group o f th ings they usua l ly re fe r to .

batch

SWarm

bunch

huddle

f lock .

set .

stack .

th rong o

o cast .

team .

gang '

shoa l /

l i t ter

crowd

school

o

a

a

. heap / p i le . company o

platoon . bundle . herd .

pack. s ta f f . g roup. c rew

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o6OJcttro-

People in general People working together An imals Objects

B. Comple te these sentences us ing one o f the words f rom the above task . In some cases , morethan one answer i s poss ib le .

1. After the elect ion, the huge2. The refugees sat in a smal l , t ight3. The f i rst pr ize was a4 The school is c losed because the5. The theatre benefited from a government grant.6. Fol lowing an outbreak of BSE, a of cows has been destroved.7. The company processed a of orders.8 . A of footbal l fans wandered around the street.breaking shop windows.

of the f i lm were nominated for Oscars.9 . Ha l f the10. They threw the weapons in a on the ground.

danced in the street.underneath some trees.

of cheap saucepans.are on str ike

of people pet i t ioned the Prime Minister outside his house.of f ish that had been caught were deemed inedible owing to pol lut ion in the

1 1 . A s m a l l1 2 . T h e

water.13. We were al l surpr ised when our dog gave bir th to a of puppies.14 . Cab in on aircraft are dr i l led in safety procedure.'15. As winter approaches, the16. Ha l f the foo tba l l

of geese f ly south to warmer cl imes.were sent off in disgrace.

17. The stars had di f f icul ty making their way through the of people outside the cinema.'18 . A of soldiers from the Third Infantry have been charged with human r ights abuses.19. The immigrant arr ived clutching nothing but a of personal possessions.2 0 . A of f lowers is always an acceptable gi f t i f you vis i t someone.21. We were unable to ooen the door because a of boxes was blocking i t .22. The women fel l on the surpr ised burglar l ike a of wi ld dogs.23. The harvest was destroyed by a huge of insects.

C. The fo l low ing words a l l re fe r to g roups o f peop le meet ing fo r a spec i f i c purpose. Match thewords w i th the i r de f in i t ions be low.

de lega t ion . t r i buna l . sympos ium. seminar . lec tu re o tu to r ia l

A. students l istening to a talk on a part icular subjectB. a group of representat ives ( for example, of a union) who want to explain something to someoneC. a student or smal l group of students who attend a teaching sessionD. a meeting organised to discuss a special ised subjectE. a smal l group of universi ty students discussing a subject with a teacherF. a specialist court outside the main judicial system which examines special problems and makes judgements

27

LG=.ct(u\Jo

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Around the worldA. Choose the correct geopol i t ical word in A, B or C to complete each of these sentences.

1 . Japan, Korea and the Ph i l ipp ines are a l l in the

A. Near East

2. The South Pole is si tuated in the

A. Arctic

B. Middle East C. Far East

B. Antarctic C. Antardica

3. New Zealand is part of

A. Australia B. Australasia C. Austria

4. Bangladesh is part of

A. the lndian subcontinent B. lndia C. Indiana

5. Nicaragua is a country in

A. North America B. South America C. CentralAmerica

6. Argent ina, Brazi l , Colombia, Panama and Honduras al l form part of

A. Latin America

7. Apartheid was abol ished in

A. southern Africa

B. Spanish America C. South America

in the 1990s.

B. North Africa C. South Africa

8. The United Kingdom and the Republ ic of l reland form a group of is lands known as

A. Great Britain B. England C. the British lsles.

9. The United Kingdom and the Republ ic of l reland form part of

A. Continental Europe B. Mainland Europe C. Europe

10. Kuwait , Oman and the United Arab Emirates form part of what is known

A. the West lndies B. the Gulf States C. the European lJnion

11. Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark are known col lect ively as


28

A. the Baltic Republics B. the Caribbean C. Scandinavia

Around the worldB. Change each count ry I a rea be low in to the na t iona l i t y and / o rpeop le who come f rom tha t p lace ( fo r example : Br i ta in = Br i t i sh) .appropr ia te space in the tab le . Be care fu l , because usua l ly we add orthe name o f the count ry be fore we add the end ing .

language spoken o f theWrite each word in theremove let ters to / f rom

rcto5o-gL

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Greece . Por tuga l . l re land . Be lg ium . F in land .

Wales . Scot land . Ho l land . Lebanon . Ma lays ia .

Sweden.Tha i land .Peru .Bang ladesh . l s rae l

l ran . Burma . Amer ica . Canada . Spa in .

Swi tzer land . Saud i Arab ia . Denmark o l rag o Aus t ra l ia

Kuwai t . Russ ia . Yemen . Ph i l ipp ines .

Eng land

Norwayo Japan

Turkeyo Mal ta

Po land

-ese

(e .9 . , Ch ina =Chinese)

-( i )an

(e,9., Brazi l =Braz i l ian)

- ish

(e.9., Br i tain =Bri t ish)

- l

(e.9., Pakistan= Pakistani)

- i c

(e.9., lceland= lcelandic)

Others

(e.9., France =French)

C. A qu ick qu iz . Answer these ques t ions .

1, What do we cal l a var iety of language spoken in a part icular area? ls i t an accent, a dialect or anidiom?

What is your mother tongue?

What do we cal l a person who is able to speak (a) two languages and (b) three or more languagesf luent ly?

4. With regard to your country, what is (a) the name of the cont inent in which i t is located, (b) the mainlanguage spoken and (c) the nat ional i ty of the people?

1z .

3 .

29

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Size, quantity & dimensionA. Look a t the fo l low ing l i s t and dec ide whether we are ta lk ing about someth ing b ig ( in te rmsof size, quant i ty or dimension) or something smalt .

1. a minute amount of dust

2. a minuscule piece of cloth

3. an enormous book

4. a mammoth job

5. a huge waste of time

6. a vast room

T.ag igant icwave

8. a tiny car

9. a monumental error

10. a colossa/ statue

14. a giant bui lding

15. a garganfuan meal

16. a wide avenue

17. a broad river

18. a fal/ man

19. a high mountain

20. a deep lake

21. a shallow pool

22. a long-distance journey

11. plenty of food 23. a vast crowd of supporters

24. tons of work12. dozens of times

13. a narrow alleyway 25. a great deal of time

B' Now complete these sentences us ing one of the express ions above, In some cases, morethan one answer is poss ib le .

1. Before you embark on , i t is essent ial that you are wel l -prepared.

2. We spent working on the plans for the new l ibrary.

3. l 've told you not to smoke in here.

must have blown into the camera and scratched the f i lm.

5. Villages along the coast were destroyed whenswept houses into the sea.

6. lt was

4.

30

going there; he didn' t even turn up.

caused by the earthquake

Size, quantity & dimension7. One of the Roman emperor Nero's greatest excesses was to build

himself in the ci ty centre.

8. Despite the poor harvest, there was

GIo=o-o-

onoctco-

of

9 .

10 .

to the south.

1 1. We ate

12. l t was

'13. We haveas possible.

'14. Loch Ness is

15 . The on ly ev idence wasthe garden.

I 6 . ' 5 u m o ' i s

Helmut NeMon.

1 7 , H e h a dand sat down at his desk.

18. The Matterhorn,t r ied to c l imb i t .

1 9 . H e m a d e

20. The manufacturers have bui l t

2 1 . T h e N E C i n B i r m i n g h a m i s

22 The main feature of the town is a

23. I could see the key gl i t ter ing at the bottom of

24. Legend spoke of

25.

for the whole populat ion.

cal led the Thames separates the ci ty of London from the suburbs

gathered to see their favouri te footbal l team.

and then lay down to rest.

and his voice echoed around the wal ls.

to do in the next few days, so I suggest we start as soon

in the Highlands of Scot land.

which was stuck on a branch of one of the trees in

conta i n i n g a I most 1,000 pictu res by the controversia I photog ra pher

to do, so took the phone off the hook, made himself some coffee

in Switzer land, has claimed the l ives of many who have

in his calculat ions and had to start al l over again.

which is ideal for gett ing around the ci ty.

which is used for concerts and exhibi t ions.

l ined with shops and caf6s.

dressed in gold, known as El Dorado.

ran along the side of the house to a garden at the rear. 31

Sha pe & f eatu resL(E5.ctoIJo

-GL.

ococtr

eB. (Shape) Look a t the fo l low ing l i s t o f words and dec ide what the cor rec t ad jec t ive fo rm is ,A , B o r C .

1. sphere

2. cube

3. cone

4. rectangle

5. triangle

6. circle

7. square

8. cylinder

A. spherous

A. cubed

A. conacular

A. rectanglous

A. triangular

A. circled

A. square

A. cylindrous

B. spherical

B. cubous

B. conous

B. rectanglis

B. trianglous

B. circulous

B. squaret

B. cylindal

C. spherocous

C. cubal

C. conical

C. rectangular

C. triangled

C. circular

C. squarous

C. cylindrical

C. (Features) Match the descr ip t ions on the le f t w i th the ob jec ts , geograph ica l fea tures , e tc . ,on the r igh t ,

1. a sharp edge with jagged teeth

2. steep, with a pointed peak

3. rol l ing, with undulat ing wheat f ie lds

4. curved, with a smooth surface

5. f lat , with words and dotted l ines

5. wavy, with blonde highl ights

7. meandering, with a calm surface

8. winding and bumpy, with deep potholes

9. hol low, with rough bark

A. a country road in very poor condit ion

B. somebody's hair

C. a very old tree

D. a kni fe

E. a slow-moving r iver

F. a mountain

G. a banana

H. agricul tural countryside

l. an appl icat ion form

A. (Shape) Match the words be low wi th the p ic tu re tha t bes t represents each word .

1. py ramid

7. rec tang le

cube 3 . c rescent

t r iang le 9 . square

5. cone

11 . cy l inder

2.

8 .

4. sp i ra l

10. c i rc le

6. sphere

12 . ova l

32

Emphasis & misunderstandingA. (Emphas is ) Match the sentences on the le f t w i th an appropr ia te sentence on the r igh t .

(clo=o-g

ot'toCFco-

A.

B.

c.

D.

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 ,

The minister 'semphasis on the word'peace'was not iceable.

Our guide accentuated the importance ofremaining calm i f there was trouble.

Our teacher explained that it was cruciallyimportant to pace ourselves while revisinqfor the exam.

At the People's Party conference, the accentwas on youth unemployment.

Prominent trade unionists have called for aboycott of imported goods.

It is of crucial importance that we makemore use of technology i f we are to makeprogress.

The government wi l l have to si t up andtake note of what these important peoplehave to say.

She emphasised the fact that panickingwould only make matters worse.

The leader gave prominence to the need tocreate better job opportunit ies.

We consider progress in this f ie ld to beextremely impoftant.

He put great stress on the maxim that 'All

work and no play makes Jack a dul l boy' .

He stressed again and again the importanceof an establ ished d6tente.

E.

B. (Emphas is ) Now comple teexerc ise . In some cases , more

these sentencesthan one answer

with an expression in bold from the abovemay be poss ib le .

2 .

1. Some medical t reatments

The revolut ion began when aassassi nated.

At the meeting of the Students' Counci l , theaccommodation.

5he the need to be ful ly

The Minister of Transport

I t is

She banged the table for

do very l i t t le to help the pat ient. In fact, in some cases, they onlythe pa in .

member of the rul ing party was

3 .

+ .

5 .

6 .

7 .

was on better standards of

prepared for al l eventual i t ies whi le travel l ing.

on the need for an integrated transport pol icy.

that we try to improve relations between our countries.

as she spoke.

C . ( M i s u n d e r s t a n d i n g )the box . In some cases ,

mlx -Up .

m isapprehens ion

Comple te sentences 1 -more than one answer

obscu reo mis taken

lmp reSs lOn '

con fus ion . assumedd is tor ted

. confused

9 w i th an appropr ia te word or express ion f romis poss ib le .

a

a

1 .

2.

3 .A

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .economic rather than

9. The press were under

She was

There were scenes of

We nearly didn' t catch our f l ight because

There are several

He was under the

The jury

They were

by the journal ist 's quest ions.

at the airport when the snowstorm stopped al l the f l ights.

He

o f a over the tickets.

points in his letter. lt 's not very clear.

the meaning of my speech, creat ing the false impression that I was a racist .

that social ism and communism were the same thing.

, wrongly,that he was innocent.

bel ief that the refugees were in the country forpol i t ical reasons.

the

in the

that the Prime Minister was about to resign.

33

L(u5.ctIEIJo

-GLq)coCtl

Changes 2A. Look a t these sentences and dec ide i f the s ta tement wh ich fo l lows each one is t rue or fa lse .Use the words and express ions in bo ld to he lp you dec ide .

1. The populat ion of the country has trebled in the last 25 years,

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of people living in the country.

2. Unemployment has dropped by about 2o/o every year for the last six years.

There has been a steady decrease in the number of people out of work.

3. The government has spent a lot of money improving roads around the country.

There has been a deterioration in the national road svstem.

4. The number of exam passes achieved by the school 's pupi ls has r isen by almost 50%.

There has been a decline in the number of exam passes.

5. American travel lers abroad have discovered that they can buy more foreign currency with theirdol lar.

There has been a weakening of the dollar.

6. l t is now much easier to import goods into the country than i t was a few years ago.

There has been a tightening up of border controls.

7. We're increasing our stocks of coal before the winter begins.

We're running down our stocks of coal. ,

8. Prices have gone up by about 4o/o ever! year since 1998.

There has been a constant rise in the rate of inflation.

9. The pass rate for the exam was 3% lower this year than it was last year.

There has been a sharp fall in the pass rate.

10. The al l iance are going to reduce the number of convent ional weapons in their armed forces.

The alliance are going to build up the number of weapons they have.

11. Def lat ion has adversely affected industr ies around the country,

There has been a growth in industrial activity.

12. The rules are much str icter now than they were before.

There has been a relaxation of the rules.

13. Last year, l2o/o of the populat ion worked in industry and 10% worked in agricul ture. This year, 14o/oof the populat ion work in industry and 8% work in agricul ture.

There has been a narrowing of the gap between those working in different sectors of the economy.

34

Changes 214. Some management roles in the company wi l l not exist this t ime next year.

Some management roles are going to be phased out.

15. More people are shopping at large supermarkets rather than smal l v i l lage shops,

There has been an upward trend in the number of people shopping in small village shops.

16. Her Engl ish is clear ly better now than i t was when she f i rst arr ived.

There has been marked progress in her English.

17. People live in better houses, drive nicer cars and eat higher-quality food than they did twentyyears ago.

There has been a general improvement in the standard of living.

18. Our company has opened factor ies in France, Germany and l taly in the last f ive years.

Our company has witnessed considerable expansion in the last five years.

'19. The government wi l l spend less on the Nat ional Health Service next year.

There are going to be cuts in healthcare spending next year.

20. Br i t ish people nowadays want to see more of the world.

British people nowadays want to narrow their horizons.

B. Check your answers , then use some o f the words and express ions in bo ld above and in theanswer key to wri te some sentences about your country.

tcto5o-g

of'toctc-o-

35

SIE=

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O p pos itesReplace the words in hold in these sentences with a word from the box which has an oppositem e a n i n g .

1. They accepted the offer of a ceasefire.

2. He admitted tel l ing l ies in his or iginal statement.

3. The army slowly advanced,leaving a trail of devastation in its path.

4. They agreedto meet to discuss the future of the organisation.

5. The minister attacked his party's policies in a speech in parliament.

6. The apartments blocks they built were the ugliest in the city.

7. He complicated matters by rewriting the original proposal.

8. They contrnued with their plans to assassinate the king when he opened the parliament.

9. He deposited f7,000 - half his college fees for the forthcoming year.

10. Relations between the two countries have improved considerably in the last year.

1'1. He permitted us to present our petition directly to the President.

12. The members of the commune were punrshed for their part in the revolution.

13. He raised the overal lstandards of the companywithin two months of his appointment.

14. As soon as the sun rose, the demonstrators began to appear on the streets.

15. Pr ices rose sharply in the f i rst three months of the f inancial year.

16. As soon as he had tightened the knots, he pushed the boat out.

V E R B S

wi thdrew .

den ied o

demol ished

fel l . rewarded . loosened .

de ter io ra ted . abandoned .

. re t rea ted . re fused . s imp l i f i ed

refused (to let)

f orbade .

. defended .

. set

lowered

rejected

36

O p pos ites

sca rce

del icate

even

a a

aa

aa

eaSY o

i n nocent

marked

approx imate. det r imenta lo gracefu l

d im .

re I ucta nt

c lea r

compulsory. crude

f lex ib lea

ADJECTIVES

1. The meaning of his words was very ambiguous.

2. According to his colleagues, he's a very awkward person to deal with.

3. When she first started dancing, she was very awkward.

4. His policies were beneficial to the economy as a whole,

5. We need exact figures before we embark on a new venture.

6. The jury decided he was guilty of the crime.

7. Add up al l the odd numbers between 1 and 20 to get a result .

8. Despite the weather; supplies of food after the harvest were plentiful.

9. The laws protecting the green belt around the city arevery rigid.

10. There is a slight difference in the way the company is run these days compared with a few years ago.

1 1. The device is very sophisticated and should only be operated by someone who is familiar with it.

12. The spices used in the production of some international dishes have a very strong flavour.

13. The strong l ight f rom the torch picked out detai ls on the wal ls of the cave.

14. Attendance at afternoon classes should be voluntary.

15. A lot of students are willing to attend classes on Saturday morning.


GIo=o-g

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37

LG5

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Addition, equation & conclusionThis modu le w i l l he lp you to rev iew more o f the impor tan t words tha t we use to jo in ideas inan essay, a verbal presentat ion or sometimes in everyday speech (also see page 1 - Condit ion- and page 9 - Contrast & comparison).

A . Put the fo l low ing words and express ions in to the i r cor rec t p lace in the tab le depend ing onthe i r func t ion .

B. Comple te these sentences w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom above. ln most cases ,more than one answer i s poss ib le .

1. Tourism brings much-needed money to developing countr ies.employment for the local populat ion.

, i t provides

bringing much-needed money to developing countr ies, tour ism providesemployment for the local populat ion.

3. Tourists should respect the local environment.local customs.

they should respect the

2 .

4.

5 .

industr ial waste, pol lut ion from car fumes is poisoning the environment.

6 .

7 .

8 .

In order to travel, you need a passport.immunisat ion jabs and wri t ten permission to vis i t certain areas.

Drugs are banned in Bri tain -

All power corrupts.

, you might need a visa,

weapons such as guns and knives.

, absolute power corrupts absolutely.

, you

ci t ies is becoming too dir ty to breathe andpol lut ion is slowly

You shouldn' t smoke, dr ink, take drugs or eat unhealthy food.should l ive a more healthy l i festyle.

9. The ozone layer is becoming depleted, the airour seas and r ivers are no longer safe to swimdestroying the planet.

in thei n .

10. Your grades have been very poor for the past two years.

to sum up

s im i la r l y o

in add i t i on

what 's more

to summar ise

br ie f l y . i t can be

l i kew ise o bes ideso in b r ie f o in

conc luded tha t o

. to conc lude .

the sa me way .

a l so

too

th uso f u r the rmore . moreover . a long w i th. as we l l as o the re fo re . co r respond ing ly

Addition(For example: and)

Equation(For example: equally)

Conclusion(For example: in conclusion)

38work really hard if you want to pass your exams next month.

you need to

Task commandsLook a t the l i s t o f tasks in the f i rs t l i s t . In par t i cu la r , look a t the words in bo ld , wh ich are te l l ingthe wr i te r /speaker what he /she must do . Match these words w i th a su i tab le de f in i t ion o f thetask command in the second l i s t . Two o f these de f in i t ions can be used more than once.

'f . Account for the increased use of technology in modern society.

2. Analyse the effects of climactic change around the world.

3. Assess the improvements you have made in your Engl ish since you started using this book.

4. Compare the l i festyles of young people in Bri tain and young people in your country.

5. Define the word 'hope'.

6. Demonstrate the different features of this computer.

7. Dtscuss the advantages and disadvantages of growing up in a single-parent family.

8. Elaborate on your feel ings about capital punishment.

9. Estimate the costs of setting up a website for the company.

10. Evaluate how useful our class vis i t to the Bank of England was.

11. Examine the causes of global warming.

12. Explain the sudden interest in old-fashioned toys such as yo-yos.

13. ldentify the person who attacked you.

14. l l lustrate the problems the Nat ional Health Service is current ly facing.

15. lustify your reasons for refusing to help me.

16. Outline the history of the motor car in the last fifty years.

17. Predict the changes that we are going to see in information technology in the next ten years.

18. Suggest ways in which you can become a more efficient student.

19. Summarise your feel ings towards a united Europe.

20. Trace the development of nuclear technology from i ts ear l iest days.

A. Describe what you think can be done in order to achieve something.

B. Te l l in advance what you th ink w i l l happen.

C. Explain, with real examples, why something has happened or is happening.

D. Give a br ief history of something, in the order in which i t happened.

E. Give the meaning of something.

F. Talk about something with someone else, or write about it from different viewpoints.

G. Calculate (but not exact ly) the value or cost of something.

H. Give a broad descript ion of something without giv ing too much detai l .

l . Explain something closely and scient i f ical ly.

J. Wri te or talk about the di f ferent aspects (e.9., causes, results) of something.

K. Explain something in more detai l than you did previously.

L. Look at two things side by side to see how they are simi lar or di f ferent.

M. Explain something in a few main points, without giv ing too much detai l .

N. Say why something has happened.

O. Show or prove that something is r ight or good.

P. Show how something works, usual ly by physical ly operat ing i t so that the other person knows whatit does and how it works.

Q. Give a physical descr ipt ion of somebody.

R. Calculate the value of something.

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Confusing words & false friendsCONFUSING WORDS

Confusingwglds are two or more words which have a simi lar meaning to each other but areused in a di f ferent way.

O R

Are re la ted to the same top ic , bu t have a d i f fe ren t mean ing .

O R

Look s imi la r , bu t have a d i f fe ren t mean ing .

FALSE FRIENDS

False f r iends are words in Eng l ish wh ich have a s imi la r - look ing word in another language bu twh ich have a d i f fe ren t mean ing .

Comple te the fo l low ing sentences w i th the appropr ia te word .

1. action / activity

The pol ice took immediate

of hand.

Economic

Cuts in spending wi l l have a ser ious

The str ike wi l l ser iously

when they real ised the si tuat ion was gett ing out

stagnated as the recession took hold.

me on the best course of action to take?

on the Nat ional Health Service.

train services.

difference between manslaughter and murder.

of our efforts to help.

that i t would help control spending.

for the government to suggest things have improved since they came

2. advice / advise

Can you

He offered me some excellent

3. affect / effect

4. appreciable / appreciative

There is an

She was very

5. assumption / presumption

They raised taxes on the

It's sheer

to power.

6. avoid / prevent

He's always trying to

7. beside / hesides

The office is just

Rapid government reforms managed to a revolut ion taking place.

taking a decision i f he can help i t .

the rai lway stat ion.

40their regular dayt ime job, many people do extra work in the evening.

Confusing words & fa lse friends8. briefly / shortly

The minister spoke about the need for pol i t ical reform.

before the conflict began, the army pulled down the border posts.

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9. channel / canal

The television

The Suez

10. conscientious / conscious

Most people are

1 1. continual / continuous

The computer has given us problems ever since we instal led i t .

received a formal complaint about the programme.

was bui l t in the second half of the nineteenth century.

of the need to protect the environment.

workers should be rewarded for their hard worr.

trade embargo has badly affected the economic infrastructure.

12. control / inspect

Environmental health officers regularly

The government plans to

too much.

13 criticism(s) / objection(s)

They didn' t raise any

The government's plan was met with severe

kitchens and other food preparation areas.the pr ice of meat to make sure i t doesn't go up

when we insisted on inspect ing the f igures.

14. damage / injury / harm

It was a severe

A lot of

There's no

15. discover / invent

When did he

which needed immediate hospital t reatment.

was caused to bui ldings along the coast dur ing the storm.in taking a break from your job now and then.

the telephone?

Did Alexander Fleming pen ic i l l i n?

41

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16. during / for / while

Shops were closed

strikes and riots.

The bomb went off

17. however / moreover

The plan was good in theory.

imp lement .

The plan was excel lent.

a success.

22. Iook at / watch

We must

f lares again.

We need to

about i t .

23. permission / permit

l 'm afraid we can't

, in practice it was extremely difficult to

i t was clear from the beginning that i t was going to be

with good pay.

the durat ion of the conf l ict .

the transition from a dictatorship to democracy, the country experienced severe

the President was making his speech.

18. inconsiderate / inconsiderable

amount of money was wasted.

behaviour makes l i fe unpleasant for everybody.

19. intolerable / intolerant

I consider his behaviour to be quite

The government is of other pol i t ical part ies.

20. job / workEverybody has the right to a decentFol lowing the recession, many people are st i l l looking for

21. lay(s) / lie(s)

The city of Quito near the equator.The manager made i t c lear he intended to

An

down some str ict rules.

the si tuat ion in Lugumba careful ly, and be prepared to act i f v iolence

the problem careful ly and decide i f there is anything we can do

photography in here.

42They received to attend the sessions as long as they didn' t interrupt.

Confusing words & false friends24. possibility / chance

There is always the that the government wi l l reverse i ts decision.

lf we act now we have a good

25. practise / practice

It's important to

You need more

26. priceless / worthless

collectors.

As inf lat ion spiral led out of control , paper money suddenly became

27. principal(s) / principle(s)

Many people refuse to eat meat on

of the col lege is an ardent non-smoker.

The country's products are paper and wood.

Not many people are famil iar with the of nuclear physics.

28. process / procession

The made its way down the avenue.

Applying for a visa can be a long and frustrat ing

29. raise / rise

As prices , demand usual ly drops.

