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Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum
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Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Mar 26, 2015

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Page 1: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Chapter 32

The Atom and the Quantum

Page 2: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the

alpha particles

a. were stopped.

b. bounced back.

c. continued straight through.

d. underwent small deflections.

Page 3: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the

alpha particles

a. were stopped.

b. bounced back.

c. continued straight through.

d. underwent small deflections.

Explanations: Some particles were deflected, but most went through as if the foil were empty space. Only a few bounced back.

Page 4: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Which of these is largest in size?

a. An electron

b. An alpha particle

c. The nucleus of a gold atom

d. All about the same.

Page 5: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Which of these is largest in size?

a. An electron

b. An alpha particle

c. The nucleus of a gold atom

d. All about the same.

Explanation: An electron can reside in any nucleus as a beta particle ready to be released, and an alpha particle is the nucleus of a helium atom, much smaller than a gold nucleus.

Page 6: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

An electron in a cathode ray is

a. distinct from an electron that makes up lightning.

b. related but different from electrons whose acceleration produces light.

c. like any other electron.

d. None of the above.

Page 7: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

An electron in a cathode ray is

a. distinct from an electron that makes up lightning.

b. related but different from electrons whose acceleration produces light.

c. like any other electron.

d. None of the above.

Comment: A premise of physics is that all electrons are identical.

Page 8: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Electron beams can undergo

a. diffraction.

b. interference.

c. deflection.

d. All of the above.

Page 9: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Electron beams can undergo

a. diffraction.

b. interference.

c. deflection.

d. All of the above.

Page 10: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The electric charge in a beam of electrons is

a. continuous.

b. quantized.

c. the same as the charge on a quark.

d. None of these.

Page 11: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The electric charge in a beam of electrons is

a. continuous.

b. quantized.

c. the same as the charge on a quark.

d. None of these.

Comment: Whether or not you know that the charge of a quark is a fraction of the charge of an electron, what you should know is that electric charge is quantized.

Page 12: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

A beam of electrons has

a. particle properties.

b. wave properties.

c. Both of these.

d. None of these.

Page 13: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

A beam of electrons has

a. particle properties.

b. wave properties.

c. Both of these.

d. None of these.

Page 14: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

A model of an atom is useful when it

a. shows how an atom appears.

b. magnifies what the eye can’t see.

c. helps to visualize processes that are difficult to visualize.

d. verifies truth.

Page 15: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

A model of an atom is useful when it

a. shows how an atom appears.

b. magnifies what the eye can’t see.

c. helps to visualize processes that are difficult to visualize.

d. verifies truth.

Page 16: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The planetary model of the atom, with electrons buzzing around the nucleus

like planets orbiting the Sun, is

a. today’s dominant model of the atom.

b. is still helpful in some cases, but has been replaced by other models.

c. complete nonsense.

d. useful in primitive societies only.

Page 17: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The planetary model of the atom, with electrons buzzing around the nucleus

like planets orbiting the Sun, is

a. today’s dominant model of the atom.

b. is still helpful in some cases, but has been replaced by other models.

c. complete nonsense.

d. useful in primitive societies only.

Page 18: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The frequencies of light are nicely measured using

a. an electron microscope.

b. a spectoscope.

c. interference techniques.

d. standing-wave analysis.

Page 19: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The frequencies of light are nicely measured using

a. an electron microscope.

b. a spectoscope.

c. interference techniques.

d. standing-wave analysis.

Page 20: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The addition of a pair of light frequencies emitted by an atom often

equals a

a. higher frequency of light emitted by the same atom.

b. lower frequency of light emitted by the same atom.

c. composite of all emitted frequencies.

d. None of the above.

Page 21: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The addition of a pair of light frequencies emitted by an atom often

equals a

a. higher frequency of light emitted by the same atom.

b. lower frequency of light emitted by the same atom.

c. composite of all emitted frequencies.

d. None of the above.

Explanation: This follows from two energy transitions in an atom summing to equal a third energy transition. See Figure 32.10.

Page 22: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Orbital electrons don’t spiral into the atomic nucleus because of

a. angular momentum conservation.

b. energy conservation.

c. the wave nature of electrons.

d. All of the above.

