Chapter 3

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title66

Why It Matters

Colonial Settlement

1587–1770

Pewter pitcher, Plymouth plantation

Signing the Mayflower Compact by

Edward Percy Moran

As you study Unit 2, you will learnthat in the 1600s and 1700s the Eng-

lish established colonies in the Ameri-cas—some for profit and others by

religious groups seeking freedom. Intime, a distinctly new American society

emerged.

Primary Sources LibrarySee pages 594–595 for primary source

readings to accompany Unit 2. Use the American History

Primary Source Document LibraryCD-ROM to find additional primary

sources about the European colonies.

“The Indians broughtus great store both

of Corne and breadready made. . . .”

— John Smith, 1608

68

ColonialAmerica

1587–1770Why It Matters

A new culture took root in North America. The values and beliefs of this new culturedeveloped as people from several parts of the world migrated to the continent.

The Impact TodayThe colonies influenced values and beliefs many Americans cherish today. For example:

• Many people still come to the Americas in search of economic opportunity and religiousfreedom.

• Representative government remains an important part of the American political system.

The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 3 video, “The LostColony,” examines the colony of Roanoke and how conditions were much harsherthan settlers were led to believe.

1588• England defeats

Spanish Armada

c. 1605• Shakespeare

writes King Lear

1630 • Puritans begin settling

Massachusetts Bay

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

1550 1600 1650

1620• Pilgrims land

at Plymouth Rock

1660• King Charles II is

restored to theEnglish throne

1607• English establish first

permanent settlementat Jamestown

69

1718• French establish port

of New Orleans

1769• Mission of San

Diego founded

1670• Alafin Ajagbo founds

Oyo Empire in Nigeria

1702• England and

France go to war

Pilgrims Going to Church by George Boughton George Boughton paintedmany scenes about American colonial life.


1700 1750

1763• British tighten enforcement

of Navigation Acts HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit and click on Chapter 3— Chapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information.

tx.tarvol1.glencoe.com

1675• King Philip’s

War begins

The Thirteen Colonies

NorthernM

iddleSouthern

Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Connecticut New York Delaware New Jersey Pennsylvania Virginia Maryland North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

12

Step 1 Collect 7 sheets of paper and placethem about inch apart.

Comparison Study Foldable When yougroup facts into categories, it is easier to makecomparisons. Make this foldable to compareand contrast the 13 colonies and their regions.

Reading and Writing As you read, write whatyou learn about each of the 13 colonies undereach tab and compare the colonies.

Step 2 Fold up the bottom edges of the paperto form 14 tabs.

Step 3 When all the tabs are the same size,crease the paper to hold the tabs in place andstaple the sheets together. Label each tab withthe name of a colony and color-code each region.

Keep theedges straight.

Stapletogether along

the fold.

This makesall tabs thesame size.

http://www.glencoe.com/sec/socialstudies/ushistory/tar12003/tx/content.php4/628/1

1583Sir Humphrey Gilbertclaims Newfoundlandfor Queen Elizabeth

c. 1590Settlers of RoanokeIsland vanish

1607Colonists settleat Jamestown

1619House of Burgessesmeets in Jamestown

Main IdeaJamestown became the first success-fully established English colony inNorth America.

Key Termscharter, joint-stock company,burgesses

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readSection 1, re-create the diagrambelow and describe the economy andgovernment of Jamestown.

Read to Learn• what crop saved the people of

Jamestown.• how the colonists received political

rights.

Section ThemeEconomic Factors Many settlers jour-neyed to America with the hope ofmaking a fortune.

Early EnglishSettlements

In the summer of 1588, Spanish warships sailed toward the coast of England. KingPhilip II of Spain had sent the armada, or war fleet, of 132 ships to invade England.With 30,000 troops and 2,400 guns, the Spanish Armada was the mightiest naval forcethe world had ever seen. Yet the smaller, swifter English ships won the battle. TheSpanish Armada fled north to Scotland, where violent storms destroyed and scatteredthe fleet. Only about one-half of the Spanish ships straggled home.

England in AmericaEngland and Spain had been heading toward war for years. Trading rivalry

and religious differences divided the two countries. King Philip II, who ruledSpain from 1556 to 1598, was a powerful monarch and a strong defender of theCatholic faith. He wanted to put a Catholic ruler on the throne of England andbring the country back to the Catholic Church. King Philip did not considerQueen Elizabeth, a Protestant, the rightful ruler of England.

English soldier’s helmet, Jamestown

70 CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

Jamestown Description

Economy

Government

✦1580 ✦1590 ✦1600 ✦1610 ✦1620Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

71CHAPTER 3 Colonial America

Attacks on Spanish ships and ports by suchEnglish adventurers as Sir Francis Drakeangered Philip. He thought that Queen Eliza-beth should punish Drake for his raids. Instead,she honored Drake with a knighthood. Philipsent the Spanish Armada to conquer England—but it failed completely.

Although war between England and Spaincontinued until 1604, the defeat of the armadamarked the end of Spanish control of the seas.Now the way was clear for England and othernations to start colonies in North America.

The Lost Colony of RoanokeThe English had made several attempts to

establish a base on the other side of the Atlanticbefore their victory over Spain. In 1583 SirHumphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland forQueen Elizabeth. Then he sailed south along thecoast looking for a place to establish a colony.Before finding a site, he died at sea.

The following year, Queen Elizabeth gave SirWalter Raleigh the right to claim land in NorthAmerica. Raleigh sent an expedition to look for agood place to settle. His scouts returned with anenthusiastic report of Roanoke Island, off thecoast of present-day North Carolina.

In 1585 Raleigh sent about 100 men to settleon Roanoke Island. After a difficult winter onthe island, the unhappy colonists decided toreturn to England. In 1587 Raleigh tried again,sending 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children toRoanoke. John White, a mapmaker and artist,led the group. Shortly after arriving on theisland, White’s daughter gave birth. This baby,named Virginia Dare, was the first English childborn in North America. White explored the areaand drew pictures of what he saw. He and otherexplorers described the towns of the NativeAmericans who lived in the area:

“Their towns are small and few . . . a villagemay contain but ten or twelve houses—someperhaps as many as twenty. . . . ”

The new settlers began building a colony.They needed many supplies, however, andWhite sailed to England for the supplies and to

recruit more settlers. Although he had hoped tobe back within a few months, the war with Spaindelayed his return for nearly three years.

When White finally returned to Roanoke, hefound it deserted. The only clue to the fate ofthe settlers was the word Croatoan carved on agatepost. White thought the colonists musthave gone to Croatoan Island, about 50 miles to the south. Bad weather kept White frominvestigating. The Roanoke colonists werenever seen again.

Describing Why did Raleigh chooseRoanoke as the site for the colony?

Jamestown SettlementRoanoke was Sir Walter Raleigh’s last attempt

to establish a colony. For a time his failure dis-couraged others from planning English coloniesin North America. However, the idea emergedagain in 1606. Several groups of merchantssought charters, the right to organize settle-ments in an area, from King James I.

The Virginia CompanyOne group of merchants, the Virginia Com-

pany of London, received a charter to “makehabitation . . . into that part of America, com-monly called Virginia.” The Virginia Companywas a joint-stock company. Investors boughtstock, or part ownership, in the company inreturn for a share of its future profits.

The company acted quickly. In December1606, it sent 144 settlers in 3 ships to build a newcolony in North America. The settlers were sup-posed to look for gold and attempt to establishtrade in fish and furs. Forty of them died duringthe voyage.

In April 1607, the ships entered ChesapeakeBay and then sailed up a river flowing into thebay. The colonists named the river the James andtheir new settlement Jamestown to honor theirking. The settlers built Jamestown on a penin-sula so they could defend it from attack. The sitehad major drawbacks, however. The swampyland swarmed with mosquitoes that carried dis-ease. Jamestown also lacked good farmland.

The colonists faced more hardships over thenext several months. Many of them were notaccustomed to hard labor. Because the Londoninvestors expected a quick profit from theircolony, the settlers searched for gold and silverwhen they should have been growing food. Inaddition, disease and hunger took a huge toll on the colonists. By spring 1608, when shipsarrived with supplies and more settlers, only 38 of the Jamestown colonists remained alive.