In response to the current oi l shortage, most air l ines plan to

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your Engl ish whenever possible.

before you take the exam.

paint ings by art ists l ike Van Gogh should not be in the hands of pr ivate

The

their fares.

30. respectable / respectful

The delegates l istened in si lence as the chairman spoke.

They want to br ing up their chi ldren in an area which is considered to be

31. treat / cure

Hospitals are so understaffed that they f ind i t almost impossible to

minor in jur ies.

They were unable to the disease, and hundreds died as a result .

patients with

43

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Useful interview expressionsBelow you w i l l see some common express ions tha t you migh t f ind use fu l in the IELTS speak ingtes t . Pu t each express ion in to the cor rec t box accord ing to the func t ion o f tha t express ion .

1. May I think about that for a 14. What are your feel ings 25. To put i t another way.. .moment? about" '? 26. That 's just what I was

2. In shor t , . . . 15 . 5o in conc lus ion , . . . th ink ing

3. What l 'm trying to say is. . . 16. lseethings rather 27. In br ief , . . .

4. To sum up,. . . di f ferent ly myself 28. Could I just say that. . .

5. What are your views on.. .? 17. True enough 29. Wel l , my own opinion is

6. Would you mind repeat ing 18. That 's r ight that" '

that? 19. I don't entirely agree with 30' That's my view exactly

7. How can I put this? you 31. To summarise,. . .

8. In other words.. . 20. Perhaps I should make that 32. What was that?

9. sorry to butt in. . . c learer by sayrng" ' 33. I must take issue with you

10. Wel l , as a matter of fact. . . 21. How can I best say this? on that

1 1 . l ' m n o t s o s u r e a b o u t t h a t 2 2 . C o u l d y o u r e p e a t w h a t y o u 3 4 ' L e t m e g e t t h i s r i g h t

12. pardon? said? 35. Sorry to interrupt, but. . . .

13. I can,t help thinking the 23. I couldn' t agree more 36. l 'm afraid I didn' t catch that

same 24. Actual ly. . . 37. What 's your opinion?

Agreeing with somebody

Example: Yes, I agree.

Interrupting

Example: Excuse me for interrupting.

Asking somebody for their opinion

Example: What do you think about...?

Giving yourself time to think

Example: (in response to a question)Let me see.

Disagreeing with somebody

Example: I'm afraid I disagree.

Asking for clarification or repetition

Example: I'm sorry?

Saying something in another way

Example: What I mean is.....

Summing up

Example: So basically.....

44

Comple te the fo l low ing phrasa l verbs w i th a p repos i t ion(s ) o r par t i c le (s ) f rom the box . Themean ing o f the phrasa l verb is g iven in b rackets a t the end o f each sentence.

1. Some parents are cr i t ic ized for the way they br ing their chi ldren. (raise)

2. The committee members fell _ over plans for the new health centre. (argued)

3. They refused to face their responsibilities, with disastrous consequences.(accept an unpleasant state of affairs, and try to deal with it)

4. The President decided to call his visit to Europe. (not to go ahead with something)

5. l t is only at elect ion t ime that Members of Parl iament count _ support f rom their const i tuents.(rely I depend)

5. Many developing countr ies are fai l ing to catch their more developedneighbours. (get to the same level)

7. lt can take months or even years for political scandals to die (become less strong)

8. An alarming number of students drop _ school early every year. (leave)

9. Major internat ional companies can' t f igure the popular i ty of the ant i-capital ist movement.(find it hard to understand)

10. l f they examined the issues more closely, they would f ind _ the reasons for the changes.(discover)

11. As we grow our priorities change. (change from being children to being adults)

12. Students can be quite creat ive with the reasons they give for not handing their homework,(giving their teachers)

13. Salar iesvery rarely keep_ the cost of l iv ing. (r ise atthe same speed as)

14. The latest Avicenna report leaves the reasons for demographic shifts. (does not include)

15. lt does point _ the mistakes made by the agency over the last few years. (show)

16. Before you write your essay, you should look _ the Party's history. (research)

17. Many employees carried working despite pressure from the unions. (continued)

18. Once people fal l _ with their mortgage payments, they come under extreme f inancialpressure from their bank. (become late)

19. The f i rst step to a healthier l i festyle is to cutsmoke each day. (reduce)

the number of c igarettes you

20. lt is becoming more common for people to cut meat from their diet. (stop eating)

21. During the 1990s, a lot of hospitals were taken by private trusts. (become controlled byanother organisation)

22. When computer technology fai ls us, we have to make do _ more pr imit ive methods. They'recalled 'pen and paper'. (use something because there is nothing else available)

23. ln this essay, l 'd like to put _ the arguments in favour of global capitalism. (suggest or statethe case for something)

24. When I look my chi ldhood, I remember the many sacr i f ices my parents made

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over

on

out

a back

down

o i n to

toa

a forward

up '

off .

a of

beh i nd

wi th

a a a

a t n

for me. (think about something that happened in the past)

45

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Phrasalve rbs 2Comple te the second sentence in each pa i r w i th a phrasa l verb f rom the box so tha t i t hasthe same mean ing as the f i r s t sen tence. You w i l l need to change the verb fo rm in most o f thesentences .

1. Peace talks between the two countr ies col lapsed when neither side reached an agreement.

Peace talks between the two countr ies when neither side reached an agreement.

2. I 'm trying to calculate i f we've sold more this year than last year.

I 'm trying to _ i f we've sold more this year than last year.

3. The effects of the drug disappear after a few hours.

The effects of the drug _ after a few hours.

4. A lot of people exhaust themselves through overwork.

A lot of people themselves through overwork.

5. Despite the severi ty of the disease, many people recover with the help of appropriate drugs.

Despite the severi ty of the disease, many people _ with the help of appropriate drugs.

6. Through careful negot iat ion, they were able to resolve the problem.

Through careful negot iat ion, they were able to the problem.

7. When parents start to l ive apart , i t can be part icular ly di f f icul t for their chi ldren to cope.

When parents , i t can be part icular ly di f f icul t for their chi ldren to cope.

8. At the opening night, only a few audience members came.

At the opening night, only a few audience members

9. The Austral ian partners stopped being a part of the deal at the last moment.

The Austral ian partners the deal at the last moment.

10. People celebrate the Chinese New Year by exploding f i reworks in the street.

People celebrate the Chinese New Year by _ f i reworks in the street. '

break down

doup .

let down .

sort out o

. carry out

end uP .

let off .

sp l i t up

. cu t back on

fa l l th rough

pu l l ou t o f .

wear of f .

o cut off .

o ho ld up

pu l l th rough

wear ou t

away with

keep onshow up

work out

doa

o

o

46

11. l t is point less relying on people to help you i f they don't do as they promised.

I t is point less relying on people to help you i f they _ you

12. New government pension plans mean that many people wi l l cont inue working wel l into theirsevent ies.

New government pension plans mean that many people wi l lseventies.

working wel l into their

13. The planned changes were delayed because committee members argued among themselves.

The planned changes were - because committee members argued among themselves.

14. At the last minute, the plans for the proposed motorway didn' t take place.

At the last minute, the plans for the proposed motorway

15. During the recession, many workers in the pr imary sector became jobless.

During the recession, many workers in the pr imary sector jobless.

16. Doctors did some tests on the pat ients,

Doctors some tests on the patients.

17. Minor economies, such as spending less on staff costs, can often prevent a company sl id ing intobankruptcy.

Minor economies, such asbankruptcy.

staff costs, can often prevent a company sliding into

18. We were accidental ly disconnected in the middle of our phone cal l .

We were accidental ly in the middle of our phone cal l .

19. Once the government removed quotas, the market was f looded with cheap foreign imports.

Once the government quotas, the market was f looded with cheap foreign imports.

20. l t cost almost f8 mi l l ion to renovate the stadium, by which t ime the team was in ser ious f inancialdi f f icul t ies.

I t cost almost f8 mi l l ion to the stadium, by which t ime the team was in ser ious f inancialdi f f icul t ies.

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Phrasal verbs 3These sentences can a l l be comple ted w i th a phrasa l verb us ing come or ge t . ln one case, e i thermay be poss ib le . Make sure you use the cor rec t fo rm o f the verb in each one.

1, In rural distr icts, i t can be di f f icul t to - by without a car.

2. Scientists across the cure by accident, while studying the health benefits of a rare species

of plant.

3. The ant i-smoking message is f inal ly through to people.

4. Large industr ies can no longer away with dumping industr ial waste in r ivers.

5. Doctors real ised there was going to be a problem when several people in the same vi l lage

down with suspected food poisoning.

5. l t can be very di f f icul t to _ down to studying for exams when the weather is nice.

7. l t was only after he into his inheri tance after his father died that he was able to expand

the company.

8. After the revolution, it took almost five years for the country to - round to opening its

borders.

9. The government _ up against a lot of opposit ion from locals when they proposed bui lding

an immigrat ion centre near the vi l lage.

10. Developed countr ies are usual ly able to - through a period of recession by drawing on

financial reserves.

11. There was strong resistance to the union when i t urged workers to - out on str ike.

12. People who l ive in close proximity to one another must learn to - on with their

neighbours.

13. Nothing of the company's plans to develop solar-powered vehicles.

14. The f inal bi l l for the project to almost f 10 mi l l ion.

15. For most poor people, out of the cycle of poverty can be nextto impossible.

16, In any dispute with an insurance company, i t is usual ly the consumer who off the worst.

17. When supply of a part icular product exceeds demand, i t is common for the pr ice to

down.

18. By the t ime the message through i t was too late to evacuate the residents.

19. The country never - over the effects of the civil war.

20. General ly, people are reluctant to break rules, but wi l l t ry to - round them somehow.

48

The fol lowing sentences al l use phrasal verbs with give, go or look. However, hal f of themuse the wrong phrasa l verb . Dec ide wh ich ones are wrong and rep lace them wi th the cor rec tphrasa l verb , wh ich you w i l l f ind in the o ther sentences .

1 . I 'd l ike you to look after these f igures and tel l me i f you think the project is possible.

2. As ticket prices go up, fewer people go to the cinema and prefer to stay at home with a video.

3. People who have to give in elder ly relat ives or other dependants should receive f inancial support .

4. The chancel lor had decided to stand f i rm on his decision, but under pressure from protesters, he

decided to go into and reduce tax on petrol .

5. The committee were asked to look into the latest crime statistics and try to establish a pattern.

5. lt is important not to let the fire go out, as it 's the main source of power.

7. Very few children give off their end-of-year school exams.

8. The threat of severe reprisals meant that many refused to give themselves up to the police.

9. Before entering an agreement, it is essential to go off the details very carefully.

10. People who want to know how to go about start ing their own company should talk to a trained

adviser.

11. Some people tend to go over others who are less fortunate purely because of their f inancial

si tuat ion.

12. There were very few clues to the cr ime, and pol ice didn' t have enough information to go on.

13. People often look over the idea of starting their own company when they realise the risks that are

involved.

14. Even i f you fai l the f i rst t ime, you should go on try ing.

15. After years of decl ine, government investment is revi tal is ing the area, and things are beginning to

look up.

16. The f i rst step to a healthier l i festyle is to give up smoking.

17. New legislat ion lays down str ict penalt ies for factor ies which look up to poisonous fumes.

18. We decided not to go through with our plans unt i l we had suff ic ient capital .

19. Al though chi ldren should look forward to their parents, many rebel against their values and way of

l i fe.

20. We asked them for more information, but they refused to look down on details.

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Phrasal verbs 5The verbs and par t i c les in the two boxes can be combined to make phrasa l verbs , wh ich canthen be used to comple te the sentences be low.

Dec ide wh ich phrasa l verbs go in to each sentence, and wr i te the answers in the c rosswordgr id . In many cases , you w i l l need to change the fo rm o f the verb (eg , pas t par t i c ip le ,in f in i t i ve , th i rd person 's ' , e tc ) . The mean ing o f each phrasa l verb is in i ta l i cs a t the end o feach sentence.

Don ' t fo rge t tha t some phrasa l verbs need two par t i c les .

The f i rs t one has been done as an example .

ta lk put take run turnopt s tand p ick make set

on of f wi th for

round aga ins t down as ide

in ou t up a f te r

Clues across ())

1. Accommodation in some ci t ies is so expensive that some people cannot even afford to _ the 8weeks' deposit that is required. (to make a deposit) Answer = put down

4. They were reluctant to make changes, but we managed to _ them _. (to persuadesomebody)

5. Chi ldren often _ one of their parents, ei ther in their mannerisms or in the way they look. ( toresemble)

6. After - a few unexpected difficulties, they decided to scrap the project. (to stop because somethingis in the way)

8. They were _ of the apartment by their landlord when they could no longer afford the rent, andended up living on the street. (to be forced to leave)

1 1. When I was at school, some teachers unfair ly _ chi ldren who avoided sport because they preferedmore creative interests and pastimes. (to choose someone to attack or criticize)

12. Although many companies offer their employees a pension programme, many decide to _ of theprogramme and make their own arrangements. (to decide not to take part in something)

16. A lot of appl icants expressed an interest in the job, but only a handful _ for the interview. ( toarrive for a meeting, appointment, etc)

19. Air pol lut ion can _ asthma and other chest diseases in those most vulnerable. ( to start)

20. People who use credit cards unwisely can easi ly _ debts of thousands of pounds every month. ( tomake debts go up quickly)

21.8y the time he was 18, he had _ his mind that he wanted to be famous. (to decide on something)

Clues down (9)

1. lt 's often a good idea to _ some money for a 'rainy day'. (to save money)

2. Technology is moving at such a fast pace i t is no longer possible to _ al l the latest developments.(to understand or assimilate information)

3. Nobody was _ by the government's false figures on unemployment. (to be fooled or tricked)

5. He _ the job that was offered to him, even though he was desperate for the money. (to refusesomething which is offered)

7. Most people will - a stressful job if the money is good enough. (to tolerate something which isnot very pleasant)

50

I verbs 59. He was unable to make the speech, so I was asked to _ and make i t on his behalf . ( to take the

place of someone - often also used with'for')

10. A lot of people are _ the idea of working for themselves because of the lack of a regular salary.(to be discouraged from doing something, usually because of a potentially negative outcome)

13. Once bad weather _, people tend to stay at home rather than go out. ( to start and becomepermanent)

14. Doctors and medical experts were unable to _ why some people survived the virus and othersdidn't. (to understand or know the reason for something)

15. She _ a story about ghosts in the cel lar to stop us going down there, but of course we didn' tbelieve her. (to invent a story)

17. At the age of 38 he _the post of President, but lacked suff ic ient experience to be taken seriously.(to apply for a job in politics, competing against other people for the same iob)

18. Despite massive promotion by the tour ist board, i t took a long t ime for tour ism to - again afterthe terrorist attacks. (to improve, to get better)

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SpellingA. There are severa l words in th is passage wh ich are spe l t incor rec t ly . Can you f ind and cor rec tt h e m ?

Apart f rom condemming tobacco companies and r is ing the pr ice of c igaret tes,the goverment 's ant i -smoking campain has fai led to have any long-term affects,and the only people bennef i t t ing f rom i t are the ln land Revenue departement.Meanwhi le, persistant smokers are being denied treatment by the NHS.

These words are spelt incorrectly These are the correct spellings

1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

B. Ins t ruc t ions as above.

I t is argueable whether good pronounciat ion is more important than good grammerand vocabulery. Consient ious students balance their aquis i t ion of these ski l ls , hopeingto acheive both fluency and accuracey. Teachers should encourage there students topract ice al l the relevant language ski l ls .


1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

52

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10.

11 .

C. Ins t ruc t ions as per p rev ious page.

I t is becomming increasingly di f f iccul t for many to f ind decent acommodat ion inLondon at a price they can afford. To put it simpley, most people just don't havethe neccesary funds. Organiseations such as Home Front can offer advise, but itwidely agreed that the s i tuat ion is no longer managable. The fact that c i ty counci lsare bui ld ing cheap, tempory housing for lower-paid profesionals is the only of f ic ia lacknowledgment of th is problem.


1.

2.

3 .

4.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

10.

11.

53

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EducationA. Look a t the sentences be low and f i l l i n the gaps us ing the appropr ia te word f romA , B o r C .

1. He didn' t get a good grade the f i rst t ime he did his TELTS exam, so decided toA. resit B. remake C. repair

2. People who attend universi ty later in l i fe are often cal led students.A. aged B. mature C. old

i t .

3. Although she had lef t school and was working, she went to evening classes at the local Col lege ofEducat ion.

A. Upper B. Further

4. After he left school, he decided to go on toEdinburgh Universi ty.

A. further B. upper

C. Higher

C. higher

to help him pay for his course.C. grant

educat ion and appl ied for a place at

6. Educat ion helps us to acquire knowledge and learn newA. skills B. powers C. ahilities

7 ' Al though she already had a f i rst degree from universi ty, she decided that she wanted to work towardsa degree later in l i fe.

5. He received a local governmentA. fee B. fare

A. further B. senior

8. We should make the best of every

C. higher

to learn.

educat ion is promoted a lot in schools.B. health C. vitality

C. state

a lot of knowledge.C. achieved

A. chance B. opportunity C. availability

10. A large number of parents are dissat isf ied with thechi ldren into pr ivate schools instead.

A. government B. national

educat ion system, and put their

9. Nowadays,A. body

12. He has read a lot of books andA. acquired B. won

11. Because so many students f ind exams stressful , some col leges offer a system ofassessment instead.

A. continual B. continuous C. continuing

B ' Comple te sentences 1-11 w i th a su i tab le word or express ion f rom the box .

pr imary

d isc ip l ine

secondary

numeracy .

l i te racy o

sk i l l s . pass .

graduate o

day re lease .

correspondence

evening c lass

k indergar teno qua l i f i ca t ions

aa cou rse

enro l

degree

a

a

a

a

1. When Michael was three, he started going to a

2. At the age of f ive, he entered

3. He learned basic

54

and

such as

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4.

5 .

8. He worked hard and three years later was able toin Art and Design.

9. After that he fol lowed ausing the Internet.

10 . The

1 1. Al though he is now working, he has decided to attend an

although he was disappointed that his boss didn' t of fer him

his exams.

eighteen he found a col lege which offered a

course in photography from a col lege in the USA

he gained impressed an advert is ing company he wanted to work for.

school.

he was able to

After he turned eleven he began to attend

Although he was lazy and lacked suff ic ient

6. When he wasand Des ign .

7 . He was ab le tobirthday.

in Art

for the coursea few days before his nineteenth

with a

after work,

C. Now read th is essay and comple te the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom TasksA and B. You may need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

'You are never too old to learn'. Do you agree with this statement?

Educat ion is a long process that not only provides us with basic 1 such as2 a n d 3 , bu t i s a lso essent ia l in shap ing ourfuture l ives. From the moment we enter 4 as smal l ch i ld ren , and as weprogress through 5 and 6 educat ion, we are

laying the foundat ionsforthe l i fe ahead of us. We must 7 ourselvesto work

hard so that we can 8 exams and ga in the 9we wi l l need to secure a good job. We must also 10 va luab le l i fe sk i l l s

so that we can f i t in and work with those around us. And of course 11educat ion helps us to understand how we can stay f i t and healthy.

For most people, this process ends when they are in their mid-to- late teens. For others,however, i t is the beginning of a l i fet ime of learning. After they f in ish school, many progress to

12 educat ion where they wi l l learn more useful ski l ls such as computerl i teracy or basic business management. Others wi l l 13 on a programme

of 14 educat ion at a universi ty where, with hard work, they wi l l havethe opportunity to 151 6

after three or four years with a wel l -earnedAfter that, they may work for a whi le before opt ing to study for

a 1 7 degree - an MA, for example, or a PhD. Alternat ively, they may

choose to attend an 18 after work o1 i f they have a sympathet ic

employer , ob ta in 19 so that they can study during the week. And i f

they l ive a long way from a col lege or universi ty, they might fol low a 20course using mai l and the Internet. In fact, i t is largely due to the prol i ferat ion of computers that

many people who have not been near a school for many years, have started to study again and canproudly class themselves as 21 students.

We l ive in a fascinat ing and constant ly changing world, and we must cont inual ly learn and acquire

new knowledge i f we are to adapt and keep up with changing events. Our schooldays are just the

beginning of this process, and we should make the best of every 22develop ourselves, whether we are eighteen or eighty. You are, indeed, never too old to learn.

to

55

The med iaA. Match the words and express ions in box A w i th a su i tab le de f in i t ion in box B.

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Box B.

B. Complete th is ext ract f rom a te lev is ion in terv iew wi th an appropr ia te word or express ionfrom the box.

Interviewer: Welcome1

to today 's p rogramme. Today we w i l l be d iscuss ing the, and asking the quest ion: should we al low newspapers

T.B.:

and television channels to pr int or say whatever they l ike? In the studio I have televisionpersona l i t y T imothy B lake and 2 Ruper t Poube l le ,mult i -mi l l ionaire owner of the Dai ly Views newspaper. Timothy, let 's start with you.

Thank you. In my op in ion , i t ' s t ime the government imposed s t r i c te r3_________ of the press in order to prevent

journal ists and reporters from making money bypeople. I have often accused Mr Poubel le 's organisat ion

o f 6 - nowadays I can' t even sunbathe in my gardenwithout being photographed by his hordes of 7 . They're

l ies, complete rubbish.l ike vul tures. And everything they pr int about me is

45

1. current a f fa i rs 2 . repor ters 3 . journal is ts

5. broadsheets 6. coverage 7. in format ion over load9. web 10. websi te 11. download 12. the In ternet

4. tab lo ids

8. broadcasts

13 . log on

A.

B .

c.

la rge-format newspapers

smal l - format newspapers

people who wri te for newspapers orperiodicals

the amount of space or t ime given to anevent in newspapers or on television

the pol i t ical s i tuat ion as i t is now

radio or television programmes

to enter a password and start to accessa computer system

journalists who write reports of eventsfor a newspaper, per iodical or televisionpro9ramme

the mil l ions of pages and si tes whichd isp lay tex t and images w i th in theInternet

to transfer pages from a web site ontoyour own computer

the in te rna t iona l ne twork l ink ingmil l ions of computers

a modern expression referr ing tothe inabi l i ty of a human to processeverything he or she hears and sees

a col lect ion of related pages on theWorld Wide Web created by a company,organisat ion or individual

t .

J .

L.

D.

E .

F.

G .

H .

K.

M .

enter ta inment

informat ion .

unsc rupu lous

. invas ion o f p r ivacy .

readership . media tycoon. gu t te r p ress

exp lo i t i ng . l i be l .

. paparazzi r freedom. chequebook

censorsh ip

of the pressjourna l ism

56

Interviewer: But isn' t i t t rue that the media provides us with valuable 8

The media

R.P.:

T.B.:

R.P.:

and 9 and censorship would deprive us of much of this?Rupert?

Of course. Mr Blake's accusat ions are unfounded, as are the accusat ions of10 we have received, and I can safely say that my journal istsnever pay people money to create stor ies. We are simply report ing the truth. Of course,i f Mr Blake wants to sue us for 11 , he is very welcome to try.

- a l l e igh t mi l l ion o f themBut he wou ld be depr iv ing our 12- o f the th ings they want . . .

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You're talk ing rubbish, as usual, l ike the pathet ic 13and use to f i l l your pockets with dir ty money.

Now look here , mate . . .

you own

C. Now read th is essay and comple te the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom TasksA and B. You may need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

'The media plays a valuable role in keeping us informed and entertained. However, many peoplebel ieve i t has too much power and freedom.' Discuss your views on this, giv ing examples andpresenting a balanced argument both in favour of, and against, the power and freedom of themedia.

Barely a hundred years ago, i f we wanted to stay informed about what was going on in the world, wehad to rely on word of mouth or, at best, newspapers. But because communicat ion technology was verybasic, the news we received was often days or weeks old.

We st i l l have newspapers, of course, but they have changed almost beyond recognit ion. Whether wechoose to read the 1and other 3

, w i th the i r qua l i t y 2 of newsby top 4

, or i f we prefer the popular 6 , with theirl ively gossip and colourful stor ies, we are exposed to a wealth of information barely conceivable at thebeginning of the last century.

We also have television and radio. News 7 let us know about world eventspract ical ly as they happen, whi le si tcoms,and informed. And there is also the 8

chat shows and documentar ies, etc. keep us entertained

f rom mi l l ions o f 91 0

around thewhere we can access informationwor ld wh ich we can then

onto our own computers.

However, these forms' infotainment ' as theypersonal i t ies frequent lypapers) of 14

are now sometimes col lect ively cal led)accuse the 1 3

b y t h e 1 5

and art ic les by acclaimed

a n d 1 2 (orhave their negat ive side. Famous(and sometimes even respectable

who are determined

there are freouent accusat ionsreporters paying people to

Of course, i t is not just the papersthe te lev is ion. Undesi rable peoplematerial which can be accessed bv

prevents many from

o f 1 1

to get a storyangry pol i t ic ianso f 1 7

at any cost.who d is l i ke

Newspapersread ing l ies

are often accused ofabout themselves, and

by1 6

create stories for theirwh ich are to b lame.f i l l t h e 1 9

, w i th 18newspapers or television programmes.Sex and v io lence are inc reas ing on

with equal ly undesirableanyone with a home computer. And the fear of 2021 to the Internet.

Many argue that the government should impose str icter 22 to prevent suchthings happening. But others argue that 23 is the keystone of a free country.Personal ly, I take the view that whi le the media may occasional ly abuse i ts posi t ion of power, the benef i tsgreat ly outweigh the disadvantages. Our l ives would be much emptier without the wealth of informationavai lable to us today, and we are better people as a result .

57

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A. How wou ld you genera l l y fee l , happy @ o, unhappy @, i t you were in the fo l low ings i tua t ions . Use the words in bo ld to he lp you dec ide .

