Chapter 5: Immigration & Urbanization Section 1: The New Immigrants.

Chapter 5: Immigration & Urbanization

Section 1: The New Immigrants

Text Notes

• Millions of immigrants came to the US in search of opportunity and a new life. These hopes brought a wave of immigrants to the US in the late 1800’s.

Old Immigrants

• Most were Protestants from northwestern Europe.

• From 1800 to 1880 more than 10 million.

New Immigrants

• Immigrants from Southern or eastern Europe.

• Czech, Greek, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Russian, and Slovak

Text Notes

• Many immigrants learned of opportunities from railroad and steamship companies. These companies painted a tempting and often false picture of the US as a land of opportunity. Some railroad companies exaggerated the availability of employment. Steamship lines also charged low fares to attract passengers.

Steerage

• Passenger quarters below the deck of a ship near the steering mechanisms.

• Cramped with no privacy, and little ventilation.

Ellis Island

• Where millions of newcomers first set foot on US soil in New York Harbor.

• Immigration stations.

Angel Island

• Immigration station in San Francisco Bay.

• Mostly Asian

Physical Exams

• All newcomers who passed through Ellis Island were subject to medical Examinations.

• Those with mental disorders, tuberculosis, and other contagious diseases were deported.

Text Notes

• Passing immigration inspections was just the first step. Once in America, immigrants immediately faced tough decisions such as where to settle and how to find work. On top of that, most had to learn a new language and new customs.

Religious Institutions

• Neighborhood churches & synagogues provided community centers that helped immigrants.

Benevolent Societies

• Helped immigrants in cases of sickness, unemployment, and death.

• Helped immigrants obtain education, health care, and jobs.

The Immigrant Worker

• Many did the country’s “dirty work”

• Construction, mines, sweatshops.

Americanization

• Helped newcomers learn English and adopt American dress and diet.

Melting Pot

• White people of all different nationalities blended to create a single culture.

• Settlement workers and immigrants believed this.

Nativist

• Native born Americans who saw immigrants as a threat.

• Blamed immigrants for social problems such as, crime.

Chinese Exclusion Act

• (1882) Congress passed this to deny people born in China from coming to the US and prohibited the importation of Chinese laborers.

Immigration Restriction League

• Wanted to impose a literacy test on all immigrants

• Originated in Boston.

Grover Cleveland

• Congress passed a literacry test for all immigrants, but Cleveland vetoed it.

• He called it illiberal, narrow and un-American

Text Notes

• Contrary to nativists opinion, immigrants did make positive contributions to society. The rapid industrialization of the US would have never been possible in the late 1800’s without immigrant workers.

Section 2: Cities Change & Expand

Chapter 5: Immigration & Urbanization

Urbanization

• Expansion of cities and the number of people living in them.

• Lived very differently than rural people.

Text Notes

• America's major cities were manufacturing and transportation centers clustered in the Northeast, on the pacific coast, and along the waterways of the Midwest. Connected by the new railway lines, cities became magnets for immigrants and rural Americnas. They were attracted by the jobs in industry.

Women’s Opportunities

• Factory work, piece work, domestic servants, and sales clerks.

• Few women were permitted in professional occupations. If so they were teachers or secretaries.

Text Notes

• By 1900, some urban areas had a population that was more than 40 percent foreign born. Neighborhoods, cities, regions, and industries often acquired workers from a particular locale. An example of this would be the steel miles of Pennsylvania that were mostly made up of polish immigrants or the factories of NYC were European Jewish people mostly worked.

Rural to Urban Migrants

• Many people moved to the city from rural areas in the 1890s.

• Most trade farm life for factory work.

Skyscrapers

• Multistory buildings

• Architects started building skyscrapers to accommodate the growing number of residents.

Elisha Otis

• Developed the elevator.

• 1853

• Buildings could now be constructed above 5 stories.

• Forms of public transportation such as electric commuter trains, subways, and trolley cars.

• Extended the cities outward.

Transportation

Suburbs

• Residential neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city.

• Mass transit made this possible.

City Beautiful Movement

• Stressed the importance of including public parks and attractive boulevards in the design of cities.

Frederick Law Olmstead

• Designed Central Park in NYC.

• Designed parks in several different urban areas.

• 770 acres

Text Notes

• The dark, airless tenements sometimes housed as many as 12 families per floor. Outside the crowded tenements, raw sewage and piles of garbage littered unpaved streets and alleys. They were also close to industrial areas that polluted the air.

Tenements

• Poorly built apartments designed to squeeze as many families in as possible.

• Housed more than 1.6 million New Yorkers

Text Notes

• Late nineteenth-century cities were fility. Unpaved streets were snarled with ruts and littered with trash and even dead horses that were left to rot. Alleys between tenements were clogged with food waste and trash. Only the newest urban dwellings had indoor plumbing. People even threw their bodily waste out the window. These conditions could breed epidemics, posing a threat to everyone.