Captain John SmithGoverning Jamestown was perhaps the

biggest obstacle the colonists faced. The colonysurvived its first two years because of 27-year-old Captain John Smith, an experienced soldierand explorer. Smith forced the settlers to work,

explored the area, and managed toget corn from the local NativeAmericans led by Chief Powhatan.In August 1609, 400 new settlersarrived. Two months later, JohnSmith returned to England. Withoutstrong leadership, the colony couldnot feed so many people. The winterof 1609–1610 became known as “thestarving time.” Fighting broke outwith the Native Americans. Whenmore settlers arrived in the springthey found only 60 survivors.

EconomicsFarming the Land

Although the Virginia colonistsdid not find any gold or silver, theydid discover another way to makemoney for the investors. Onecolonist, John Rolfe, learned togrow a type of tobacco using seedsfrom the West Indies. The first crop

was sold in England in 1614. Soon planters allalong the James River were raising tobacco, andthe colony of Virginia began to prosper andgrow. Relations with the Native Americans alsoimproved after Rolfe married Pocahontas, thedaughter of Chief Powhatan.

In 1614 some of the colonists were allowed torent plots of land. Most of what they grew ontheir plots was their own. This move towardprivate ownership encouraged the colonists togrow food crops to sell—and work harder. Oneof the colonists explained that the colonists oftenavoided work when

“our people were fed out of the common store,and labored jointlytogether.”

Now that the colonistscould farm their ownland and operate for profitin a competitive system,they made greater efforts to succeed.

$

72

N

S

EW100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Areaprojection

100 miles0

40°N

70°W

80°W

1620

1607

1585, 1587Roanoke R.

James R.

Hudson

R.

Delaware

R.

Potomac R.

ChesapeakeBay

Atlantic

Ocean

AP

PA

LA

CH

IA

NM

OU

NT

AI N

S

RoanokeIsland

CapeCod

VIRGINIA

MASSACHUSETTS

WampanoagNarraganset

Leni-Lenape

NanticokePowhatan

Tuscarora

Susquehanna

Plymouth

Jamestown

Jamestown, 1607Adults 96%

Children 4%

Plymouth, 1620Adults 70%

Children 30%


Pocahontas

The First English Settlements

Many Native American groups lived near the first English settle-ments in the late 1500s and early 1600s.1. Location Which colony was located farthest north?2. Location Which Native American groups lived nearest to

the Jamestown colonists?

Private land ownership was expanded in1618. All the colonists who had paid their ownway to America were granted 100 acres of land.In order to attract more colonists, the companygave a land grant called a headright of 50 acresto those who paid their own way. A settler alsoreceived 50 acres for each family member over15 years of age and for each servant brought toVirginia. This system convinced thousands ofpeople to move to Virginia.

CitizenshipRepresentative Government

At first nearly all of Jamestown’s settlers weremen. They worked for the Virginia Companyand lived under strict rules. As the colony grew,the settlers complained about taking ordersfrom the Virginia Company in London. In 1619the company agreed to let the colonists havesome say in their government. Ten towns in the colony each sent two representatives calledburgesses to an assembly. The assembly had theright to make local laws for the colony. On July30, 1619, the House of Burgesses met for thefirst time in a church in Jamestown.

New Arrivals in JamestownIn 1619 the Virginia Company sent 90 women

to Jamestown. As a company report noted: “Theplantation can never flourish till families be

planted, and the respect of wives and childrenfix the people on the soil.” Colonists whowanted to marry one of the women had to pay afee of 120 pounds of tobacco. Men still outnum-bered women in the colony, but marriage andchildren became a part of life in Virginia.

A Dutch ship brought another group of new-comers to Jamestown in 1619—twenty Africanswho were sold to Virginia planters to labor inthe tobacco fields. These first Africans may havecome as servants—engaged to work for a setperiod of time—rather than as slaves.

Until about 1640 some African laborers inJamestown were free and even owned property.William Tucker, the first African American bornin the American colonies, was a free man. In theyears to follow, however, many more shiploadsof Africans would arrive in North America, andthose unwilling passengers would be sold asslaves. Slavery was first recognized in Virginialaw in the 1660s.

In the early 1620s, the Virginia Company facedfinancial troubles. The company had poured all its money into Jamestown, but little profit wasreturned. The colony also suffered an attack by theNative Americans. In 1624 King James canceledthe company’s charter and made Jamestown thefirst royal colony for England in America.

Analyzing Why was the House ofBurgesses important?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use the following keyterms: charter, burgesses, joint-stock company.

2. Reviewing Facts Why did the Vir-ginia Company establish settlementsin North America?

Reviewing Themes3. Economic Factors What economic

activity helped save the Jamestownsettlement?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why do you

think the king of England was willingto let a group of merchants try toestablish a colony in North America?

5. Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below and listtwo effects of Jamestown’s growth.

Analyzing Visuals 6. Geography Skills Study the map

and graphs on page 72. What per-centage of settlers in Plymouth werechildren?

CHAPTER 3 Colonial America 73

Geography Create a poster thatmight have attracted early coloniststo the area where you live. Focuson the location as well as naturalfeatures in your area such as goodfarmland, forests, waterways, andmineral resources.

Growth of Jamestown

Ap

pa

l ach

i an

1. Compare the dwellings of the colonists and theNative Americans.

2. How did the introduction of tobacco affect the development of the colony?

L E A R N I N G f r o m G E O G R A P H Y

FOOTHOLD IN THENEW WORLDJAMESTOWN: THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISHCOLONY In the spring of 1607, three ships carrying morethan a hundred English settlers sailed into the ChesapeakeBay to establish a colony and find gold. The settlers built afort on a marshy island in the James River and named it inhonor of King James I.

THE EXPEDITIONS

Captain John Smith emerged as a leader of the group.An avid explorer, he led four expeditions in the area:

• Shortly after arriving, he and Captain Christopher Newportsailed up the James River to search for gold. Powhatan’sfollowers made them turn back at the falls.

• In December 1607 Smith and a small band of settlers set out looking for gold and food along the ChickahominyRiver. According to Smith, he was captured and about to beclubbed to death by Powhatan’s followers when Pocahontas(the chief ’s daughter) saved him.

• In 1608 Smith headed up two voyages to explore the north-ern reaches of Chesapeake Bay. He searched futilely forgold and an outlet to the Pacific Ocean.

THE SETTLEMENT

The colonists endured many terrible hardships. Bad water, disease, starvation, and conflict with the Native Americans took a heavy toll. By early 1608 only 38 hardysouls remained alive.

Settlers learned to grow crops in the new land. Whentobacco from the West Indies was introduced, it became a commercial success and guaranteed Jamestown’s future.

&GEOGRAPHY HISTORY

The Native Americanstaught the settlers tocultivate native cropssuch as corn, beans,and squash. Cornquickly became thestaple food.

Jamestown

Expeditions

Native American settlement

May 1607

December 1607 – January 1608

January – July 1608

Powhatan's territory

July – September 1608

0

0

25 miles

25 kilometers

74

A

TL

AN

TI

CO

CE

AN

Ch

es

ap

ea

ke

Ba

y

D

ela

ware

Ba

y

Mou

nt

ain

s

James

River

Albermarle Sound

P o t o m a cR

i ve

r

Chickahominy

River

Pamunkey

River

JamestownMay 1607

JamestownMay 1607

NansemondSeptember 1608

PowhatanMay 1607

ChickahominyDecember 1607

Wighcocomoco

Toppahannock

WerowocomoArrohatoc

Waenoc

Accomac

Sasquesahannock

Tockwough

N

S

W

E

The Native Americanslived in houses made ofbent branches coveredwith woven reed mats.

The first English settlers con-structed simple timber-framehouses with mud walls andthatched roofs.

Area enlarged A t l a n t i c

O c e a n

AFRICA

EUROPE

NORTH

AMERICA

Canary

Islands

JamestownMay 1607

EnglandDecember 1606

0 1000 miles

0 1000 kilometers

75

1620Pilgrims land at Plymouth

1630Puritans settle the Massachusetts Bay Colony

1636Thomas Hookerfounds Hartford

1638Anne Hutchinsonfounds Portsmouth

Main IdeaSettlers begin to form the New Eng-land Colonies.

