Chapter Two Lean Logistics

Chapter Two Lean Logistics

I. Learning objectives and requirements

1. to know the scope, the work, the goal and the importance of logistics

2. to know and understand the definition of lean logistics

3. to understand the logistical value proposition

4. to know the five areas of logistics work

5. to understand the logistical operations

6. to understand logistical operating arrangements

II. Learning contents

Section I. Introduction to Lean Logistics

1. Main contents

1) The Scope of Logistics

No other area of business operations involves the complexity or spans the geography of

logistics. All around the globe, 24 hours of every day, 7 days a week, during 52 weeks a year,

logistics is concerned with getting products and services where they are needed at the precise time

desired.

It is difficult to visualize accomplishing any marketing, manufacturing, or international

commerce without logistics. Most consumers in highly developed industrial nations take a high

level of logistical competency for granted. When they purchase goods-at a retail store, over the

telephone, or via the Internet-they expect product delivery will be performed as promised. In fact,

their expectation is for timely, error-free logistics every time they order. They have little or no

tolerance for failure to perform.

Although logistics has been performed since the beginning of civilization, implementing best

practice logistics is one of the most exciting and challenging operational areas of supply chain

management. Because logistics is both old and new, we choose to characterize the rapid change

taking place in best practice as a renaissance.

2) The Work of Logistics

Logistics involves the management of order processing, inventory, transportation, and the

combination of warehousing, materials handling, and packaging, all integrated throughout a

network of facilities.

3) The Goal of Logistics

The goal of logistics is to support procurement, manufacturing, and market distribution

operational requirements. Within a firm the challenge is to coordinate functional competency into

an integrated operation focused on servicing customers. In the broader supply chain context,

operational synchronization is essential with customers as well as material and service suppliers to

link internal and external operations as one integrated process.

4) Definition of Lean Logistics

Lean logistics refers to the superior ability to design and administer systems to control

movement and geographical positioning of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished inventories

at the lowest total cost. To achieve lowest total cost means that financial and human assets

committed to logistics must be held to an absolute minimum. It is also necessary to hold direct operational expenditures as low as possible. The combination of resources, skills, and systems

required to achieve lean logistics are challenging to integrate, but once achieved, such integrated

competency is difficult for competitors to replicate.

5) The Logistics of Business Is Big and Important

It is through the logistical process that materials flow into the manufacturing capacity of an

industrial nation and products are distributed to consumers. The recent growth in global commerce

and the introduction of e-commerce have expanded the size and complexity of logistical operations.

Logistics adds value to the supply chain process when inventory is strategically positioned to

achieve sales. Creating logistics value is costly. Although difficult to measure, most experts agree

that the annual expenditure to perform logistics in the United States was approximately 10.1 percent

of the $9.96 billion Gross National Product (GNP) or $1 .006 billion.' Expenditure for

transportation in 2000 was $590 billion, which represented 58.6 percent of total logistics cost. As

further illustrated in Table 2-1, the logistics of business is truly big business.

Despite the sheer size of logistical expenditure, the excitement of lean logistics is not cost

containment or reduction. The excitement generates from understanding how select firms use

logistical competency to achieve competitive advantage. Firms that have developed world-class

logistical competency enjoy competitive advantage as a result of providing important customers

superior service. Leading logistical performers typically implement information technology capable

of monitoring global logistical activity on a real time basis. Such technology identifies potential

operational breakdowns and facilitates corrective action prior to delivery service failure. In

situations where timely corrective action is not possible, customers can be provided advance

notification of developing problems, thereby eliminating the surprise of an unavoidable service

failure. In many situations, working in collaboration with customers and suppliers, corrective action

can be taken to prevent operational shutdowns or costly customer service failures. By performing at

above industry average with respect to inventory availability, speed and consistency of delivery, and

operational efficiencies, logistically sophisticated firms are ideal supply chain partners.

2. Key concepts and points

The scope of logistics, the work of logistics, the goal of logistics, lean logistics, raw materials

inventory, work-in-process inventory, finished inventory, lowest total cost, direct operational

expenditures, integrated supply chain management, competitive advantage

3. Issues of application

Students shall understand that the principle of lean logistics is to achieve lowest total cost. To

achieve lowest means that financial and human assets committed to logistics must be held to an

absolute minimum. It is also necessary to hold direct operational expenditures as low as possible.

