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Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Plate Tectonics Lesson 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition Chapter Wrap-Up
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Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Dec 24, 2015

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Page 1: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Chapter Introduction

Lesson 1 Plate Tectonics

Lesson 2 Earthquakes and Volcanoes

Lesson 3 Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition

Chapter Wrap-Up

Page 2: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

1. Continents do not move.

2. Earth’s mantle is liquid.

3. Earthquakes occur and volcanoes erupt only near plate boundaries.

4. Volcanoes erupt melted rock.

5. Rocks cannot change.

6. Sediment can be transported by water, wind, and ice.

Do you agree or disagree?

Page 3: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• What is the theory of plate tectonics?

• What evidence do scientists use to support the theory of plate tectonics?

• How do the forces created by plate motion change Earth’s surface?

Plate Tectonics

Page 4: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• plate tectonics• continental drift• convergent

boundary• divergent

boundary

Plate Tectonics• transform

boundary• subduction

zone• compression• tension• shear

Page 5: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• The theory of plate tectonics states that Earth’s crust is broken into rigid plates that move slowly over Earth’s surface.

• The rigid plates are called tectonic plates.

• North America is part of the North American Plate.

Plate Motion

Page 6: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• The movement of one plate is described as either moving away from or toward another plate, or sliding past another plate.

• Plates move at speeds of only a few centimeters per year.

• At this rate, it takes moving plates millions of years to make new continents, new mountain ranges, or other landforms.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Page 7: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Long before geologists proposed the theory of plate tectonics, they discovered evidence of continental movement.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Photo by G.K. Gilbert, U.S. Geological Survey

Page 8: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• In 1912, Alfred Wegener developed the hypothesis that continents move, called continental drift.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Page 9: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• One piece of evidence is the shape of Earth’s continents.

• The outlines of South America and Africa match up like pieces of a puzzle.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Page 10: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• Wegener used different types evidence to back up his hypothesis:

– Geological evidence

– Fossil evidence

Page 11: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

•Fossil and rock evidence from the Gondwana continents also supports the hypothesis of continental drift.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Page 12: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Geologists have discovered the same types of fossils on continents that are now separated by vast oceans.

Page 13: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

•Scientists have also found geological evidence.

•Rocks that are made of similar substances and mountains that formed at similar times are present on continents that are now far apart.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Page 14: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

•Wegener’s hypothesis of continental drift was not accepted for more than 50 years after it was proposed.

•The main reason for this was because he could not explain how the continents could move.

Plate Motion (cont.)

Page 15: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Plate Motion (cont.)

• Convection is the circulation of particles within a material caused by differences in thermal energy and density

• Convection affects the mantle underneath tectonic plates.

• Hotter mantle rises toward Earth’s surface and cooler mantle sinks deeper into the mantle.

Page 16: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Plate Motion (cont.)

As the Earth’s mantle moves, it pushes and pulls tectonic plates over Earth’s surface.

Page 17: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• The edges of tectonic plates are called plate boundaries.

• A convergent boundary is where two plates move toward each other.

• A divergent boundary is where two plates move apart from each other.

• A transform boundary is where plates slide horizontally past each other.

Tectonic Plate Boundaries

Page 18: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Convergent Boundaries

• When two plates come together, the denser oceanic plate usually is forced down into the mantle and the less dense continental plate remains on Earth’s surface.

• The area where one plate slides under another is called a subduction zone.

Page 19: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• When two continents collide at a plate boundary, both continents remain on the surface.

• As two continents push together, the crust rises up and large mountains form.

Convergent Boundaries

Page 20: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• When plates move apart at divergent boundaries, a rift forms between the two plates.

• A rift can form within continents when continental crust moves in opposite directions.

Divergent Boundaries

Page 21: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• A rift also can form at divergent boundaries on the ocean floor.

• As plates separate, molten rock can erupt from the rift.

• As the molten rock cools, it forms new crust.

Divergent Boundaries

Page 22: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• Tectonic plates slide past each other at transform boundaries.

• The two sides of the boundary move in opposite directions.

• This can deform or break features such as fences, railways, or roads that cross the boundary.

Transform Boundaries

Page 23: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• Forces within Earth cause plates to move.

• The three types of plate boundaries experience different types of forces.

Forces Changing Earth’s Surface

Page 24: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• The squeezing force at a convergent boundary is called compression.

• The pulling force at a divergent boundary

is called tension.

• The side-by-side dragging force at transform boundaries is called shear.

Page 25: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• Even though plates move slowly, the forces at plate boundaries are strong enough to form huge mountains and powerful earthquakes.

• Tensional forces pull the land apart and form rift valleys and mid-ocean ridges.

• Compressional forces form mountains.

Forces Changing Earth’s Surface (cont.)

Page 26: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• Evidence of continental drift includes fossils, mountain ranges, rock types, and the shapes of continents.

• Earth’s crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. Convection currents in the mantle cause the plates to move.

Page 27: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

• There are three types of tectonic plate boundaries. Movement occurs at all three boundaries.

Page 28: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

Which boundary is between two plates moving toward each other?

A. convergent

B. divergent

C. subduction

D. transform

Page 29: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

A. convergent

B. divergent

C. subduction

D. transform

Which zone describes the boundary where one plate slides under another plate?

Page 30: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

A. shear

B. tension

C. compression

D. continental drift

Which is the side-by-side dragging force at transform boundaries?

Page 31: Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Plate Tectonics Lesson 2Lesson 2Earthquakes and Volcanoes Lesson 3Lesson 3Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition.

1. Continents do not move.

2. Earth’s mantle is liquid.

Do you agree or disagree?