Chapter 23: The Building of European Supremacy. Population Trends and Migration population rises in Europe until 1910 when it levels off population rises.

Chapter 23:Chapter 23:The Building of European The Building of European

SupremacySupremacy

Population Trends and Population Trends and Migration Migration

population rises in Europe until 1910 when population rises in Europe until 1910 when it levels offit levels off

population rates continue to rise in population rates continue to rise in underdeveloped nations and areas leading underdeveloped nations and areas leading to food shortagesto food shortages

people continued to move from rural to people continued to move from rural to urban areasurban areas

between 1846 and 1932, 50 million between 1846 and 1932, 50 million Europeans leave their homeland to go to Europeans leave their homeland to go to the United States, Canada, South Africa, the United States, Canada, South Africa, Australia, Brazil and ArgentinaAustralia, Brazil and Argentina

New IndustriesNew Industries new industries emerge in third quarter of 19th century new industries emerge in third quarter of 19th century

leading to the leading to the Second Industrial RevolutionSecond Industrial Revolution new industries included; steel, chemicals, electricity, and oilnew industries included; steel, chemicals, electricity, and oil Bessemer processBessemer process – new way to mass produce steel – new way to mass produce steel

cheaply revolutionizes the steel industrycheaply revolutionizes the steel industry Solway processSolway process – uses alkali production to make new – uses alkali production to make new

soaps, dyes, and plasticssoaps, dyes, and plastics electricity changes how people live and travelelectricity changes how people live and travel automobilesautomobiles

– Gottlieb DaimlerGottlieb Daimler – invents modern internal combustion – invents modern internal combustion engine leading to automobilesengine leading to automobiles

– Henry FordHenry Ford – American, who through the assembly line – American, who through the assembly line made the auto accessible to the massesmade the auto accessible to the masses

– autos lead to the growth of the oil industryautos lead to the growth of the oil industry

Henry FordHenry FordModel TModel T

Economic DifficultiesEconomic Difficulties

bad weather and foreign competition bad weather and foreign competition make it tough for European industries in make it tough for European industries in the last quarter of the centurythe last quarter of the century

stagnation, pockets of unemployment, bad stagnation, pockets of unemployment, bad working conditions, strikes and other working conditions, strikes and other forms of labor unrest emergeforms of labor unrest emerge

expansion of industry and consumer expansion of industry and consumer demand bring Europe out of stagnation by demand bring Europe out of stagnation by late in the centurylate in the century

Ascendancy in the Middle Ascendancy in the Middle ClassClass

social distinctions of the middle classsocial distinctions of the middle class– owners and mangers – lived like an aristocracyowners and mangers – lived like an aristocracy– comfortable small entrepreneurs and comfortable small entrepreneurs and

professional people (teachers, librarians, professional people (teachers, librarians, shopkeepers) – incomes permitted private shopkeepers) – incomes permitted private homes and large quantities of furniture, homes and large quantities of furniture, education and vacationseducation and vacations

– ““white collar workers” – formed lower middle white collar workers” – formed lower middle class – class – petite bourgeoisiepetite bourgeoisie – such as – such as secretaries, retail clerks, lower level bureaucrats secretaries, retail clerks, lower level bureaucrats – spent money on consumer goods that made – spent money on consumer goods that made sure to make them look like middle classsure to make them look like middle class

tensions mount up between the classestensions mount up between the classes

The Redesign of CitiesThe Redesign of Cities

The New Paris The New Paris – Paris rebuilt for political purposes – to discourage Paris rebuilt for political purposes – to discourage

riots and creation of thousands of government riots and creation of thousands of government jobsjobs

– department stores, office complexes, apartments department stores, office complexes, apartments for the middle class, and a subway are builtfor the middle class, and a subway are built

– arts and architecture – Paris Opera, Eiffel Tower, arts and architecture – Paris Opera, Eiffel Tower, and Basilica of the Sacred Heart builtand Basilica of the Sacred Heart built

– suburbs – to get away from the congestion of the suburbs – to get away from the congestion of the city, many middle-class residents move to city, many middle-class residents move to communities just outside the urban centerscommunities just outside the urban centers

Eiffel Tower (1889)Eiffel Tower (1889)