1. The company you work for is well-known for i tslbb security. O@

2. You were suddenlv made reduna"r,t. e@

3. You received a promotion O@

4. You were given an increment. O@

5. You worked unsociable hours. O@

6. You had a steady iob O@

7. You had adverse working conditions. e@

8. You suddenly found yourself unemployed. O@

9. You took time off work becau se of repetitive strain injury. O@

10. The office where you work has sick buitding syndrome. e@

11. You receive regular perks aspart of your job. e@

12. Somebody called you a workatol ic e@

13. Your company doesn't give you many incentin"r. e@

14. Your boss announces that there is going to be some downsizing of the workforce. e@

15. Your work didn't offer much job satisfact-r. e@

16. Your company has a gener ous incentive scheme. e@

17. You receive a commission for the work you have done. e@

18. You receive support from a union. O@

19. You were under stress. @@

20. You were forced to resign. O@

21. You received a cut in your salary. O@

22. Yourcompany gave you sickness benefit. e@

58

23. You found your job very demandrng. e@

WorkB. Match sentences 1-6 in box A w i th one o f the sentences A-F in box B. Use the words in bo ldto he lp you.

Box A,

1 . Samantha is the assistant manager of a bank and she works f rom 8.30 to 5.30 every day.

2. Tracy works on the product ion l ine of a factory which makes cars. She uses a machine to spray

paint onto the f in ished car parts.

3. Jane works for herself . She is a photographer. She works every day for about eight or nine

hours.

4. Jeanette is a cleaner for a company in Birmingham, but she only works there for about three

or four hours a day.

5. Claire has a powerful job in the personnel of f ice of a large mult inat ional company. She is

responsible for employing new people and gett ing r id of those that the company doesn't want

to employ any more.

6. Marie works in the f inance department of an internat ional col lege in Oxford.

Box B.

A. She is a semi-skilled blue-collar worker in a manufacturing industry.

B. She is a self-employed and works full-time.5he likes to describe herself as freelance.

C. She is responsible for hiring and firing.

D. She calculates the wages, salaries, pension contributions and medical insurance contributions

of all the staff.

E. She is a full-time white-collar worker in a service industry.

F. She is an unskilled part-time employee.


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WorkC' Now read th is essay and comple te the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom TasksA and B, You may need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

'Some people live to work, and others work to live. tn rnosf cases, this depends on the job

they have and the conditions under which they are employed. tn your opinion, what are theelements that make a job worthwhile?'

In answering this quest ion, I would l ike to look f i rst at the elements that combine to make a job

undesirable. By avoiding such factors, potent ial 1 are more l ikely to f ind a job

that is more worthwhi le, and by doing so, hope to achieve happiness in their work,

First of al l , i t doesn't matter

3

i f you are an 2

4

a better posi t ion in a company, is a

such as a free lunch or a company car, an

worker cleaning the f loor, a

product ion l ine in one of the

in a bank, shop or one of the

motivating factor. Likewise,

1 9

, o r a 6

worker on a

worker

other 7 : if you lack 8 , with the knowledge thatyou might lose your job at any t ime, you wi l l never feel happy. Everybody would l ike a 9

in which he or she is guaranteed work. Nowadays, however, companies have a high turnoverof staff, 10 new staff and 1 1 others on a weekly

basis. Such companies are not popular with their workers.

i t would be di f f icul t to bel ieve that there are any elements that

is, of course, the prime motivatol and everybody wants a good

But o f course tha t i s no t a l l . The chance o f 17

scheme to make you work hard such as a regular 20 above the rate ofi n f l a t i o n , 2 l in case you fal l i l l and a company 22

scheme so that you have some money when you ret i re al l combine to make a job worthwhi le.

Unfortunately, it is not always easy to find all of these. There is, however, an alternative. Forget the officeand the factory f loor and become 23


The same can be said of a job in which you are put under a lot of 12 andworry, a job which is so 13

1 4

that i t takes over your l i fe, a job where you work

and so never get to see your family or f r iends, or a physical job in whichyou do the same thing every day and end up with the industr ial disease that is always in the papers

nowadays - 15

With all these negative factors,

make a job worthwhi le. Money

1 6

of being given

1 8

60

not be secure, but at least you will be happy.

and work for yourself. Your future may

Money &A. Use a d ic t ionary to f ind the d i f fe rences be tween the words and express ions in bo ld in thefo l low ing groups .

1. make a profit & make a /oss 11. a bank and a huilding society

2. extravagant & frugal / economical 12. a discounf & a refund

3. acurrentaccount & a deposit account 13. something which was a bargain, something

4. a loan & a mortgags which was overpriced and something which

5. to deposit money & to withdraw money was exorbitant

6. a wage & a salary 14- worthless & prceless

7. broke & bankrupt 15. save money and rnvest money

8. shares, stocks, and dividends 16. inflation and deflation

f . income tax & excise duty 17. income and expenditure

10. to credit & to debit 18. to lend and to borrow

B. Match the sentences in co lumn A w i th the sentences in co lumn B. Use the words in bo ld tohe lp you.

C o l u m n A C o l u m n B

1. The managing director bel ieves the company A. I 'm real ly looking forward to spending my

should start producing pocket computers. pension.

2' I always put my money in a building society and B. The cost of tivingseems to go up every day.

not in a bank.

C. Of course, it 's always so difficult to economise.3. I can't afford to buy a new car right now.

I don' t have enough money. D. Shops al l over the country are making huge

4. I find christmas a very expensive time. reductions on just about everything'

5. I came into a lot of money recently when my E. I always seem to run up a huge overdraft at the

unc le d ied . bank .

6. Look at th is cheque that ca me in the post th is F. Of course, the potential g lobal market for them

morning from the Inland Revenue. ts enormous.

7' l 've been spending too much recently' G. Fortunately I receive unemployment benefit.

8' In my country' there are a lot of very poor H. There is a very uneven distribution of wealth.

people and only a few r ich ones.

9. I lost my job last month. l ' The interest they pay me is much higher'

10. I retire next month. J. lt 's the first time l've inherited something.

1 1. Prices are rising quickly everywhere. K. lt seems to be some kind of tax rebate'

12. The January sales start tomorrow. L. Maybe I should consider getting one on credit.

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Money & financeC. Now read th is passage and comple te the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f romTasks A and B, You may need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

'Financial advice from a father to a son'

money from anyone because i t wi l l make i t di f f icul t for him to manage hisf inances. Likewise he should never give a f inancial 2 to a fr iend because hewil l probably never see the money again, and wi l l probably lose his fr iend as wel l .

The play was wri t ten over four hundred years ago, but today many parents would give simi lar advice totheir chi ldren. lmagine the conversat ion they would have now:

Son: Right dad, l 'm off to universi ty now.

Father: Al l r ight son, but let me give you some sound f inancial advice before you go.

Son: Oh come on dad.. .

Father: Now l isten, this is important. The f i rstbalance your 34 - the moneyend up with an 5

5on: But i t 's so di f f icul t . Things are so expensive, and the 6 goes up a l l thet ime. 7 is runn ing a t about 10%.

ln the play Hamlet by'Neither a borrower nor1

Father: I know, but yourestaurants. Also,much higher rate1 1

put your money in a good 9o f 1 0

. They offer athan banks. Also, avoid buying things

Wil l iam Shakespeare, a father gives his son some f inancial advice.a lender be' , he says. He is try ing to tel l h is son that he should never

th ing you shou ld do is to make sure you- the money you receive from me - and youryou spend. l f you spend too much, you wi l lat the bank. Don't expect me to pay it for you.

should try to 8 . Avoid expensive shops and

Son: Why?

Father: Because shops charge you an 12 amountof money to buy thingsover a period of t ime. l t 's much better to 13 a l i t t le bi t of moneyeach week so that when you see something you want, you can buy it outright. Try to wait

and you can pick up afor the sales, when shops offer huge 1415 . And try to get a 16

Son: How do I do that?

Father: Easy. When you buy something, ask the shop if they'll lower the price by, say, 100/0. Next, whenyou eventual ly get a job and are earning a good salary, t ry to 17money in a good company. Buy 18 in government organisat ions or1 9 in private companies.

Son: OK dad, I 've heard enough.

Father: One f inal piece of advice, son.

Son: What's that, dad?

Father: To thine own self be true.

Son: You what?

the

62

PoliticsA. Look a t the sentences 1-12 and rear range the le t te rs in bo ld to make a word connectedwi th po l i t i cs . (The f i rs t and las t le t te rs o f each word are under l ined . A d ic t ionary de f in i t ion isinc luded to he lp you. ) Then pu t the words in to the gr id be low. l f you do i t cor rec t ly , you w i l lf ind a word in the bo ld ver t i ca l s t r ip wh ich means ' ru le o f a count ry by one person ' .

1. We live in a meyoadcrc. (A country governed by freely elected representatives of the people)

2. Scotland is aiming for ndnpni_edceee in the next few years. (Freedom)

3. A aidtdenaefor the Labour Party called at our house last week. (A person who is standing for election)

4. The military junta abolished the constitution and set up a ioaialrlftan 169ime. (Having total powerand not allowing any opposition or personal freedom)

5. An huiatoitaarr4government is not necessarily a bad thing. (Controlling people strictly)

6. The Prime Minister has appointed a group of octthraecnS to run the government. (A person withparticular skills brought in to run a country or an organisation)

7. The Conservative Party lost the election and is now in qtsionotip. (The party or group which opposesthe government)

8. France is a pieubfel, with a president and prime minister. (A system of government which is governedby elected representatives headed by an elected or nominated president)

9. Governments often impose str ict economic onf incga5 on countr ies which abuse their power.(Restrictions on trade with a country in order to try to influence its political development)

10. The American Congress is formed of the eoHus of Representat ives and the Senate. (Part of aparliament)

11. Her socialist oildgyoe led her to join the party. (A theory of life based not on religious belief, buton political or economic philosophy)

12. liarPatmen has passed a law forbidding the sale of cigarettes to children. (A group of electedrepresentatives who vote the laws of a country)

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2 .

3 .

4.

Po I it icsB. Look a t these sentences and dec ide i f they are TRUE or FALSE. Use a d ic t ionary to he lpyou.

A monarchy is a system of government with an elected king or queen.

A politician is a person who works for the king or queen.

Astatesrnan or stateswomanis an important religious leader or representative of a country.

A cabinet is a committee formed of the most important members of a government.

5. A president is the head of a republic.

5, A ministry is a person who works for the government.

7. Aconstituency is an area of a country which elects a Member of parliament.

8. A pol icy is a government which is control led by the pol ice.

9. A referendum is the process of choosing by voting.

10. An elect ion is a vote where al l the people of a country are asked to vote on a single quest ion.

C. Now look a t th is ex t rac t f rom a cur ren t a f fa i rs rad io p rogramme and comple te the gaps w i thone o f the words or express ions f rom Tasks A and B. In some cases , more than one answer maybe poss ib le . You may need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

Good evening, and welcome to today's edit ion of 'Today in Government, .

There were angry scenes in both 1walkout by the Prime Minister andleader of the 3

of Parl iament today fol lowing an unprecedented

Cr i t i c is ing the i r 4Prime Minister cal led his opposite number a 'str ict 5 who wants to take away

run by one man. '

I t 's almost t ime for the people of Br i tain to vote again and i t is now only one month unt i l the 8. All over the country, 9 from al l the major part ies are knocking on

doors asking people to vote for them. We conducted a recent survey to f ind out who people wi l l be vot ingfor. Surpr is ingly, many support the Workers' Union Party for their pol icy of turning the country from a10 t o a 1 1 : a lot of people support the idea of gett ing r id ofthe Queen in favour of an elected president.

Members of Parl iament have cal led for a 12 so that the people of Br i tain candecide whether or not the country joins the 'One Europe,organisat ion. This fol lows a survey in the townof Woolhampstead, the Prime Minister 's own 13

The Ministry of

the freedom of the

t o a T

1 4

1 6

other members of his 2

individual and turn the countryfrom a freedom-loving 5

Educat ion was accused by the press today. Chris Smith, edi tor of the Dai ly News, defended his

during a speech by theon law and order; the

of employ ing too manyattack. ' l t 's no good having aproperly ' , he said.department ful l of computer experts i f they are unable to run our schools

Michael Yates, a senior statesman for Br i tain at the European Commission, has cal led for EUmember states to impose str ict economic 15 on the government of Boland. This

of the country who are demandingcountr ies around the world to help

fol lows al leged human r ights abuses on tr ibesmen in the north. Their leader, Asagai Walumbe, cal led on

64them in their struggle for f reedom.

The environ mentA. Match the f i rs t par t o f each sentence in the le f t -hand co lumn wi th i t s second par t in ther igh t -hand co lumn. Use the words in bo ld to he lp you. Check tha t each sentence you pu ttogether i s g rammat ica l l y cor rec t .

1. Some modern agricul tural methods have been (A) . . . in many countr ies poaching is consideredheavi ly cr i t ic ized,. . . more ser ious than drug smuggl ing.

2 . l f y o u w e a r a f u r c o a t i n p u b l i c , . . . ( B ) . . . a n d r a r e b r e e d s p a r k s a r e v e r y p o p u l a r w i t h

3. l t is i l legal to ki l l pandas, t igers.. . many'

4. lf we don't do more to protect pandas,... (c) "'in wildlife management'

s. A rot of British peopte are interested in tt' ;;t5.n""":'Jl,"J.:::?i:ruation

prosramme

unusua l an ima ls , . . .

6. Nat ional parks in Kenya are current ly (E) " ' they' l l soon be ext inct '

recruiting experts... (F) ...with battery farming in particular receiving

7. In an attempt to preserve forests around the a lot of condemnation'

country. . . (G) . . . i t was fascinat ing to observe their

8. we would like to carry out more scientific natural hehaviour'

study into rainforests... (H) ...on a successful panda breeding programme.

9. I don' t l ike zoos because I think.. . ( l ) . . .keeping animals in capt iv i ty is cruel.

10. Isaw a fascinating documentary about the (J) .,.or any other endangered specres.way animals l ive in venezuela and thought" ' (K) . . .but i t is of ten di f f icurt to get peopre to fund

11. In order to increase the birth rate, the Chinese the research.government has spent a lot of money" ' (L) . . .you r isk coming under attack from animal

12. Hunters have ki l led so many animals that. . . r ights act iv ists.

B . Rep lace the express ions in bo ld w i th a word or express ion f rom the box wh ich has the same

m e a n i n g .

1. ln Britain, building is restricted or completely banned in the area of farming land or woods and parks

which surrounds a town.

2. Many companies are developing boxes, cartons and cans which can easily be decomposed by

organisms such as bacteria, or by sunlight, sea, waten etc.

3. The burning of some fuels creates carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, methane and

other gases which rise into the atmosphere.

4. Farmers have cleared hectares of thick wooded land in tropical regions where the precipitation is very

high.

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un leaded pe t ro l . foss i l fue ls

genet ica l l y mod i f ied . g reenhouse

eros ion . con tamina ted .

b iodegradab le packag ing . ac id

. recyc le ( th ings) .

. ra in fo res t . g loba l

env i ronmenta l i s ts .

ra in . Green Be l t .

o rganrc

warming

emiss ions

ecosystem

65

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The environ ment5. Planting trees provides some protection from the gradual wearing away of soil.

6. We should all try to process waste material so that it can be used again.

7. These potatoes are cultivated naturally, without using any chemical fertilisers or pesticides.

8. This bread is made from wheat which has been altered at a molecular levelso as to change certaincharacteristics which can be inherited.

9. More and more cars are built to use fuel which has been made without lead additives.

10. Polluted precipitation which kills trees falls a long distance away from the source of the pollution.

1 1. Human beings have had a devastating effect on the living things, both large and smal/, in many partsof the world.

12. The gases and other substances which come from factories using oil, coal and other fuels which arethe remains of plants and animals can cause serious damage to the environment.

13. Don't drink that water! lt 's been made difi by something being added to it.

14. Friends of the Earth, Greenpeace and other people concerned with protecting the environment areholding a forum in London next month.

15. The heating up of the earth's atmosphere by pollution is threatening life as we know it.

C . Now look a t th is essay and comple teTasks A and B. In some cases , more thanthe fo rm o f some o f the words .

the gaps w i th oneone answer may be

of the wordsposs ib le . You

or express ions f rommay need to change

'Environmental degradation is a major world problem. What causes this problem, and what canwe do to prevent it?'

There is no doubt that the environment is in trouble. Factor ies burn 1wh ich produce 2 , and th is k i l l s t rees . A t the same t ime,

gases r ise into the air and contr ibute to 4w h i c h t h r e a t e n s t o m e l t t h e p o l a r i c e c a p . M e a n w h i l e f a r m e r s c l e a r h u g e a r e a s o f

in places such as the Amazon to produce feeding land for catt leor prod uce wood f or b u i I d i n g. R ivers a nd ocea ns a re so heavi ly 6 by ind ustr ia Iwaste that i t is no longer safe to go swimming. Cars pump out poisonous 7which we a l l have to b rea the in . 8 and over f i sh ing are k i l l i ng o f f m i l l i onsof an ima ls , inc lud ing wha les , e lephants and o ther 9 . In fac t , a l l a roundus, a l l l i v ing th ings la rge and smal l wh ich compr ise our f ine ly ba lanced 10are being systematical ly destroyed by human greed and thought lessness.

There is a lot we can al l do, however; to help prevent this. The easiest thing, of course, is to1 1 waste mater ial such as paper and glass so that we can use i tagain. We should also check that the things we buy from supermarkets are packaged in1 2 packaging which decomposes easi ly. At the same t ime, we shouldmake a conscious effort to avoid foods which are 13 (at least unt i lsomeone proves that they are safe both for us and for the environment). l f you are trulycommitted to protect ing the environment, of course, you should only buy 14

frui t and vegetables, safe in the knowledge that they have been natural ly cul t ivated. Final ly,o f course , we shou ld buy a smal l car tha t uses 15 which is less harmfuto the environment or, even better; make more use of publ ic transport .

The serious 16 , however, do much more. They are aware of the globali ssues invo lvedandwi l lac t i ve ly invo lve themse lves in lT bymak ingsureourforestsare keptsafeforf uture generat ions. Theywil loppose act iv i t ieswhich are harmf ul to animals, sucha s 1 8 . And they w i l l campaign to keep the 19around our towns and c i t ies f ree f rom new bu i ld ing .

We cannot al l be as committed as them, but we can at least do our own l i t t le bi t at grass rootslevel. We, as humans, have inheri ted the earth, but that doesn't mean we can do whatever we l ikewith i t .

66

HealthcareA. Match the sentence in the le f t -hand co lumn wi th a sentence in the r igh t -hand co lumn. Usethe words in bold to help you.

PROBLEMS

1. Mrs Brady has suffered from terrible (A) ll lnesses which affect the circulation of blood

rheumatism for years. are particularly common with people who are

2. More women than men are affected by overweight'

arthritis. (B) This is deposited on the walls of the arfen'es

and can block them.3. Air condit ioning units are often responsible

for spreadin g infectionsaround an offir (C) They can easily be spread from one person to

:e' another.

4' cardiovascular disease is becoming more (D) pains or stiffness in theybrnts or muscles cancommon in Bri tain ' be very di f f icul t to l ive with.

5. Too much exposure to the sun can cause skin (E) They don't get enough exercise.cancer

(F) Their immune system is not properry

6. l t is important not to eat too much food with developed and can be easi ly hurt .

a high cholesterolcontent. (G) The painful inflammation of a joint may

7. Too many people these days live a sedentary require surgery'

lifestyle. (H) The government has reduced its expenditure

8. People in posit ions of responsibi l i ty of ten have in thts area'

stress-re/afed illnesses. (l) But there are drugs which can slow down its

cel l-destroyi ng properties.9. Premature babies are vulnerable to il lnesses.

(J) Once the body's ce//s start growing10. The National Health Service is suffer ing from abnormal ly, a cure can be di f f icul t to f ind.

cutbacks and undertunding' (K) The pressures of a high-powered job can cause

11. The AIDS vr'rus is incurable. nervous strain, which may require drugs.

B. Rep lace the words or express ions in bo ld w i th a word or express ion f rom the box wh ich hast h e s a m e m e a n i n g .

1. lf you suffer from a bad back, a massage may be able to cure or relieve the disorder.

2 . O n e o f t h e s e c r e t s o f r e m a i n i n g i n g o o d h e a l t h i s t o c h o o s e f o o d t o e a t t h a t i s h i g h i n f i b r e a n d l o win fat .

3. Most people, when they are ill, rely on modern pills and tahlets to cure them.

4. Some o/d-fashioned cures for il lnesses, such as herbal tablets and remedies, are becoming increasinglypopular.

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ho l i s t i c med ic ine o a d ie t .

. t rad i t i ona l med ic ineso ac t ive . consu l tan t .

m inera ls o v i taminso we l f a re s ta te

conven t iona l med ic ine

67

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Healthcare5. Many people are turning to treatments which involve the whole person, including their mental

health, rather than just dealing with the symptoms of the illness.

6. Doctors sometimes refer their patients to a medical specialist attached to a hospital.

7. lt takes many years of training to become a doctor specializing in surgery.

8. Meat, eggs and nuts are rich sources of a compound which is an essential part of living cells, andwhich is essentialto keep the human body working properly.

9. On his holiday, he had to take essentialsubstances which are not synthesized by the body but arefound in food and are needed for growth and health, because the food he ate jacked the B and C9roups.

10. calcium and zinc are two of the most important substances found in food.

1 1. Most doctors recommend an energetic lifestyle, with plenty of exercise.

12. British people enjoy free healthcare thanks to the large amount of money which is spentto makesure they have adequate health services.

C' Now look at th is ext ract f rom a magazine ar t ic le and complete the gaps wi th one of thewords or express ions f rom Tasks A and B- . ln some cases, more than one

"n i* " r may be poss ib le .

You may need to change the form of some of the words.

A cure for the future in the past?

For over fifty years, the people of Britain have relied on the 1 to make sure they haveadequate health services. But now the Nat ional Health Service is sick. Government 2and 3 are forcing hospitals to close, and wait inq l ists for t reatment are gett inglonger. Under such circumstances, i t is no surpr ise that more people are turning to pr ivate (but explnsiveJhealthcare.

( the old-fashioned cures that our grandparents rel ied on) is making a comeback.Consider these case studies:

Maude is 76 and has been suffer ing from 6 for almost ten years. "The inf lammationin my joints was almost unbearable, and my doctor referred me to a 7 at the LondonHospital . I was told that I needed 8 , but would need to wait for at least two vearsbefore I could have the operat ion. In desperat ion, I started having massage sessions. To my surpr ise, ihesewere very 9extent. "

, and whi le they didn' t cure the disorder, they did rel ieve i t to some

Ron is 46. His high-powered ci ty job was responsible for a ser ies of 10 i l lnesses,and the drugs he took did l i t t le to rel ieve the nervous strain. " l read about treatments which involvethe whole person rather than the individual symptoms, but I had always been scept ical about11 Howeve4 my fr iend recommended a diet ic ian who advised me that part ofmy problem was 12 -related. Basical ly, the foods lwas eat ing were contr ibut ingto my disorder. She gave me a l ist of foods that would provide the r ight 13 and1 4

For some, howevelother 4

1 5the 16

So is there st i l l aand viruses may be1 7

there are al ternat ives. They are turning their back on modern pi l ls, tablets and. l t seems paradoxical , but in an age of microchips and high technoroqy,

to keep me in good health. At the same t ime, she recommended a morel i festyle - running, swimming, that k ind of thing. l 'm a bi t of a couch potato, and

l i fes ty le lhad l i ved was compound ing the prob lem. Now l fee l g rea t ! ' ,

p lace in our l ives for modern medicine? While i t is t rue that some infect ionsprevented by resort ing to al ternat ive medicine, more ser ious i l lnesses such as

need more drast ic measures. We do need our health service at these t imes. andwe shouldn' t stop invest ing in i ts future. But we mustn' t forget that for some common i l lnesses, the cure

68

may l ie in the past

Trave IA. Look a t the fo l low ing sentences and dec ide i f they are t rue or fa lse . l f they are fa lse , exp la inwhy.

1. A travel agency is the same as a tour operator.

2. A package tour is a hol iday in wh ich the pr ice includes f l ights, t ransfers to a nd f rom the airport andaccommodation.

3. An al l - inclusive hol iday is a hol iday in which the pr ice includes f l ights, t ransfers, accommodation, foodand dr ink .

4. When passengers embark, they get off an aeroplane or ship.

5. When passengers disembark, they get on an aeroplane or ship.

6. The first thing you do when you go to an airport is go to the check-in.

7. The first thing you do when you arrive at your hotel is check in.

8. The opposite of a package tourist is an rndependent traveller.

9. Mass tourisrn can have a negative effect on the environment.

10. Eco-tourism is tourism which has a negative effect on the environment.

1 1. The words trip, excursion, journey and voyage all have the same meaning.

12. lt is always necessaryto have a vrsa when you visit a different country.

13. A f l ight f rom London to Paris could be described as a long-haul f l ight.

14. Flying economy c/ass is more expensive than flying bustness class.

15. A Canadian ci t izen f ly ing to Japan wi l l have to f i l l in an immigrat ion card before he arr ives.

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1. At the beginning of the war, thousands ofcountry.

2. Since the civ i l war began, almost a mi l l ion people have been forced to move to another part of thecountry. These persons are now without food or shelter.

3. Nineteenth-century governments encouraged to the colonies.

4. The government is encouragingindustr ies.

because of the shortage of workers in key

5. Going from Cal i fornia to l ive with hi l l t r ibes in India was something of a

6. Thousands of Br i t ish l ive in Singapore, where many of them have high-poweredjobs.

7. The is under a lot of pressure owing to the huge number of displaced persons aroundthe world.

8. He was

9. Because he had a cr iminal record, the government didn' t want him to enter the country, declared himand asked him to leave immediately.

