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Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration? of immigration?
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Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

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Page 1: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264

Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration? of immigration?

Page 2: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

Section 1 p. 266 “The New Immigrants”

• Main Idea: Immigration from Europe, Asia, the Caribbean, and Mexico reached a new high in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

• Why it matters now: This wave of immigration helped make the US the diverse society it is today. • OBJ: Examine the causes and effects of immigration and the causes

and effects of the nativists; anti-immigrant sentiments.

Page 3: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

Terms, Vocabulary, Names, and Questions:1. Ellis Island: The Golden Door: located in New York Harbor, It was the

chief European immigration inspection station (1892 – 1924)that all immigrants were process through to obtain permission to enter the US. Immigrants were examined by a doctor, had to prove they had never been convicted of a felony, and showed they were able to work and had a little money. Only about 2% were denied entry. It was seen as a beacon of liberty and a gateway to a new life.

2. Angel Island: Located in San Francisco Bay on the US West Coast. It is where Asians entered the US – about 50,000 Chinese. They endured harsh questioning, long detention in filthy poorly built buildings waiting to be admitted or rejected.

3. Melting pot: the view of native-born Americans. The US was a mixture of people of different cultures and races who BLENDED together by abandoning their native languages and customs. However, this was not the case and strong anti-immigrant feelings emerged. Is this true?

Page 4: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

4. nativism: it was a response to the growth in immigration. There was a favoritism toward native-born Americans. They demanded greater restriction on immigration and immigrants. They felt that Angle-Saxons – the Germanic ancestors of the English – were superior to other ethnic groups and did not mind immigration from the “right” countries. Slavs, Latinos and Asiatic races were undesirable as were some religions. They feared that Roman Catholic and Jews would undermine the democratic institutions established by our country’s Protestant founders. There began Anti-Catholic and Anti-Jewish sentiments. 5. Chinese Exclusion Act: 1882 Congress closed the door on Chinese immigration for 10 years. This act banned entry of all Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials. Congress extended the Act for another 10 years. Chinese restriction was not repealed until 1943. Fear and resentment of Chinese immigrants sometimes resulted in mob attacks.

Page 5: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

6. Gentlemen’s Agreement: (1906 – 1907)1906 the board of education in San Francisco segregated Japanese children. The Japanese there protested. President Theodore Roosevelt made a “Gentlemen’s Agreement with Japan to limit emigration of unskilled workers to the US in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order. Immigration is all but closed to Asians on the West Coast. 7. tuberculosis: bacterial infection characterized by fever and coughing, that spreads easily. 8. felony: any one of the most serious crimes under the law, including murder, rape, and burglary. 9. synagogue: the place of meeting for worship and religious instruction for the Jewish faith. 10. Progressive: favoring advancement toward better conditions or new ideas.

Page 6: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

11. What are the countries of origins of immigrants to the US? Chinese, Japanese, Poland, Mexico, Russia, Italy, England, Scandinavia, Ireland, Germany, other. 12. What reasons did people from other parts of the world have for immigrating to the US? They wanted a better life escaping conditions such as land shortages, famine, political and religious persecution. They carried with them the perception of acquiring land, getting jobs making higher wages. 13/14. What difficulties did immigrants face in gaining admission to the US? There were medical as well as administrative inspections and, on Angel Island, harsh questioning and detention. 15. How did immigrants deal with challenges they faced? They helped one another forming ethnic groups, social clubs and aid societies. They sought out people who shared their cultural values, religion, language. Nativists viewed them as a threat to the American way of life. ** Chinese immigrants and European immigrants were treated differently.

Page 7: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?
Page 8: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

Section 2 p. 274 “ The Challenges of Urbanization”

• Main Idea: The rapid growth of cities forced people to contend with problems of housing, transportation, water, and sanitation.• Why it matters now: consequently, residents of US cities today enjoy

vastly improved living conditions.

• OBJ: Describe the movement of immigrants to cities and the opportunities they found there; how cities dealt with: housing, transportation, sanitation, safety issues; and organizations/people who helped immigrants.

Page 9: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

16. Urbanization: because of economic and natural disasters in the US and Europe, and the promise of industrial jobs, millions went to the cities for jobs and a better life. Urbanization is the growth of cities. The most growth was in the Northeast and Midwest regions. Population exploded from 10 million to 54 million between 1870 – 1920.

Page 10: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

17. Americanization movement: it was designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture. It was sponsored by the government and concerned citizens. Schools and volunteer associations provided programs to teach immigrants skills needed for citizenship to become “American.” However, many did not wish to abandon their traditions. Great Migration: 1890 – 1910 about 200,000 Afr/Amer. left the South and moved north and west to cities such as Chicago and Detroit to escape racial violence, economic hardship and political oppression. They found conditions barely better. Had to deal with segregation and discrimination. Job competition between blacks and white immigrants caused further racial tensions.