Key Termsdissent, persecute, Puritan, Separatist, Pilgrim, MayflowerCompact, toleration

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readSection 2, re-create the diagrambelow and explain why differentcolonies in New England were settled.

Read to Learn• why the Pilgrims and the Puritans

came to America.• how the Connecticut, Rhode Island,

and New Hampshire colonies began.

Section ThemeCivic Rights and ResponsibilitiesPuritan and Pilgrim colonists settled inAmerica in search of religious freedom.

New EnglandColonies


Colony Reasons the colony was settled

Massachusetts

Connecticut

Rhode Island

Shoes, Plymouth Colony

The young man looked around at the other passengers aboard the Mayflower. Heand the other passengers sailed to the new world not knowing what they would find.They had muskets but knew little about shooting. They planned to fish but knew noth-ing about fishing. They had hoped to settle in Virginia but instead landed in New Eng-land without enough supplies to last the winter. The only thing these people had plentyof was courage. They would need it.

Religious FreedomUnlike the Jamestown settlers, the next wave of colonists would arrive in

search of religious freedom. England had been a Protestant country since 1534,when King Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and formedthe Anglican Church. Not everyone in England was happy with the new church,however. Many people dissented—they disagreed with the beliefs or practices ofthe Anglicans. English Catholics, for example, still considered the pope the headof the church, and they were often persecuted, or treated harshly, for that reason.

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1620 ✦1630 ✦1640

N

S

EW

100 kilometers0Lambert Equal-Area projection

100 miles0

40°N

44°N

68°W

Con

nect

icut

R.

Atlantic

Ocean

MAINE(part of Mass.)

NEWHAMPSHIRE

RHODEISLAND

MASSACHUSETTS

CONNECTICUT

Portsmouth

Salem

Boston

Plymouth

Newport

NewHaven

Area claimedby New Yorkand NewHampshire


At the same time, some Protestants wanted tochange—or reform—the Anglican Church, whileothers wanted to break away from it altogether.The Protestants who wanted to reform the Angli-can Church were called Puritans. Those whowanted to leave and set up their own churcheswere known as Separatists.

The Separatists were persecuted in England,and some fled to the Netherlands. Though theyfound religious freedom there, the Separatists still had problems. They had difficulty findingwork and worried that their children would notfollow the English way of life.

The Pilgrims’ JourneySome Separatists in the Netherlands made an

arrangement with the Virginia Company. TheSeparatists could settle in Virginia and practicetheir religion freely. In return they would givethe company a share of any profits they made.

The Separatists considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had a religiouspurpose. Only 35 of the 102 passengers whoboarded the Mayflower in September 1620 werePilgrims. The others were called “strangers.”They were common people—servants, crafts-people, and poor farmers—who hoped to find abetter life in America. Because Pilgrim beliefsshaped life in the Plymouth colony, however, allthe early settlers are usually called Pilgrims.

The Mayflower CompactThe Mayflower’s passengers planned to settle

in the Virginia colony. The first land they sightedwas Cape Cod, well north of their target.Because it was November and winter was fastapproaching, the colonists decided to dropanchor in Cape Cod Bay. They went ashore on acold, bleak day in December at a place calledPlymouth. William Bradford, their leader andhistorian, reported that “all things stared uponthem with a weather-beaten face.”

Plymouth was outside the territory of the Vir-ginia Company and its laws. Before going ashore,the Pilgrims drew up a formal document calledthe Mayflower Compact. The compact pledgedtheir loyalty to England and declared their inten-tion of forming “a civil body politic, for our better

Grain

Cattle

Lumber

Fish

Whales

Furs

Ships

Iron

Rum

Products

ordering and preservation.” The signers alsopromised to obey the laws passed “for thegeneral good of the colony.” The MayflowerCompact was a necessary step in the develop-ment of representative government in America. ; (See page 612 of the Appendix for the entire text of the Mayflower

Compact.)

Help From the Native AmericansTheir first winter in America, almost half

the Pilgrims died of malnutrition, disease, and

The New EnglandColonies

The Atlantic waters and thick forests proved valuable for fishing and shipbuilding in New England.1. Region What were the four New England Colonies?2. Analyzing Information What did Connecticut

produce?

cold. In the spring a few Native Americansapproached the settlement. Two of them,Squanto and Samoset, befriended the colonists.Squanto was a Pawtuxet who had been kid-napped to Europe and had learned English.

Squanto and Samoset showed the Pilgrimshow to grow corn, beans, and pumpkins andwhere to hunt and fish. Without their help thePilgrims might not have survived. Squanto and Samoset also helped the Pilgrims make atreaty with the Wampanoag people who lived in the area. Massasoit, a Wampanoag leader,signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in March 1621,and the two groups lived in harmony.

Summarizing Why was theMayflower Compact an important step toward represen-tative government?

New SettlementsIn 1625 the English throne passed to Charles I.

Charles objected to the Puritans’ calls for reformin the Anglican Church, and persecution of Puri-tans increased again. Some Puritans looked for away to leave England.

In 1629 a group of Puritans formed theMassachusetts Bay Company and received aroyal charter to establish a colony north ofPlymouth. This was the Puritans’ chance to cre-ate a new society in America—a society basedon the Bible.

The company chose a well-educated Puritannamed John Winthrop to be the colony’s gover-nor. In 1630 Winthrop led about 900 men,women, and children to Massachusetts Bay.Most of them settled in a place they called Boston.


First Thanksgiving by Jennie A. Brownscombe

The First Thanksgiving

In the autumn of 1621 the Pilgrims invited theNative Americans to celebrate the peace betweenthem. After the struggle through the first winter, thePilgrims also felt relieved to be raising food. Duringthe feast the Pilgrims thanked God for the harvestand for their survival.

Who took part? About 50 men, women, and chil-dren colonists and 90 Wampanoag Native Americanstook part in the three-day feast.

What did they do? Dancing, singing, and playinggames were part of the celebration. The Wampanoagdemonstrated their skills with the bow and arrow.

What did they eat? They most likely ate wild fowl,duck, and turkey shot by the colonists and deer pro-vided by the Wampanoag.

When was it held? Exactly when the festival tookplace is uncertain, but it is believed the celebrationoccurred sometime between September 21 andNovember 9.


CitizenshipGrowth and Government

During the 1630s, more than 15,000 Puritansjourneyed to Massachusetts to escape religiouspersecution and economic hard times in Eng-land. This movement of people became knownas the Great Migration.

At first, John Winthrop and his assistantsmade the colony’s laws. They were chosen by theGeneral Court, which was made up of thecolony’s stockholders. In 1634, settlers demandeda larger role in the government. The GeneralCourt became an elected assembly. Adult malechurch members were allowed to vote for thegovernor and for their town’s representatives tothe General Court. In later years, they also had toown property to vote.

The Puritans came to America to put theirreligious beliefs into practice. The Puritans hadlittle toleration—they criticized or persecutedpeople who held other religious views. This lackof toleration led to the creation of new colonies.

Connecticut and Rhode IslandThe fertile Connecticut River valley, south of

Massachusetts, was much better for farming

than was the stony soil around Boston. In the1630s colonists began to settle in this area.

A minister named Thomas Hooker becamedissatisfied with Massachusetts. He did not likethe way that Winthrop and the other Puritanleaders ran the colony. In 1636 Hooker led hiscongregation through the wilderness to Con-necticut, where he founded the town of Hart-ford. Three years later Hartford and two othertowns, Windsor and Wethersfield, agreed toform a colony. They adopted a plan of govern-ment called the Fundamental Orders of Con-necticut. This was the first written constitutionin America, and it described the organization ofrepresentative government in detail.

Good land drew colonists to Connecticut, butRhode Island was settled by colonists who wereforced out of Massachusetts. The first of these wasRoger Williams, a minister. Williams felt that peo-ple should not be persecuted for their religiouspractices. In his view the government should notforce people to worship in a certain way. Williamsalso believed it was wrong for settlers to take landaway from the Native Americans.