The combination of resources, skills, and systems required to achieve lean logistics are challenging

to integrate, but once achieved, such integrated competency is difficult for competitors to replicate.

Students are expected to examine the case of Dell and then figure out how Dell Computers has used

lean logistics principles to gain competitive advantage.

Section II. The Logistical Value Proposition

1. Main contents1) Service Benefits

Creation and basic logistical performance is measured in terms of availability, operational

performance, and service reliability. The term basic logistics service describes the level of service a

firm provides all established customers.

a) Availability

Availability involves having inventory to consistently meet customer material or product

requirements.

b) Operational Performance

Operational performance deals with the time required to deliver a customer's order. Operational

performance involves delivery speed and consistency, flexibility, Malfunction, and recovery time.

c) Service Reliability

Service reliability involves the quality attributes of logistics.

The key to quality is accurate measurement of availability and operational performance. Only

through comprehensive performance measurement is it possible to determine if overall logistical

operations are achieving desired service goals. To achieve service reliability, it is essential to

identify and implement inventory availability and operational performance measurements.

2) Cost Minimization

a) Question: the least total cost of logistic is equal to the lowest cost for each individual

function of logistics?

b) Lowest Total Cost means Lowest Integrated/Balanced Total Cost

3) Logistics Value Generation

The key to achieving logistical leadership is to master the art of matching operating

competency and commitment to key customer expectations and requirements. This customer

commitment, in an exacting cost framework, is the logistics value proposition. It is a unique

commitment of a firm to an individual or selected groups of its customers.

Case Study: Cisco’s Single Enterprise Strategy

Leading firms realize that a well-designed and well-operated logistical system can help achieve

competitive advantage. In fact, as a general rule, firms that obtain a strategic advantage based on

logistical competency establish the nature of their industry's competition.


Achieve Customer satisfaction at the Lowest Total Cost, to Create Value, Logistical Value

Proposition, Service Benefits, basic logistics service, Availability, Operational Performance,

Delivery Speed and Consistency, Flexibility, Malfunction, Recovery Time, Service Reliability


The focus of lean logistics can be traced to relatively recent developments of total costing

theory and practice. To understand the concept of total cost applied to logistical operations, students

shall focus attention on integrated total cost, but shouldn’t take it for granted that to achieve the

lowest total cost means to achieve the lowest possible cost of each individual function of logistics.

Section III. The Work of Logistics

1. Main contents

1) Integrated Nature of the Five Areas of Logistical Work

For a supply chain to

realize the maximum strategic benefit of logistics, the full range of functional work must be integrated. Decisions in one functional area will impact cost of all others. It is this interrelation of

functions that challenges the successful implementation of integrated logistical management.

Work related to these functional areas combines to create the capabilities needed to achieve

logistical value.

2) Order Processing

In most supply chains, customer requirements are transmitted in the form of orders. The

processing of these orders involves all aspects of managing customer requirements from initial

order receipt, delivery, invoicing, and collection. The logistics capabilities of a firm can only be as

good as its order processing competency.

3) Inventory

A sound inventory strategy is based on a combination of five aspects of selective deployment:

(1) core customer segmentation, (2)product profitability, (3) transportation integration, (4)

time-based performance, and (5) competitive performance.

4) Transportation

Transportation is the operational area of logistics that geographically moves and positions

inventory.

a) Basic ways to satisfy the Transportation requirements

i) A private fleet of equipment may be operated,

ii) Contracts may be arranged with dedicated transport specialists,

iii) The services of a wide variety of carriers that provide different transportation services on a

per shipment basis may be engaged.

b) Fundamental factors to transportation performance

i) Cost

The cost of transport is the payment for shipment between two geographical locations and the

expenses related to maintaining in-transit inventory.

ii) Speed

Order

Processing

Inventory

Transportation

Facility

Network

Warehousing

Material Handling

PackagingSpeed of transportation is the time required to complete a specific movement.

iii) Consistency

Consistency of transportation refers to variations in time required to perform a specific

movement over a number of shipments.

5) Warehousing, Materials Handling, and Packing

Warehousing, materials handling, and packaging are an integral part of other logistics areas.

When effectively integrated into an enterprise's logistical operations, warehousing, materials

handling, and packaging facilitate the speed and overall ease of product flow throughout the

logistical system. In fact, several firms have engineered devices to move broad product assortments

from manufacturing plants directly to retail stores without intermediate handling.