Page 23: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Orbital electrons don’t spiral into the atomic nucleus because of

a. angular momentum conservation.

b. energy conservation.

c. the wave nature of electrons.

d. All of the above.

Comment: The wave nature prevents spiraling, not the conservation principles stated.

Page 24: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The radii of electrons about the atomic nucleus are nicely understood by

thinking of the electrons as

a. standing waves.

b. discrete particles.

c. resonating vibrations.

d. reflections.

Page 25: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The radii of electrons about the atomic nucleus are nicely understood by

thinking of the electrons as

a. standing waves.

b. discrete particles.

c. resonating vibrations.

d. reflections.

Page 26: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The greater the number of protons in a nucleus, the

a. larger the outermost electron orbits.

b. tighter the electron orbits.

c. looser inner orbits become.

d. None of these.

Page 27: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The greater the number of protons in a nucleus, the

a. larger the outermost electron orbits.

b. tighter the electron orbits.

c. looser inner orbits become.

d. None of these.

Page 28: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

A current model of the atom sees electrons about the atomic nucleus

a. as if they were tiny planets in orbit.

b. in shells.

c. pulled by springlike forces.

d. as spectral lines.

Page 29: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

A current model of the atom sees electrons about the atomic nucleus

a. as if they were tiny planets in orbit.

b. in shells.

c. pulled by springlike forces.

d. as spectral lines.

Page 30: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The thing that waves in the Schrödinger wave equation

a. is energy itself.

b. is a wave function, .

c. is density amplitudes.

d. is electron clouds.

Page 31: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The thing that waves in the Schrödinger wave equation

a. is energy itself.

b. is a wave function, .

c. is density amplitudes.

d. is electron clouds.

Page 32: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

According to Schrödinger, the location of an electron in an atom can be

a. at an average distance from the nucleus described by Bohr.

b. somewhere between the nucleus and the outer edge of the electron cloud.

c. inside the nucleus.

d. All of these.

Page 33: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

According to Schrödinger, the location of an electron in an atom can be

a. at an average distance from the nucleus described by Bohr.

b. somewhere between the nucleus and the outer edge of the electron cloud.

c. inside the nucleus.

d. All of these.

Page 34: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Determining the location of a specific electron in an atom is

a. not doable without proper tools.

b. probabilistic only.

c. something that Schrödinger and his team of investigators were the first to do.

d. None of the above.

Page 35: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Determining the location of a specific electron in an atom is

a. not doable without proper tools.

b. probabilistic only.

c. something that Schrödinger and his team of investigators were the first to do.

d. None of the above.

Page 36: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Subatomic interactions described by quantum mechanics are governed by

a. the same laws of classical physics.

b. laws of certainty.

c. laws of probability.

d. exact measurements.

Page 37: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

Subatomic interactions described by quantum mechanics are governed by

a. the same laws of classical physics.

b. laws of certainty.

c. laws of probability.

d. exact measurements.

Page 38: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

According to the correspondence principle,

a. new theory must agree with old theory where they overlap.

b. the Schrödinger atom is a special case of the Bohr model of the atom.

c. de Broglie’s matter waves are much the same in nature as sound waves.

d. All of the above.

Page 39: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

According to the correspondence principle,

a. new theory must agree with old theory where they overlap.

b. the Schrödinger atom is a special case of the Bohr model of the atom.

c. de Broglie’s matter waves are much the same in nature as sound waves.

d. All of the above.

Comment: The statements about the Schrödinger atom and de Broglie’s matter waves are false!

Page 40: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The correspondence principle applies to

a. submicroscopic phenomena.

b. macroscopic phenomena.

c. gravitation and quantum theories.

d. all good theories.

Page 41: Chapter 32 The Atom and the Quantum. When Rutherford directed a beam of alpha particles into gold foil, most of the alpha particles a.were stopped. b.bounced.

The correspondence principle applies to

a. submicroscopic phenomena.

b. macroscopic phenomena.

c. gravitation and quantum theories.

d. all good theories.