10. After the economy col lapsed in the east, thousands of headed west in the hopeof f inding a good job.

1 1. He didn' t want to be

fled over the border to the next

from the country when his visa expired.

B, Comple te sentences 1-11wi th a su i tab le word or express ion f rom the box .

depor ted o

repat r ia ted o

economic m ig ran ts

expa t r ia tes '

immigra t ion o [ JNHCR. cu l tu re shock .

in te rna l l yr p€ ISOf tO

em ig ra t ion .

d i sp laced

non gra ta

re fugees

but nevertheless was put on a plane back home.

69

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Trave IC' Now look a t th is essay and comple te the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f romTasks A and B. In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . You may need to changethe fo rm o f some o f the words .

Travel: the other side of the coin

Most of us have, at some point in our l ives, experienced the joys of t ravel. We go to the1 _to pick up our brochures. We book a two-week 2_ with f l ights and accommodation included (or i f we are 3 , we make our ownway to the country and travel around from place to place with a rucksack on our back). We make sure wehave al l the r ight currency, our passport and any 4 that are necessary to get usinto the country. We go to the airport and 5_ . We strap ourselves into our tinyo aircraft seats and a few hours later we 7 fromthe aircraft , strange new sights, smel ls and sounds greet ing us. Nowadays, i t seems, the whole world goeson hol iday at once: the age of 8 is in fu l l sw ing !

travel for them is done in the face of greatBut for the great major i ty of people around the world,adversi ty and hardship. They never get to indulge in an 9 hol iday in a luxuryhotel with al l meals and dr inks included. They never get to explore the lush Amazon rain forest or thefrozen wastes of the Arct ic on an 10 hol iday. For them, travel is a matterof l i fe and death. I refer, of course, to al l the 1 1 escaping from their owncountr ies, or the 12 , moved from one part of their country to another by anuncaring government, or 13 forced to f ind a job and seek a l iv ing whereverthey can.

Can you imagine anything worse than the misery these people must face? Let 's not confusethem with those 14 , who choose to l ive in another country and often havenice houses and high salar ies. These people are simply desperate to survive. As wel l as losing their homesbecause of war or famine or other natural disasters, they must come to terms with their new environment:for many, the 15 can be too great. And whi le many countr ies with an open

welcome them in with open arms, others wi l l s imply turnpo l icy on 16them away. These people become 17 , unwanted and unwelcome. Even i fthey manage to get into a country, they wi l l of ten be 18future is uncertain.

or repatr iated. Their

Something to think about, perhaps, the next t ime you are 19 to your five-star hotel by a palm-fr inged beach or si t t ing in a coach on an 20cast le in the countryside.

to a pretty


w i l l

70

Crime & the lawA. Match the words and express ions in the box w i th the i r cor rec t de f in i t ion 1-9 .

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1. A person appointed to make legal decisions in a court of law.

2. A group of twelve ci t izens who are sworn to decide whether someone is gui l ty or innocent on thebasis of evidence given in a court of law.

3. A person who sees something happen or is present when something happens.

4. A person who is accused of doing something i l legal.

5. A person who is attacked or who is in an accident.

6. A qual i f ied lawyer who gives advice to members of the publ ic and acts for them in legal matters.

7. A person who commits an offence against the law

8. A lawyer who can present a case in court .

9. An expression used to descr ibe someone who obevs the law.

l aw-ab id ing

of fender

. so l i c i to r .

v i c t im r ba r r i s te r

de fendan t

o judge

a ju ry

wi tnessa a

B. The fo l low ing groups o f sen tences descr ibe the lega l p rocess wh ich fo l lows a c r ime.However , w i th the except ion o f the f i rs t sen tence, the sentences in each group are in thewrong order . Put them in to the cor rec t o rder , us ing the key words in bo ld to he lp you. Someof these words appear in Task A.

Part 1

A. One night, Jim Smith committed a serious crime. = Sentence 1

B. Jim asked the off icer for a sol ic i torto help him.

C. At the same time, the police arranged for a barristerto prosecute him.

D. They took him to the pol ice stat ion and formal ly charged him with the cr ime.

E. When the trial began and he appeared in court for the first time, he pleaded his rnnocence.

F. The next morning the police arrested him.

Part 2

A. His barrister also said he was innocent and asked the court to acquit him. = Sentence 1

B. Whi le he was in pr ison, he appl ied for parole.

C. As a result, the judge sentenced him to two years in prison.

D. He was released after 18 months.

E. However, there were several witnesses, and the evidence against him was overwhelming.

F. Having all the proof they needed, the jury returned a guilty verdict.


71

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A.

B .

c.

D,

E .

F.

Unfortunately, prison failed to rehabilitate him and after his release he continued with hismrsdeeds,attacking an old woman in the street. = Sentence l

Jim promisedto reform and the pensioner withdrew her call for more severe retribution.

With this in mind, instead of passing a custodial sentence,he fined him a lot of monev and orderedhim to do community service.

He was re-arrested and returned to court.

His new vict im, a pensioner, thought that the judge was being too lenient on Jim and cal led for thereinstatement of corporal punishment and capital punishment!

At his second tr ial the judge agreed that pr ison was not a deterrent for J im.

C. Now look a t th is ex t rac t f rom a po l i t i c ian 's speech and comple te the gaps w i th onethe words or expressions from Tasks A and B. ln some cases, more than on-e

"nr*er may

poss ib le . You may need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

Are you worr ied about cr ime? | am. We read i t every day in the papers. A terr ible cr ime has been1 , the pol ice have 2 someone, he hasappeared in front of a jury in 3 he has 4his innocence but has been found 5 o f h is c r ime and he has been

to ten years in pr ison. we are al l very rel ieved that the cr iminal is beingpun ished fo r h is 7 , a n d 8 cit izens l ike youand me can sleep more safely at night.

But9

what happens next? We al l hope, don' t we, that the pr isoner wi l l benef i t f rom society 's1 0 h i m a n d, tha t a spe l l in p r ison w i l l

ofbe

make him a better person.l i ke us . We a l l hooe tha ton the streets, he wi l l be a1 3

We a l l hope tha t he w i l l 11 and becomewhen he is eventua l l y 12 and let loosegood character; the threat of another spel l in jai l being a sui tablewh ich w i l l s top h im f rom break ing the law aga in . Oh yes .

But let 's face1 4

The real i ty is usual ly very di f ferent. The pr isoner may be released onbefore the end of his sentence. He wi l l t ry to re-enter society. But

then he often becomes a 15 himself , unable to f ind work and rejectedby society. l t isn' t long before he's back in pr ison again.

so what al ternat ives are there, I hear you say. what can we do to the 16to make sure he doesn't commit another cr ime? There are al ternat ives to pr ison, of course,such as 17 in wh ich he w i l l p rov ide a serv ice to those around h im. Or hecan pay a la rge 18 . Alternat ively, we could establ ish a more severesys tem o f pun ishment , inc lud ing 19 and 20but we l ike to consider ourselves civ i l ised, and the idea of beat ing or execut ing someone is repel lentto us. Oh yes.

The answe4 of course, is far s impler. We need to be tough not on the cr iminal, but on the cause ofthe cr ime. we should spend less of the taxpayer 's money funding the 21_and 22- and al l the other people who work for the legal system, and putthe money instead into support ing deprived areas which are the breeding grounds for cr ime. We inthe Conlab Party bel ieve that everybody needs a good chance in l i fe, and this is a good step forward.Vote for us now!

Don't forget-to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try to use new vocabutary items whenever possihle.

72

Socia I tensionsA. Match each newspaper head l ine in the box w i th the f i rs t l i ne o f i t s accompany ing s to rybe low. Use the under l ined words and express ions to he lp you.

A. ILLEGAL ALIENS TO BE EXPELLED

B. ETHNIC MINORITIES 'L IVING BELOW POVERTY LEVEL '

C. HOMELESS SOUATTERS EVICTED

D. INSTITUTIONAL RACISM STILL A PROBLEM

E. INTERNALLY DISPLACED IN NEW GENOCIDE HORROR

F. EXTREMISTS ACCUSED OF INCITING RACIAL HATRED

G. UNREST. RIOTS AND AruARCHY CONTINUE

H. REBELS VICTORIOUS IN LATEST POWER STRUGGLE

I. DISCRIMINATION AND EXPI-OITATION A MAJOR PROBLEM IN BRITISH INDUSTRY

I. DISSIDENTS ASK AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT FOR POLITICAL ASYLUM

1. Off icers from the Thames Val ley Pol ice Force raided a house in Kidl ington earl ier this morning and

forc ib ly removed a fami lywho had been s tay ing there i l l ega l l ys ince they los t the i r home in August .

2. Almost 50o/o of factory workers in nat ional companies claim they have received bad treatment or have

been taken advantage of because of their c lass, rel ig ion, race, language, colour or sex, i t has been

revealed.

3. The UN has accused the government of Zaris lavia of further atroci t ies committed in the west of the

country, where hundreds of migrants are reported to have been ki l led by securi ty forces.

4. Opponents of the government in Yugaria have asked to stay in Sydney because the pol i t ical s i tuat ion

in their own country is making i t unsafe for them to return.

5. The pol ice have once again been accused of discr iminat ing against minori ty groups, despite their

reassurances earl ier this year that they had reformed their pract ices.

6. Neo-Nazi groups in Paris were today condemned for inci t ing violence against non-whites in the centre

of the city.

7. A shocking survey has revealed that almost 30o/o ol Asian and Afr ican racial groups l iv ing in London

are suffer ing f inancial hardship.

8. Fol lowing further devaluat ion of the Malovian dol lar; v iolence has once again erupted on the streets

of the caoital .

9. Groups f ight ing against the government of George Mal ikes in Livat ia have succeeded in captur ing and

occupying the parl iament bui lding.

10. The Government has ordered the immediate deportat ion of over 200 immigrants who entered the

country without passports or visas last year.

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73

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B. Match the wordsbox wh ich is e i thert h e s e a l s o a p p e a r i n

and express ions in thethe c loses t in mean ingTask A.

f i rs t box w i th a wordo r w h i c h i s n o r m a l l y

or express ion in the secondassoc ia ted w i th i t . Some o f

ethn ic c leans ing . p re jud ice o c i v i l r i gh ts . ha rassmentrebe l . p icke t l ine o poV€f ty -s t r i cken o re fugee o ou tcas t

reject (noun)

d iscr im inat ion

a non-conformis t . b lack leg . human. d isp laced person . in t im ida t ion

r igh ts o des t i tu te. rac ia l pu rg ing

C. Now look a t th is news programme and comple te the gaps w i thexpress ions f rom Tasks A and B. In some cases , more than one answermay need to change the fo rm o f some o f the words .

one o f the words ormay be poss ib le . You

Good evening. Here is the news.

Neo-Naz is and o ther t have2 in the Brat i lovan Republ ic. Thepeople have been murdered there in the last s ix months. 3from the country have asked the Bri t ish government to grant them 4fear for their safety if they have to return.

The government are to deport 500 5

been held responsible for a wave ofUnited Nat ions est imates that over 20,000

who have escaped, as they

whose visas have expired. Angryas most

accused ofpestered and

members of the opposit ion have accused the government of 6o f the depor tees are o f A f r i can or ig in . Meanwhi le , the po l i ce have

, after Asian famil ies in Bradford complained they hadbeenoeen

worr ied by off icers fol lowing a ser ies of robberies in the ci ty.

leaders in the USA have held a demonstrat ion in Washington against thepenalty. They have cal led for a total abol i t ion of capital punishment, c laiming that i t is contrary to

pr inciples out l ined in the United Nat ions Declarat ion of Human Riqhts.

f ight ing the government of President Stanislow have taken control of the

deathbasic 9

1 0television stat ion in the centre of the capital . This fol lows a long-standing 1 1between Mr Stanislow and the pr incipal opposit ion party which has ser iously weakened his power.

A spokesman for the 12 community in London has presented a pet i t ion tothe government asking them to provide housing for everyone. He argues that the government 's refusalto ra ise the min imum wage ra te has resu l ted in thousands l i v ing in 13 , withnot enough money to pay for somewhere to l ive. Meanwhi le, the Metropol i tan Pol ice evicted several1 4 who took over a house in the city centre last week and refused to leaveunt i l the government took posit ive act ion.

A recent survey reveals that at least 30o/o of publ ic companies have been accused of1 5 a n d 1 6 in the past year. The main offenderis Anglo-Amalgamated Telecommunicat ions, a Bristol-based company. Their employees, many of themAsian women, claim they have received bad treatment or been taken advantage of by the company.

And f inal ly, the Cardi f f pol ice are preparing for angry scenes at the Welsh Internat ional Computers factorytomorrow when 17 , anxious to return to work after s ix months on str ike, wi l lat tempt to break through the picket l ine. A senior off icer has expressed his concern that there wi l l be

74

1 8 and people wi l l get hurt as a result .

& technologyA. Rep lace the words and express ions in bo ld in sentences 1 - 18 w i th a word or express ion

from the box.

ana lysed . genet ic eng ineer ing . b reak through . mo lecu la r b io logy

a technophobe . sa feguards . deve lopment . cybernet ics . invented

nuc lear eng ineer ing . combined . l i fe expec tancy . d iscovered

a technoph i le . innovat ions o reac t . an exper iment o research

1. The company is carrying out scientific study to f ind a cure for Aids.

2. Ihe planning and production of the new computer system will take some time.

3. Modern home entertainment systems and other modern inventions are changing everyone's lives.

4. Some elements change their chemical composition when mixed with water.

5. The scientists have created a new machine to automate the orocess.

6. Who was the person who found penici l l in?

7. When the food was examrned closely and scientifically, itwas found to contain bacteria.

8. Rain lbrned together with CO, gases produces acid rain.

9. Ron is terrified of modern technology.

10. Geoff is very interested in modern technology.

11. Protect ion against accidents in this laboratory are minimal.

12. Scientists conducted a scientific tesf to see how people reactto different smells.

13. Brian is studying the techniques used to change the genetic composition of a cellso as to change

certain characteristics which can be inherited.

14. Sarah is studying the things which form the structure of living matter.

15. Christine is studying how information is communicated in machines and electronic devices in

comparison with how it is communicated in the brain and netvous system.

'16. Neil is studying the different ways of extracting and controlling energy from atomic particles.

17. There has been a sudden success in the search for a cure for cancer.

18. Ihe number of years a person is likely to live has increased a great deal thanks to modern medicine

and technology.

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Science& technologyB. Read th is descr ip t ion o f a computer . Unfor tunate ly , the person who is descr ib ing i t i s no t

very fami l ia r w i th computer te rmino logy and cannot remember a l l the words . He lp them by

us ing the appropr ia te word or express ion in the box to g ive a more sc ien t i f i c de f in i t ion o f the i r

words in bo ld .

l og on . keyboard . load / ins ta l l . v i rus . e -mai l . download

hardware .c rashed .so f twareo ln te rne t .scanner .mouse

base un i t / d i sk d r i ve . webs i te o p r in te r . mon i to r

OK, here's my new computer. As you can see, there are f ive main parts. Now, the large box with

the slots and sl id ing disk carr ier 1 is the most impor tan t par t . l t car r ies a l l the

stuff that makes the computer work 2 . You can also put in 3 your

own games and o ther th ings 4 . Nex t to i t there is the th ing tha t looks l i ke a smal l

television 5 so tha t you can see what the computer i s do ing . To the r igh t o f tha t ,

there is the machine that lets you make black and white or colour copies of the documents that you

create on the computer 5 . You can cont ro l the computer by us ing the rec tangu lar

f lat thing with al l the let ters and numbers on 7 or the funny l i t t le object with the

long lead which you can move across your desk 8___ The large f lat thing to the lef t of

the computer is the machine you can use to make copies of your photographs onto the computer,

a bit l ike a photocopier 9_______

I t ' s a very use fu l mach ine , o f course . Once you ge t i t up and runn ing 10______you can do lo ts o f

th ings on i t . You can c rea te documents , p lay games or ge t in fo rmat ion f rom the fan tas t ic th ing tha t

l inks computers from around the world 11 . A lo t o f compan ies and organ iza t ions

have the i r own spec ia l computer page 12 which you can look a t , and you can

t ransfer 13 the in fo rmat ion to your own computer f i les . Or , i f you l i ke , you can send

messages to other people by using a special electronic let ter-sending faci l i ty 14

Unfor tunate ly , I can ' t le t you use i t as i t s topped work ing 15 las t n igh t . l t ' s

probably got a technical faul t , usual ly created on purpose, that af fects computer f i les and folders

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try fo use new vocabulary items whenever possible.

76

15

& technologyC. Now look a t th is essay and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom TasksA and B. In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . You may need to change someof the word fo rms.

Technology has come a long way in the last f i f ty years, and our l ives have become better as a result . Or

have they?

The second half of the twent ieth century saw more changes than in previous two hundred

treat infections; there

increase our average

years. Penici l l in has already been 1 and used

have been many remarkable advances in medicine that have helped

way beyond that of our ancestors. Incredible 3

such as television have changed the way we spend our leisure hours. Perhaps the most important 4_

, howeveL has been the microchip. Nobody could have imagined, when i t was

first 5 , that within a matter of years, this t iny piece of s i l icon and circui try

would be found in almost every household object from the kettle to the video recorder. And nobody

could have predicted the sudden prol i ferat ion of computers that would completely change our l ives,

al lowing us to access information from the other side of the world via the 6

or send messages around the world by 7 at the touch of a button.

Meanwhi le, 8 into other aspects of information technology is making i t

easier and cheaper for us to talk to fr iends and relat ions around the world. Good news for

9 who love modern technology, bad newsforthe 10

who would prefer to hide from these modern miracles.

But everything has a pr ice. The development of 11 led to mass automation

in factor ies, which in turn led to mi l l ions losing their jobs. The genius of Einstein led to the horrors of

the atomic bomb and the dangerous uncertaint ies of 12 (we've heard of

accidents and mishaps at nuclear power stat ions around the world, where 13

to prevent accidents were inadequate). The relat ively new science of 14 has

been seen as a major step forward, but putting modified foods onto the market before scientists had

proper ly 15 them was perhaps one of the most i rresponsible decisions of the

1990s. Meanwhi le, pharmaceut ical companies cont inue to 16

move that many consider to be cruel and unnecessary.

on an imals , a

Of course we al l rely on modern science and technology to

make sure that we can control it before it controls us.

improve our lives. However, we need to


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Food & dietA. F ind words in the box be low wh ich have the same mean ing as the d ic t ionary de f in i t ions1-11. A sample sentence w i th the word removed has been g iven to you.

1. Units of measurement of energy in food.(Example: She's counting to try and lose weight.)

2. A compound which is an essent ial part of l iv ing cel ls, one of the elements in food which you need tokeep the human body working properly.

(Example: Eggs are a rich source of

3. A chemical substance containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.(Example: Bread, potatoes and rice are good sources of

4. A white substance from plants or animals which can be used for cooking.(Example: Fry the meat and drain off the .)

5. Matter in food which cannot be digested and passes out of the body.(Example: A diet that doesn't contain enough can cause intestinal problems.)

6. A fat ty substance found in fats and oi ls, also produced by the l iver and forming an essent ial part ofa l l ce l l s .

(Example: If you eat too much it can be deposited on the walls ofarteries, causing them to become blocked.)

7. Essent ial substance which is not synthesised by the body but is found in food and is needed for healthand growth.

(Example: He doesn't eat enough fruit and suffers from C deficiency.)

8. Substance which is found in food, but which can also be dug out of the earth.(Example: What is the content of spinach?)

9. Too heavy, often as a result of eating too much.(Example: The doctor says l'm and must go on a diet.)

10. The result of not having enough to eat, or the result of eat ing too much of the wrong sort of food.(Example: Many of the children in the refugee camp were

11. Rece iv ing food.(Example: We are developing a scheme to improve in the poorer areas.)

W E c R T Y U H F V F H E NM c A R B o H Y D R A T E sY s L c E A c z a W T E R TU I o H E R V z X c V B N MA P R o T E N A D F G H IK L L N U T R I T I o N Mc V E E B N A z X c V B N ML K s 5 I H M I N E R A L BM N B T V c L K I H G F DU Y T E W E N R T Y U I o PF B R E A E a W E D G T XH E D o V E R W E G H T Bc M A L N o U R s H E D Ya W E G s T c V T W R D W T

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B. Match sentences 1-10 with a second sentence A-J. Use the key words in bold to help you.

1. A lot of people are allergic to nuts.2. Many people do not trust genefically modifiedfoods.3. Organic vegetables are more expensive but are better for you.4. We refuse to eat battery chickens.5. We prefer to eat free range meats.6. The haryesf has been very bad this year.7. Fol lowing the f loods in Mozambique, there was a terr ible scarci ty of food.8. There has been an outbreak oI salmonella,listeria and other food poisonrng in Perth.9. Too many people don't eat a balanced diet.10. Fast food is very popular.

A. This is because they are cul t ivated natural ly, without using any chemicalfert i l isers or pest ic ides.B. There wasn't enough to feed everyone affected by the disaster.C. They are not sure that al ter ing the composit ion of cel ls to change certain character ist ics is safe.D. l t 's good to know that the animals were given enough space to express their natural behaviour.E. Terr ible weather condit ions have prevented the crops from r ipening and reduced the yield.F. A lot of people are in hospital as a result .G. Unfortunately, a diet of burgers, pizzas and fried chicken is not very healthy.H. They physical ly react very badly.l . This is because they spend their l i fe conf ined in a smal l cage.J. They don't consume suff ic ient quant i t ies of the di f ferent food groups.

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C. Now comple tecases , more thanf o rms.

th is a r t i c le w i th one o f the words orone answer may be poss ib le . You

express ions f rom Tasks A and B. In somemay need to change some o f the word

Most chi ldren enjoy eat ing 1and pizzas can lack essent ial 2

, but scient i f ic testsand 3

have shown us that burgerswhich are essent ial

andfor health and groMh, whi le simultaneously containing large amounts of 4which can result in obesity and heart problems. Many chi ldren end up suffer ing

from 6 , s ince they eat too much of the wrong sort of food. In fact, in many areasof the developed world, a lot of chi ldren show simi lar symptoms to those in poorer developing countr ies,where 7 of food causes thousands of deaths from starvat ion, especial ly in the wakeof natural disasters which ruin crops and in some cases total ly destroy the annual 8

Diet ic ians tel l us that we must eat a 9 , as i t is essent ial we consume suff ic ientquant i t ies of the di f ferent food groups. They tel l us that we should al l eat more 10which cannot be digested by the body, and fewer foods which are high in 11 , asth is can block the wal ls of arter ies and lead to heart problems. This is good advice, of course, but ourl i festyles often make this di f f icul t . Many of the ready-prepared foods we buy from supermarkets are highi n 1 2 , giv ing us more energy than we actual ly need. 13 foodsare appearing on our supermarket shelves, even though nobody is real ly sure i f al ter ing the composit ionof food cel ls is safe. We have the opt ion, of course, of buying 14 foods, but natural lycul t ivated frui ts and vegetables are expensive. And to make matters worse, we are cont inual ly hearingabout outbreaks of 1 5 a n d 1 6 which put us off eat ing certainfoods, as nobody wants to spend t ime in hospital suffer ing from 17

A few things to watch out for next t ime you go shopping. l f you have the t ime and the money, that is!

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Children & the familyL(o=.cr(5\,oI

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A. Comple te these sentences w i th an appropr ia te word or express ion f rom A, B or C.

1. Mr and Mrs Smith l ive at home with their two chi ldren. They are a typical example of a modernfamily.

A. extended B. nuclear C. compact

2. Mr and Mrs Popat lal l ive at home with their aged parents, chi ldren and grandchi ldren. They are atypical example of a tradi t ional family.A. nuclear B. enlarged C. extended

3. Mrs Jones l ives on her own and has to look after her two chi ldren. There are a lot offamil ies l ike hers.

A. single-parent B. mother-only C. mono-parent

4. Some parents need to their chi ldren more str ict lv.A. bring down B. bring about C. bring up

5. When I was a chi ld, I had a very turbulentA. upbringing B. upraising C. uplifting

6. Mrs Kel ly is and f inds i t di f f icul t to look after her chi ldren on her own.A. divorced B. divided C. diverged

is the responsibi l i ty of a woman.C. childaid

7. Many men bel ieve thatA. childhelp B. childcare

is a part icular ly di f f icul t t ime of l i fe for a chi ld.A. convalescence B. adolescence C. convergence

9. A person's behaviour can sometimes be traced back to his/herA. creative years B. formulating years C. formative years

10. The country has seen a sharp drop in the in the last few years.A. birth rate B. baby rate C. born rate

1 1 . She has f i ve who rely on her to look after them.A. dependants B. dependers C. dependents

is on the r ise, with over 20Vo of ser ious cr imes being committed by chi ldrenunder the age of seventeen.A. junior crime B. juvenile delinquency C. minor crime

B. Match sentences 1-12 with a second sentence A-M. Use the key words and expressions in boldto he lp you.

1. Mr and Mrs White are very authori tar ian parents.

2. Mr. Bowles is considered to be too lenient.

3. Mr and Mrs Harr is lead separate l ives.

4. Bi l ly is a wel l -adjusted kid.

5. The Mannings are not very responsible parents.

6. My parents are separated.

7. Parents must look after their chi ldren, but they shouldn' t be over-protect ive.

8. Professor Maynard has made a study of the cognit ive processes of young chi ldren.

9. l 'm afraid my youngest chi ld is running wi ld.

8 .

12 .

80

Children & the family10. She looks quite di f ferent from al l her sibl ings.

11. There are several di f ferent and dist inct stages of development in a chi ld 's l i fe.

12. Tony was raised by a foster family when his own parents died.

A. They don't look after their chi ldren very wel l .

B. He is fascinated by the way they learn new things.

C. He very rarely punishes his chi ldren.

D. I l ive with my mother and visi t my father at weekends.

E. He never l istens to a word I say, and is always playing truant from school.

F. Brothers and sisters usual ly bear some resemblance to one another.

G. Although they are marr ied and l ive together; they rarely speak to each other.

H. They are very str ict with their chi ldren.

l . Of al l of these, the teenage years are the most di f f icul t .