6) Facility Network

Network design is concerned with determining the number and location of all types of facilities

required to perform logistics work. It is also necessary to determine what inventory and how much

to stock at each facility as well as the assignment of customers. The facility network creates a

structure from which logistical operations are performed. Thus, the network integrates information

and transportation capabilities. Specific work tasks related to processing customer orders,

warehousing inventory, and materials handling are all performed within the facility network.

The design of a facility network requires careful analysis of geographical variation. The fact

that a great deal of difference exists between geographical markets is easy to illustrate. The 50

largest U.S. metropolitan markets in terms of population account for the majority of retail sales.

Therefore, an enterprise marketing on a national scale must establish a logistical network capable of

servicing prime markets. A similar geographic disparity exists in typical material and component

part source locations. When a firm is involved in global logistics, issues related to network design

become increasingly complex.


Order Processing, Initial Order Receipt, Delivery, Invoicing, Collection, Order Processing

Competency, Inventory, Core Customer Segmentation, Product Profitability, Transportation

Integration, Time-Based Performance, Competitive Performance, Pareto Principle, Transportation,

Private Fleet of Equipment, Dedicated Transport Specialists, Carrier, Cost of Transportation, Speed

of Transportation, Consistency of Transportation, Warehousing, Warehouse Specialist, Sorting,

Sequencing, Order Selection, Transportation Consolidation, Product Modification and Assembly,

Materials Handling, Packing, Master Carton, Facility Network, Manufacturing Plants, Warehouses,

Cross-Dock Operations, Retail Stores


The importance of accurate information to logistical performance has historically been

underappreciated. While many aspects of information are critical to logistics operations, the

processing of order is of primary importance. Students will fail to fully understand this importance

if they fail to understand how distortion and dynamics impact logistical operations. Current

information technology is capable of handling the most demanding customer requirements. When

desired, order information can be obtained on a real time basis. Yet the benefit of fast information

flow is directly related to work balancing. It makes little sense for a firm to accumulate orders at a

local sales office for a week, mail them to a regional office, process the orders as a batch, assign

them to a distribution warehouse, and then ship them via air to achieve fast delivery. Vice versa, students majoring in Electronic Commerce shall know well that data transmission or Web-based

communication of orders direct from the customers’ office combined with slower, less costly

surface transportation many have achieved even faster overall delivery service at a lower total cost.

The key objective is to balance components of the logistical system.

Section IV. Logistical Operations

1. Main contents

1) the Internal Operational Scope of Integrated Logistics Operations Information from and

about customers flows through the enterprise in the form of sales activity, forecasts, and orders.

Vital information is refined into specific manufacturing, merchandising, and purchasing plans. As

products and materials are procured, a value-added inventory flow is initiated which ultimately

results in ownership transfer of finished products to customers. Thus, the process is viewed in terms

of two interrelated flows: inventory and information.

2) Inventory Flow

From the initial purchase of a material or component, the logistics process adds value by

moving inventory when and where needed. Providing all goes well, materials and components gain

value at each step of their transformation into finished inventory. In other words, an individual part

has greater value after it is incorporated into a machine than it had as a part. Likewise, the machine

has greater value once it is delivered to a customer.

a) Market Distribution

The movement of finished product to customers is market distribution. In market distribution,

the end customer represents the final destination. The availability of product is a vital part of each

channel participant's marketing effort. Even a manufacturer's agent, who typically does not own

inventory, must be supported by inventory availability to perform expected marketing

responsibilities. Unless a proper assortment of products is efficiently delivered when and where

needed, a great deal of the overall marketing effort will be jeopardized. It is through the market

distribution process that the timing and geographical placement of inventory become an integral

part of marketing. To support the wide variety of marketing systems that exist in a highly

commercialized nation, many different market distribution systems are available. All market

distribution systems have one common feature: They link manufacturers, wholesalers, and retailers

into supply chains to provide product availability.

Customers Suppliers

Information Flow

Inventory Flow

Enterprise

Market

Distribution

Manufacturing

Support

Procurementb) Manufacturing Support

The area of manufacturing support concentrates on managing work-in-process inventory as it

flows between stages of manufacturing. The overall concern of manufacturing support is not how

production occurs but rather what, when, and where products will be manufactured.