Basilica of the Sacred HeartBasilica of the Sacred Heart

Urban SanitationUrban Sanitation

cholera – believed to be caused by filth cholera – believed to be caused by filth and smell, touched all classes and reached and smell, touched all classes and reached epidemic proportions in 1830’s and 1840’sepidemic proportions in 1830’s and 1840’s

water and sewer systems – disposed of water and sewer systems – disposed of human waste and provided clean drinking human waste and provided clean drinking waterwater

government involvement in public healthgovernment involvement in public health– private property could be condemned if private property could be condemned if

deemed unhealthydeemed unhealthy– new building regulationsnew building regulations

Housing Reform / the Middle Housing Reform / the Middle ClassClass

middle class reformers believed middle class reformers believed cheap adequate housing would cheap adequate housing would alleviate social and political alleviate social and political discontentdiscontent

private philanthropy attacked the private philanthropy attacked the housing problemhousing problem

Barriers for Women in Late Barriers for Women in Late 19th Century19th Century

property – until last quarter of century – most property – until last quarter of century – most women in Europe could not own property – women in Europe could not own property – everything was in their husband’s name / only everything was in their husband’s name / only Britain changed this in 1882 with the Britain changed this in 1882 with the Married Married Women’s Property ActWomen’s Property Act

family law – divorce was difficult to obtain, men family law – divorce was difficult to obtain, men had legal control of the children, and had legal control of the children, and contraception and abortion were illegalcontraception and abortion were illegal

educationeducation– could not attend universities until late 19th centurycould not attend universities until late 19th century– absence of secondary education for womenabsence of secondary education for women– women with professional jobs were considered radicals women with professional jobs were considered radicals

and faced discriminationand faced discrimination

New Employment for New Employment for WomenWomen

new jobs – included secretaries, clerks, new jobs – included secretaries, clerks, and shop assistants / still paid low and shop assistants / still paid low wageswages

withdrawal from labor force – married withdrawal from labor force – married women less and less in work force due women less and less in work force due to:to:– industries preferring unmarried womenindustries preferring unmarried women– men living longermen living longer– social expectations of the married womensocial expectations of the married women

London Central Telephone London Central Telephone ExchangeExchange

Working-Class WomenWorking-Class Women

putting-out systemputting-out system – manufacturer – manufacturer would purchase material then put it would purchase material then put it out to the tailorsout to the tailors

subject to layoffs when demand for subject to layoffs when demand for products slowedproducts slowed

had low wages and subject to had low wages and subject to exploitation exploitation

ProstitutionProstitution

women displaced in an overcrowded women displaced in an overcrowded work force turned to prostitutionwork force turned to prostitution

most large 19th century cities had most large 19th century cities had legal prostitutionlegal prostitution

usually low-skill workers with little usually low-skill workers with little education / customers were working education / customers were working class menclass men

Middle Class WomenMiddle Class Women

domesticity – oversaw virtually all the domesticity – oversaw virtually all the domestic management and child caredomestic management and child care

religion – assured the religious instruction religion – assured the religious instruction of their children and prayer was a major of their children and prayer was a major part of their daily livespart of their daily lives

charity – worked with poor youth, poor charity – worked with poor youth, poor young women, schools for infants, and young women, schools for infants, and societies for visiting the poorsocieties for visiting the poor

sexuality – less sexual repression and due sexuality – less sexual repression and due to contraceptives and the cost of having to contraceptives and the cost of having children, smaller families children, smaller families

Rise of FeminismRise of Feminism obstacles – many women did not support the feminist movement obstacles – many women did not support the feminist movement

becausebecause– sensitivity to class and economic interestssensitivity to class and economic interests– cared more about national unity and patriotismcared more about national unity and patriotism– religious women uncomfortable with radical secularistsreligious women uncomfortable with radical secularists

women’s suffrage in Britain – women’s suffrage in Britain – suffrage suffrage – the movement for – the movement for women to votewomen to vote– Millicent FawcettMillicent Fawcett – led the moderate National Union of Women’s – led the moderate National Union of Women’s

Suffrage SocietiesSuffrage Societies– Emmeline PankhurstEmmeline Pankhurst – led more radical Women’s Social and – led more radical Women’s Social and

Political Union, which encouraged strikes, arson, and vandalismPolitical Union, which encouraged strikes, arson, and vandalism– women given right to vote in Britain in 1918women given right to vote in Britain in 1918

political feminism – women granted right to vote in France (after political feminism – women granted right to vote in France (after World War II) and Germany (1919)World War II) and Germany (1919)

