CHAPTER 8 Note Taking Study Guide - Jenks Public Schools · ... Texas farmers began to negoti- ... Note Taking Study Guide WESTWARD EXPANSION AND THE AMERICAN INDIANS ... WESTWARD

© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

117

Note Taking Study GuideTHE NEW SOUTH

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 1

Focus Question: How did the southern economy and society changeafter the Civil War?

As you read, fill in the concept web below with details about how the South changedafter the Civil War.

SouthTransformed

Industry

Agriculture

Cotton regainsdominance.

Factories built.

Name Class Date


118

READING CHECK

What was the Farmers’Alliance?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word component in theunderlined sentence. Usecontext clues in the surroundingsentences to help you figure outthe meaning of component.

READING SKILL

Identify Supporting DetailsProvide three examples of howthe southern economy changedafter the Civil War.

In the 1880s, northern money helped the South to build its ownfactories. Transportation was also a key component of industri-alization. As southern rail lines expanded, they joined ruralareas with urban hubs. However, the southern economylagged behind the rest of the country. The South first had torepair the damages of war. The South had plenty of naturalresources. It did not have enough skilled labor and capitalinvestment. Wages were low. Most of the South’s wealth wasin the hands of a few people.

Before the Civil War, most southern planters had grown cashcrops such as cotton and tobacco. These were grown to be sold.Cotton remained important in southern agriculture, althoughthe price had fallen. In the 1870s, Texas farmers began to negoti-ate for lower supply prices. Local farmers’ organizations joinedto form the Farmers’ Alliance. Soon they connected farmers inboth the West and the South. Alliance members tried to get rail-roads to lower freight prices. They also wanted the governmentto regulate the interest that banks could charge for loans.

New opportunities opened up for black southerners. Per-haps the most important goal was education. Hundreds ofschools and dozens of teachers’ colleges helped African Americans learn to read. However, some white southernerstried to reverse the gains African Americans had achieved dur-ing Reconstruction. Groups such as the Ku Klux Klan usedterror and violence to intimidate African Americans. Mean-while, many African American freedoms were whittled away.Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1875. It guaranteedblack patrons the right to ride trains and use public facilities.However, the Supreme Court ruled that decisions about whocould use public accommodations was a local issue. Followingthe ruling, southern municipalities further limited the rights ofAfrican Americans.

Review Questions1. Why did the southern economy lag behind the rest of the

country in the late 1800s?

2. How did the Civil Rights Act of 1875 affect African Americans?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTHE NEW SOUTH

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 1


119

Note Taking Study GuideWESTWARD EXPANSION AND THE AMERICAN INDIANS

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 2

Focus Question: How did the pressures of westward expansion impactNative Americans?

A. As you read, fill in the following concept web with details about NativeAmericans west of the Mississippi.

Indians West ofthe Mississippi

Diversecultures

Pueblos andNavajos

Name Class Date

120© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Note Taking Study GuideWESTWARD EXPANSION AND THE AMERICAN INDIANS

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 2

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did the pressures of westward expansion impactNative Americans?

B. Use the timeline below to record important dates and events in the Indian Wars.

1860

1864

Sand

Cre

ekM

assa

cre

1870

1880

1890

1890

Wou

nded

Knee

1876

Battl

e of

Litt

leBi

g Ho

rn


121

READING CHECK

Who was Chief Joseph?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word adequate in theunderlined sentence. What doesadequate mean? Read theunderlined sentence aloud, butleave out the word adequate.What word could you use in itsplace so that the sentence stillmakes sense? Use this strategyto help you figure out themeaning of adequate.

READING SKILL

Recognize Sequence How didlife change for Native Americansafter gold and silver werediscovered in Indian Territory?

By the end of the Civil War, about 250,000 Indians lived in theregion west of the Mississippi River. Geography influenced theircultural diversity. However, all Indian cultures saw themselvesas part of nature and considered it sacred. By contrast, manywhites viewed the land as a resource to produce wealth. In theearly 1800s, the government began to move Native Americansout of the way of white settlers. When gold and silver were dis-covered in Indian Territory, the government began to restrictIndians to smaller areas. By the late 1860s, they were forced tolive on reservations, where they lacked adequate resources.