From the viewpoint of overall planning, the separation of manufacturing support from

outbound market distribution and inbound procurement activities provides opportunities for

specialization and improved efficiency.

c) Procurement

Procurement is concerned with purchasing and arranging inbound movement of materials,

parts, and/or finished inventory from suppliers to manufacturing or assembly plants, warehouses, or

retail stores.

Depending on the situation, the acquisition process is commonly identified by different names.

In manufacturing, the process of acquisition is typically called purchasing. In government circles,

acquisition has traditionally been referred to as procurement. In retailing and wholesaling, buying is

the most widely used term. In many circles, the process is referred to as inbound logistics. For the

purposes of this text, the term procurement will include all types of purchasing. The term material is

used to identify inventory moving inbound to an enterprise, regardless of its degree of readiness for

resale. The term product is used to identify inventory that is available for consumer purchase. In

other words, materials are involved in the process of adding value through manufacturing whereas

products are ready for consumption. The fundamental distinction is that products result from the

value added to material during manufacture, sortation, or assembly.

d) Specific Operating Concerns of Three Areas in Overall Logistics

Market Distribution:-

Activities related to providing customer service. Requires performing order receipt and

processing. deploying inventories, storage and handling, and outbound transportation within a

supply chain. Includes the responsibility to coordinate with marketing planning in such areas as

pricing, promotional support customer service levels, delivery standards, handling return

merchandise, and life cycle support. The primary market distribution objective is to assist in

revenue generation by providing strategically desired customer service levels at the lowest total

cost.

Manufacturing Support:-

Activities related to planning. scheduling, and supporting manufacturing operations. Requires

master schedule planning and performing work-in-process storage, handling, transportation, and

sortation. sequencing and time phasing of components. Includes the responsibility for storage of

inventory at manufacturing sites and maximum flexibility in the coordination of geographic and

assembly postponement between manufacturing and market distribution operations.

Procurement:-

Activities related to obtaining products and materials from outside suppliers. Requires

performing resource planning, supply sourcing, negotiation, order placement, inbound

transportation. receiving and inspection. storage and handling, and quality assurance. Includes the

responsibility to coordinate with suppliers in such areas as scheduling. supply continuity, hedging,

and speculation, as well as research leading to new sources or programs. The primary procurement

objective is to support manufacturing or resale organizations by providing timely purchasing at the lowest total cost.

3) Information Flow

Information flow identifies specific locations within a logistical system that have requirements.

Information also integrates the three operating areas. Within individual logistics areas, different

movement requirements exist with respect to size of order, availability of inventory, and urgency of

movement. The primary objective of information flow management is to reconcile these

differentials to improve overall supply chain performance. It is important to stress that information

requirements parallel the actual work performed in market distribution, manufacturing support, and

procurement. Whereas these areas contain the actual logistics work, information facilitates

coordination of planning and control of day-to-day operations. Without accurate information the

effort involved in the logistical system can be wasted.

a) Logistics Information Requirements

b) Planning/Coordination

The overall purpose of planning/coordination is to identify required operational information

and to facilitate supply chain integration via (1) strategic objectives, (2)capacity constraints, (3)

logistical requirements, (4) inventory deployment, (5) manufacturing requirements, (6)procurement

requirements, and (7) forecasting.

i) Strategic Objectives

The primary drivers of supply chain operations are strategic objectives derived from marketing

and financial goals. These initiatives detail the nature and location of customers that supply chain

operations seeks to match to the planned products and services. The financial aspects of strategic

plans detail resources required to support inventory, receivables, facilities, equipment, and capacity.

ii) Capacity Constraints

Capacity constraints identify internal and external manufacturing and market distribution

limitations. Given strategic objectives, capacity constraints identify limitations, barriers, or

bottlenecks within manufacturing and distribution facilities. It also helps identify when specific

Strategic

Objectives

Capacity

Constraints

Logistics

Requirements

Manufacturing

Requirements

Procurement

Requirements

Order

Processing

Order

Assignment

Distribution

Operations

Transportation

and Shipping

Procurement

Inventory

Deployment

Inventory

Management

PLANNING/ COORDINATION

OPERATIONS

Forecastingmanufacturing or distribution work should be outsourced.

iii) Logistics Requirements

Using inputs from forecasting, promotional scheduling, customer orders, and inventory status,

logistical requirements identify the specific work facilities, equipment, and labor forces required to

support the strategic plan.