J. chi ldren need the freedom to get out and experience the world around them.

K. He's happy at home and is doing wel l at school.

L. Many famil ies take in chi ldren who are not their own.

C. Now read th is case s tudy and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f romTasks A and B. In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . You may need to changesome o f the word fo rms.

Bob 's p rob lems began dur ing h is 1 years. His parents got

when he was young, and neither of them wanted to raise him or his brotherand sister, so he was 3 b y a 4 chosen by his parents'social worker. Unfortunately, his foster-father was a strict 5 and often beat him.Bob rebel led against this str ict 6 , and by the t ime he was eight, he was already

, steal ing from shops and playing truant. By the t ime he reached

, sometime around his thir teenth bir thday, he had already appeared in courtseveral t imes, charged with 9

tha t ch i ld ren needed 10

. The judge blamed his foster parents, explainingparents and guardians who would look after them

properly. The foster father objected to this, point ing out that Bob's 1 1 - his twobrothers and sister - were 12

at school.chi ldren who behaved at home and worked wel l

This has raised some interest ing quest ions about the modern family system. Whi le i t is t rue that parentsshould not be too 13 with chi ldren by let t ing them do what they want whenthey want, oi be too 14 by shelter ing them from the real i t ies of l i fe, i t is alsotrue that they should not be too str ict . l t has also highl ighted the disadvantages of the modern

family where the chi ld has only i ts mother and father to rely on (or thefamily, in which the mother or father has to struggle part icular ly hard to

suppor t the i r 17 ). In fact, many bel ieve that we should return to tradi t ionalfami ly va lues and the 18 family: extensive research has shown that chi ldren

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On the roadA. Choose the most su i tab le exp lanat ion or in te rpre ta t ion , A or B , fo r the fo l low ing sentences .Use the words in bo ld to he lp you.

1. People enjoy the mobility that owning a car gives them.A. People enjoy being able to travel easily from one place to another.B. People enjoy being able to drive very fast.

2. What's your destination?A. Where have you come from?

B. Where are you going to?

3. Congestion in the city centre has increased dramatically.A. lt is now easier to drive around the city centre than it was before.B. lt is now more difficult to drive around the city centre than it was before.

4. The local council wants to reduce the risks to pedestrians.A. The local council wants to make it safer for people to walk along the street.

B. The local council wants to make it safer for drivers and their passengers.

5. Lead-free petrol reduces the risk of pollution.A. Lead-free petrol does not make the environment as dirty as conventional petrol.

B. Cars fuelled by lead-free pollution are safer to drive.

6. Traffic-calmrng measures are becoming increasingly common throughout the country.A. People have to drive more slowly because of the increased number of police in villages andtowns.

B. People have to drive more carefully through towns and villages because of specially-builtobstac/es in the road.

7. The centre of Camford has been designated a traffic-free zone.A. You cannot take your car into the centre of Camford.

B. You can park your car for free in the centre of Camford.

8. Container lorr ies and other large vehicles dominate our roads.A. There are a lot of large vehicles on the roads.

B. There aren't many large vehicles on the roads.

9. Young drivers have a higher accident rsk than older drivers.A. Young drivers are more likely than older drivers to be involved in a crash.

B. Young drivers are /ess likely than older drivers to be involved in a crash.

10. Publ ic transport is heavi ly suhsidised in most areas.A. The government has made public transport cheaper to use by giving money to bus and traincompanies.

B. The government has made public transport more expensive to use by increasing the price ofroad tax.

11. The junct ion of London Road and Hol ly Street is an accident black spot.A. A lot of traffic accidents happen here.

B. Not many accidents happen here.

12. The city council needs to adopt an effective transport strategy within the next five years.A. The city councilneeds to find a better way for people to get into, around and out of the city.B. The city councilneeds to encourage more drivers to bring their cars into the city.

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On the roadB. Look a t sen tences 1-10 and dec ide what has , o r hasn ' t , happened (sentences A-J ) . Use thewords ln bold to help you.

1. Ambulance driver to policeman: 'The pedestrian's injuries are very severe and he has to go tohoso i ta l . '

2. Judge to driver: 'Drink-driving is a serious offence and ltherefore ban you from driving for a year'.3. Driving instructor to student driver: 'Stop! That's a pedestrian crossingl'4. Examiner to student driver: 'You don't know enough about the Highway Code yet to pass your theory

test.'5. Pol iceman to dr iver: 'Do you real ise you were speeding back there, s ir? '6. Driver to a fr iend: ' l can' t bel ieve i t ! He gave me a heavy f ine and six points on my l icence. '7. Police officer to radio interviewer: ' loyriding has increased by almost 50% and I am urging everyone

to think twice before they get involved in this stupid act iv i ty. '8. Television news presenter: 'So far this year there have been 27 fatalities on Oxfordshire's roads.'9. City council officer to journalist: 'As part of our new transport strategy, we are going to construct cycle

/anes in and around the ci ty. '10. Citycounci lof f icertojournal ist : 'The"ParkandRide"schemehasbeenverysuccessfuloverthelastyear ' .

A. Somebody is unfamil iar with the government publ icat ion containing the rules for people travel l ingon roads.

B. More people have been leaving their cars in designated areas outside a ci ty and catching a bus intothe city centre.

C. A lot of cars have been stolen, mainly by young people who want some exci tement.D. A person walking in the street has been hi t and badly hurt by a vehicle.E. Somebody has decided to make i t safer to use bicycles.F. Somebody has almost dr iven through a red l ight and hi t a person walking across the road.G. Somebody has had to pay money because of a dr iv ing offence.H. Somebody has consumed an i l legal amount of alcohol before dr iv ing their car.l . A lot of people have been ki l led in traf f ic-related accidents.J. Somebody has been dr iv ing too fast.

C. Now read th is a r t i c le and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom Tasks Aand B. In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . You may need to change someof the word fo rms.

and 2 on Bri tain 's roads are increasing from yearto year: last year, 2,827 people were killed and almost 300,000 hurt in traffic-related accidents. Most ofthese were caused by drivers 3 in bui l t -up areas, where many seem to disregardthe 30mph l imit , or 4 , especial ly around Christmas, when more alcohol isconsumed than at any other t ime. In many cases, i t is 5 who are the vict ims,

by drivers who seemknocked down as they are walking across the street at 6to have forgotten that the rules of the 7 order you to stop at red l ights.

But these innocent vict ims, together with the help of the pol ice and local counci ls, are f ight ing back.In Oxford, a ci ty plagued by 8 and 9 causedby traff ic, and a notor ious accident 10 for pedestr ians and cycl ists, the ci tycounci l has recent ly implemented i ts new 11 , which has improved the f low

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of traffic to the benefit of those on foot or on two wheels. 12as bol lards and speed humps have slowed traff ic down. 13

measures sucnschemes have

helped reduce the number of cars in the ci ty, as off ice workers and shoppers leave their cars outsidethe ci ty and bus in instead. Cornmarket Street, the main shopping thoroughfare, has been designated a1 41 5

c losed to a l l veh ic les dur ing the day . There are moreon main routes into the ci ty, making i t safer for the huge number of

students and residents who rely on bicycles to get around. And 16 pub l ictransport has helped to keep down the cost of using buses. Meanwhi le, the pol ice and the courts arecoming down hard on dr iverswho misusethe roads , hand ing down la rge 17on self ish, inconsiderate dr ivers who bel ieve i t is their r ight to 18 the roads.

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The artsA. Look a t sen tences 1-10 , wh ich are a l l ex t rac ts f rom ar t rev iews, and dec ide what i s be ingta lked about in each one. Choose the most appropr ia te answer f rom the box . There are som6which are no t needed.

Performing arts

amoderndancep iece o aconcer t o ap lay . anopera .a f i lm . aba l le t

Literature

poe t ry . ab iography . d rama. anove l . aco l lec t iono f shor ts to r ies

Fine / Visual Arts

abs t rac ta r t o a landscape o pho tography . apor t ra i t . as t i l l l i f e . ascu lp tu re

1. Mimi Latouche is gett ing a l i t t le too old for this kind of thing, and as I watched her pirouetteacross the stage in a tutu two sizes too smal l , she reminded me not so much of a swan as of arather ungainly crow.

2. The scenery was wonderful . The costumes were marvel lous. The cast were incredible. I wish Icould say the same about the scr ipt . The playwright should be shot.

3. In his new book on Ernest Hemingway, acclaimed wri ter Michael Norr is has brought the greatman to l i fe in a way nobody else could.

4. Move over Michelangelo! You have a r ival . Vi t tor io Manel leto's marble pieces embody thehuman form in a way that has not been achieved in over f ive hundred years.

5. I had to study the picture for almost two minutes before I real ised who i t was. l t was none otherthan our Queen. I doubt she would have been amused.

6. There are no great tenors in Bri tain. That is unt i l now. Brian Clack's performance in ta Traviattasent shudders down my spine. What a man! What a voice! What a size!

7. Herbert von Caravan has been conduct ing now for almost forty years, and his f inar appearanceyesterday was greeted with remarkable applause from both musicians and members of theaud ience.

8. Stone Angel is an hi lar ious tale about the fal l and r ise of an opera singer. I picked i t up and didn' tput i t down unt i l I had f inished. A fantast ic book.

9. Dylan Thomas showed remarkable eloquence, and this latest compi lat ion of some of his f inestprose wi l l surely be a bestsel ler.

10. Bruschetta's studies of dead animals might not be to everyone's taste, but i t is impossible to deny. his ski l l in represent ing inanimate objects l ike these on canvas.

11 . He usua l ly works in b lack and wh i te , and in my op in ion tha t ' s the med ium he shou ld s t i ck to .His colour shots are too stat ic and are heavi ly over-f i l tered, the strong l ight ing washes out anysubtlety, and much of it is out of focus.

12. Shot ent i rely on locat ion in l ran, this is perhaps the director 's f inest hour. A stunning sett ing, f ineperformances from the leads, and a cast of thousands of extras make this a truly visual feast.

84

The artsB. Compf e te these sentences w i th an appropr ia te word or express ion f rom A, B or C.

1. Tonight 's of Hamlet begins at 7.30.

A. perform B. pertorming C. performance

2. Camford University Press have just released a collection of Shakespeare's

A. works B. workers C. workings

3. The rock group 'Glass Weasel ' have released a l imitedwhich contains a CD-Rom of their latest show.

o f the i r new a lbum

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4. His last book received excellent in the newspapers.

A. reviews

5. There is an

B. previews C. revisions

A. exhibitionist B. exhibit

of Monet's work at the Tate.

C. exhibition

6. The Bri t ish Nat ional Orchestra is del ighted with the government 's promise of a f 500,000

A. subsidiary B. suhsidy C. subpoena

7. Tickets have already sold out for the f i rst day's showing of Tom Cartmi l l 's paint ings at the Nat ional

A. Galleon B. Galley C. Gallery

8. Ernest Hemingway was one of the twentieth century's most famous

A. novels B. novelties C. novelists

9. The French of the nineteenth century had a profound inf luence on theworld of art.

A. impressions B. impressionists C. impressionisms

10. Oldhaven Press are going to my new book!

A. publish B. publisher C. publication


85

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The artsC. Now look a t th is ex t rac t f rom a rad io p rogramme and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the wordsor express ions f rom Tasks A and B. In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . Youmay need to change some o f the word fo rms.

Hel lo, and welcome to today's edit ion of 'But is i t Art? '

NoW I don' t usual ly enjoy 1 - al l those pirouettes and pas de deux's anddying swans usual ly send me to sleep, but last night 's 2 of Sleeping Beauty atNureyev Hal l had me on the edge of my seat. And l 'm not the only one: rave 3in the nat ional press praised the excel lent choreography and the incredible stage set. l t 's on again tonight,but you' l l have to move fast i f you want a t icket!

The cur ren t 4 o f Monet to 's pa in t ings a t the Wheat leyhas been a disappointment. The pictures themselves are excel lent,

especial ly the great art ist 's7have thought that, having received a government 8 of almost f 100,000, theWheatley Arts Counci l could have invested i t in some good l ights,

twent ieth-century 9 George Orwe l l w i l lSwansong Press are going to release a col lect ion of his greatest

, which will of course include Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty Four.unt i l af ter

5 of f i lm stars, and of course his stunningof a vase of daffodi ls, but the l ight ing inside the room was terr ible. I would

Fans of the greatbe del ighted to hear that1 0Also included are some rare short stor ies which were not 11his death. Look out for the book, which wi l l be in the shops from the end of the month.

Worsenmostcareer. This is

l i fe of conductorconducted h is las th igh ly recommended

of theJanuary .eventful

On the subject of books, a new 12Charles Worsenmost is due to be released in1 3 in 1998 after a long andfor anyone who is remotely interested in classical music.

Have you ever wanted to be an 14 singer? Wel l , now's your chance!The National Music Company are looking for tenors and sopranos to audit ion for a new product ionof Mozart 's 'Marr iage of Figaro' . l f you're interested, we' l l g ive you the number to cal l at the end ofthe programme.

Potent ial Michelangelos and Henry Moores can try their hand at 15 th isweekend. The Gleneagles Museum is holding a ser ies of workshops which wi l l g ive you the chance to chipaway at a lump of stone to produce a piece of three-dimensional art . There's no need to book - just turnup at the door on Saturday at nine o'c lock.

And now here's that number I promised you.. .


86

Town & countryA. Match the sentences in the le f t -hand co lumn wi th the most appropr ia te sentence in ther igh t -hand co lumn. Use the words in bo ld to he lp you.

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1 .

2 .

3 .

4.

5.

London is a truly cosmopolitan city.

A modern metropol is needs a good

integrated transport system.

London suffers a lot from traffic congestion.

Poverty in the inner-city areas can breed

crime.

Cit ies around the world have seen a huge

population explosion.

Birmingham has plenty of amenit ies.

A lot of people visit Paris for its cultural

events.

8. Cit ies in poorer countr ies often lack basic

infrastructure.

9. The pressures of modern city life can be

dif f icul t to deal with.

10. The cost of living in some places can be very

h igh .

1 1. A lot of people appreciate the anonymity of

l iv ing in a large ci ty.

12. I love the urban lifestyle I lead.

13 . In S ingapore , p r iva te cars a re banned

from the Central Eusrness District at peak

periods.

14. Urban sprawl is prevalent in most cities.

6 .

7 .

A. Drug abuse is also a big problem.

Shops, l ibrar ies, hospitals and entertainment

complexes are just a few of them.

Chief among these are concerts and

exhibi t ions.

In particular; I enjoy the atmosphere that is

unique to the ci ty.

Prices in London are part icular ly exorbi tant.

Without i t , they are unable to funct ion

properly as ci t ies.

It is especially bad during the rush hour,

when thousands of commuters trv to enter

or leave the city.

Stress-related i l lnesses are verv common in

ci t ies l ike New York.

Nowadays there are more city dwellers than

ever before.

Everywhere you go there are building

sites, pedestrian precincts, blocks of flats

and housing estates spreading into the

countryside.

They l ike to feel that they can do something

without everybody knowing about it.

Most people use buses and the underground

to get to the banks and off ices where they

work.

Unfortunately, this is something that most

large capital c i t ies lack.

It's a melting potfor people from all parts of

the world.

B .

c.

D.

E.

F.

G .

H .

t.

J .

K.

M .

N .


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Town & countryB. Match the sentences in the le f t -hand co lumn wi th an appropr ia te response in the r igh t -handcof umn. Use the words in bo ld to he lp you.

1. I enjoy a rural lifestyle.

2. There isn't much pollution if you live outside atown.

3. There is a lot oI productive land in this area.

4. ln recentyears, there has been alotof migrationfrom the towns to the ci t ies.

5. The government has promised to leave thegreen belt alone.

6. There has been a huge reduct ion in the amountof arable land over the last twenty years.

7. My uncle's farm covers almost 800 hectares.

8. What are the main crops grown in this area?

A. Really?Sowhyareweseeing so muchconstructionin the countryside around London?

B. l'm not so sure. All those pesticides and chemicalfertil isers that farmers use nowadays can't begood for the environment.

C. That's probably because we import more foodfrom abroad.

D. Mostly wheat, oafs and barley.

E. Real ly? How much is that in acres?

F. l 'm not surprised. With such terrible prospectswithin towns, depopulation is inevitable.

G. Well I can't see much evidence of cultivation.

H. Real ly? | always f ind there's nothing to do inthe countryside.

C. Now read th is a r t i c le and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom Tasks Aand B. In some cases , more than one Jn iwer may be poss ib le . You may need to change someof the word fo rms.

For seven years I l ived in Singapore, a 1 o f a lmost th ree mi l l ion peop le .Like London, Paris and New York, Singapore is a 2 city, with people fromdif ferent parts of the world l iv ing and working together. I enjoyed the 3l i festyle I led there, and made the most of the superb 4 , ranging from theexcel lent shops to some of the best restaurants in the world. ln the evenings and at weekends therewere always 5 ; with such diverse attract ions as classical western music,an exhibi t ion of Malay art or a Chinese opera in the street, i t was di f f icul t to get bored. Perhapsmost impressive, howeve4 was the remarkable transport 6 , with excel lentroads, a swif t and eff ic ient bus service and a state-of- the-art underground system which could whisk7 from the suburbs straight into the heart of the ci ty ( this was part icular lyimportant, as the government banned pr ivate cars from enter ing the 8dur ing the morn ing and a f te rnoon 9 in o rder to red uce

from the exhausts).1 0 on the roads and 1 1

Of course , l i v ing in a1 2

c i ty l i ke th is has i t s d isadvantages as we l l . For a s ta r t , thecan be very high - rent ing an apartment, for example, is very expensive.

And as the ci ty is expanding, there are a lot of 13 where new apartmentsare cont inua l l y be ing bu i l t to dea l w i th the 14 which is a direct result ofthe government encouraging people to have more chi ldren.

Fortunately, Singapore1 5

doesn't suffer f rom problems that are common in manv ci t ies such as, which is part ly the result of the government imposing very severe

penalt ies on anyone br inging narcot ics into the country, so i t is safe to walk the streets at night. Infact, the 16the world.

housing estates there are probably the safest and most orderly in

Singapore wouldn' t be ideal for everyone, howevel especial ly i f you come from the countrysideand are used to a 17 l i festyle. The tradi t ional v i l lages that were oncecornmon have disappeared as the residents there real ised there were no 18for their future and moved into new government housing in the ci ty. Nowadays, there is very l i t t le1 9 around the ci ty, which means that Singapore imports almost al l of i tsfood. And despite a 'green' approach to ci ty planning, the 20

88eaten into the countryside has had a detr imental ef fect on the 21

which has

Arch itectu reA. Put the words in the box in to the i r appropr ia te ca tegory in the tab le beneath . Some wordscan go in to more than one ca tegory .

modernist . re inforced concrete o pract ical o post-modern . standardised

skyscraper .we l l -des ignedoporch . faqade . t rad i t i ona l .wa l l s

an eyesore . t imber . e legant . s tone . s tee l . func t iona l . ug ly

glass o concrete . low-r ise apartments . h igh-tech . controversial

h igh- r i se apar tments . p leas ing geomet r i c fo rms o a r t deco

mul t i -s to rey car park . in te rna t iona l s ty le o en€r9y-e f f i c ien t . foundat ions

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Building materials(6 words / expressions)

Types of building(4 words / expressions)

Parts of a building(4 words / expressions)

Aesthet ic percept ion(how we feel about a building)(6 words / expressions)

Architectural style(6 words / expressions)

Features (that make the building easyto live or work in)(4 words / expressions)

89

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Arch itectu reB. (Leve l : In te rmed ia te / Upper - in te rmed ia te ) Comple te these sentences w i th an appropr ia teword or express ion f rom A, B or C.

1 . The bu i l d ing i s . l t 's been ruined and abandoned for years.

A. destabilized B. derelict C. defunct

2 . She l i ves on a la rge hous ing near the centre of the citv

A. estate B. state C. estuary

3. There are several run-down distr icts inside the ci ty where the housing is in a bad state, al though mostof these are going to be replaced by high-r ise apartments.

A. slumps B. scrums C. slums

4. The ci ty counci l are going to the old church and bui ld a new one in i ts place.

A. demobilize B. demote

5. You can' t knock down that house: there's a

C. demolish

order on i t which makes i ti l legal to destroy i t .

A. preservation B. preseruative C. presentable

6. Sir Richard Rogers is the who designed the Lloyds bui lding in London.

A. architect B. architecture C. architectural

7. Some of the problems in our are drug-related.

A. inter-cities B. internal cities C. inner cities

8. The counci l hope to reduce cr ime in the town by introducing newso that people have something to do in the evening.

A. sociable B. socialist C. social

9. The cinema is going to be closed for two months whi le the owners

A. renovate B. remonstrate C. reiterate

10. l f you want to add an extension to your house, you wi l l needfrom your local counci l .

A. planning B. construction C. plotting

f aci l i t ies

i t .

Don't forget to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try fo use new vocabulary items whenever possible.

90

permrssron

Arch itectu reC. Now look a t th is repor t and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom TasksA and B ' In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . You may need to change someof the word fo rms.

Report from the director of the west rwyford Town planning committee

The last year has been a busy one for the West Twyford Town Planning Committee. Out l ined below are afew of the areas we have concentrated on.

1 . App l ica t ions fo r 1 permission from home owners who want to develop theirpropert ies have increased by 50%. Howeve; many of these homes are histor ic bui ldings and have

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orders which prevent them from being altered externally. At present, wecan only al low owners to 3 the ins ide o f the i r homes ( inc lud ing ins ta l l ingcentral heat ing and improving wal l insulat ion).

2. Last summer we invi ted several 4 to design plans for the new counci l of f iceson Peach Street. We eventual ly chose Barnard, Jackson and Wil l is, a local company. l t was general lyagreed that their design, which included a grey t inted 5 6

at the front of the bui lding, was the most aesthet ical ly pleasing. They are current ly in theprocess of laying the 7 for the new bui lding, which we understand is takingsome t ime as the land must be drained f i rst .

3. In response to a lot of complaints about the lack of 8 faci l i t ies in the town,i t was agreed at last month's meeting that funds should be set aside for the construct ion of a newsports centre and youth club.

4. Several 9 bu i ld ings wh ich have been ru ined and abandonedyears are to be knocked down. In their place, a new housing 10This wi l l provide twenty new homes within the next two years.

5. Everybody agrees that the new shops on the High Street are 11 . l t i scertainly true that they are very ugly and out of keeping with the other bui ldings on the street. Infuture, we must ensure that al l new bui ldings are bui l t in a 12they f i t in with the older bui ldings around them.

6. There has been an increased cr ime rate in the 13

style so that

2

for over fivewi l l be bu i l t .

to the east of the town.We plan to demol ish these run-down areas within the next eight years and re-house the residents innew 14 apartments in the Berkely Heath distr ict .

7 . In an a t tempt to he lp the env i ronment , we are go ing to make the town ha l l more15 . Windows w i l l be doub le-g lazed, wa l ls and ce i l ings w i l l be insu la ted andwe wi l l replace the current central heat ing system.

My next report wi l l be in two months' t ime. Anybody wishing to discuss these issues can contact me onextension 287.


91

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Men & WomenC. Now read th is essay and comple te the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ions f rom TasksA a n d B .

'Men and women are, and always will be, different in the way they behave and are treated'.Do you agree with this statement?

A total ly 1 society, in which sexual 2 between

men and women is the norm, is st i l l a long way off . This is certainly the case i f you watch television, where

men are often portrayed as the 3 , br inging money home to the wife, who is

usual ly depicted as the 4 , prone to extreme emotions qnd temper tantrums.

But is this real ly the case? ls i t st i l l fa ir to create 5 such as this? After al l , as

more women go out to work and more men stay at home to look after the house and the kids, i t is qui te

clear that so-cal led 6 are merg ing and d isappear ing .

Take the off ice workplace

7 -

as an example . For years , bus inesses and compan ies were

the directors, managers and businessmen were always men, the

secretar ies and personal assistants always female. This was probably because men have tradi t ional ly

been seen as more 8 more able to deal with the cut-and-thrust of business.

But now women are prov ing tha t they can be equa l ly tough, wh i le s imu l taneous ly

and caring. In fact, in many ways, women are morebe ing more 9

1 0 than men, a vi tal aspect of modern business where you are expected to do

more than jus t one job . And thanks to the 1 1 , women are paid the same as

woman who does a l l the

1 5

What is clear, however, is

1 8

cook ing and c lean ing and

is now often shared equal ly. 16

tha t women no longer

, the underdogs in a

. In fact, many bel ieve that

is a dying breed.

I t i s no longer the

Such

need to be regarded as

wi th the i r

1 4

no longer

requires the woman to stay indoors al l day whi le the man stays out unt i l a l l hours. Whether this is due

to the struggle by the 17 in the 1960s and 1970s. or whether i t is due to a

natural shi f t in att i tudes is unclear.

fee l they

1 9

20.


men. l t would appear that, in many cases, the 12

At home, too, there is less evidence of 13

94

women who have come out on top.

i n t h e 2 1 , i t i s

GeographyA' Put the words in each l ine in the box in o rder accord ing to the i r s ize ( the smal les t f i r s t , thelargest last) . ln each l ist there is one word i l r i tooei-noi ' [e long wit t r t t re oi trers.

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1. f o res t

2 . road .

3 . mounta in

4 . gorge o

5 . gu l f .

6 . c l i f f .

7 . c i t y .

8 . pond .

o t ree

pea k

. h i l l ock

p la in

r idge

brook

con t i nen t

Pudd le .

copse

foo tpa th

, shore .

water f a l l

o in le t

r i ve r o

t r ibu ta ry

ocean .