Fire and crime

• Fires could destroy cites and did so in Chicago in 1871. 200 to 300 people were killed.

• At night the city streets were very dangerous and soon police forces were formed.

• Communities even clashed along racial and ethnic lines.

Chapter 5: Immigration & Urbanization

Section 3: Social & Cultural Trends

Mark Twain• Satirized American

culture in his 1873 novel “The Gilded Age”.

• He depicted American society as gilded, or having a rotten core covered with gold paint.

The Gilded Age• Everything that glitters

isn’t gold.

• American society looked great on the outside, but if you looked deep enough it was corrupt.

• Can also describe the new lifestyle of Americans.

Nouveau Riche

• Newly Rich• Made their money in

industries. • Made an effort to

display their wealth.

Conspicuous Consumption

• Noveau riche spending their wealth freely, so that everyone would know they were successful.

Text Notes

• During the late 1800s the growth of new industries brought about an increase in the number of middle class city dwellers.

Professionalism

• New industries created a huge demand for educated workers.

Ronald H. Macy

• Opened a department store in NYC in 1858.

• It b/c the largest store in America.

John Wannamaker

• Developed innovative ways to keep customers satisfied.

• Also used advertisements.

• He was the first to give a money back guarantee.

Catalogs

• Special catalogs that catered to rural markets.

• Offered products like: shoes and clothes.

Text Notes

• After the Civil War, Americans began measuring success by what they could buy. In this period, the cost of living decreased b/c manufactured products and new technology cost less.

Mass Culture

• Similar cultural patterns in society as a result of the spread of transportation, communication, and advertising.

Joseph Pulitzer • A Hungarian immigrant

who moved to NYC in the 1880s

• Started a newspaper the World and the Evening News

• Pulitzer believed his job was to inform people and stir up controversy.

• The practice of exaggerating news stories to get readers.

• New York Journal

Yellow Journalism

“Yellow Kid”

• One of the first cartoons printed in color.

• A young tenement dweller, who was dressed in a yellow gown and reflected stereotypes many Americans had about immigrants.

William Randolph Hearst

• Pulitzer's competitor

• The Mourning Journal

• Its sensational style sold many newspapers.

Horatio Alger

• Wrote about characters who succeeded through hard work.

Compulsory Education Laws

• Laws requiring parents to send children to school.

• From 1870 to 1890 the number of students in public schools grew from 7 million to more than 15 million.

John Dewy

• An educational reformer, who stressed cooperative “learning by doing”.

• Emphasized art, history, and science.

Schools

• Most schools during this era, late 1800’s, were segregated.

• Schools for minorities were poorly equipped.

Text Notes

• The expansion of public education made newspapers and literature more important in the daily lives of many Americans. The growing number of students meant that by 1900 some 90% of Americans could read. The rise in literature launched the an age of publishing.

Lamarcus Thompson

• Opened the world’s first roller costar.

• 10 cents a ride.

• 1884

Vaudeville

• Shows that were a medley of musical drama, songs, and comedy.

Nickelodeons

• Movie theaters

• The Great Train Robber was the first silent film.

Text Notes

• During the late 1800’s many Americans spent their leisure time playing the era’s new organized sports. Many urban residents found sports like baseball and football exciting to play as well as watch.

Baseball

• Basic organization of the game evolved in the early and mid 1800’s from the British game rounders.

• Civil War expanded the popularity of the sport.

Cincinnati Red Stockings

• 1869• Aaron Champion

organized the first professional baseball team.

• Soon other clubs start hiring professionals.

Text Notes

• Baseball’s popularity continued to rise. By 1890 professional teams were drawing and estimated 60,000 fans a day. A seconded professional league was founded in 1900. Three years later the first World Series was played between the Pittsburgh Pirates and the Boston Red Sox.

Football

• Developed during the late 1800’s on the college campuses of upper class New England schools.

Walter Camp

• Played football for Yale during the late 1870’s.

• Established many rules and principles of the game.

Basketball • James Naismith (1891) invented

• b-ball.• Wanted to invent a

sport that would entertain and unruly class in the winter months.

• First to introduce the helmet in football.

The End

Settlement Houses

• Community service centers in poor neighborhoods.

• Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events.

Jane Adams

• Dedicated her life to helping the urban life.

• Also promoted women’s suffrage

The Hull House

• A settlement house in Chicago (1889)

• Ellen Gates Star and Jane Adams opened it.

• Offered educational opportunities, skills training, and cultural events.

Janie Porter Barrett

• Founded one of the first African American settlement houses.

• Hampton, VA

Social Gospel

• Called for people to apply Christian principles to address social problems.

• Washington Gladden early leader

Caroline Bartlett

• Organized the People’s Church in Michigan.

• Unitarian Minister

• Free public kindergarten, a gym, and meal programs.

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