iv) Inventory Deployment

The deployment plan details the timing of where inventory will be positioned to efficiently

move inventory through the supply chain. From an information perspective, deployment specifies

the what, where, and when for the logistics processes. From an operational viewpoint, inventory

management is performed on a day-to-day basis.

v) Manufacturing Requirements

In production situations, manufacturing requirements determine planned schedules. The

traditional deliverable is a statement of time-phased inventory requirements that is used to drive

Master Production Scheduling (MPS) and Manufacturing Requirements Planning (MRP). In

situations characterized by a high degree of responsiveness, Advance Planning Systems (APS) are

more commonly used to time-phase manufacturing.

vi) Procurement Requirements

Procurement requirements represent a time-sequenced schedule of material and components

needed to support manufacturing requirements.

Regardless of the business situation, purchasing information is used to coordinate decisions

concerning supplier qualifications, degree of desired speculation, third-party arrangements, and

feasibility of long-term contracting.

vii) Forecasting

Forecasting utilizes historical data, current activity levels, and planning assumptions to predict

future activity levels. Logistical forecasting is generally concerned with relatively short-term

predictions. Typical forecast horizons are from 30 to 90 days. The forecast challenge is to quantify

expected sales for specific products. These forecasts form the basis of logistics requirement and

operating plans.

c) Operations

To satisfy supply chain requirements, logistics must receive, process, and ship inventory.

i) Order Processing

Order processing refers to the exchange of requirements information between supply chain

members involved in product distribution. The primary activity of order management is accurate

entry and qualification of customer orders. Information technology has radically changed the

traditional process of order management.

ii) Order assignment

Order assignment identifies inventory and organizational responsibility to satisfy customer

requirements. The traditional approach has been to assign responsibility or planned manufacturing

to customers accordingto predetermined priorities. In technology rich order processing systems,

two-way communication linkage can be maintained with customers to generate a negotiated order

that satisfies customers within the constraints of planned logistical operations.

iii) Distribution Operations

Distribution operations involve information to facilitate and coordinate work within logistics facilities. Emphasis is placed on scheduling availability of the desired inventory assortment with

minimal duplication and redundant work effort. The key to distribution operations is to store and

handle specific inventory as little as possible while still meeting customer order requirements.

iv) Inventory Management

Inventory management is concerned with information required to implement the logistics plan.

Using a combination of human resources and information technology, inventory is deployed and

then managed to satisfy planned requirements. The work of inventory management is to make sure

that the overall logistical system has appropriate resources to perform as planned.

v)Transportation and Shipping

Transportation and shipping information directs inventory movement. In distribution

operations, it is important to consolidate orders so as to fully utilize transportation capacity. It is

also necessary to ensure that the required transportation equipment is available when needed.

Finally, because ownership transfer often results from transportation, supporting transaction

documentation is required.

vi)Procurement

Procurement is concerned with the information necessary to complete purchase order

preparation, modification, and release while ensuring overall supplier compliance. In many ways

information related to procurement is similar to that involved in order processing. Both forms of

information exchange serve to facilitate operations that link a firm with its customers and suppliers.


Integrated Logistics Operations, Inventory Flow, Market Distribution, Manufacturing Support,

Procurement, Purchasing, Inbound Logistics, Material, Product, Information Flow, Logistics

Information Requirements, Planning/Coordination, Strategic Objectives, Capacity Constraints,

Logistics Requirements, Inventory Deployment, Manufacturing Requirements, Master Production

Scheduling(MPS), Manufacturing Requirements Planning (MRP), Advance Planning Systems

(APS), Procurement Requirements, Forecasting, Operations, Order Processing, Order assignment,

Distribution Operations, Inventory Management, Transportation and Shipping, Procurement


Students shall understand that Internal integrative management is important to success. As

explained in this section, Information from and about customers flows through the enterprise in the

form of sales activity, forecasts, and orders. Vital information is refined into specific manufacturing,

merchandising, and purchasing plans. As products and materials are procured, a value-added

inventory flow is initiated which ultimately results in ownership transfer of finished products to

customer. Thus, the process is viewed in terms of two interrelated flows: inventory and information.

Students are expected to figure out how these two flows must be coordinated to achieve internal

integration relating to the three primary operational processes of market distribution, manufacturing

support, and procurement.