. beach . wood

o t rac f t o lane

h i l l . mounta in range

. ho l low . va l l ey

' bay ' cove

es tua ry r s t rea m

o countY o count ry

sea . cape . l ake

can you th ink of any exampres of the fo i lowing in your country?

Forest

Mounta in

Mounta in range

Val ley

Gorge

Pla in

Gul f

River

Estuary

5ea

Lake

B ' Put the words and express ions in the box in to the i r cor rec t ca tegory in the tab le on the nex tpage. Some can be inc luded in more than one ca tegory .

depopu la t ion o mounta inous . u rban sprawl o fe r t i le . r idge . c l i f fdense ly popu la ted ' coas t . under -deve loped . summi t . indus t r ia l i sedpen insu la .shoreovege ta t ionog lac ie r .beachop la teau

i r r iga t ion .conurba t ionocape .sourceocoas t l i ne . t r i bu ta ry

wate r fa l l .mouth .peak .overc rowd ingo f t igh lands

95

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Geographical features associated withwater and the sea

Words associated with agriculture andrural land

Geographical f eatures associated withland, hills and mountains

Words associated with towns and cities

C. Now look a t th is repor t o f a journey and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f the words or express ionsf rom Tasks A and B. In some cases , more than one answer may be poss ib le . You may need tochange some o f the word fo rms.

We began our journey in the capital , Tr ini fuegos, a 1 conurbat ion ofalmost ten mi l l ion. l t is not a pretty place; heavi ly 2 , with huge factor iesbe lch ing ou t b lack fumes, and mi les o f 3 as hous ing es ta tes and shopp ingcentres soread out from the 4 centre for mi les. l t was a rel ief to leave.

As soon as we got into the countryside, things improved considerably. The cl imate is dry and i t isdi f f icul t to grow anything, but thanks to 5 , wh ich he lps br ing water in

high up in the snow-coveredfrom the Rio Cauto ( the huge r iver with i ts 67 of the Sierra Maestra 8 ) , the land is fe r t i leenough to grow the sugar cane on which much of the economy is based. We saw few people,howevel as many have moved to the towns and ci t ies to look for more prof i table work. l t is largelydue to th is ru ra l 9 that the sugar-cane industry is suffer ing.

Fur ther south and we en tered the Ho lou in 10 , w i th mounta ins r is inghigh above us on both sides. The land here drops sharply to the sea and the slow-moving waterso f the R io Cauto g ive way to 11 which tumble over cl i f fs, and smal l , fast-mov ing 12 which are not even wide enough to take a boat. At this point,the road we were t rave l l ing a long became a 13 which was on ly jus t w ide

which a lmost shook theenough fo r our veh ic le , and then an unpaved 14vehicle to pieces.

And then suddenly, the Pacif ic 15the town o f Sant iago de Gibara , bu i l t on a 16 s t ick ing ou t in to the b lue

covered inwaters. Thb countryside here undulates gent ly, with low 17r ich t rop ica l jung le . The open 18 sur round ing the de l ta o f the R io Cautoas i t reaches the ocean is r ich and 19 ideal for growing the tobaccoplants which need a lot of warm, damp soi l .

That night I lay in my chea p hotel , l istening to the waves gent ly lapping the 20a n d w h e n l e v e n t u a l l y f e l l a s l e e p , l d r e a m t o f t h e p e o p l e w h o h a d f i r s t i n h a b i t e d t h i s

was in front of us. Our dest inat ion was

96

21 almost two thousand vears before.

industryBusiness &

unsk i l led labourers . employees / workersdemand fo r . bus t / recess ion . shoppr iva te . expend i tu re . lend ing r ne t .

c red i t o expor ts . loss

s ta te -owned indus t r ies. re ta i l . wh i te -co l la r

/ staff .

f l oo r .

take on

A. Look a t sen tencesexpress ion in the box

1-16, and rep lace the words andw h i c h h a s a n o p p o s i t e m e a n i n g .

expressions in bold with a word or

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1. We have a l imited supply of computer base units.

2. Last year, our company made a huge profit.

3. Our gross prof i ts are up by almost 150% on last year.

4' Banks across the country are reporting a sharp drop in horrowing.

5. The company wi l l debit your bank account with f 52g each month.

6. The vuholesa/e market has experienced a downturn sincethe recession began.

7. The government is encouraging short- term investors to put theirmoney into the public sector.

8. Private enterprises are under a Iot of financial pressure.

9. Skilled workers are demanding a 15% pay rise.

10. l f th is cont inues, we wi l l have to lay off members of staff .

11. B|ue-col larworkers across the country are demandingimproved working condit ions.

He works for a company which imports camera equipment.

A lot of people have benefited from the recent boom in theelectr ical industry.

Ihe management refuse to compromise on the quality oftheir products.

Overall revenue is down by almost 15%.

A fight broke out in the boardroom over terms and conditions ofemployment. (Note: you wi l l have to change the preposit ion in to on)

14 .

12.

13 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

Don't forget-to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try to use new vocabulary it6ms whenever possible.

97

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Business & industryB. Match the words and express ions in the f i rs t box w i th a d ic t ionary de f in i t ion f rom the l i s tA - Q be low.

1. automation 7. interest rates 13. output2. unemployment 8. pr imary industr ies 14. income tax3. inf lat ion 9. secondary industr ies 15. VAT4. balance of payments 10. service industr ies 16. def ic i t5. taxat ion 1 1. nat ional ised industr ies 17. kev industr ies6 . GNP 12. monopo ly

A. The percentage charged for borrowing money. (The Bank of England has raised- , )

B. Industr ies involved in the manufacture of goods. ( rely on the readysupply of raw materials.)

C. The value of goods and services paid for in a country, including income earned in other countr ies. (Lastyear's was close to f25 billion.)

D. The amount which a firm, machine or person produces. (The factory has doubled itsin the last six months.)

E. lndustr ies involved in the product ion of raw mater ials. (Coal mining rs an important

F Instal l ing machinery in place of workers. ( can be a mixed blessing -machines usually tend to be out of order when you need them most.)

G. Industr ies which do not make products but of fer a service such as banking, insurance and transport .have become more important in the last decade.)

H. The difference in value between a country's imports and exports. (The government is trying to reducethe deficit.)

l . The amount by which expenditure is more than receipts in a f i rm's or country 's accounts. ( Ihecompany announced a two million pound .)

J. A system where one person or company suppl ies al l of a product in one area without any competi t ion.(The state has a of the tobacco trade.)

K. lndustries which were once privately owned, but now belong to the state. (Workers inare to get a 3/o pay rise.)

L. Lack of work. (Ihe figures for are rising.)

M. The action of imposing taxes. (Money raised hyseruices.)

N. The most important industries in a country. (Oil is athe country's economy.)

pays for all government

which is essentialto

O. A state in an economy where pr ices and wages are r is ing to keep pace with each other. ( Ihegovernment is trying to keep below 3%.)

P. A tax on money earned as wages or salary. (She pays at the lowest rate.)

Q. A tax imposed as a percentage of the invoice value of goods or services. An indirect tax.

98( in Britain currently runs at 17.5%.)

Business & iC. Now look a t th is ex t rac t f rom a bus iness programme and f i l l i n the gaps w i th one o f thewords or express ions f rom Tasks A and B. ln some cases , more than one an iwer may be poss ib le .You may need to change some o f the word fo rms.

rates are to rise by a

.+oEn

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o|''loCFco-

ndustry

putt ing further pressure on2

homeowners paying mortgages.

money from the high

Last year, the Nat ional Bank was forced to

of staff across the country, adding to the count ry 's rap id ly r i s ing ra te o f

rose in the last year by almost 6%, despite the government,spledge to keep pr ice and

6

wage r ises no higher than 3%. This has had a negat ive impact on

, s ince the strong pound coupled with r is ing pr ices has made i talmost impossible for foreign companies to buy Bri t ish goods and services. Especial ly af fected are the7 produc ing pharmaceut ica ls and chemica ls .

workersi n 9 ind ustr iesacross the count ry a re demand ing h igher 10 . Un ions and workersare negot iat ing with 11

further half

I t w i l l a lso

street banks,

3

a per cent next month,

discourage people from

who are a l ready undera lot of pressure.

2,000 members

4

fo l lows the announcement

1 2

that the government want more

chiefs for an eight per cent r ise. This

investors to put their money into thesector.

where overa l l 15

by almost 10% in the last quarter, wi l l short ly become aindustry in a f inal desperate attempt to keep i t open. The

13

14fo r home computers has f ina l l y over taken the

, making i t once again a sel ler 's market. There is now a two-week wait ing l ist to receive a new computer. This has pushed pr ices up by almost a third.

Bradf ord Aerospace Technologies,

sales of aircraft parts has dropped

t o

government has promised i t wi l l keep on the current workforce.

Bad news too for Ranger Cars, who this week announced a 17

for

ofalmost f ive mi l l ion pounds. A spokesman for the company blamed high labour costs and the reluctance byunion leaders to approve increased 18

Don't forget_to keep a record of the words and expressions that you have learnt, reviewyour notes from time to time and try fo use new vocabulary items whenever possible.

insist that the instal lat ion of new machinery wi l l lead to redundancies.

at the f i rm's factor ies. Thev

99

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Global problemsA. Comple te sentences 1-15 w i th the cor rec t word or express ion f rom A, B or C. In each casetwo o f the op t ions are incor rec t ly spe l t .

1. Thousands of bui ldings were f lat tened in the San Francisco of 1906.A. earthquack B. earthquake C. earthquaik

2. The damaged propert ies al l along the coast.A. hurricane B. hurriccane C. huriccane

3 .A struck the southern coast with tremendous force.C. tornaddoA. tornadoe B. tornado

4. TheA. taifun

5. The

B. typhone

B. vulcano

the north.A. civilwar B. sivilwar

B. accident

caused immense damage in the regions along the coast.C. typhoon

has been dormant for years, but last month i t showed signs of

C. volcanoe

were heard during the night as the army occupied the ci ty.

of 1861 to 1855 was fought between the south and

C. civvilwar

C. acciddent

along the coast.

were caused by heavy rain.C. flouds

new l i fe.A. volcano

6. SeveralA. explossions B. explosiones C. explosions

7. The American

8. There has been a majorA. acident

9 .

on the motorway.

rain has brought ser ious problems.A. Torrential B. Torential C. Torrantial

10. The storm caused widespreadA. devvastation B. devustation C. devastation

1 1 . T h eA. floodes B. floods

13 .

12. Rel ief workers are br inging food to -str icken areas.A. draught B. drought C. drouhgt

is widespread in parts of Afr ica, with mi l l ions suffer ing frommalnut r i t ion .A. famine B. fammine C. faminne

14. The authori t ies are taking steps to prevent anA. epidemmic B. epidemic

of cholera.C. eppidemic

1 5 . T h e was spread from rats to f leas and then on to humans.C. plaigueA. plague B. plaque

B. Comple te sentences 1-10 w i th an appropr ia te word or express ion f rom the box . In somecases , more than one answer i s poss ib le . There are f i ve words wh ich do no t f i t in to any o f thesentenc€s.

disaster . surv ivors

shook . casualt ies .

. spouted . suffering .

spread . refugees . rel ief

ran . erupted . broke out. f lamed o wobbled . swept

1. The disease

2. The f i re

rapidly, k i l l ing everybody in i ts path.

100through the slums, destroying everything.

Global problems,+op.f.i

TulEoe.a|1

of.toctco-

3 .

4.

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

CI as a result of

to the starving

When the volcano

The ground

Fierce f ight ing

A funeral was held for the

An aid convoy was sent to help

The poor people in the ci ty have experienced terr iblethe disaster.

10. Internat ional aid agencies are try ing to br ingpopulat ion.

, people panicked and tr ied to escape.

violent ly when the earthquake began.

between government soldiers and rebel forces.

of the f i re.

of the hurr icane.

from the conf l ict in Mantagua have been f leeing across the border.

C. Now look a t th is repor t and f i l lA and B. In some cases , more thanof the word fo rms.

one o f the words or express ions f rom Tasksbe poss ib le . You may need to change some

i n t h e g a p s w i t hone answer may

REPORT FROM THE INTERNATIONAL CHARITIES SUPPORT FOUNDATION (ICSF)

The last year has been a part icular ly busy one for the ICSF. Outl ined below are a few of the areas we havebeen busy in.

1 . Fo l low ing 1 rain in eastern Mozamlumbi in January, mi l l ions weremade homeless as 2 waters rose. The water also became pol lutedand there was a cholera 3 as people cont inued to use i t for dr inkingand cooking. Furthermore, as the harvest had been destroyed and there was not enough food to goround, 4 became a problem. Chari t ies around the world workedpart icular ly hard to br ing 5 to the area.

2. Mount Etsuvius, the 6 wh ich had been dormant s incesuddenly in Apri l . Thousands had to be evacuated to camps7

1 968,th i rty

miles from the disaster area. They st i l l have not been rehoused.

3 . The 8 in the Caribbean in July, which sawto 180 mi les per hour ,ls lands off the Japanesealmost thir ty years, with1 1

caused immense 9their worst 10

wind speeds of upon many is lands .

t ncoast also sufferedprolonged winds in

who had toexcess of 150 miles per hour. There were manybe evacuated to hospitals which were not properly

equipped to deal with the disasters.

4 . The 12 in the nor thern par t o f Somopia cont inued in to

rebel leader cont inued into i ts f i f th year. 14 from the conf l ict havebeen f leeing across the border; with stories of atrocities committed by both sides.

5. In October; a f i re 15 through Londum, the ancient capital of Perania.T h e 1 6 whichprobably started in a bakery, destroyed thousandsof homes. There were several 17 when the f i re reached a f i reworksfactory, and a number of people were ki l led.

6. An outbreak of bubonic 18 was reported in the eastern provinces ofIndocuba in November. l t is bel ieved to have been caused bv a sudden increase in the number of ratsbreeding in the sewers.

A ful l report wi l l be avai lable in February, and wi l l be presented to the appropriate departments of theUnited Nat ions short ly afterwards.

i ts second year, with mi l l ions of1 3

acres of crops destroyed by lack of rain. Meanwhi le, thebetween those loyal to the president and those support ing the

101

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AAnSWersPage 1 Cond i t ion answers

A.

1. You can borrow my dictionary providing that you return it before you go home. (We can also say provided that.)2. You can't go to university unless you have good grades. (Unless means the same as lf you don't.)3. Pollution wil l get worse as long as we continue to l ive in a throwaway society. (We can also say so long as,

a l though th is is s l ight ly more formal . )4. Many developed countries are wil l ing to waive the Third World debt on condition that the money is reinvested

in educat ion and medic ine.5. Some countries wil l never be able to rectify their deficits, no matter how hard they work. (Note word changes

and sentence ending.)

6. Computers are diff icult things to understand, however many books you read about them. (However is used inthe same way as no matter.)

7. Cr ime is a problem, wherever you go.

On condition that is the most formal expression, and is generally stronger than the other words and expressions.

B. (We put the conditional clause at the beginning of a sentence if we consider it to be the most important part ofthe sentence)

1. Providing that you return it before you go home, you can borrow my dictionary.2. Unless you have good grades, you can't go to university.3. As long as we continue to l ive in a throwaway society, pollution wil l get worse.4. On condi t ion that the money is re invested in educat ion and medic ine, many developed countr ies are wi l l ing to

waive the Thi rd Wor ld debt .5. No matter how hard they work, some countries wil l never be able to rectify their deficits.6. However many books you read about them, computers are diff icult things to understand.7. Wherever you go, crime is a problem.

C. From your own ideas.

D. 1. prerequis i tes 2. condi t ions 3. requi rement

P a g e 2 C h a n g e s l a n s w e r s

1. adapt 2. adjust 3. t ransform 4. swi tch 5. a l ter 6. vary 7. exchange 8. expand f . increase 10. d issolve11 .swe l l l 2 .d i sappea r 13 . renew l4 . renova te l 5 .p romo te ( i n thesecondsen tence , p romo te means tomakesure people know about something by adver t is ing i t ) 15. demote 17. fade 18. replace 19. cure ( in the secondsentence, cure means to preserve meat or f ish by putting it in salt) 20. reduce

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:swap /shr ink / mel t / grow lheal ldecl ine / enlarge / downsize / take to something

Page 4 Descr ib ing & ana lys ing tab les answers

A. 1. Ci l ic ia + Cappadocia 2. Cappadocia 3. Lyc ia 4. Moesia 5. Cappadocia 6. Moesia 7. Lyc ia 8. Moesia9. Lyc ia + Moesia 10. Lyc ia 1 1. Lyc ia 12. Ci l ic ia 13. Cappadocia

The verbs rtse and increase have the same meaninq here. We can also sav c/irnb. These verbs can also benouns.

The verbs fall, drop and decline have the same meaning here. These verbs can also be nouns.

The adverbs steadily and noticeably can have the same meaning here. They can also be adjectives (steady,noticeable).

The adverbs sharply, rapidly and dramatically can have the same meaning here. They can also be adjectives(sharp, rapid, d ra matic).

102

AAnswersB. Suggested answers.1 ' The n u mber of people employed in ind ustry rose / increased steadily / noticea bly between 1 996 a nd 2000 / overthe f ive year per iod.

OrThere was a steady / not iceable r ise / increase in the number of people employed in industry between 1995 and2000 / over the five-year period.

]l-",^Tto"|. of people employed in retail rose / increased slightly between 1996 and 2000 / over the five-yearpefloo.

OrThere was a s l ight r ise / increase in the number of people employed in reta i l between j996 and 2000 / over thefive year period.

The number of people employed in publ ic serv ices remained constant between 1999 and 2000.OrThere was a constant level of people employed in public services between 1999 and 2000.The number of people employed in tour ism fe l l i dropped / decl ined between 1996 and 199g, but rose / increasedin 1999 and 2000.Or

T h e r e w a s a f a l l / d r o p / d e c l i n e i n t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e e m p l o y e d i n t o u r i s m b e t w e e n l g g 6 a n d l g g g , a n d t h e na r ise / increase in 1999 and 2000.The number of people unemproyed between 199g and 2000 remained constant.OrThere was a constant rever of unemproyment between 199g and 2000.

5 ' There was a considerable d iscrepancy between those work ing in industry and those work ing in reta i l in 1996.7 ' The number of people employed in industry rose/ increased s l ight ly between 199g and 1999.

OrThere was a s l ight r ise / increase in the number of people employed in industry between 199g and 1999.

Other words and expressions which you might find usefut include:F o r t h i n g s g o i n g u p : r o c k e t / j u m p / e d g e u p l s o a r l c r e e p u p / p e a k ( e s p e c i a l l y f o r n u m b e r s , p r i c e s , e t c . ; .For th ings going down: s lump / p lunge / s l ip back / s l ip down / p lummet I drop /bot tom out (especia l ly when ta lk ingabout prices).

Page 6 How someth ing works answers

o5UI

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2 .

5 .

1. thermostat (a heat contro l l ing device in , e.g. , a4. aeroplane (USA = a i rp lane) 5. camera 6. food

kettle or electric heater)processor 7. f irework

2. compact d isc p layer 3. aerosol

The other words in the grid are:Ke t t l e / compu te r / ca reng ine / te lev i s i on / toas te r /m ic rowaveoven /ba l l po in tpen / l i gh tbu lb /b i cyc le

Other words and expressions you might find useful include:re f l ec t s / t u rns / s ta r t s / s tops / reco rds / t u rns up / tu rns down /w inds /unw inds / revo l ves / f o l ds /un fo lds / reve rses

Note: when we describe how an object works and there is no person or other agent involved in our description, weuse the active voice ('Light enters the glass object and a small door opens up'), when there is a person involved in theprocess, we usually use the passive voice ('This can be released... ' ' . ..a button is pressed,). This is because the action orprocess is more important than the person doino it.

Page 7 Wr i t ing a le t te r answers

A.

1' B (the most acceptable beginning in Brit ish formal letters) 2. A 3. c(t woutd l ike to... is a common way ofbeginning a le t ter in many s i tuat ions, e.g. , compla in ing, apply ing for a job, ask ing for in format ion. l t is a lso possib leto say / am writing to".) 4. c 5. A 6. c 7. A (we can also say Thank yoi fo, your attention to this matter)8' C (we can also use I refer to letters and phone calls you have received: I refer to your call of 12 March) 9. B10. B (Best wishes is used with more informal letters) 1 1. A

103

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AAnswersB.1. False. Formal le t ters should be as br ief and to the point as possib le. 2. False. 3. False 4. False. l t is not necessaryto inc lude your name. 5. True ( ln some countr ies, wr i t ing abbreviated dates could be confusing. In Br i ta in, 1/4/00is the 1 Apr i l . In the USA i t is the 4 January. ) 6. True 7. False. (A le t ter which is not broken into paragraphs canbe d i f f icu l t and confusing to read. You should have at least three paragraphs: Paragraph 1: expla in ing why you arewr i t ing. Paragraph 2+: deta i ls . F inal paragraph: act ion to be taken - e.9. , ' l look forward to hear ing f rom you soon' . )

Page 8 Present ing an argument answers

A,The best order is:1 . A 2 . H 3 . K 4 . M 5 . E 6 . G 7 . 8 8 . J 9 . F 10 . o 1 1 . C 1 2 . N 1 3 . L 1 4 . D 1 5 . | 1 5 . P

When you are asked to present an argument, you should always look at it from two sides, giving reasons why youagree and d isagree before reaching a conclus ion. l t is usual ly best to present your argument in favour of somethingjust before the conclus ion.

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:l b e l i e v e t h a t / d e s p i t e t h i s / i n s p i t e o f t h i s / a l s o / t h i r d l y / l t h i n k / f i n a l l y / i n c o n c l u s i o n / n o n e t h e l e s s i a d m i t t e d l y /on the contrary / at any rate / notwithstanding I for all that / even if

Page 9 Cont ras t & compar ison answers

1. A 2.8 3. 8 4. C (differentiate and distinguish have exactly the same meaning) 5. C 6. A 7. C 8. A9 . B 1 0 . C 1 1 . A 1 2 . C 1 3 . C 1 4 . 8 1 5 . B

Page 10 Locat ion answers

A.1. parallel to / in close proximity to (we can also say near to / close to) 2. surrounded by 3. on the left-hand side of4. in the bottom left-hand corner of 5. directly opposite 5. halfway between (we can also say midway between)7. exact ly in the middle of 8. roughly in the middle of 9. at the top of 10. in the top le f t -hand corner ofl l . t o t h e l e f t o f / i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t y t o l 2 . a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o / p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o l 3 . t o t h e l e f t o f / i n c l o s e p r o x i m i t yto 14. in the top r ight-hand corner of 1 5. at the bot tom of 15. in c lose proximi ty to 17. on the r ight-hand s ideof 18. in the bot tom r ight-hand corner of 19. s tands outs ide

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:i n t h e n o r t h - s o u t h - e a s t - w e s t o f / t o t h e n o r t h - s o u t h - e a s t - w e s t o f / o n t h e c o r n e r ( o f a s t r e e t ) / o n t h e o t h e rs i d e o f / a p p r o x i m a t e l y / i n f r o n t o f / b e h i n d / a c r o s s f r o m / a b o v e / b e l o w / b e n e a t h / b e s i d e

Page 12 Jo in ing /becoming par t o f someth ing b igger answers

Verbs1. l inked 2. amalgamated / merged 3. b lended6. in tegrated / ass imi lated 7. ass imi lated / in tegrated10. took over / swallowed up (swal/owed up is less formal than

4. merged / amalgamated 5. incorporated8. swallowed up / took over 9. got together

took over; we can also say acquired)

Nouns1. a l l iance 2. union 3. federat ion 4. a l loy 5. compound 5. synthesis 7. uni f icat ion 8. b lend 9. coal i t ion10. merger

Page 13 Reason & resu l t answers

1. The pol ice asked h im his reason for speeding through the town. 2. He fa i led h is exam due to / on account of/ owing to ( these expressions have the same meaning as because oD his lack of rev is ion. 3. A pers is tent coughprompted him to seek professional medical help. 4. She started haranguing the crowd with the aim of starting ar iot . 5 . He spent the whole weekend rev is ing in order to pass h is exams. 6. They came in quiet ly so as not to wakeanyone. 7. He refused to lend anyone money on the grounds that people rare ly repay a loan. 8. The bank managerrefused to lend the company more money on account of / due to / owing to its low turnover and poor sales history.9. The school was forced to close due to / on account of / owing to poor student attendance. 10. What were yourmotives in upsetting me like that? 11. What are the effects of a large earthquake? 12. Stress and overwork affect104

A3AnSWefS e

Fact ion. 14. He fa i led to send of f h is appl icat ion form and as a consequence was unable to enro l for the course. -15. Riots and street f ighting ensued when the police officers on trial were acquitted.

Ut

1' ensued 2. consequences of / effects of 3. in order to 4. with the aim of 5. on account of / due to / owing to6. reason for 7. prompted him to 8. on the qrounds that 9. so as not to 10. affect

Page 14 Genera l i sa t ions & spec i f i cs answers

A.

1 . D 2 . A 3 . B 4 . H 5 . 1 6 . E 7 . O 8 . F 9 . t 1 0 . J 1 1 . N 1 2 . M 1 3 . G 1 4 . C 1 5 . K

B,

General th ings: out l ine / general isat ion / g is t / in generarS p e c i f i c t h i n g s : t h e s p e c i f i c s / t e c h n i c a l i t y / p e c u l i a r t o / d e t a i l s / i t e m i z e / m i n u t i a e / c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s / i l l u s t r a t i o n /i l lust rate / exempl i f ies / pecul iar i t ies

Other words and expressions you might find useful include:o n t h e w h o l e / f o r t h e m o s t p a r t / g e n e r a l i t i e s / g e n e r a l t e r m s / t o g e n e r a l i s e / l i s t ( a s a v e r b ) / s p e c i f y

Page 16 Focus ing a t ten t ion answers

A.