Union of German Women’s OrganizationsUnion of German Women’s Organizations – founded in 1894, – founded in 1894, supported suffrage, but more concerned about education, social, supported suffrage, but more concerned about education, social, and political conditionsand political conditions

Emmeline PankhurstEmmeline Pankhurst

Jewish CitizenshipJewish Citizenship

first half of 19th century, Jews in first half of 19th century, Jews in Western Europe began to gain equal Western Europe began to gain equal citizenshipcitizenship

still many Jews could not own land still many Jews could not own land and were subject to discriminatory and were subject to discriminatory taxestaxes

Russian JewsRussian Jews

government to the Jewsgovernment to the Jews– limited book publicationslimited book publications– restricted areas where they could liverestricted areas where they could live– banned them from state servicebanned them from state service– excluded them from higher educationexcluded them from higher education

pogromspogroms – organized riots against – organized riots against Jewish neighborhoods, supported by Jewish neighborhoods, supported by the governmentthe government

Opportunities for JewsOpportunities for Jews

Western Europe – very open to Jews at all Western Europe – very open to Jews at all levels; (government, education, levels; (government, education, intermarriage with Christians)intermarriage with Christians)

many Jews from Eastern Europe migrate to many Jews from Eastern Europe migrate to Western Europe or the United StatesWestern Europe or the United States

anti-Semitismanti-Semitism – discrimination against – discrimination against Jews, increases in Western Europe during Jews, increases in Western Europe during later stages of 19th century, especially in later stages of 19th century, especially in France and GermanyFrance and Germany

Trade UnionismTrade Unionism

unions allowed in Europe in late 19th unions allowed in Europe in late 19th centurycentury

unions looked for the improvement in unions looked for the improvement in wages and working conditionswages and working conditions

unions often engaged in long strikesunions often engaged in long strikes despite growth of unions, most of despite growth of unions, most of

Europe’s labor force never unionizedEurope’s labor force never unionized

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

universal male suffrage brings universal male suffrage brings organized political partiesorganized political parties

political parties with its workers, political parties with its workers, newspapers, offices, social life, and newspapers, offices, social life, and discipline mobilize new votersdiscipline mobilize new voters

socialist parties were divided on socialist parties were divided on whether to accept social reform or whether to accept social reform or start a revolutionstart a revolution

The First InternationalThe First International

British and French trade unionists British and French trade unionists form the form the First InternationalFirst International, made , made up of socialists, anarchists and Polish up of socialists, anarchists and Polish nationalistsnationalists

although short-lived, its updates on although short-lived, its updates on labor groups and conditions led to labor groups and conditions led to Marxism becoming the most Marxism becoming the most important social strand of socialismimportant social strand of socialism

Beatrice and Sidney WebbBeatrice and Sidney WebbFabian SocialistsFabian Socialists

Social Reform in Great Social Reform in Great BritainBritain

British socialism – non Marxist – most British socialism – non Marxist – most influential group the influential group the Fabian SocietyFabian Society- - favored gradual, peaceful approach to favored gradual, peaceful approach to social reformsocial reform

under Liberal Chancellor under Liberal Chancellor David Lloyd David Lloyd GeorgeGeorge, Britain regulates trade, provides , Britain regulates trade, provides unemployment benefits and health careunemployment benefits and health care

Conservative – House of Lords upset with Conservative – House of Lords upset with the spending of the Liberal- House of the spending of the Liberal- House of Commons in the ParliamentCommons in the Parliament

French Opportunism French Opportunism RejectedRejected

opportunismopportunism – participation by – participation by socialists in the cabinets is rejected by socialists in the cabinets is rejected by CongressCongress

French socialists form their own partyFrench socialists form their own party French workers often voted Socialist, French workers often voted Socialist,

but avoided political actionbut avoided political action non-socialist labor unions looked to non-socialist labor unions looked to

strikes as their main labor tacticstrikes as their main labor tactic

Social Democrats and Social Democrats and Revisionism in GermanyRevisionism in Germany

