Top Banner
CHAPTER 3 WHAT IS REAL? PREPARED BY: NORMA RUBI GERALDINE REYES BSED III-C
32
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3WHAT IS REAL?

PREPARED BY: NORMA RUBI GERALDINE REYES BSED III-C

Page 2: Chapter 3

D. PHENOMENALISM

- is an outgrowth of Berkeley’s views. -The first chief advocate of

phenomenalism was David Hume who is the father of the movement by virtue of his reaction to Berkeley.

Page 3: Chapter 3

Phenomenalism accepted: -1st Berkeley’s analysis of the knowing

experience. -2nd The view of Berkeley that “ to be is to

be perceived” is accepted in one sense but rejected in another.

-when the phenomenalist says that something exists, he means that if you set up the right circumtances, you will have the sensation of experiencing the object.

Page 4: Chapter 3

Phenomenalism

Differs from common sense data, or images, but not the object. It differs from dualism in that dualism involves a gap between the sense data and the object behind the sense data.

Defends only the sense data as the object and behind that there is no other object to be sought.

Page 5: Chapter 3

IMMANUELL KANT- he published The Critique of Pure Reason I 1781.

- Kant argued that man’s knowledge of reality is limited to appearances or phenomena

-Kant accepted a dualism in the knowledge situation.

Page 6: Chapter 3

-there is what we see in terms of perception and this is all we ever see.

Page 7: Chapter 3

DING AN SICH- “the thing in itself” also called noumenon.

Noumenon- is never seen but is inferred from the senses related to the phenomenon.

Page 8: Chapter 3

KANT WROTE: Appearances are the sole object which can

be given to us immediately, and that in them which relates immediately to the object is called intuition. But these appearances are not things in themselves, they are not only representations, which in turn have their object –an object which cannot itself be intuited by us, and which may , therefore, be named the non-emperical , that is, transcedental object.

Page 9: Chapter 3

Kant regards his new approach as a Copernican revolution in philosophy

Hitherto it has been assumed that all our knowledge must conform to objects. But all attempts to extend our knowledge of objects by establishing something in regard to them a priori, by means of concepts have, on this assumption, ended in failure. We must therefore make trial whether we may not have more success in the tasks of metaphysics, if we suppose that objects must conform to our knowledge.

Page 10: Chapter 3

LINGUISTIC PHENOMENALISTS

Argued that perception is one rather than two in its make up

Page 11: Chapter 3

A Phenomenalist will maintain that every emperical statement about a physical object, whether it sees to refer to a scientific entity or to an object of the more familiar kind that we normally claim to perceive, is reducible to a statement, or a set of statements, which refer exclusively to sense-data.

Page 12: Chapter 3

MODERN FORM OF PHENOMENALISM

Seems to bring considerable certainty to the matter of perception, for after all, a sense datum that I have appears to be quite certain and almost infallible.

Page 13: Chapter 3

1st The precision of statements about sense data is totally lacking and there are varities of sense data-statements about same data in different people.

2nd Charge against phenomenalism is that it implies a continual regression from the statement about the sense data to other qualifying statements which in turn are in relation to other statements.

Page 14: Chapter 3

In conclusion If the phenomenalist is right ,the

existance of a physical object of a certain sort must be sufficient condition for the occurrence, in the appropriate circumtance, of certain sense-data; there must, in short, be a deductive step from descrriptions of physical reality to decriptions of possible, if in actual, appearances.

Page 15: Chapter 3

E. PHENOMOLOGY OF PERCEPTION

Up to this point we have been dealing often with extremes . There are two opposites.

Page 16: Chapter 3

1st There is Descartes, of whom we have said little, who began with the inner itself, the cogito, and argued that “clear and simple ideas” are certain, but these are solely within the world of mind and reason.

2nd The other side is Empirical approach which may emphasize by Locke

Page 17: Chapter 3

Merely looking at something does not reveal what it is. Judgement is required. In some experiences the mind must gather all the data and only then can it “see” what is before it, in a sense the mind projects meaning.

Page 18: Chapter 3

This is complicated by one other twist. In Descartes view of the self and reason, knowledge was secure as long as it was confined to the inner mind. Because of the unreliability of the senses, there was no sure route to the world outside the mind.

Page 19: Chapter 3

MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY

He published his work (The Phenomenology of Perception)

Modern philosopher who formulated an answer giving credibility to a body and a self.

Page 20: Chapter 3

1. Knowing is much more than sensationism.

Sensationism is built on simple, pure sensations.

Ex. Picture from a camera Sensationism- is meaningless apart from

the process of interpretation which involves the idea oof mind or person.

No pure sensation, and sensationism is not the place to begin for an understanding of knowledge.

Page 21: Chapter 3

2. Knowing centers around attention. Attention plays no role in the two

opposite views we have described, empiricism and rationalism.

Attention is related to a field . Many objects nay be in the visual field of the person that do not gain his attention.

Page 22: Chapter 3

3. The body is “subjectivized” or subject filled.

The body is that “by which there are objects”My body however, is never an object to me.

Page 23: Chapter 3

4. The body involves synaesthetic perception. This involves several things

Body synthesis that goes on between the senses helps to illustrate the meaning involved in a phenomenal field.

My bodily being is the means to knowing things.

Page 24: Chapter 3

5. The visual field makes sense out of sense.

The problem of depth in perception was a difficult one for traditional explanations of knowing.

Page 25: Chapter 3

6. The body subjectivized restores integrity to the knowing experience.

The attack upon the senses led to skepticism.

The past experience o philosophy has revolved around the game of being absolutely ignorant.

Page 26: Chapter 3

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

We have traced the issue of knowledge particularly as it relates to perception from common sense realism to a phenomenology of perception.

Page 27: Chapter 3

What is seen? Problems Common Sense Objects see Error is

difficult to Realism directly explain; senses

deceivable

Page 28: Chapter 3

Representational Objects seen Skepticism because Realism indirectly ; of the senses;

Primary and skepticism Secondary qualities world behind Of Locke Images

Page 29: Chapter 3

Immaterialism See objects or requires God for

Ideas directly; foundation of See only ideas known

Page 30: Chapter 3

Phenomenalism See Indirectly Skepticism about

Because of Ideas; the world behind Ideas reflect images or Ideas; The world rejects God as Cause of Ideas

Page 31: Chapter 3

Phenomenology of See directly Error is possible,

Perception but correctible; Confidence in knowing the world

Page 32: Chapter 3

We have seen problems in each position. Any theory of knowledge must give credence to the senses, the knowing subject, and provide a synthesis of the different facets of man’s experience. A study of perception along the lines developed by Merleau-Ponty seems to do this with the greatest advantages. While this may not be completely without questions, his view helps to remove the shadowy world of unknown behind sense data and the same time give credibility to our knowledge of ourselves as well as objects in our world.