1 ' s imply 2. largely 3. pr imar i ly 4. main ly 5. exc lus ively 6. par t icu lar ly 7. speci f ica l ly 8. notably 9. most ly10. pure ly 1 1. ch ief ly

The word in the shaded vertical strip is principally

B.

Only or so le ly : s imply / exc lus ively / speci f ica l ly / pure lyIn most cases, normal ly or the main reason: largely / pr imar i ly / main ly / par t icu lar ly / notably / most ly / ch ief ly

Other words and expressions you might find useful include:for the simple reason that / purely on account of

Page 17 Op in ion , a t t i tude & be l ie f answers

A.

1 ' opin ion 2. concerned 3. convinced 4. regarding 5. d isapproval 6. mainta ins 7. reckon (an in formalword which means th ink or bel ieve) 8. suspect 9. doubt 10. d isapprove , |1 . except ion 12. fanat ica l13. obsessive (Note: obsessive about / obsessed vrzlth) 14. moderates 15. conservative 16. committed17. dedicated 18. t radi t ional

B.

Po l i t i ca l be l i e f s : a repub l i can /a revo lu t i ona ry / l e f t -w ing / r i gh t -w ing /asoc ia l i s t / a roya l i s t / aconse rva t i ve /a l i be ra l/ a communist / a fasc is t / middle-of - the-road / an anarchist

P e r s o n a l c o n v i c t i o n s a n d p h i l o s o p h i e s : o p i n i o n a t e d / p r a g m a t i c / a M u s l i m / a n i n t e l l e c t u a l / t o l e r a n t / a m o r a l i s t /na r row-m inded / b igo ted /open -m inded /a vegan / a Buddh i s t / a vege ta r i an / dogmat i c /mora l / r e l i g i ous /a H indu/ a stoic

Other words and expressions you might find useful include:v iew(asave rb ) /a t t i t ude /p ro tes t / condemn/ob jec t t osometh ing /condemna t i on /denounce / revu l s i on /d i spa rage/ s c o r n f u l / a p p l a u d / a g r e e w i t h / d i s a g r e e w i t h / d i s a g r e e m e n t / h o l d t h e v i e w t h a t / f r o m m y p o i n t o f v i e w / f o r a n d- or against

105

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An swe rsPage 18 Stopp ing someth ing answers

1. delete 2. repeal 3. deter 4. d issuade 5. resc ind 6. suppress or quash 7. sever (we can a lso use the expressionbreak offl 8. turn down (we can also say rejector decline) 9. back out (we can also say withdraw) 10. deny11. cancel 12. quash 13. g ive up 14. put an end to 15. remove ( less formal ly , we can a lso say st r lke, but onlyif we are referring to something on paper, e.9., 'Strike his name from the l ist)

Other words and expressions you might find useful include:discard / refuse / clamp down on somebody - something / delay (to stop something temporarily) / resign / quit

P a g e 1 9 T i m e a n s w e r s

A.Part 1:1. Prior to (This expression is usually followed by a noun or by an -ing verb. For example: Prior to visit ing the countryhe had to studythe language.) 2.By the time 3. Formerly/ Previously 4. precede 5. Previously 6. Previously/ Ear l ierPart 2:l .Wh i l e i As / Jus tas (Wh i l e i susua l l yused to ta l kabou t l ongac t i ons .When isusua l l yused to ta l kabou tsho r tac t i ons . )2. During / Throughout (During must always be followed by a noun. Throughout can be used on its own. For example:The concert was bor ing and I s lept throughout . ) 3 . In the meant ime / Meanwhi le ( l f these words are fo l lowed byanother word, that word must be a noun.) 4. At that very momentPart 3.1. Following (This word is always followed by a noun. We can also say after.) 2. As soon as / Once / The minute that(These words and expressions are always followed by an action.) 3. Afterwards

B.(1 - the past) : in medieval t imes / back in the 1990s / in those days / a few decades ago / at the turn of the century /in my chi ldhood / youth / last century / f rom 1995 to 1998(2 - the past leading to the present): ever since / over the past six weeks / lately / for the past few months(3 - the present): as things stand / nowadays / at this moment in time / at this point in history / these days(4 - the future): for the next few weeks / one day / from now on / over the coming weeks and months / in anotherfive years' t ime / by the end of this year / for the foreseeable future / sooner or later

Page 20 Ob jec ts & ac t ions answers

A.1. rotate 2. spin 3. revolve 4. slide 5. subside 6. evaporate 7. congeal (for blood, we use the word c/ot)8. f low 9. f reeze 10, mel t 11. wobble 12. escape (we can a lso say /eak) 13. bounce 14. v ibrate 15. grow15. fade 17. r ise 18. set 19. turn 20. change 21. erode 22. spread 23. meander 24.burn 25. smoulder26. crumble 27. expand 28. contract 29. s t retch 30. crack 31. sp i l l 32. explode 33. r ing 34. s ink 35.f loat 35. eruot 37. t r ick le

Note: Several of these verbs can also be nouns, and in many cases the meaning of the word changes. Compare, forexample, a contract and to contract.

B .1. s t retched 2. exploded 3. f loat 4. r is inq 5. fade 6. cracked 7. subsided 8. revolved 9. set 10. s l id

Other words and expressions you might find useful include:m o v e / r u n / s t o p / f a l l d o w n / c o m e i n / g e t u p / b r e a k / b e n d / d a n c e / c o o l / s o l i d i f y / t h a w / t r i c k l e / d r e n c h .(Also see page 6: How something works.)

Page 22 L ikes & d is l i kes answers

A.Pos i t i veconno ta t i ons : yea rn fo r /pass iona teabou t / f ondo f / cap t i va tedby / fancy /keenon / l ook fo rward to / l ongfor / appeal to / attracted to / fascinated by / tempted byNega t i veconno ta t i ons : l oa the /d read /de tes t / canno ts tand / repe l / d i sgus t / revo l t / canno tbea r

106

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AAn swe rsB.1. lend 2. rent 3. h i re 4. borrow8. allocate / provide 9. provide

5. contribute (we can also say donate) 6. provide for 7. leave

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:supply (somebody) with (something) / cater for / present (somebody) with (something)

Page 27 Groups answers

A.

hudd lethronggangcrowogroup

companyteamplatoonstaffcrewcast

l itterSWarmflockherdpackshoal / school

batchheap / p i lestackbundlebunchset

B.1. crowd / throng 2. huddle / group 3. set9. cast 1 0. heap / p i le 1 1. group 1 2. shoa.18. p latoon 19. bundle 20. bunch 21. s tack

4. staff 5. company 6. herd13. l i t ter 14. crew 15. f lock

22. oack 23. swarm

7. batch 8. gang / crowd16. team 17. throng / crowd

c.A. lecture B. deleqat ion C. tutor ia l D. symposium E. seminar F. t r ibunal

Page 28 Around the wor ld answers

A.1. C 2. B (Antarctica is the name of the continent and is not preceded by fhe) 3. B 4. A 5. C (countries betweenNorth and South America, i.e., south of Mexico and north of Colombia) 6. A (all countries south of the USA whereSpanish or Por tuguese is widely spoken as a f i rs t language) 7. C 8. C 9. C (Main land Europe and Cont inenta lEurope have the same meaning. Br i t ish and l r ish people of ten refer to Cont inenta l Europe as the Cont inent) 10.B 1 1 . C

B.Others

(e.9. , China - (e.g. ,Brazi l = (e.9. , Br i ta in = (e.9. , Pakis tan = (e.9. , lce land = (e.9. , France =\ l i y t , 9 l v 4 l l _ \ ! i y i r 9 | t ! g l | | _ \ ! . : , . , I g | \ | J l g | | - \ ! . : , . , | L ! | u | | v - \ ! . : , . , | |

Chinese) Brazi l ian) Br i t ish) pakis tani ) lce landic) French)Portuguese Belg ian l r ish Bangladeshi GreekLebanese Malaysian (we Finnish lsrael i WelshJapanese can a lso say Engl ish Kuwai t i DutchBurmese Malay) Scottish yemeni ThaiMaltese Norwegian Swedish lraqi Swiss

Perur '

/ l an Span i sh F i l i p i noRussian Turk ishl ranian DanishAmer ican pol ishCanadian

' Austra l ianSaudi Arabian

c.1. a d ia lect 2. Your mother tongue is the language you f i rs t learned to speak as a chi ld and which you cont inue touse at home, wi th your f r iends, your fami ly , etc . 3. b i l ingual / mul t i l ingual 4. The seven cont inents are: Europe /North America / South America I Asia lAustralasia I Africa / Antarctica. In some countries, more than one language isof f ic ia l ly spoken ( for example, in Belg ium some people speak French and some speak Flemish) .

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Page 30 S ize , quant i t y & d imens ion answers

A.B i g : 3 4 5 6 7 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5

Smal l : 1 (note the pronunciat ion: /mal 'n ju:V ) 2 I 13 21

B.1. a long-dis tance journey 2. a great deal of t ime 3. dozens of t imes 4. A minute amount of dust 5. a g igant icwave 5. a huge waste of t ime 7. a colossal statue 8. plenty of food 9. A broad river 10. A vast crowd ofsupporters 11. a gargantuan meal / p lenty of food 12. a g iant bui ld ing /a vast room 13. a mammoth job/ tons

of work (both these expressions are in formal) 14. a deep lake 15. a minuscule p iece of c loth 15. an enormousbook 17. a mammoth job / tons of work 18. a h igh mounta in 19. a monumental error 20. a t iny car21. a g iant bui ld ing 22. wide avenue 23. a shal low pool 24. a ta l l man 25. A narrow al leyway

Page 32 Shape & fea tures answers

A.1 . E 2 . D 3 . J 4 . F 5 . A 6 . 1 7 . G 8 . H 9 . 1 1 0 . K

B.1 . 8 2 . A 3 . C 4 . C 5 . A 6 . C 7 . A 8 . C

c.1 . D 2 . F 3 . H 4 . G s . r 6 . 8 7 . E 8 . A 9 . C

1 1 . B 1 2 . C

Page 33 Emphasis & misunderstanding answers

A . 1 . F 2 . 8 3 . E 4 . C 5 . A 6 . D

B. 1. emphasise / accentuate 2. prominent 3. emphasis / accent / stress 4. emphasised / accentuated / stressed5. put great stress 6. of crucial importance / extremely important 7. emphasis

C. 1. confused 2. confusion 3. mix-up (informal. lt can also be a verb: to mix up) 4. obscure 5. distorted6. impression / misapprehension 7. assumed 8. mistaken f . impression / misapprehension

Note: Word forms.

Page 34 Changes 2 answers

A.1. True 2. True 3. False: there has been an improvement 4. False: there has been an increase 5. False: therehas been a strengthening of the dollar 5. False: there has been a relaxation of border controls 7. False: we'reincreasing or building up our stocks of coal 8. True 9. False: there has been a slightfall 10. False: they're goingto decrease the number 1 1. False: there has been a decline 12. False: there has been a tightening up of the rules13. False: there has been a widening of the gap 14. True 15. False: there has been a downwardtrend 15. True17. True 18. True 19. True 20. False: Brit ish people want to broaden their horizons

Most of the words in this task can be verbs as well as nouns. Use a dictionary to check which ones.

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:

r a i s e / l o w e r / s h r i n k / e x t e n d / i n t r o d u c e / e n l a r g e / d r o p i n a b i l i t y / o p e n / c l o s e / l e s s e n / h e i g h t e n / l o w e r / d e e p e n /stretch / extend / spread / widen / shorten

See also Page 4: Describing & Analysing Tables

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AAnswersPage 35 Oppos i tes answers

Verbs: 1. rejected 2. denied 3. retreated 4. refused 5. defended8. abandoned 9. wi thdrew 10. deter iorated 1 1. refused ( to le t ) us presenr. . .14. set 15. fell (we can also say dropped) 16. loosened

Adjectives: 1. clear 2. easy 3. graceful 4. detrimental (we can also say harmfu[)7. even 8. scarce 9. f lexible 10. marked 11. crude (we can also say primitive)mild) 13. dim 14. compulsory (we can also say obligatory) 1 5. reluctant

5. demol ished 7. s impl i f ied12. rewarded 13. lowered

5. approximate 6. innocent12. delicate (we can also say

Note: A lot of words have more than one opposite, depending on their meaning. For example, the opposites of strongare weak I feeble (if you are talking about physical strength), delicate I mild (if you are talking about taste), dim /fa int ( i f you are ta lk ing about l ight) or just weak ( i f you are ta lk ing about the st rength of a dr ink) . Use a d ic t ionaryto check if you are not sure.

Page 38 Add i t ion , equat ion & conc lus ion answers

A.

Addi t ion

[For examole: and)Equat ion(For examole: eoual lv)

Conclus ion{Fn r evamn le ' i n r on r l r r c i nn )

along wi thas wel l asatsotooin addi t ionbesideswhat's moref urthermoremoreoveralong wi th ( th is could a lso go in tothe next box -> )

l ikewisesimi lar lyin the same waycorrespondingly

to sum up br ief lyi t can be concluded thatto concludein br iefthusto summarisetherefore

B.1. Furthermore / Moreover / In addition / What's more (this is less formal than the other expressions) 2. As well as/ Besides 3. Likewise / Similarly / In the same way (the verbs in both sentences (i.e., respect) are the same and referto the same th ing, so we can use a word of equat ion here) 4. As wel l as / A long wi th 5. In addi t ion 6. l ikewise /s imi lar ly 7. L ikewise / In the same way / Correspondingly 8. ln br ie f 9. l t can be concluded that 10. Therefore(To sum up, to conclude and to summarise are usually used to conclude longer pieces of writ ing. Thusis slightly moreformal than therefore, but has the same meaning.)

Note; lt is important that you are familiar with the way these words and expressions are used, including the otherwords in a sentence that they 'work' with. Use a dictionary to look up examples of these words and expressions, andkeep a record of them that you can refer to the next t ime you use them.

Page 39 Task commands answers

1 . N 2 . t 3 . R 4 . L s . E 6 . P 7 . F 8 . K 9 . G1 4 . C 1 s . O 1 6 . H 1 7 . 8 1 8 . A 1 9 . M 2 0 . D

r 0 . R 1 1 . J 1 2 . N 1 3 . Q

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:g i veanaccoun to f / ca l cu la te / cha rac te r i se / c l ass i f y / commen ton /cons ide r / con t ras t / c r i t i c i ze /deduce /desc r i bed e t e r m i n e / d i f f e r e n t i a t e b e t w e e n / d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n / e l u c i d a t e / e n u m e r a t e / e x p r e s s / l i s t / m e n t i o n / r e l a t eshow/specu la te / s ta te

Page 40 Confus ing words & fa lse f r iends answers

1. action / activity 2. advise / advice 3. effect / affect 4. appreciable / appreciative 5. assumption / presumption6. prevent / avoid 7. beside / besides 8. shor t ly / br ie f ly 9. channel / canal 10. conscious / conscient ious1 1. cont inuous / cont inual 12. inspect / contro l 13. oblect ions / cr i t ic ism 14. in jury / damage / harm

110

An swe rs15. invent / d iscover 16. for / dur ing / whi le 17. However / Moreover 18. inconsiderable / Inconsiderate19. in to lerable / in to lerant 20. job / work 21. l ies t lay 22. watch / look at 23. permi t / permiss ion24. possibil i ty / chance 25. practise / practice 26. Priceless / worthless (we can also say valueless)27. pr inc ip le / pr inc ipal / pr inc ipal / pr inc ip le 28. procession / process 29. r ise / ra ise 30. respect fu l / respectable3 1 . t r e a t / c u r e

Note: some of these words have more than one meaning. For example, ate lev is ion channel and a channel of waterbetween two land masses. Use a dictionary to check for other meanings.

Other confusing words / false friends include:a c t u a l l y - n o w / a l r e a d y - y e t / a f r a i d o f - w o r r i e d a b o u t / b r i n g - f e t c h / c o n d u c t - d i r e c t / c o n s e q u e n c e s - s e q u e n c e sd r i ve r - chau f feu r / f o rm idab le -wonder fu l / f un - funny /go -p lay ( fo rspo r t sandgames) / comea longw i th - fo l l owk ind -sympa the t i c / l end -bo r row /na tu re -coun t r ys ide /ove rcome-ove r take /pas i - t ake (anexam) / i ec ipe - rece ip tr e m e m b e r - r e m i n d / s c e n e r y - v i e w / s e n s i b l e - s e n s i t i v e / s p e c i a l - e s p e c j a l l y / t a k e - b r i n g

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Page 44 Usefu l in te rv iew express ions answers

Agreeing with somebodv: 1 3 1 7 1 8 23 26 30Disagreeing wi th somebody: 10 ( fo l lowed by your opin ion) t1 16 19 24 ( fo l lowed by

your opin ion) 29 33 (s l ight ly more forcefu l )I n terrupt ing: 9 28 35 (You shouldn't interrupt too often. In any case, during

the interview the examiner wil l leave you to do most of the talking.)Asking for c lar i f icat ion or repet i t ion: 6 1 2 2 2 3 2 3 6 (Don't just say What? Or Eh? )Asking somebodv for thei r opin ion: 5 1 4 3 7Saying somethinq in another wav: 3 8 20 21 25 27 ( th is can a lso be used for summinq up)Giv ing yoursel f t ime to th ink: 1 7 2 1 3 4Summing up : z 4 t l 3 1

Page 45 Phrasa l Verbs 1 answers

1. up 2. out 3. up to 4. of f13 . up w i th 14 . ou t 15 . ou t23. forward 24. back on

5. on 6. up wi th1 6. in to 17. on

7 . down 8 . ou t o f 9 . ou t 10 . ou t 11 . up 12 . i n18. behind 19. down on 20. out 21. over 22. wi th

Page 46 Phrasa l verbs 2 answers

1. broke down 2. work out8. showed up 9. pul led out of15. ended up 16. carr ied out

3. wear off 4. wear themselves out10. le t t ing of f 1 1. le t you down

17. cut t ing back on 18. cut of f

5. pul l through 6. sor t out 7. sp l i t up12 . keep on 13 . he ld up 14 . f e l l t h rough19. d id away wi th 20. do up


1. get 2. came 3. get t ing12. get 13. came 14. came

4. get 5. came 6. get 7. came15. get t ing 16. comes 17. come

8. get 9. came 10. get 11. come18. came / got 19. got 20. get


1. look over 2. /1 1. look down'on

3. look after 4. give in12. . / 13. go of f 14. /

5. / 6. ,/ 7. look forward to15. , / 16. ' / 17. g ive of f 18. , /

8 . , / 9 . go over 10. , /19. look up to 20. go in to

Page 50 Phrasa l Verbs 5 answers

Clues across ())1. put down 4. ta lk them round 5opt out 16. turned up 19. set off

take af ter 6. running up against20 . run up 21 . made up

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8. turned out 1 1. o icked on 12.

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An swe rsctues down (9)1. put as ide ( th is hasthe same meaning assetaside) 2. ' take in 3. taken in9. stand in (also used with'for': lwas asked to stand in for her) '10. put offmade up 17. ran lor 18. p ick up

5. turned down 7. put up with13. sets in 14. make out 15.

Page 52 Spe l l ing answers

A.Apart from condemning tobacco companies and raising the price of cigarettes, the government's anti-smokingcampaign has failed to have any long-term effects, and the only people benefit ing from it are the Inland Revenuedepartment. Meanwhile, persistent smokers are being denied treatment by the NHS.

B.It is arguable whether good pronunciation is more important than good grammar and vocabulary. Conscientiousstudents balance their acquisit ion of these skil ls, hoping to achieve both fluency and accuracy. Teachers shouldencourage thei r s tudents to pract ise a l l the re levant language sk i l ls .

c.It is becoming increasingly diff icult for many to find decent accommodation in London at a price they can afford. Toput it simpfy, most people just don't have the necessary funds. Organisations such as Home Front can offer advice,but i t widely agreed that the s i tuat ion is no longer manageable. The fact that c i ty counci ls are bui ld ing cheap,temporary housing for lower-paid professionals is the only official acknowledgement of this problem.

Page 54 Educat ion answers

A.1 . A ( w e c a n a l s o u s e t h e w o r d r e t a k e ) 2 . 8 , 3 . 8 , 4 . C , 5 . C , 6 . A , 7 . C , 8 . 8 , 9 . B , 1 0 . C 1 1 . 8 , 1 2 . A

The Brit ish higher education system is formed of universit ies and colleges, where students can take degreesin various specialized subjects. Students need a certain level of passes at 'A level to enter a university, andmost universit ies ask students to come for special entrance exams and interviews. Fees in higher educationare in some cases met by grants, but many students are required to pay for their tuit ion fees and take outloans to do th is .

B.1. kindergarten (we can also use the words nursery or playschool) 2. primary 3. skil ls / l i teracy / numeracy4. secondary 5. discipline (this can also be a verb) / pass (the opposite of this is fail) 6. course (we can also use thewordp rog ramme) T .en ro l 8 .g radua ted ( th i scana l sobeanoun -ag radua te ;as tuden twhohas f i n i shedacou rseat university. A student who is sti l l at university is called an undergraduate) ldegree 9. correspondence (we can alsouse the expression distance learning) 10. qualif ications 1 1. evening class / day release

c.1. sk i l ls , 2 + 3. l i teracy / numeracy ( in e i ther order) , 4 . k indergar ten, 5. pr imary, 6. secondary, 7. d isc ip l ine,8. pass,9. qual i f icat ions, 10. acquire, 11. heal th, 12. fur ther , 13. enro l , 14. h igher , 15. graduate, 16. degree,17. h ighel 18. evening c lass, 19. day re lease, 20. correspondence, 21. mature, 22. opportuni ty

Other wor(s and expressions which you might find useful include:pupil power (a relatively new expression suggesting a school or college where the students are partly responsible forc h o o s i n g w h a t a n d h o w t h e y l e a r n ) / f a c u l t y / s u b j e c t / r e s o u r c e s / c a m p u s / a d u l t e d u c a t i o n / i n f a n t s c h o o l / j u n i o rschoo l / comprehens i veschoo l / t akeo rs i t anexam/p r i va teeduca t i on / co -educa t i ona l / l ec tu re / sem ina r / t u to r i a l

Page 56 The med ia answers

A.' t . E 9 . I

1122 . H 3 . C 4 . 8 5 . A 6 . D 7 . L 8 . F 1 0 . M 1 1 . J 1 2 . K 1 3 . G

AAn swe rs

1' freedom of the press 2. media tycoon (we can also use the expressio n media mogul) 3. censorship 4. unscrupulous5' exploit ing 5. invasion of privacy 7. paparazzi, 8lg. information / entertainment (in either order)10. chequebook journal ism 11. l ibe l 12. readership , l 3 . gut ter press

c.1' broadsheets 2. coverage 3. current affairs 4. reporters 5. journalists G. tabloids 7. broadcasts g. Internet9' websites 10. download 11112' information / entertainmeni (in either order) 13. gutter press 14. invasionof pr ivacy / chequebook journal ism 15. paparazzi 16. l ibe l 17. chequebook journal ism 1g. unscrupulous19' In ternet / web 20. in format ion over load 21. logging on 22. censorship 23. f reedom of the press

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:Types of television programme: documentary / soap opera / quiz show / sitcom / drama / weather forecast / game show/ variety show / commercial / chat showPar t so fanewspaper :head l i ne /ed i t o r i a l / adve r t i semen t /wha t ' son /en te r ta inmen t / co lou rsupp lemen t / f ash ion/ business / f inancial I spori I horoscope /Others: state-controlled / journal / slander / tune in / read between the l ines/ downmarket / upmarket / uobeat

Page 58 Work answers

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In Britain, the most popular broadsheets include '. the Guardian, the tndependent, the rimes, the DairyTelegraph and the Financial rirnes. The most popular tabloids include: the sun, the Mirror, the Dairy Mait

A.1 .O 2 .@ 3 .O 4 .O s .615 .@ 16 .0 17 .O 18 .Odemanding job)

6 .0 7 .@ 8 .@ 9 .6 10 .@ 11 .O 12 .@ 13 . @ 14 . @19.O 20.6 21.6 Z2.A 23.O (a l though some people enjoy a very

Note:'sick Building Syndrome' is a recently discovered problem in which the design of a building adversely affects thepeople work ing in i t . For example, in bui ld ings wi th poor vent i la t ion the employees of ten suf fer f rom headachesor breath ing problems.

'Repetit ive strain injury' (R.s.l.) is a pain in the arm or some other part of the body felt by someone who performsthe same movement many times, such as when operating a computer keyboard.

B.1 . E 2 . A 3 . 8 4 . F 5 . C 6 . D

c.1' employees 2. unski l led 3. semi-sk i l led 4. b lue-col lar 5. manufactur ing industr ies 6. whi te-col lar 7. serv ice

f i r ing 12. s t ress 13. demanding ,14. unsociable hoursnthly. We also use it to describe the amount of money an000 a year / per annum., We use the word wage or wages,mot ion 18. perks 19. incent ive 20. increment (we canpension 23.sel f -employed

other words and expressions which you might find usefut include:emp loye r /manua lworke r /p ro fess ion /d i sm iss /d i sm issa l / r ec ru i tmen td r i ve (whenacompany t r i es toemp loya lo to fnewpeop le ) /ove r t ime / f i xed income/cand ida te / i n te rv iew / i n te rv iewer / i n te rv iewee / l eave (a fo rma l

wo rdmeaning hol iday)

Page 61 Money & f inance answers

A.1 ' Prof i t is money you gain f rom sel l ing something, which is more than the money you paid for i t . Loss is moneyyou have spent and not got back.2' Extravagant describes somebody who spends a lot of money. Frugal or economical describes somebody Who is

careful with money.