The ideas of Roger Williams caused Massa-chusetts leaders to banish him in 1635. He tookrefuge with the Narraganset people, who later

Anne Hutchinson cameto Massachusetts withher husband in 1634. She began questioningthe religious authority ofthe colony’s ministers.

As Hutchinson gainedfollowers, she was seenas a danger to the

colony’s stability. In 1637the Massachusetts lead-ers put her on trial forspeaking false ideas.

Hutchinson defendedherself well, but sheclaimed God spoke to herdirectly. This disagreedwith Puritan beliefs that

God spoke only throughthe Bible. Her accusersfound her guilty andordered her to leave thecolony. With her familyand some followers,Hutchinson moved toRhode Island.

sold Williams land where he founded the town ofProvidence. Williams received a charter in 1644for a colony east of Connecticut called RhodeIsland and Providence Plantations. With its pol-icy of religious toleration, Rhode Island became asafe place for dissenters. It was the first place inAmerica where people could worship freely.

Others followed Williams’s example, formingcolonies where they could worship as theypleased. In 1638 John Wheelwright led a group ofdissidents from Massachusetts to the north. Theyfounded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire.The same year, a group of Puritans settled Hamp-ton. The colony of New Hampshire became fullyindependent of Massachusetts in 1679.

Conflict With Native AmericansNative Americans helped the settlers adapt to

the land. They also traded with the settlers,exchanging furs for goods such as iron pots,blankets, and guns. In Virginia the colonists hadfrequent encounters with the many tribes of thePowhatan confederacy. In New England the set-tlers met the Wampanoags, Narragansets, andother groups.

Conflicts arose, however. Usually settlersmoved onto Native American lands withoutpermission or payment. Throughout the colo-nial period, English settlers and Native Ameri-cans competed fiercely for control of the land.

In 1636 war broke outbetween the settlers andthe Pequot people. Aftertwo traders were killedin Pequot territory,Massachusetts senttroops to punish thePequot. The Pequotthen attacked a town inConnecticut killing nine people. In May 1637,troops from Connecticut attacked the main Pequotfort with the help of the Narraganset people. Theyburned the fort, killing hundreds.

In 1675 New England went to war against theWampanoag people and their allies. Metacomet,the Wampanoag chief, was known to settlers asKing Philip. He wanted to stop the settlers frommoving onto Native American Lands. The warbegan after settlers executed three Wampanoagsfor murder. Metacomet’s forces attacked townsacross the region, killing hundreds of people.

The settlers and their Native American alliesfought back. King Philip’s War, as the conflictwas called, ended in defeat for the Wampanoagand their allies. The war destroyed the power ofthe Native Americans in New England, leavingthe colonists free to expand their settlements.

Evaluating Describe the signifi-cance of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.


Government Research and write a one-page paper about the life ofRoger Williams. Explain why he left Massachusetts to found a newcolony. Describe how his religiousideals contributed to the growth ofthe representative government inRhode Island.


in which you use the following terms:dissent, persecute, Puritan, Separatist, Pilgrim, MayflowerCompact, toleration.

2. Reviewing Facts Identify the rea-sons why the Separatists left Europefor the Americas.

Reviewing Themes3. Civic Rights and Responsibilities

What freedom did Rhode Island offerthat other colonies did not?

Critical Thinking4. Comparing What did the Mayflower

Compact and the FundamentalOrders of Connecticut have in common?

5. Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below anddescribe the effects as colonists inter-acted with Native Americans.

Analyzing Maps6. Geography Skills Study the map

on page 77. What products camefrom New Hampshire?

The colonists interact with the Native Americans

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit and click on Chapter 3—Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on KingPhilip’s War.


http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe36tx.php?&st=628&pt=2&bk=19

CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 81

Reading a Bar Graph

Why Learn This Skill?A bar graph presents numerical information in a

visual way. Bars of various lengths stand for differentquantities. A bar graph lets you see a lot of informa-tion in an organized way. Bars may be drawn verti-cally—up and down—or horizontally—left to right.Labels along the left axis and the bottom axis explainwhat the bars represent.

Learning the SkillTo read a bar graph:•Read the title to learn the subject of the graph. •Look at the horizontal and vertical axes to find

out what information the graph presents. •Compare the lengths of the bars on the graph.

Practicing the SkillStudy the bar graph on this page and answer thefollowing questions.

1 Which colony had the largest total population in 1700? The smallest?

2 Did Virginia or Maryland have a larger AfricanAmerican population?

Social StudiesSocial Studies

TotalPopulation

African AmericanPopulation

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970.

Popu

latio

n (in

thou

sand

s)

0

5

10

15

Massachusetts Connecticut New York Pennsylvania Maryland Virginia

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Population of Six English Colonies, 1700

Colonies

Applying the SkillReading a Bar Graph Create a bar graph to represent the number of students in each Ameri-can history class in your school.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder Interactive Workbook CD-ROM, Level 1, providesinstruction and practice in key socialstudies skills.

82

1626Manhattan Islandpurchased from theManhates people

1664New Amsterdambecomes New York

1681William Penn foundsPennsylvania

1702New Jersey becomesa royal colony


Main IdeaPeople from many different countriessettled in the Middle Colonies for avariety of reasons, including religiousfreedom.

Key Termspatroon, proprietary colony, pacifist

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section, re-create the diagrambelow and describe how the MiddleColonies were founded.

Read to Learn• why the Middle Colonies had the

most diverse populations in colo-nial America.

• who was America’s first town planner.

Section ThemeIndividual Action Leaders such asPeter Stuyvesant and William Pennhelped the Middle Colonies grow.

Middle Colonies

English royal plate

Colony Founder Why settlers came

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

In 1649, 17-year-old Philip Henry stood near the back of the crowd gathered arounda public platform near Whitehall Palace in London. There he watched Charles I, theking of England, prepare to die. The king made a short speech, prayed silently, andthen knelt with his head on the block.

With just one blow, the executioner severed the king’s head from his body. At thatmoment, the crowd uttered “such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I maynever hear again,” Henry wrote in his diary.

England and the ColoniesIn England the Puritans who controlled Parliament were engaged in a strug-

gle for power against King Charles I. In 1642 a civil war began. Led by OliverCromwell, a Puritan, the Parliamentary forces defeated the king. Charles I wasbeheaded in 1649 after a parliamentary court declared him guilty of treason.

A new government was established with Cromwell as Protector. During theseyears of unrest, many Puritans left New England and returned to England tofight with Parliament’s forces. After the war ended, English men and womenloyal to the king went to royal colonies like Virginia.

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1600 ✦1650 ✦1700


After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliamentbrought back the monarchy, but placed new lim-its on the ruler’s powers. Charles II, son ofCharles I, became king in 1660. His reign iscalled the Restoration because the monarchy hadbeen restored.

In 1660 England had two clusters of coloniesin what is now the United States—Massachu-setts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and RhodeIsland in the north and Maryland and Virginiain the south. Between the two groups of Englishcolonies were lands that the Dutch controlled.

In 1621 a group of Dutch merchants hadformed the Dutch West India Company to tradein the Americas. Their posts along the HudsonRiver grew into the colony of New Netherland.The main settlement of the colony was NewAmsterdam, located on Manhattan Island. In1626 the company bought Manhattan from theManhates people for small quantities of beadsand other goods. Blessed with a good seaport,the city of New Amsterdam soon became a cen-ter of shipping to and from the Americas.

To increase the number of permanent settlersin its colony, the Dutch West India Company sentover families from the Netherlands, Germany,Sweden, and Finland. The company gave a largeestate to anyone who brought at least 50 settlersto work the land. The wealthy landowners whoacquired these riverfront estates were calledpatroons. The patroons ruled like kings. Theycould charge whatever rents they wanted to thefarmers and other laborers on their estates.

England Takes OverNew Netherland boasted an excellent harbor

and thriving river trade. The English wanted toacquire the valuable Dutch colony that laybetween England’s New England and SouthernColonies. In 1664 the English sent a fleet toattack New Amsterdam.

At the time Peter Stuyvesant was governor ofthe colony. His strict rule and heavy taxesturned many of the people in New Netherlandagainst him. When the English ships sailed intoNew Amsterdam’s harbor, the governor wasunprepared for a battle and surrendered thecolony to the English forces.