Section V. Logistical Operating Arrangements

1. Main contents

1) Echelon-Structured Logistics

Classification of a logistical system as having an echeloned structure means that the flow of

products typically proceeds through a common arrangement of firms and facilities as it moves from

origin to final destination. The use of echelons usually implies that total cost analysis justifies stocking some level of inventory or performing specific activities at consecutive levels of the supply

chain.

Echelon systems utilize warehouses to create inventory assortments and achieve consolidation

economies associated with large-volume transportation shipments. Inventories positioned in

warehouses are available for rapid deployment to customer requirements.

Typical echelon systems utilize either break-bulk or consolidation warehouses. A break-bulk

facility typically receives large-volume shipments from a variety of suppliers. Inventory is sorted

and stored in anticipation of future customer requirements. Food distribution centers operated by

major grocery chains and wholesalers are examples of break-bulk warehouses. A consolidation

warehouse operates in a reverse profile. Consolidation is typically required by manufacturing firms

that have plants at different geographical locations. Products manufactured at different plants are

stored in a central warehouse facility to allow the firm to ship full-line assortments to customers.

Major consumer product manufacturers are prime examples of enterprises using echeloned systems

for full-line consolidation.

2) Direct-Structured Logistics

In contrast to inventory echeloning are logistical systems designed to ship products direct to

customer's destination from one or a limited number of centrally located inventories. Direct

distribution typically uses premium transport combined with information technology to rapidly

process customer orders and achieve delivery performance. This combination of capabilities,

designed into the order delivery cycle, reduces time delays and overcomes geographical separation

from customers. Examples of direct shipments are plant-to-customer truckload shipments, direct

store delivery, and various forms of direct to consumer fulfillment required to support catalog and

e-commerce shopping. Direct logistical structures are also commonly used for inbound components

and materials to manufacturing plants because the average shipment size is typically large.

When the economics justify, logistics executives tend to desire direct alternatives because they

reduce anticipatory inventories and intermediate product handling. The deployment of direct

logistics is limited by high transportation cost and potential loss of control. In general, most firms

do not operate the number of warehouses today that were common a few years ago and have been

able to modify echelon structures to include direct logistics capabilities.

3) Flexible Logistics System

The ideal logistical arrangement is a situation wherein the inherent benefits of echeloned and

direct structures are combined into a flexible logistics system. As noted in Chapter 1, anticipatory

commitment of inventory should ideally be postponed as long as possible. Inventory strategies often

position fast-moving products or materials in forward warehouses, while other, more risky or costly

items, are stocked at a central location for direct distribution to customers. The basic service

commitment and the order size economics determine the most desirable and economical structure to

service a specific customer.

a) Emergency Flexible Structure

Emergency flexible operations are preplanned strategies to resolve logistical failures. A typical

emergency occurs when an assigned shipping facility is out of stock or for some other reason cannot

complete a customer's order. For example, a warehouse may be out of an item with no

replenishment inventory scheduled to arrive until after the customer's specified order delivery date.

To prohibit back-order or product cancellation, a contingency operating policy may assign the total order, or at least those items not available, for shipment from an alternative warehouse. The use of

emergency flexible operation procedures is typically based on the importance of the specific

customer or the critical nature of the product being ordered.

b) Routine Flexible Structure

A flexible logistics capability that has gained popularity as a result of improved

communications involves procedures for serving specified customers developed as part of the basic

logistical system design. The flexible logistics rules and decision scenarios specify alternative ways

to meet service requirements, such as assignment of different shipping facilities. A strategy that

exploits routine flexible operations may be justified in at least four different situations.


Operating system design, Operating Structure, Echelon-Structured Logistics, Direct-Structured

Logistics, Flexible Logistics System, Emergency Flexible Structure, Routine Flexible Structure,

mother facility, Cross-Dock, Service Supplier Arrangements


Students learned echelon-structured logistics and direct-structured logistics. They are expected

to figure out the logic of designing echeloned or direct logistical structures. Further they shall be

able to combine echeloned these two structures into a flexible logistics system. However, they shall

be aware that a prerequisite to effective flexible operations is the use of information technology to

monitor inventory status throughout the network and provide the capability to rapidly switch

methods for handling customer orders. To a significant degree, an effective, flexible logistics

strategy can substitute for the safety stock maintained in a traditional anticipatory-driven logistical

system.