In 1864, a band of Colorado militia attacked an unarmedcamp of Cheyenne and Arapaho. The attack came to be knownas the Sand Creek Massacre. It spawned a new round of war-fare between Plains Indians and white settlers. When gold wasdiscovered in the Black Hills, the Sioux tried to drive whiteprospectors out of their hunting grounds. Led by chiefs CrazyHorse and Sitting Bull, they defeated the United States Armyat the Battle of Little Big Horn in June 1876. In 1877, the fed-eral government wanted to relocate the Nez Percés to a smallerreservation. The Nez Percés were captured trying to escape toCanada and were moved to a barren reservation in Oklahoma.Their leader, Chief Joseph, traveled twice to Washington,D.C., to lobby for mercy for his people. In 1890, hostilitiesbroke out at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. The cavalry out-gunned the Indians.

Policymakers hoped that Indians would assimilate byadopting the culture and civilization of whites. In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes General Allotment Act. It replacedthe reservation system with a system under which each Indianfamily was granted a 160-acre farmstead. Missionaries and otherreformers established boarding schools. There, Indian childrenwere taught to live by the rules of white America.

Review Questions1. What differing beliefs caused white settlers and Native

Americans to disagree about land use?

2. Describe two battles that took place between white settlersand Indians during this time.

Section SummaryWESTWARD EXPANSION AND THE AMERICAN INDIANS

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 2

Name Class Date

122© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Note Taking Study GuideTRANSFORMING THE WEST

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What economic and social factors changed the Westafter the Civil War?

Use the chart below to record details about changes in the West.

• •

• Ot

hers

see

oppo

rtuni

ties

to m

ake

m

oney

by

supp

lyin

g

min

ers’

nee

ds.

• •

Min

ers

• • • •

•

• Sp

ecul

ator

s vi

e fo

r

land

in p

lace

s w

here

ne

w ra

ilroa

ds m

ay

be b

uilt.

•

Railr

oads

•

•

• Ra

ilroa

d co

wto

wns

gr

ow u

p w

here

cat

tle

driv

es e

nd.

• • •

Ranc

hers

• Ra

ilroa

ds a

dver

tise

la

nd to

attr

act f

arm

ers

fro

m a

s fa

r aw

ay a

s

Euro

pe.

•

• • • •

Farm

ers

Wes

tern

Set

tlem

ent


123

READING CHECK

Who were the Exodusters?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word administer in theunderlined sentence. What doyou think it means? Think aboutthe role that judges play inkeeping order. Which of thefollowing words do you thinkmeans the same thing asadminister?• manage• dispute

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas Why wereearly settlers attracted to theWest?

Mining was the first great boom in the West. Mining campssprang up quickly. To administer justice, miners set up rules ofconduct and methods for settling disputes. At first, individualminers found minerals in the surface soil or streambeds. By the1870s, big companies took over mining. The government gavethem cheap land and patents for new inventions. Mininghelped fuel the nation’s industrial growth.

Soon, a transcontinental railroad linking the East and Westwas needed. Congress supported its construction in two ways.It provided money in the form of loans. Congress also gavebuilders wide stretches of land, or land grants. These werestretches of land along the track route. The railroad was com-pleted in 1869. Railroads moved products and people acrossthe continent, and spurred industrial development. They alsostimulated the growth of towns and intensified the demand forIndian’s land.

Cattle ranching was another western boom. With railroads,meat could be moved to eastern markets. At first, property wasnot fenced in and cattle were raised on the open-range system.Cattle were branded to identify them. Cowboys learned muchfrom the Mexican vaqueros. By the mid-1880s, the days ofopen-ranching were coming to an end.

The Great Plains was the last part of the country settled bywhites. Under the Homestead Act, passed in 1862, the government offered farm plots to homesteaders. Some new set-tlers were former slaves called “Exodusters.” Their “promisedland” out of bondage was in Kansas and Oklahoma.

After the 1850s, the West had the widest diversity of peoplein the nation. The last major land rush was in 1889 when thegovernment opened Oklahoma to homesteaders. The next year,the national census stated that there was no longer a “frontier.”

Review Questions1. Why was the transcontinental railroad important to the

settlement of the West?

2. How did ranching change over time?

Section SummaryTRANSFORMING THE WEST

CHAPTER

8 SECTION 3

Name Class Date

CHAPTER 8 Note Taking Study Guide - Jenks Public Schools · ... Texas farmers began to negoti- ... Note Taking Study Guide WESTWARD EXPANSION AND THE AMERICAN INDIANS ... WESTWARD

Documents