N

S

EW


100 miles0

36°N

40°N

72°W

76°W

Atlantic

Ocean

NEW YORK

PENNSYLVANIA

NEWJERSEY

DELAWAREDover

Philadelphia

Perth Amboy

New York City

Wilmington

Albany

Area claimedby New York

and NewHampshire

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother,the Duke of York, who renamed it New York.New York was a proprietary colony, a colony inwhich the owner, or proprietor, owned all theland and controlled the government. It differedfrom the New England Colonies, where voterselected the governor and an assembly.

Most of New York’s settlers lived in the Hud-son River valley. The Duke of York promised thediverse colonists freedom of religion andallowed them to keep their property. As a result,

Grain

Cattle

Fish

Lumber

Rum

Iron

Products

The Middle Colonies

The Middle Colonies were settled by people from many differentcountries and ethnic backgrounds.1. Region What were the four Middle Colonies and what

were their main products?2. Drawing Conclusions What geographic features

made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?

most of the Dutch colonists decided to remain inNew York. In 1664 New York had about 8,000inhabitants. Most were Dutch, but Germans,Swedes, Native Americans, and Puritans fromNew England lived there as well. The popula-tion also included at least 300 enslaved Africans.New Amsterdam, which was later called NewYork City, was one of the fastest-growing loca-tions in the colony.

By 1683 the colony’s population had swelledto about 12,000 people. A governor and councilappointed by the Duke of York directed thecolony’s affairs. The colonists demanded a rep-resentative government like the governments ofthe other English colonies. The duke resistedthe idea, but the people of New York would notgive up. Finally, in 1691, the English govern-ment allowed New York to elect a legislature.

New JerseyThe Duke of York gave the southern part of

his colony, between the Hudson and DelawareRivers, to Lord John Berkeley and Sir GeorgeCarteret. The proprietors named their colonyNew Jersey after the island of Jersey in the Eng-lish Channel, where Carteret was born.

To attract settlers, the proprietors offeredlarge tracts of land and generous terms. Theyalso promised freedom of religion, trial by jury,and a representative assembly. The assemblywould make local laws and set tax rates.

Like New York, New Jersey was a place ofethnic and religious diversity. Because New Jer-sey had no natural harbors, however, it did notdevelop a major port or city like New York.

The proprietors of New Jersey did not makethe profits they had expected. Berkeley sold hisshare, West Jersey, in 1674. Carteret’s share, EastJersey, was sold in 1682.

By 1702 New Jersey had passed back into thehands of the king, becoming a royal colony. Thecolonists still continued to make local laws.

Explaining Why did no major portdevelop in New Jersey?

PennsylvaniaIn 1680 William Penn, a wealthy English gen-

tleman, presented a plan to King Charles. Penn’sfather had once lent the king a great deal ofmoney. Penn had inherited the king’s promise to


History Through Art

Penn’s Treaty with the Indians In 1682 William Pennmade his first treaty with the Delaware people. Why didPenn see Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment”?

repay the loan. Instead of money, however, Pennasked for land in America. Pleased to get rid of his debt so easily, the king gave Penn a tractof land stretching inland from the DelawareRiver. The new colony, named Pennsylvania,was nearly as large as England.

William Penn belonged to a Protestant groupof dissenters called the Society of Friends, orQuakers. The Quakers believed that every indi-vidual had an “inner light” that could guide himor her to salvation. Each person could experiencereligious truth directly, which meant that churchservices and officials were unnecessary. Every-one was equal in God’s sight. Though firm intheir beliefs, the Quakers were tolerant of theviews of others.

Many people in England found the Quakers’ideas a threat to established traditions. Quakerswould not bow or take off their hats to lords andladies because of their belief that everyone wasequal. In addition they were pacifists, peoplewho refuse to use force or to fight in wars.Quakers were fined, jailed, and even executedfor their beliefs.

William Penn saw Pennsylvania as a “holyexperiment,” a chance to put the Quaker idealsof toleration and equality into practice. In 1682he sailed to America to supervise the building ofPhiladelphia, the “city of brotherly love.” Pennbelieved that

“any government is free to the people underit . . . where the laws rule, and the people are aparty to those laws.”

Penn had designed the city himself, makinghim America’s first town planner. Penn alsowrote Pennsylvania’s first constitution.

Penn believed that the land belonged to theNative Americans and that settlers should payfor it. In 1682 he negotiated the first of severaltreaties with local Native Americans.

To encourage European settlers to come toPennsylvania, Penn advertised the colonythroughout Europe with pamphlets in severallanguages. By 1683 more than 3,000 English,Welsh, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers hadarrived. In 1701, in the Charter of Liberties, Penngranted the colonists the right to elect represen-tatives to the legislative assembly.

The southernmost part of Pennsylvania wascalled the Three Lower Counties. Settled bySwedes in 1638, the area had been taken over bythe Dutch and the English before becoming part ofPennsylvania. The Charter of Privileges allowedthe lower counties to form their own legislature,which they did in 1703. Thereafter the countiesfunctioned as a separate colony known asDelaware, supervised by Pennsylvania’s governor.

Summarizing How did WilliamPenn encourage self-government?


in which you use the following keyterms: patroon, proprietary colony,pacifist

2. Reviewing Facts What did the Char-ter of Liberties grant to Pennsylvaniacolonists?

Reviewing Themes3. Individual Action How did William

Penn earn the respect of NativeAmericans?

Critical Thinking4. Compare and Contrast How was

the Quaker religion different fromthat of the Puritans?

5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and describe howeach of the Middle Colonies was governed.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Review the map

on page 83. What is the title of themap? What items are shown in thekey? What products were importantto Pennsylvania?


Art Design a flag for one of theMiddle Colonies. Decide what sym-bols and colors would be appropri-ate to represent that colony.Display your flags in class.

Colony Type of government

New York

New Jersey

Pennsylvania


c. 1610Spanish establish Santa Fe

1676Bacon’s Rebellionoccurs

1718French establish cityof New Orleans

1733First settlersarrive in Georgia

Main IdeaThe Southern Colonies relied on cashcrops to survive, while the French andSpanish tried to establish their ownsettlements.

Key Termsindentured servant, constitution,debtor, tenant farmer, mission

Reading StrategyClassifying Information As you readthe section, re-create the diagrambelow and identify the main crops ofthree of the Southern Colonies.

Read to Learn• how the Southern Colonies were

established.• how French and Spanish colonies

differed from the English colonies.

Section ThemeGroups and Institutions Spanish andFrench settlements developed in dif-ferent ways from English settlements.

Southern Colonies

How did it feel to be enslaved on the plantations of the South? In the 1930s, inter-viewers put this question to African Americans once under slavery. Many of themwere approaching 100 years old, and some still carried deep scars on their backs fromwhippings. To be a slave meant to have no human rights. Elderly Roberta Masonremembered, “Once they whipped my father ‘cause he looked at a slave they killed,and cried.”

Coming to AmericaBy 1660, while tobacco prices fell, large plantations continued to prosper

because they were better able to maintain high profits than were small farms.Along with the growth of plantations, there was an increasing need for work-ers in the newly settled Southern Colonies.

Establishing colonies in North America involved a great deal of work. The set-tlers had to clear the land, construct homes and churches, plant crops, and tendthe fields. As the colonies expanded, the demand for capable workers grew.

Slave drum, Virginia

Colony Main crop

Maryland

North Carolina

South Carolina

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦1600 ✦1650 ✦1700 ✦1750

Not all people came to work in the colonies oftheir own free will. English criminals and Scottishand Irish prisoners of war were also shipped tothe colonies. They could earn their release byworking for a period of time—often seven years.Some colonists complained that their settlementswere dumping grounds for “His Majesty’s seven-year passengers.” Africans were seized andbrought to the colonies as slaves.

Other men, women, and children came to thecolonies as indentured servants. In return forthe payment of their passage to America, theyagreed to work without pay for a certain periodof time.

Establishing MarylandMaryland arose from the dream of Sir

George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic.Calvert wanted to establish a safe place for hisfellow Catholics, who were being persecuted inEngland. He also hoped that a colony wouldbring him a fortune.