Bismarck represses Bismarck represses German Social Democratic German Social Democratic Party (SPD)Party (SPD)– anti-socialist laws passed by Reichstag actually strengthen the anti-socialist laws passed by Reichstag actually strengthen the

numbers of the (SPD)numbers of the (SPD)– passes programs such as accident insurance, disability and old passes programs such as accident insurance, disability and old

age pensions as a conservative alternative to socialist policiesage pensions as a conservative alternative to socialist policies The Erfurt ProgramThe Erfurt Program – supported Marxist ideas of the – supported Marxist ideas of the

collapse of capitalism, but wanted to pursue goals collapse of capitalism, but wanted to pursue goals through legislative action, not revolutionthrough legislative action, not revolution

RevisionismRevisionism – German socialists ideas of achieving – German socialists ideas of achieving humane social equality without having a revolution humane social equality without having a revolution founded by founded by Eduard BernsteinEduard Bernstein

critics of Revisionism felt that evolution towards critics of Revisionism felt that evolution towards socialism would not work in militaristic, authoritative socialism would not work in militaristic, authoritative GermanyGermany

Industrial Growth in RussiaIndustrial Growth in Russia Count Sergei WitteCount Sergei Witte – first Russian minister of – first Russian minister of

communications and later finance minister / wanted to communications and later finance minister / wanted to modernize Russian economy throughmodernize Russian economy through– economic developmenteconomic development– protective tariffsprotective tariffs– high taxes high taxes – Russian currency on gold standardRussian currency on gold standard

steel, iron, and textile industries expand as Trans-Siberian steel, iron, and textile industries expand as Trans-Siberian Railroad is completed (1903)Railroad is completed (1903)

social unrest – growth of industry does not improve lives of social unrest – growth of industry does not improve lives of the peasants, many who have to work on the land of the peasants, many who have to work on the land of prosperous farmers known as prosperous farmers known as kulakskulaks

liberal party formed by the local councils (liberal party formed by the local councils (zemstvoszemstvos), ), wanted a constitutional monarchy to further civil liberties wanted a constitutional monarchy to further civil liberties and social progressand social progress

Vladimir LeninVladimir Lenin – future – future leader of the communist leader of the communist

revolutionrevolution led Social Democrats who rejected the led Social Democrats who rejected the German ideas of gradual socialism and German ideas of gradual socialism and called for a revolutioncalled for a revolution

Social Democratic PartySocial Democratic Party split into two: split into two:– Lenin’s faction, the majority or Lenin’s faction, the majority or BolsheviksBolsheviks– the moderate faction, the minority or the the moderate faction, the minority or the

MensheviksMensheviks wanted to unite workers and peasants to wanted to unite workers and peasants to

overthrow the tsar (idea came about in overthrow the tsar (idea came about in 1905, but revolution didn’t occur till 1917)1905, but revolution didn’t occur till 1917)

LeninLenin

The Revolution of 1905The Revolution of 1905 Bloody SundayBloody Sunday – tsar’s troops violently put down a protest – tsar’s troops violently put down a protest

leading to ordinary Russians no longer trusting the tsarleading to ordinary Russians no longer trusting the tsar worker groups called the worker groups called the sovietssoviets, not the tsar, basically control , not the tsar, basically control

city of St. Petersburgcity of St. Petersburg Nicholas II issues October Manifesto promising a constitutional Nicholas II issues October Manifesto promising a constitutional

governmentgovernment representative body, the representative body, the DumaDuma, put into place in 1907 – , put into place in 1907 –

conservative in nature basically kept the power of the tsar in placeconservative in nature basically kept the power of the tsar in place Stolypin and RasputinStolypin and Rasputin P.A. StolypinP.A. Stolypin – replaced Witte as finance minister – replaced Witte as finance minister

– represses socialist rebellion, including execution of rebellious peasantsrepresses socialist rebellion, including execution of rebellious peasants– improves agricultural production by encouraging individual ownershipimproves agricultural production by encouraging individual ownership– assassinated by a Social Revolutionaryassassinated by a Social Revolutionary

Grigory Efimovich RasputinGrigory Efimovich Rasputin – replaced Stolypin because – replaced Stolypin because supposedly his wife could heal the tsar’s hemophiliac son / supposedly his wife could heal the tsar’s hemophiliac son / uncouth and strange, tsar’s power is undermined after 1911uncouth and strange, tsar’s power is undermined after 1911

Bloody SundayBloody SundaySt. Petersburg, 1905St. Petersburg, 1905