Page 11: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

18. Tenement: usually multifamily one room, apartment urban dwellings that were overcrowded and unsanitary. The slums. Usually occupied by immigrant families. 1879 NYC passed a law that set minimum standards for plumbing, ventilation.

Page 12: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

19. Mass transit: a transportation system designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes. It enabled workers to go to and from jobs more easily. Street cars, subways. They linked city neighborhoods to one another and to outlying communities. Water: residents of many cities had inadequate safe drinking water. Even large cities like New York seldom had indoor plumbing. Water was collected from faucets on the street. To control cholera and typhoid city water started using filtration and chlorination. However, in the early 20th century, many city dwellers still had no access to safe water. Sanitation: With the growth of cities came the challenge of keeping them clean. Horse manure piled up on the streets, sewage flowed through open street gutters, and factories spewed foul smoke into the air. With no dependable garbage pick-up, people dumped garbage on the streets. Private contractors called “Scavengers” were hired to sweep streets, collect garbage and clean outhouses – BUT they did not do their jobs properly. By 1900 cities developed sewer lines, created sanitation departments. However, providing sanitation conditions would be an ongoing challenge.

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Crime: As population increases – so does pickpockets, and thieves. NYC organizes the first full-time, salaried police force in 1844. It and most other cities police units were too small to make an impact on crime. Fire: Limited water supply contributed to the spread of fires. Major fires occurred in almost every large American city during the 1870 – 1880. Another problem – most dwellings were made of WOOD. People were using candles and kerosene. A major fire hazard. Full time fire departments are created. 1906 San Francisco earthquake: caused fires. What wasn’t destroyed by the earthquake was devastated by the fire. The fire swept through 5 square miles of the city. 28,000 buildings were destroyed. 1,000 died. The fire burned for 4 days. 200,000 homeless.The Great Chicago Fire: 1871 – said started by Mrs. O'Leary's cow. Burned for over 24 hours – over 3 square miles. 17,500 buildings destroyed. 300 died. 100,000 homeless.

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Page 15: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

20. Social Gospel Movement: an early reform movement. It preached salvation through service to the poor. They felt called to help the urban poor. 21. Settlement houses: established by reformers, they were community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area -especially immigrants. Workers usually lived at the houses to learn firsthand about problems caused by urbanization and help create solutions. They were mainly run by middle-class, college educated women. Settlement houses provided educational, cultural, and social services. Classes: English, health, painting, college extension courses. They had visiting nurses to visit the sick and provided aid to deserted women, widows. They helped cultivate social responsibilitytoward the urban poor.

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22. Jane Addams: One of the most influential members of the movement. She cofounded Chicago’s Hull House. She was also a spokesperson for racial justice and an advocate for quality of life issues such as infant mortality to better care for the aged. In 1931 she was a co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize.

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23. Chlorination: a method of purifying water by mixing it with chemical chlorine. It made drinking water safe to drink and improved people’s lives. 24. Why did native born Americans start the Americanization movement? To encourage newcomers to assimilate into the dominant culture. 25. What housing problems did urban working-class families face? They faced overcrowding and unsanitary conditions, also transportation difficulties.26. How did the conditions in cities affect people’s health? Because of the lack of clean water and inadequate sanitation led to the spread of diseases such as typhoid and cholera.

Page 18: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

• Migration from rural areas caused competition for jobs• Problems they faced: water and sanitation problems, crime• Differences in black and white experiences: segregation and

discrimination.

Page 19: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?
Page 20: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

Section 3 p. 279 “Politics in the Gilded Age”

• Main Idea: local and national political corruption in the 19th century led to calls for reform.• Why it matters now: Political reforms paved the way for a more

honest and efficient government in the 20th century and beyond.

• OBJ: explain the role of political machines and political bosses; and how their greed and fraud cost taxpayers millions of dollars; how was the spoils system reformed?

Page 21: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

Gilded Age: a term coined by Mark Twain describing the excesses of the late 19th c. in which he mocks the greed and self-indulgence of his characters in his satirical novel. This term is used to describe the late 19th c.

Mark Twain> Yep. He wrote Tom Sawyer.

Emergence of political machines: In the late 19th c, cities experienced rapid growth under inefficient government. In a climate influenced by dog-eat-dog Social Darwinism, cities were receptive to a new power structure, the political machine, and a new politician, the city boss. 27. Political machine: An organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in the city. They offered services (jobs, legal aid, social, domestic counsel, social centers) to voters and businesses in exchange for political or financial support. They were corrupt and ran local governments in major cities.