Calvert’s dream came true in 1632 when KingCharles I gave him a proprietary colony north ofVirginia. Calvert died before receiving the grant.His son Cecilius Calvert inherited the colony. Itwas named Maryland either after the Englishqueen, Henrietta Maria, or after the Virgin Mary.

The younger Calvert—the new Lord Balti-more—never lived in Maryland. Instead, hesent two of his brothers to run the colony. Theyreached America in 1634 with two ships andmore than 200 settlers. Entering the Chesa-peake Bay, they sailed up the Potomac Riverthrough fertile countryside. A priest in theparty described the Potomac as “the sweetestand greatest river I have ever seen.” Thecolonists chose a site for their settlement, whichthey called St. Marys.

Knowing that tobacco had saved the Virginiacolony, the Maryland colonists turned first totobacco farming. To keep the colony frombecoming too dependent on one crop, however,a Maryland law declared that “every personplanting tobacco shall plant and tend two acresof corn.” In addition to corn, most Marylandtobacco farmers produced wheat, fruit, vegeta-bles, and livestock to feed their families and

their workers. Baltimore, founded in 1729, wasMaryland’s port. Before long Baltimore becamethe colony’s largest settlement.

Aristocrats and FarmersLord Baltimore gave large estates to his rela-

tives and other English aristocrats. By doing sohe created a wealthy and powerful class oflandowners in Maryland.

The colony needed people to work in the plan-tation fields. To bring settlers to the colony, LordBaltimore promised land—100 acres to each

N

S

EW


100 miles0

80°W

76°W

84°W

36°N

32°N

28°N

Atlantic

Ocean

Potomac R.

Savannah R.

Altamaha R.

SOUTHCAROLINA

NORTHCAROLINA

GEORGIA

VIRGINIA

MARYLAND

AP

PA

LA

CH

IA

NM

OU

NT

AI

NS

Baltimore

Williamsburg

St. Marys

Norfolk

Wilmington

Charles Town

Savannah


Rice

Indigo

Cattle

Grain

Tobacco

Fish

Lumber

Iron

Rum

Products

The Southern Colonies

The climate in the Southern Colonies allowed colonists to grow rice and tobacco.1. Region What were the five Southern Colonies?2. Analyzing Information What rivers acted as colonial

borders in the Southern Colonies?

male settler, another 100 for his wife, 100 for eachservant, and 50 for each of his children. As thenumber of plantations increased and additionalworkers were needed, the colony importedindentured servants and enslaved Africans.

The Mason-Dixon LineFor years the Calvert family and the Penn

family argued over the boundary betweenMaryland and Pennsylvania. In the 1760s theyhired two British astronomers, Charles Masonand Jeremiah Dixon, to map the line dividingthe colonies. It took the two scientists manyyears to lay out the boundary stones. Each stonehad the crest of the Penn family on one side andthe crest of the Calverts on the other.

Another conflict was even harder to resolve.The Calverts had welcomed Protestants as wellas Catholics in Maryland. Protestant settlersoutnumbered Catholics from the start.

Act of TolerationTo protect the Catholics from any attempt to

make Maryland a Protestant colony, Baltimorepassed a law called the Act of Toleration in1649. The act granted Protestants and Catholicsthe right to worship freely. It failed to end the

tension between Protestants and Catholics,however. In 1692 the colony’s Protestant major-ity repealed the act.

Explaining Why did George Calvertestablish the colony of Maryland?

Virginia Expands While other colonies were being founded, Vir-

ginia continued to grow. Wealthy tobaccoplanters held the best land near the coast, sonew settlers pushed inland. Sir William Berke-ley, the colony’s governor, sent explorers overthe Blue Ridge Mountains to open up the back-country of Virginia to settlement.

As the settlers moved west, they found thelands inhabited by Native Americans. In the1640s, to avoid conflicts, Berkeley worked out anarrangement with the Native Americans. Inexchange for a large piece of land, he agreed tokeep settlers from pushing farther into their lands.

Bacon’s RebellionNathaniel Bacon, a wealthy young planter,

was a leader in the western part of Virginia. Heand other westerners opposed the colonial


Born in England, Mar-garet Brent moved toMaryland in 1638. Shequickly accumulated sev-eral thousand acres ofland and became one ofthe largest landowners.According to colonialrecords, she was also thefirst woman to own landin her own name.

Brave and forceful,Brent helped to put down

a rebellion from neighbor-ing Virginia, and she tookcharge of paying Mary-land’s troops. Refusing tofollow the restricted lifeof most colonial women,she later served as attor-ney for Lord Baltimore,Maryland’s proprietor.

In January 1648 Brentcame into conflict withthe colonial governmentwhen she appeared before

the assembly. Shedemanded two votes, one for herself as alandowner and one asLord Baltimore’s legalrepresentative. After thegovernment denied herclaim, she moved to alarge plantation in Vir-ginia. There, America’sfirst woman lawyer livedthe rest of her life.


government because it was domi-nated by easterners. Many of thewesterners resented GovernorBerkeley’s pledge to stay out ofNative American territory. Someof them settled in the forbiddenlands and then blamed the gov-ernment in Jamestown for notprotecting them from NativeAmerican raids.

In 1676 Bacon led the angrywesterners in attacks on NativeAmerican villages. GovernorBerkeley declared Bacon “thegreatest rebel that ever was inVirginia.” Bacon’s army marchedto Jamestown, set fire to the capi-tal, and drove Berkeley into exile.Only Bacon’s sudden illness anddeath kept him from takingcharge of Virginia. England thenrecalled Berkeley and sent troopsto restore order.

Bacon’s Rebellion had shownthat the settlers were not willingto be restricted to the coast. The colonial gov-ernment created a militia force to control theNative Americans and opened up more landto settlement.

Analyzing Why did Bacon opposethe colonial government?

Settling the CarolinasIn 1663 King Charles II created a large propri-

etary colony south of Virginia. The colony wascalled Carolina, which means “Charles’s land”in Latin. The king gave the colony to a group ofeight prominent members of his court who hadhelped him regain his throne.

The Carolina proprietors carved out largeestates for themselves and hoped to makemoney by selling and renting land. The propri-etors provided money to bring colonists overfrom England. Settlers began arriving in Car-olina in 1670. By 1680 they had founded a city,which they called Charles Town after the

king. The name later becameCharleston.

John Locke, an English politi-cal philosopher, wrote a constitu-tion for the Carolina colony. Thisconstitution, or plan of govern-ment, covered such subjects asland distribution and socialranking. Locke was concernedwith principles and rights. Heargued that

“every man has a property in hisown person. This nobody has anyright to but himself. The labour of hisbody, and the work of his hands, wemay say, are properly his. . . .”

Carolina, however, did notdevelop according to plan. Thepeople of northern and southernCarolina soon went their sepa-rate ways, creating two colonies.

EconomicsNorthern and Southern Carolina

The northern part of Carolina was settledmostly by farmers from Virginia’s backcountry.They grew tobacco and sold forest productssuch as timber and tar. Because the northernCarolina coast did not have a good harbor, thefarmers relied on Virginia’s ports and merchantsto conduct their trade.

The southern part of the Carolinas was moreprosperous, thanks to fertile farmland and agood harbor at Charles Town. Settlementsspread, and the trade in deerskin, lumber, andbeef flourished. In the 1680s planters discoveredthat rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands.Rice soon became the colony’s leading crop.

In the 1740s a young Englishwoman namedEliza Lucas developed another important Car-olina crop—indigo. Indigo, a blue floweringplant, was used to dye textiles. After experi-menting with seeds from the West Indies, Lucassucceeded in growing and processing indigo,the “blue gold” of Carolina.

$

Nathaniel Bacon

Slave Labor in the CarolinasMost of the settlers in southern Carolina came

from another English colony—the island of Bar-bados in the West Indies. In Barbados the colonistsused enslaved Africans to produce sugar. Thecolonists brought these workers with them.

Many enslaved Africans who arrived in theCarolinas worked in the rice fields. Some ofthem knew a great deal about rice cultivationbecause they had come from the rice-growingareas of West Africa. Growing rice requiredmuch labor, so the demand for slaves increased.By 1708 more than half the people living insouthern Carolina were enslaved Africans.