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UILo3 An swe rsUI7 3. A current account is a bank account from which you can take money at any time. A deposit account is a bank-6 account which pays you interest if you leave money in it for some time (we can also use the expression savings

account or notice account).4. A loan is money which you borrow to buy something. A mortgage is a special kind of loan used to buy a house

over a period of t ime.5. To deposit money is to put money into a bank account. To withdraw money is to take money out of a bank

account (deposit can be a noun or a verb. The noun form of withdraw is withdrawal).

6. A wage and a salary are money you receive for doing a job, but a wage is usual ly paid dai ly or weekly and asalary is usual ly paid monthly .

7. lf you are broke, you have no money. lt is an informal expression. lf you are bankrupt, you are not able to payback money you have borrowed. lt is a very serious financial situation for somebody to be in.

8. In the UK, shares are one of the many equal par ts in to which a company's capi ta l is d iv ided. People who buythem are called shareho/ders. Stocks are shares which are issued by the government. Dividends are parts of acompany's profits shared out among the shareholders.

9. Income tax is a tax on money earned as wages or salary. Excise duty is a tax on certain goods produced in acountry, such as cigarettes or alcohol.

10. To credit somebody's bank account is to put money into the account. To debit somebody's bank account is to takemoney out. In the UK, many people pay for bil ls etc. using a system called direct debit where money is takendirect ly f rom thei r account by the company provid ing the goods or serv ice.

11. Tradi t ional ly a bank is a business organizat ion which keeps money for customers and pays i t out on demand orlends them money, and a building society is more usually associated with saving money or lending people moneyto buy houses.

1 2 . A d i s c o u n t i s t h e p e r c e n t a g e b y w h i c h a f u l l p r i c e i s r e d u c e d t o a b u y e r b y t h e s e l l e r , A r e f u n d i s m o n e y p a i d b a c kwhen, for example, returning something to a shop (it can also be a verb: to refund).

13. A bargain is something bought more cheaply than usual ( the word can have other meanings - check yourdictionary). Something which is overpriced is too expensive. Something which is exorbitant costs much more thanits true value.

14. A worthless object is something which has no value. A priceless object is an extremely valuable object.

15. lf you save money, you put it to one side so that you can use it later. lf you invest money, you put it into property,shares etc. so that i t wi l l increase in value.

15. Inflation is a state of economy where prices and wages increase. Deflation is a reduction of economic activity.

17. Income is the money you receive. Expenditure is the money you spend.18. lf you lend money, you let someone use your money for a certain period of t ime. lf you borrow money from

someone, you take money for a time, usually paying interest.

B.1 . F 2 . 1 3 . 1 4 . E 5 . J 6 . K ( t h e l n l a n d R e v e n u e i s a B r i t i s h g o v e r n m e n t d e p a r t m e n t d e a l i n g w i t h t a x ) 7 . C8 . H 9 . G 1 0 . A 1 1 . 8 1 2 . D

c.1. borrow 2. loan 3. income 4. expendi ture 5. overdraf t 6 . cost of l iv ing 7. In f la t ion 8. economise 9. bui ld ingsociety 10. in terest 1 1 . on credi t 12. exorbi tant 13. save 14. reduct ions 1 5. bargain 16. d iscount 17. invest18. s tocks 19. shares

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:cash /cheque /c red i t ca rd / s ta temen t /ove rd rawn / rece ip t / cus toms / i nhe r i t ance tax / co rpo ra t i on tax /d i sab i l i t ya l l owance /soc ia l secu r i t y / cu r rency / ra teo fexchange / i nves tmen t /wea l t hy /deb t /upward l yo rdownward l ymob i l eequity / negative equity

Page 63 Po l i t i cs answers

A.1. democracy 2. independence (the adjective is independent) 3. candidate 4. totalitarian 5. authoritarian6. technocrats 7. opposi t ion 8. republ ic 9. sanct ions 10. House 11. ideology 12. Par l iament

The word in the shaded vertical strip is 'dictatorship'

Note:

The Brit ish Parliament is divided into two houses. These are:

1. The House of Commons. This is the lower house, which is made up of 659 e lected members who are known asMembers of Par l iament , or MPs.

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2. The House of Lords.men and women.

This is the upper chamber, which is made up of hereditary peers or speciaily appointed

The House of commons is the most important house. Many people in Br i ta in want the House of Lords abol ishedbecause they see it as an outdated institution.

B.1. False. lt is a system of government with an hereditary king or queen.2. False. A polit ician is a person who works for the government.3 False' A statesman or stateswoman is an important potit icatleader or representative of a country.4. True5. True.6. False. A ministry is a government departmenr.7. True.8' False' A policy is a decision on the general way of doing someth ing. 'people voted for the Labour party becausethey liked their policies'9' False' A referendum is a vote where all the people of a country are asked to vote on a single question. ,we wanta referendum on the issue of European Monetary lJnion,10. False. An election is the process of choosing by voting (the verb is e/ect).

Note: In Britain, a general election (in which all voters can vote for a government) is held every five years. whena Member of parliament dies or retires, there is a by-erection to choole a new Mp.

c.1. Houses 2. cabineVparty 3. opposi t ion9. candidates 10. monarchy 11. republ ic16. Independence

4. pol ic ies 5. to ta l i tar ian 6. democracy 7. d ic tatorship g. e lect ionl2 referendum r3. const i tuency 14. Technocrats r5. sanct ions

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:v o t e / e l e c t / r e v o l u t i o n / s c a n d a l / s t a n d f o r - r u n f o r P a r l i a m e n t / s e a t / m a r g i n a l s e a t / c h a m b e r / V i c e - p r e s i d e n tmayor lambassador / embassy / party / representative / proportional representation / bureaucracy / bureaucrat

Note: The three largest polit ical parties in Britain are the Labour party, the conservative party and theLiberal Democrats.

Page 65 The env i ronment answers

A.1. F (The opposite of battery farming is free range farming) 2. L 3. J (Some of these animals are calledprotected species, which means. that i t is i l legal to [ i l l them)

"4. E 5. B 6. c 7.D g. K 9. | 10. G 11. H12' A (we can also use the word hunting, alt[ough there are some differen ces. poaching means to hunt i i legaly)

B.1 ' Green Bel t 2 ' b iodegradable packaging 3. greenhouse 4. ra in forest 5. eros ion 6. recycte 7. organic8 ' genet ica l ly modi f ied (we can a lso use the abbreviat ion GM) 9. unleaded petro l 10. AciJ ra in ,11. ecosystem12' emiss ions / foss i l fue ls 13. contaminated (we."n , l ro use the word pol lu ted) 14. envi ronmental is ts15 . G loba l wa rm ing

Note: Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace are two organizations which campargn to protect the envrronment. Athird organization, the wortd wide Fund for Nature (wwF), protects endangered species of animals and plantsand their habitats. They are also involved in prolects to control pollution.

c.1' foss i l fue ls 2 ' ac id ra in 3. greenhouse 4. g lobal warming 5. ra in forest G. contaminated 7. emiss ions /gases 8 Poaching 9 ' endangered species 10. ecosystem 11. recycle 12. b iodegradable 13. genet ica l ly modi f ied

13. 3,:33,i ' i .,.r5' unleaded petrol 16. environmentalists 17. conservation piogrammes 18. battery farming

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:degradation / legislation /.overfishing / greenhouse effect / ozone layer / destruction / waste disposal / overpopulationbo t t l ebank /ca rbond iox ide /c l ima t i c i hange /sea leve l / r e_use /ene rqye f f i c i ency i rad ioac t i vewas te / t ox i cwas teCFC gases

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€oOther words and expressions which you might find useful include:acc l ima t i se /embassy l a l i en l i l l ega l a l i en / checkou t / i nsu rance / f i r s t c l ass / c ru i se / s i gh tsee ing ho l i day / sa fa r i / Aadven tu reho l i day / sk i i ngho l i day /ho te l / gues thouse / fu l l - boa rd /ha l f - boa rd /bedandb reak fas t / se l f - ca te r i ng /suitcase / overnight bag

Page 71 Cr ime & the law answers

A.1. judge 2. iury 3. witness 4. defendant 5. viqtim 5. solicitor (an attorney in the USA) 7. offender8. barr is ter 9. law-abid ino

B.Part 1: (ln order) A, F, D, B, C, EPart 2: (ln order) A, E, t C, B, DPart 3: (ln order) A, D. F, c, E (we can also use the expression state punishment), B

c.1' committed 2. arrested / charged 3. court 4. pleaded 5. guilty 6. sentenced 7. misdeeds8. law-abid ing / innocent 9. ret r ibut ion 10. rehabi l i ta te / reform 11. reform 12. re leased 13. deterrent14. paro le 15. v ic t im 15. of fender 17. communi ty serv ice 18. f ine 19 | 20. corporal punishment / capi ta lpunishment (in either order) 21 | 22. judges / barristers / solicitors / juries (any of these in any order)

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:l awye r /accuse /passave rd i c t / send top r i son /conv i c t (noun+ve rb ) / conv i c t i on / s ta temen t /w rongdoe r /pun i sh /punishment / revenge / admit / denyDifferent types of crime and criminal: burglary - burglar / robbery - robber / shoplift ing - shoplifter /vanda l i sm -vanda l / r ape - r ap i s t / hoo l i gan i sm - hoo l i gan /murde r - r u rd " r " r / h i j ack - h i j acke r l i o rge ry - f o rge r /espionage - spy / piracy - pirate / terrorism - terrorist etc...

Page 73 Soc ia l tens ions answers

A.A . 1 0 8 . 7 C . 1 D . 5 E . 3 F . 6 G . 8 H . 9 1 . 2 ) . 4

B.ethnic c leansing - rac ia l purg ing pre judice - d iscr iminat ion c iv i l r ights - human r ights harassment - in t imidat ionrebel - non-conformist (the opposite of this is a conformist) picket l ine - blackleg poverty-stricken - destituterefugee - displaced person outcast - reject

c.' | . extremists 2. ethnic cleansing / genocide 3. Dissidents / Refugees 4. (polit ical) asylum 5. i l legal aliens6. ( inst i tu t ional ) rac ism 7. harassment / in t imidat ion 8. Civ i l r ights / Human r ights 9. human r ights / c iv i l r ights10. Rebels 11. power st ruggle 12. homeless 13. pover ty 14. squat ters 15 | 16. d iscr iminat ion / explo i ta i ion( in e i ther order) 17. b lack legs 18. r io ts / unrest

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:d iscr iminat ion / sectar ian / mul t i - rac ia l / mul t i -cu l tura l / unor thodox/ d isparate / i t inerant /communttv

Page 75 Sc ience & techno logy answers

A.1. research 2. development 3. innovations 4. react 5. invented 6. discovered 7. analysed 8. combined9. a technophobe 10. a technophi le 11. safeguards 12. an exper iment 13. genet ic engineer ing 14. molecularb io logy 15. cybernet ics 16. nuclear engineer ing 17. breakthrough 18. l i fe expectancy

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AnswersB.1. base unit / disk drive 2. hardware 3. load (we ian also say instalt) 4. software 5. monitor 6. printer7. keyboard 8. mouse 9. scanner 10. log on 11. the Internet 12. websi te 13. download 14. e-mai l15. crashed 16. v i rus

c.1. discovered 2. l i fe expectancy 3. innovations 4. breakthrough 5. invented 6. Internet (we can also usethe expression world wide web) 7. e-mail 8. research 9. technophiles 10. technophobes 11. cybernetics12. nuclear engineer ing 13. safeguards 14. genet ic engineer ing 15. analysed 16. exper iment

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:information technology / bioclimatology / geopolit ics / chemistry / physics / cryogenics + other specialized scientif icor technological f ie lds.

Page 78 Food and d ie t answers

A.

1. calories 2. protein 3. carbohydrate 4. fat 5. f ibre (we can also use the word roughage) 5. cholesterol7. vitamin 8. mineral (we often talk about the vitamin or mineral content of a food) 9. overweight (if somebodyis very overweight, we can say they are obese) 10. malnourished 1 1 . nutrit ion (we often talk about the nutrit ionalvalue oI a food. The adjective is nutrit ious. A person who specializes in the study of nutrit ion and advises on diets iscalled a nutritionist)

Note: Fats in food come under four categories: saturated fat (which contains the largest amount of hydrogenpossible); unsaturated fat; polyunsaturated fat (which is less l ikely to be converted into cholesterol in the body);and monounsaturated fat.

B.1 . H 2 . C 3 . A 4 . t 5 . D 6 . E 7 . 8 8 . F 9 . ) 1 0 . G

c.1. fast food 2 / 3 . minerals /v i tamins ( in e i ther order) 4 l5. fat /carbohydrates ( in e i ther order) 5. malnutr i t ion(the adjective is malnourished) 7. scarcity 8. harvest 9. balanced diet 10. f ibre 11. f at I cholesterol 12. calories13. Genet ica l ly modi f ied 14. organic 15 /16. sa lmonel la / l is ter ia ( in e i ther order) 17. food poisoning

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:c o n s u m e / c o n s u m p t i o n / u n d e r w e i g h t / e a t i n g d i s o r d e r / a n o r e x i a / a n o r e x i c / b u l i m i a / b u l i m i c / v e g e t a r i a n / v e g a nhealth foods

Page 80 Ch i ld ren & the fami ly answers

A.1. nuclear 2. extended 3. s ingle-parent 4. br ing up (we can a lso use the words rarse or rear) 5. upbr inging6 .d i vo rced T .ch i l dca re S .ado lescence ( thenoun i sado /escen t ) 9 . f o rma t i veyea rs l 0 .b i r t h ra te l l . dependan t( the adject ive is dependenf) 12. juveni le del inquency ( in Br i ta in, a juveni le is anybody below the age of 18, whichis the age at which somebody becomes legally responsible for their own actions)

B.1 . H ( a u t h o r i t a r i a n c a n b e a n o u n a n d a n a d j e c t i v e ) 2 . C 3 . G 4 . K 5 . A 6 . D 7 . J ( w e c a n a l s o u s e t h eexpression over-caring) 8. B 9. E 10. F 11. | 12. t

c.1. formative 2. divorceda foster child. the verb is to9. juveni le del inquency 10.15. nuclear 16. s ingle-parent

3. brought up 4. foster fami ly (a chi ld whofoster) 5. authoritarian 6. upbringingresponsib le 11. s ib l ings 12. wel l -adjusted

17. dependants 18. extended

is ra ised by a foster fami ly is ca l led7. running wi ld 8. adolescence

13. lenient 14. over-protective

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ANSWCTSOther words and expressions which you might find useful include:abuse / rebe l l i ousness / re la t i onsh ip / supe rv i s i on /m ino r / re la t i ves /nu r tu re / k i n / f am i l y l i f e / sp l i t up /b rokenhome/divorce rate

Page 82 On the road answers

A.1 . A 2 . 8 3 . 8 4 . A 5 . A 6 . 8 7 . A 8 . A 9 . A 1 0 . A 1 1 . A 1 2 . A

B.1 . D 2 . H 3 . F 4 . A 5 . J 5 . G 7 . C 8 . t 9 . E 1 0 . 8

Note: Most large towns and cit ies in Britain have 'Park and Ride' schemes. These are large car parks outside citycentres where drivers can park their car, usually for free. They can then take a bus into the city centre.Distances and speed l imi ts in Br i ta in are in mi les or mi les per hour (1 mi le = 1.6 k i lometres) . The maximum speedl imi t in Br i ta in is 60mph on s ingle- lane roads outs ide towns, or 70mph on dual-carr iageways or motorways. Inmost towns and c i t ies, the maximum speed l imi t is usual ly 20 or 30 mph. Dr ivers who are caught speeding canface penalties ranging from a fine to imprisonment, depending on how fast they are driving and where. Theycan a lso have thei r dr iv ing l icence suspended.

Drink driving is considered a very serious offence. offenders automatically have their driving l icence suspendedfor at least a year , wi l l normal ly receive a f ine and may go to pr ison.

c.1 / 2 ' in jur ies / fa ta l i t ies ( in e i ther order) 3. speeding 4. dr ink-dr iv ing 5. pedestr ians G. pedestr ian crossings7' Highway Code 8 / 9 . congest ion / pol lu t ion ( in e i ther order) 10. b lack spot 11. t ransport s t rategy12' Traf f ic ca lming 13. Park and Ride 14. t raf f ic- f ree zone 15. cyc le lanes 16. subsid ised 17. f ines 1g.dominate

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:objects in the st reet : zebra crossing /pel ican crossing / t ra l l ic is land /pavement /bol lard/kerb/ junct ion/crossroads/ traffic conesMoto rway / h ighway /ca r r i ageway /s l i p road /ha rd shou lde r / cen t ra l r ese rva t i on /ove r take /cu t i n / swerve l sk id lbrake / accelerate I lorry larticulated lorry / van / diesel

Page 84 The ar ts answers

A.1' a ballet 2' a play 3. a biography (if somebody writes a book about themselves, we call i t an autobiography)4' a sculpture 5. a portrait 5. an opera 7. a concert 8. a novel 9. poetry 10. a sti l l l i fe 11. photography12 . a f i lm

B.1 ' c 2 ' A 3 ' B 4 ' A 5 . c 6 . 8 ( w e c a n a l s o u s e t h e w o r d g r a n t ) 7 . c 8 . C ( w e c a n a l s o u s e t h e w o r d w r i t e r s )9. B ( impressionism is the name we give to th is genre of paint ing) 10. A

c.1' bal le t 2. per formance 3 ' rev iews 4. exhib i t ion 5. Gal lery 5. por t ra i ts 7. s t i l l l i fe g. subsidy 9. novel is t10. works / novels 11. publ ished 12. b iography 13. concert 14. opera 15. sculpture

other words and expressions which you might find usefur incrude:a mus i ca l / p roduce / p roduc t i on / exh ib i t l a r t i s t l ac to r /au tho r / scu lp to r / co l l ec t i on / pop a r t

Page 87 Town and count ry answers

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A.1 . N 2 . M 3 . G 4 . A 5 . r 5 . 8 7 . C 8 . F 9 . H 1 0 . E 1 1 . K 1 2 . D 1 3 . L 1 4 . )

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AAnswersB.1 . H 2 . 8 3 . G 4 . F 5 . A 6 . C 7 . E 8 . D

c.1. metropol is 2. cosmopol i tan 3. urban 4. ameni t ies 5. cu l tura l events 5. in f rast ructure 7. commuters8. Centra l Business Dist r ic t 9 . rush hour / peak per iods 10. congest ion 11. pol lu t ion 12. cost of l iv ing13. bui ld ing s i tes 14. populat ion explos ion 15. drug abuse 15. inner-c i ty 17. rura l 18. prospects19. product ive land / cu l t ivat ion / arable land 20. urban sprawl 21. envi ronment

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:subu rbs / fac i l i t i es /emp loymen t /unemp loymen t / res iden t / res iden t i a l / ou t sk i r t s /p rope r t yp r i ces /deve lopmen t

Page 89 Arch i tec tu re answers

A.Building materials: t imber / stone / steel / glass / concrete / reinforced concreteAesthetic perception: well-designed / an eyesore / elegant I ugly lcontroversial / pleasing geometric formsTypes of building: skyscraper / low-rise apartments / high-rise apartments (in Britain, the word f/at is usually usedinstead of apartment) / multi-storey car parkArchitectural style: modernist / post-modern / standardised / traditional / international style / art deco (hlgh-tech couldalso be inc luded here)Parts of a bui ld ing: porch / fagade / wal ls / foundat ionsFeatures: practical / functional / high-tech / energy-efficient

B.1 . 8 2 . A 3 . C 4 . C 5 . A 6 . A 7 . C 8 . C 9 . A 1 0 . A

c.1. p lanning 2. preservat ion 3. renovate 4. archi tects 5. g lass 6. faqade 7. foundat ions 8. socia l 9 . dere l ic t10. estate 11. an eyesore 12. t radi t ional 13. s lums 14. h igh-r ise / low-r ise 15. energy-ef f ic ient

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:Other types of building: detached house / semi-detached house / terraced house / mansion / cottage / manor housebungalow / maisonette / castle / palace / shopping centre (in the USA - shopping mal/)Other par ts of a bui ld ing: roof lground f loor ( in the USA = f i rs t f loor) / f i rs t f loor ( in the USA = second f loor)basement (cellar) | atl ic lstaircaseVerbs: construct / design I plan I moderniseOthers: standardised / prefabricated / development / mass-produced / low-cost

Page 92 Men & women answers

A.These words and expressions generally have ppSilyeconnotations:astute versati le egalitarian equalityThese words and expressions generally have negative connotations:power struggle ruthless weaker sex (a derogatory, slightly old-fashioned expression referring to women) malechauvinist (the expression male chauvinist pig can also be used, although it is considered insulting) sex objectsmale-dominated mi l i tant feminis ts (a l though some women would argue that th is has posi t ive connotat ions)

B.1. household management (we also use the expressions domestic chores or housework) 2. Sex Discrimination Act(a Brit ish law which states that men and women should be treated equally, with equal pay, terms and conditionsfor doing the same job etc) 3. male counterparts 4. child-rearing 5. role division (we sometimes write role as rl le)6. breadwinner (we can also use the expression financial provider) 7. social convention 8. gender roles9. stereotypes 10. battle of the sexes

c.1. egal i tar ian 2. equal i ty 3. breadwinner 4. weaker sex 5. s tereotypes 6. gender ro les 7. male-dominated

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An swe rs8. ruth less 9. astute 10. versat i le 1 1. Sex Discr iminat ion Act 12. male chauvin is t 13. ro le d iv is ion O14. chi ld rear ing 15. household management 16. Soeia l convent ion 17. mi l i tant feminis ts 18. sex objects -1 9. power strugg le / battle of the sexes 20. ma le counterparts 21 . battle of the sexes / power strugg le

Ul

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:d i sc r im ina te / second -c lassc i t i zens /un i sex / sex i s t / exp lo i t a t i on / cohab i t /mascu l i ne - fem in inequa l i t i es /modernman (a relatively new expression describing a man who believes in total equality between men and women and ishappy to do tasks previously considered only sui table for a woman)

Page 95 Geography answers

A.1. tree copse wood forest (beach does not belong here)2. footpath track lane road (peak does not belong here)3. h i l lock h i l l mounta in mounta in range (shore does not belong here)4. hollow gorge valley plain (waterfall does not belong here)5. inlet cove bay gulf (ridge does not belong here)6. brook stream river estuary (cliff does not belong here)7. city county country continent (tributary does not belong here)8. puddle pond lake sea ocean (cape does not belong here)

B.Geographical features associated with water and the sea:coast peninsula shore beach cape source coastl ine tributary waterfall mouth cliffGeographical features associated with land, hills and mountains:mounta inous r idge c l i f f summit g lac ier p lateau peak h ighlandsWords associated with agriculture and rural land:depopulation ferti le under-developed vegetation irrigationWords associated with towns and cities:urbansprawl denselypopulated industr ia l ised conurbat ion overcrowding

c.1. densely populated 2. industr ia l ised 3. urban sprawl 4. c i ty 5. i r r igat ion 6. source 7. peaks8. mounta in range 9. depopulat ion 10. Val ley 11. water fa l ls 12. s t reams 13. lane 14. t rack 15. Ocean16. cape / peninsula 17. h i l ls 18. p la in 19. fer t i le 20. shore / beach 21. country

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:lowlands / mounta inous / h i l lv / f la t / c l imate / d iverse

Page 97 Business & industry answers

A.1. demand for 2. loss 3. net 4. lending 5. credi t 6 . reta i l 7 . pr ivate 8.State-owned industr ies9. Unskil led labourers 10. take on (we can also use the word employ) 11. White-collar 12. exports13. bust / recession 14. employees / workers / staff 15. expenditure 15. shop floor

B.1 . F 2 . L 3 . O 4 . H 5 . M 6 . C ( G N P = G r o s s N a t i o n a l P r o d u c t . C o m p a r e t h i s w i t h G D P - G r o s s D o m e s t i c P r o d u c t )7 . 4 8 . E 9 . B 1 0 . G 1 1 . K 1 2 . J 1 3 . D 1 4 . P 1 5 . Q V A T = V a l u e A d d e d T a x ) 1 6 . 1 1 7 . N

c.1. Interest 2. borrowing 3. lay off 4. unemployment 5. Inflation 6. exports 7. secondary industries8. B lue-col la r / Wh i te-col la r 9 . s tate-owned / nat iona l ised 1 0. sa lar ies 1 1 . ma nagement 1 2. publ ic 1 3. Demand14. supply 15. revenue / income 16. nat ional ised 17. def ic i t 18. automat ion

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:See pages 58 (Work) and 61 (Money & finance) in this book.

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AAnswersPage 100 Globa l p rob lems answers

A.1 . 8 2 . A 3 . B 4 . C 5 . A 5 . C 7 . A 8 . B 9 . A 1 0 . C 1 1 . B 1 2 . 8 1 3 . A 1 4 . B 1 5 . A

Note: A hurricane is the name we give to a tropical storm with strong winds and rain in the Caribbean or EasternPaci f ic . ln the Far East i t is ca l led a typhoon. In the lndian Ocean i t is ca l led a cyc lone.

B.1. spread 2. spread / swept 3. erupted 4. shook 5. broke out 6. casualties 7. survivors / casualties8. Refugees / Survivors 9. suffering 10. relief(These words do not belong anywhere: disaster / spouted / ran / f lamed / wobbled)

c.1. torrent ia l 2 . f lood 3. epidemic 4. famine 5. re l ie f 6. vo lcano 7. erupted 8. hurr icane 9. devastat ion10. typhoon 11. casual t ies 12. drought 13. c iv i l war 14. Refugees/Surv ivors 15. swept /spread 16. acc ident17. explos ions 18. p lague

Other words and expressions which you might find useful include:ma jo r (acc iden t ) / d i sease / i l l ness /ha rdsh ip /dead /wounded / i n j u red /home less / v i c t im /a idconvoySee a/so page 73 (Social tensions)

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