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28. graft: the illegal use of political influence for personal gain. A “kick back” Is an illegal payment made for services – this enriched the political machines and some politicians. 29. Boss Tweed: William M. Tweed. He became head of Tammany Hall in NYC. He was head of NYC’s powerful democratic political machine in 1868. 1869 – 1871 he led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city.

The desire for power and money that made local politics corrupt in the industrial age also infected national politics.

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30. Patronage: in government it was the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected. It is also known as the “spoils system.” Some of these people appointed were not qualified for the positions they filled. Moreover, political appointees whether qualified or not, sometimes used their positions for personal gain.31. Civil service: reformers began to press for the elimination of patronage and the adoption of a merit system of hiring jobs in civil service- government administration jobs. These jobs should go to the most qualified persons no matter what the political view was.

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32. Rutherford B. Hayes: a Republican elected president in 1876. since he could not get congress to pass patronage reform, he named people to his cabinet who investigated NYC’s customhouse – notorious centers of patronage. 2 top officials were fired which enraged the NY Republican senator and the political bass Roscoe Conkling and his supporters – the Stalwarts ( a Republican political machine in NYC opposed to changes in the spoils system).33. James A. Garfield: becomes president and angers Stalwarts by giving reformers most of his patronage jobs when he is elected. On July 2, 1881 he was shot 2 times walking through the D.C. train station by a mentally unbalanced lawyer named Charles Guiteau whom Garfield had turned down for a job. Garfield dies Sept 19. Vice President Chester A. Arthur becomes president.

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34. Chester A. Arthur: becomes president after Garfield is assassinated. He had ties to the Stalwarts, BUT after becoming president, he turned reformer and his first message to Congress was urging them to pass a civil service law.

35. Pendleton Civil Service Act: 1883. Authorized a bipartisan (that means both Democrat and Republican parties joined together in agreement and support) civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination. By 1901 more than 40% of all federal jobs had been classified as civil service positions. This act had mixed consequences, 1. on one hand, public administration became more honest and efficient. 2. on the other hand, because officials could no longer pressure employees for campaign contributions, politicians turned to other sources for donations.

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With employees no longer a source of campaign contributions, politicians turned to wealthy business owners. Therefore, the alliance between government and big business became stronger than ever.

36. Grover Cleveland: BIG BUSINESS wanted the government to preserve, or even raise the tariffs that protected domestic industries from foreign competition. Cleveland (Dem) wins presidency and tries to lower the tariff rates. Congress did not support him. He looses reelection. Gets elected again in 1892. He serves 2 non-consecutive terms as president. Tariff: is a tax imposed by a government on imported or exported goods. Businesses support protective tariffs, consumers oppose them.

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37. Benjamin Harrison: elected president after and before Cleveland. He signed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890, which raised tariffs on manufactured goods to their highest level yet. 38. Extortion: illegal use of one’s official position to obtain property or funds. 39. Thomas Nast: p. 281 a political cartoonist for a newspaper who helped arouse public outrage against Tammany Hall’s graft. The Tweed Ring was broken in 1871. He drew cartoons exposing Tweed’s graft.

What does this Tweed had picture suggest? help from his

```````````````````associates `````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````````in stealing

the people’smoney

Page 28: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

40. Tammany Hall: it was a real building in NYC where Boss Tweed became NYC’s most powerful Democratic political machine of corrupt politicians who defrauded the city.

Page 29: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

41. Why did immigrants support political machines? Because the machines could provide solutions to the immigrants’ most pressing problems. These political machines could also take advantage of the needs of immigrants and the urban poor.

Page 30: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

SkillbuilderUnder the Tammany tiger’s victim is a torn paper that reads “LAW.” What is its significance?Boss Tweed and his cronies, portrayed as noblemen, watch from the stands on the left. The cartoon’s caption reads “What are you going to do about it?” What effect do you think Nast wanted to have on his audience?

Page 31: Chapter 7 “Immigrants and Urbanization” p. 264 Essential Question: What were the economic, social and political effects of immigration?of immigration?

1. The torn paper represents the way Tammany Hall has broken the law.2. Nast wanted his audience to be outraged by it and take action against

Tammany Hall. Boss Tweed Thomas Nast

Boss Tweed’s downfall began in 1871 when 2 disgruntled machine officials turned over evidence of Tammany Hall’s corruption to the New York Times. When Tweed heard about the damaging information, he offered the newspaper owner $5 million NOT to publish the material. He also offered Thomas Nast $500,000 to cease his cartoon attacks. Both offers were refused. Estimates of the total amount his machine stole from NYC range from $30 - $200 million.Review the visual summary about Immigrants and Urbanization p. 284

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The end