By the early 1700s, Carolina’s settlers wereangry at the proprietors. They wanted a greaterrole in the colony’s government. In 1719 the set-tlers in southern Carolina seized control from itsproprietors. In 1729 Carolina became two royalcolonies—North and South Carolina.

Explaining Who was John Locke?What did he do for Carolina?

A rice plantation included the owner’s large house surrounded by the small dwellings of enslaved Africans.Why did rice cultivation increase the demand forenslaved labor?

History

GeorgiaGeorgia, the last of the British colonies in

America to be established, was founded in 1733.A group led by General James Oglethorpereceived a charter to create a colony where Eng-lish debtors and poor people could make a freshstart. In Great Britain, debtors—those who areunable to repay their debts—were generallythrown into prison.

The British government had another reasonfor creating Georgia. This colony could protectthe other British colonies from Spanish attack.Great Britain and Spain had been at war in theearly 1700s, and new conflicts over territory inNorth America were always breaking out.Located between Spanish Florida and South Car-olina, Georgia could serve as a military barrier.

Oglethorpe’s TownOglethorpe led the first group of “sober,

industrial, and moral persons” to Georgia in1733. They built a town called Savannah, as wellas forts to defend themselves from the Spanish.

Oglethorpe wanted the people of Georgia tobe hardworking, independent, and Protestant.He kept the size of farms small and banned slav-ery, Catholics, and rum.

91

1st Permanent Colony Settlement Reasons Founded Founders or Leaders

New England Colonies

Massachusetts Plymouth 1620 Religious freedom John Carver, William Bradford, Mass. Bay Colony 1630 Religious freedom John Winthrop

New Hampshire c. 1620 Profit from trade and fishing Ferdinando Gorges, John Mason

Rhode Island 1636 Religious freedom Roger Williams

Connecticut 1635 Profit from fur trade, farming; Thomas Hookerreligious and political freedom

Middle Colonies

New York 1624 Expand trade Dutch settlers

Delaware 1638 Expand trade Swedish settlers

New Jersey 1638 Profit from selling land John Berkeley, George Carteret

Pennsylvania 1682 Profit from selling land; William Pennreligious freedom

Southern Colonies

Virginia 1607 Expand trade John Smith

Maryland 1634 To sell land; religious freedom Cecil Calvert

North Carolina c. 1660s Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats

South Carolina 1670 Profit from trade and selling land Group of eight aristocrats

Georgia 1733 Religious freedom; protection James Oglethorpeagainst Spanish Florida; safehome for debtors

Founding the Thirteen Colonies

The thirteen colonies were founded over aspan of 125 years.

Sequencing What colony was the first to besettled? Which was the last?


Although Georgia had been planned as adebtors’ colony, it actually received few debtors.Hundreds of poor people came from GreatBritain. Religious refugees from Germany andSwitzerland and a small group of Jews also set-tled there. Georgia soon had a higher percentageof non-British settlers than any other Britishcolony in the Americas.

The Colony ChangesMany settlers complained about the limits on

the size of landholdings and the law banningslave labor. They also objected to the many rulesOglethorpe made regulating their lives. Thecolonists referred to Oglethorpe as “our perpet-ual dictator.”

Oglethorpe grew frustrated by the colonists’demands and the colony’s slow growth. Heagreed to let people have larger landholdingsand lifted the bans against slavery and rum. In1751 he gave up altogether and turned thecolony back over to the king.

By that time British settlers had been in whatis now the eastern United States for almost acentury and a half. They had lined the Atlanticcoast with colonies.

Explaining How did Georgia serveas protection for the English colonies?

The thirteen colonies were founded over aspan of 125 years.

Sequencing What colony was the first to besettled? Which was the last?

New FranceThe British were not the only Europeans who

were colonizing North America, however. Else-where on the continent, the Spanish and theFrench had built settlements of their own.

The French had founded Quebec in 1608. Atfirst they had little interest in large-scale settle-ment in North America. They were mainly con-cerned with fishing and trapping animals fortheir fur. French trappers and missionaries wentfar into the interior of North America. French furcompanies built forts and trading posts to pro-tect their profitable trade.

In 1663 New France became a royal colony.King Louis XIV limited the privileges of the furcompanies. He appointed a royal governor whostrongly supported new explorations.

Down the Mississippi RiverIn the 1670s two Frenchmen—a fur trader,

Louis Joliet, and a priest, Jacques Marquette—explored the Mississippi River by canoe. Jolietand Marquette hoped to find gold, silver, orother precious metals. They were also lookingfor a water passage to the Pacific Ocean. Thetwo explorers reached as far south as the junc-tion of the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers.When they realized that the Mississippi flowedsouth into the Gulf of Mexico rather than westinto the Pacific, they turned around and headedback upriver.

A few years later, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieurde La Salle, followed the Mississippi River all theway to the Gulf of Mexico. La Salle claimed theregion around the river for France. He called thisterritory Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV. In 1718 the French governor founded the port ofNew Orleans near the mouth of the MississippiRiver. Later French explorers, traders, and mis-sionaries traveled west to the Rocky Mountainsand southwest to the Rio Grande.

Growth of New FranceFrench settlement in North America

advanced very slowly. Settlement in NewFrance consisted of a system of estates alongthe St. Lawrence River. The estate holdersreceived land in exchange for bringing settlers

to the colony. Known as tenant farmers, thesettlers paid their lord an annual rent andworked for him for a fixed number of dayseach year.

The French had better relations with theNative Americans than did other Europeans.French trappers and missionaries traveled deepinto Indian lands. They lived among the NativeAmerican peoples, learned their languages, andrespected their ways.

Although the missionaries had come to convertNative Americans to Catholicism, they did not tryto change the Indians’ customs. Most important,the French colony grew so slowly that NativeAmericans were not pushed off their lands.

Describing What region did La Salle explore?

New SpainIn the early 1600s, England, France, and the

Netherlands began their colonization of NorthAmerica. The Spanish, however, still controlledmost of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central andSouth America. They also expanded into thewestern and southern parts of what would oneday be the United States.

Spain was determined to keep the other Euro-pean powers from threatening its empire inAmerica. To protect their claims, the Spanishsent soldiers, missionaries, and settlers northinto present-day New Mexico.

In late 1609 or early 1610, Spanish missionar-ies, soldiers, and settlers founded Santa Fe.Another group of missionaries and settlers wentto what is now Arizona in the late 1600s. WhenFrance began exploring and laying claim tolands around the Mississippi River, the Spanishmoved into what is now Texas. Spain wanted tocontrol the area between the French territoryand their own colony in Mexico. In the early1700s, Spain established San Antonio and sevenother military posts in Texas.

Missions in CaliforniaSpanish priests built a string of missions

along the Pacific coast. Missions are religioussettlements established to convert people to a


particular faith. The missions enabled the Span-ish to lay claim to California.

The Spanish did more than convert NativeAmericans to Christianity. Spanish missionariesand soldiers also brought them to the mis-sions—often by force—to serve as laborers infields and workshops.

In 1769 Junípero Serra, a Franciscan monk,founded a mission at San Diego. Over the next15 years, Father Serra set up eight more mis-sions in California along a route called ElCamino Real (The Royal Highway)—missionsthat would grow into such cities as Los Angelesand Monterey.

The distance from one mission to the nextwas usually a day’s walk, and Serra traveled onfoot to visit each one and advise the missionar-ies. Serra also championed the rights of theNative Americans. He worked to prevent Span-ish army commanders in the region from mis-treating them.

European Conflicts in North AmericaThe rivalries between European nations car-

ried over into the Americas. Britain and Spainfought several wars in the early 1700s. When thetwo countries were at war in Europe, fightingoften broke out between British colonists inGeorgia and Spanish colonists in Florida.

France and Great Britain were the principalrivals of the colonial period. Both nations wereexpanding their settlements in North America.In the late 1700s and early 1800s, wars in Europebetween the British and the French would shapeevents across the Atlantic even more decisively.

Explaining Why did Spain establishmissions in California?


in which you use all of the followingterms: indentured servant, constitu-tion, debtor, tenant farmer, mission.

2. Reviewing Facts Explain why Frenchsettlement in North America wasslower than in the English colonies.

Reviewing Themes3. Groups and Institutions What role

did Margaret Brent play in the gov-ernment and economy of Maryland?

Critical Thinking4. Analyzing Information Do you

think uprisings such as Bacon’sRebellion were a sign of more unrestto come? Explain your answer.

5. Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and describe theregions that these countries con-trolled in North America.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Review the map

on page 87. Which of the SouthernColonies included the city of Norfolk?What were the main products inGeorgia? What was the major city inSouth Carolina?


Art Work with a group to create abulletin board display titled “TheSouthern Colonies.” Include slo-gans and pictures to show thecolonies’ origins, climate, naturalresources, and products.

Country Region

Spain

France

“[The natives] treatedus with much confidence and good-will.”—Junípero Serra, 1769

1587–1650• English settle Roanoke Island, 1587

• First permanent English colony atJamestown, 1607

• Champlain founds Quebec, 1608

• Spanish settlers found Santa Fe, c. 1610

• House of Burgesses meet, 1619

• First Africans arrive at Jamestown, 1619

• Mayflower Compactsigned, 1620

• Puritans settle Massa-chusetts Bay Colony,1630

• Thomas Hooker founds Hartford, 1636

• Anne Hutchinsonfounds Portsmouth,1638

• Maryland passes religious Toleration Act, 1649

1650–1700• Marquette and Joliet explore

Mississippi River, 1673

• King Philip’s War, 1675

• Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676

• William Penn receives charterfor Pennsylvania, 1681

1700–1769• French found city of New

Orleans, 1718

• Carolina is divided into sepa-rate colonies, 1729

• Georgia settled, last of 13English colonies, 1733

• Father Serra establishes mis-sion at San Diego, 1769

Colonial America

94

Reviewing Key TermsExamine the pairs of words below. Then write a sentenceexplaining what each of the pairs have in common.1. charter, joint-stock company2. dissent, persecute3. patroon, proprietary colony4. indentured servant, debtor5. Pilgrim, Mayflower Compact

Reviewing Key Facts6. Why did settlers choose a peninsula on which to build

Jamestown?7. Why did the Virginia Company create the House of

Burgesses?8. How did the Puritans’ and the Pilgrims’ view of the

Anglican Church differ?9. How did the Native Americans help the Pilgrims?

10. What is important about the year 1607?11. Name two things that colonial leaders offered to

attract settlers.12. What were Sir George Calvert’s two main reasons for

establishing Maryland?13. Why was there a high demand for slave labor in the

Carolinas?14. Describe the relationship between the French and the

Native Americans.15. Why did Spain send missionaries to the Pacific coast

and the Southwest?

Critical Thinking16. Comparing How did the economic activities of the

French differ from those of the English in North America?

17. Analyzing Themes: Civic Rights and Responsibili-ties What role did religious freedom play in thefounding of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania?

18. Synthesizing Information Re-create the diagrambelow. List three religious groups that left England anddescribe their beliefs.

Religious groups

Geography and History ActivityStudy the map below and answer the questions that follow.

19. Location Which colonies had the largest areas of settle-ment before 1660?

20. Place During what time period was Boston settled?

Practicing SkillsReading a Bar Graph Study the bar graph on page 81; thenanswer these questions:21. Which colonies had passed 35,000 in population by 1700?22. Which colony had the largest African American population?

Technology Activity23. Using the Internet Search the Internet for information

about the Canadian cities of Quebec and Montreal. Findhistorical sites that show the French presence in thesecities. Then, create a travel brochure.

Self-Check QuizVisit and click on Chapter 3—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.


HISTORY


Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.

Which colony was founded to put Quaker ideas into practice?

A Plymouth C GeorgiaB Virginia D Pennsylvania

Test-Taking Tip:

As you read the stem of each multiple-choice question, try to anticipate the answer before you look

at the choices. If your answer is one of the choices, it is probably correct.

Citizenship Cooperative Activity24. When you become 18 years old, you can begin to exer-

cise one of your most important rights—the right to vote.First, however, you must register. Work with a partner tofind out where you can obtain a voter registration card.Make a list of the information you will need for the card.Share your information with the class.

Economics Activity25. Most societies use a medium of exchange—something

accepted in return for goods and services. Money is onemedium of exchange. In the colonies, however, the peo-ple never had a form of money that had the same valueeverywhere and was accepted by everyone. Since usingmoney presented problems, colonists often traded goodswithout the use of money. This is called barter. Researchto find out more about barter. Then answer: What are theadvantages of barter?

Alternative Assessment26. Portfolio Writing Activity Examine the painting on page

84. What ideas is the artist presenting? Write a paragraphthat answers the question.


200 miles0

N

S

EW

70°W

40°N

80°W

ATLaNTIC

OCEaN

NEWYORK

MAINE(Part of MASS.)

MASS.

N.J.

DEL.MD.

R.I.

N.H.

CONN.PENNSYLVANIA

VIRGINIA

NORTHCAROLINA

SOUTHCAROLINA

GEORGIA

Boston

ProvidenceHartford

Philadelphia

New York City

Jamestown

CharlesTown

Savannah

Before 1660

Between 1660 and 1700

Between 1700 and 1760

Town or city

Settlement of the British Colonies

http://www.glencoe.com/qe/qe36tx.php?&st=628&pt=3&bk=19

96

Sailing techniques were mastered long before sailorsknew the earth was round. Chinese sailors probably firstdeveloped and used the compass—an instrument thatshows north, south, east, and west—in the early 1000s or1100s to guide their ships. The Arabs then used this tech-nology and passed it on to the Europeans. The Europeansimproved the magnetic compass, and during the Age ofExploration, European sailors used it to navigate their wayacross the unknown seas.

Analyzing the IssueImagine standing on board your ship. You are the captain

and are in charge of the lives of about 150 crewmembers.Now your ship is in the middle of the ocean, and you haveto navigate. All you can see is water—water everywhere.How in the world will you know where to find land? Youare facing the same navigation problem that ChristopherColumbus, Vasco da Gama, and other explorers faced. Whatis the solution? One way to navigate would be to use a com-pass to find direction. Are there other ways?

Navigate or Get Lost!

Compasses

Landing of Columbus

In the late 1800s, some shipbuilders

built ships with iron and steel.

However, these metals interfered with

the magnetic compasses sailors used.

Eventually navigators learned to make

the necessary adjustments to the

compass so it would work

properly.

97

After you have organized into groups of six,follow the directions to explore different meth-ods of navigation. You will need one compass pergroup. Each team will write three methods of get-ting across the classroom and then challengeclassmates to follow and evaluate those methods.

1 Each group of students should pick 3 destinationsacross the classroom.

2 Within the group, one pair of students will writedirections to one of the destinations using com-pass directions. These directions must includedirection and distance, such as “go north foursteps, then west three steps,” and so on until thedestination is reached.

3 Another pair of students will write directions to asecond destination using landmarks for direction.Use large objects in your classroom as landmarks,such as “go to the brown bookshelf and turn left,”and so on.

4 Another pair of students will write directions usingdirection words such as “left,” “right,” and “straight”and number of steps. An example might be “gostraight for 3 steps and turn left,” and so on.

5 Next, exchange directions with another group andnavigate the room using them.

Presentation

6 Once all of the teams have finished, each groupshould discuss the advantages and disadvantagesof each navigation method. Then have one personper group give a report to the class of what theydecided was the best method and why. Keep trackon the board which of the three methods got thebest results.

Navigational tools as they developedmade sailing a ship easier, but they werenot foolproof. Even the explorerChristopher Columbus made some ques-tionable navigational conclusions. Hisflawed measurements put China rough-ly where the city of San Diego,California, is now. Research informationabout different navigational tools thathave been used. Create a chart describ-ing the various tools, including the astro-labe, sextant, and gyrocompass. Addillustrations and present your chart tothe class.

World map, 1507

Chapter 3

Documents

war chapter

chapter information

english colony

english established

chapter title

chapter overviews

english throne

government of jamestown