CHAPTER 2 Note Taking Study Guide - Jenks Public Schools · 2011-09-08 · Note Taking Study Guide RELIGION AND REFORM CHAPTER 2 SECTION 2 Name Class Date Focus Question: How did

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Note Taking Study GuideDEMOCRACY, NATIONALISM, AND SECTIONALISM

CHAPTER

2SECTION 1

Focus Question: What changes did Andrew Jackson bring to Americanpolitical life?

As you read, note the effects of Jackson’s presidency.De

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a

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And

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Jac

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ency

Name Class Date


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READING CHECK

What is the spoils system?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word compelledmean in the underlinedsentence? Look for contextclues in the surrounding words,phrases, and sentences. Circlethe word below that is asynonym for compelled.• forced• recognized

READING SKILL

Understand Effects How did theIndian Removal Act affect theCherokees?

In 1824, Andrew Jackson ran for President. Jackson supportedmajority rule and ordinary Americans. The rise of AndrewJackson signaled a political shift. In most states, any white manwho paid a tax could vote. Historians now call this trend Jacksonian democracy. Although Jackson won the popularvote, the House of Representatives decided the election forJohn Quincy Adams.

In the election of 1828, Jackson won over Adams. Once inoffice, Jackson replaced hundreds of government workers withDemocratic activists. Jackson’s opponents criticized the spoilssystem, the practice of giving political jobs to party loyalists.

As President, Jackson urged Congress to pass the IndianRemoval Act of 1830. This law worked for the peacefulexchange of Indian lands in the South for new lands in IndianTerritory. In 1838, the federal government compelled 16,000Cherokees to walk from the Southeast to Oklahoma. This jour-ney came to be called the Trail of Tears.

Southerners were helped by Indian removal. However,they were against the use of protective tariffs. Jackson’s VicePresident, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, violentlyopposed an especially high tariff in 1828. Calhoun defended nullification, the concept that states could overturn any federallaw they believed was unconstitutional. The South Carolinagovernment voted to nullify the tariff law. At Jackson’s urging,Congress reduced the tariff. The crisis passed.

In 1832, Congress voted to renew the charter for the secondBank of the United States. Jackson saw the Bank as favoring asmall number of rich investors. He vetoed the renewal.

In 1836, voters elected Martin Van Buren to succeed Jackson. Soon after Van Buren took office, the economy sufferedits worst economic depression to that time, the Panic of 1837.

Review Questions1. What did Andrew Jackson support during his campaign for

the presidency in 1824?

2. How did Congress respond to South Carolina’s vote to nullify the tariff law?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryDEMOCRACY, NATIONALISM, AND SECTIONALISM

CHAPTER

2SECTION 1


11

Note Taking Study GuideRELIGION AND REFORM

CHAPTER

2SECTION 2

Focus Question: How did the Second Great Awakening affect life in theUnited States?

A. As you read, note the main ideas relating to religion in the early 1800s.

Second GreatAwakening

• Camp meetings

•

•

Discrimination

• Mormons forced West.

•

•

Other ReligiousMovements

• Unitarian Church

•

•

Religion in the Early 1800s

Name Class Date

12© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Note Taking Study GuideRELIGION AND REFORM

CHAPTER

2SECTION 2

Name Class Date

Focus Question: How did the Second Great Awakening affect life in theUnited States?

B. As you read, note the problems faced by reformers and what they accomplished.

Causes Efforts to Reform Results

Educating all Americans Public school movement pushes for free schools.

Mental hospitals arebuilt.


13

READING CHECK

Who organized the Church ofJesus Christ of Latter-daySaints?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word successor in theunderlined sentence. What doesit mean? Circle any nearbywords or phrases that help youfigure out what successormeans.

READING SKILL

Understand Effects Describeone effect of the Second GreatAwakening.

In the early 1800s, a religious movement known as the SecondGreat Awakening swept America. One of the most influentialrevivalists was Charles Grandison Finney. The Second GreatAwakening greatly affected American life. Religious dedica-tion drove many Americans to work for a wide variety ofsocial reforms.

Heightened religious awareness also led to the establish-ment of new religious groups. In New York, Joseph Smithorganized the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Hisfollowers, known as Mormons, faced frequent discrimination.An angry mob murdered Joseph Smith. Smith’s successor,Brigham Young, led the Mormons to present-day Utah.

Other religious groups also faced discrimination in theearly 1800s. In Philadelphia, anti-Catholic feelings led to a vio-lent riot. In the 1840s, a large number of Jewish immigrantscame to America to escape political unrest in Europe. How-ever, many state constitutions barred Jews from holding office.

Dorothea Dix turned her religious ideals into action. Shefound that patients suffering from mental illnesses werehoused along with criminals. Dix campaigned for humane hos-pitals for people with mental illnesses. Her work led directly tothe creation of the first modern mental hospitals.

Religious motivation also played a key role in the temperance movement. This campaign worked to limit alcoholuse. Temperance workers blamed crime and poverty on thewidespread use of alcohol.

Other reformers worked to improve education by establish-ing free, tax-supported public schools. The most influentialleader of the public school movement was Horace Mann. Heestablished training to create a body of well-educated teachers.

Review Questions1. What was the goal of the temperance movement?

2. Describe the discrimination that Jewish immigrants faced insome states.

Section SummaryRELIGION AND REFORM

CHAPTER

2SECTION 2

Name Class Date

14© Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.

Note Taking Study GuideTHE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

2SECTION 3

Name Class Date

Focus Question: What methods did Americans use to oppose slavery?

A. As you read, summarize the ways people fought slavery.

FightingSlavery

Sabotage Slave revolts


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Note Taking Study GuideTHE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

2SECTION 3

Focus Question: What methods did Americans use to oppose slavery?

B. Use the chart below to contrast the different opinions held by abolitionists andpeople who opposed abolition.

Against For

Debate Over Slavery

• Abolitionists believed that slavery was immoral.

•

•

• Slaveholders argued that slavery formed the basis of the South’s economy.

• The North’s textile and shipping industry depended on southern cotton.

•

•

•

Name Class Date


16

READING CHECK

Who led one of the most famousslave revolts?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the word inevitablemean in the underlinedsentence? Look for contextclues in the surrounding words,phrases, and sentences. Circlethe word below that is asynonym for inevitable.• certain• avoidable

READING SKILL

Summarize What was civil disobedience?

In the mid-1800s, some reformers tried to help enslavedAfrican Americans. The most basic necessities of life werebarely adequate for most enslaved African Americans. Whilethe conditions took an inevitable toll, most enslaved peoplemaintained their hope and dignity. Still, many enslaved peoplefought back against their oppressors. Resistance often took theform of sabotage, such as breaking tools or outwitting over-seers. Sometimes, resistance became violent. The best-knownslave revolt took place under the leadership of Nat Turner.

Opponents of slavery risked their lives to help slavesescape. They used a loosely organized network known as theunderground railroad. One courageous conductor was HarrietTubman, who guided hundreds of slaves to safety.

By the early 1800s, a growing number of abolitionistsbegan to speak out. Perhaps the most influential abolitionistwas William Lloyd Garrison. In 1831, Garrison began publish-ing an antislavery newspaper, The Liberator. Another influentialabolitionist, Frederick Douglass, was born into slavery inMaryland. After he escaped to the North, he became a power-ful speaker at abolitionist meetings.

Women played key roles in most antislavery societies.Angelina and Sarah Grimké were daughters of a southernslaveholder. They moved north to join the abolition movement.

In Massachusetts, writer and philosopher Henry DavidThoreau spent a night in jail when he refused to pay a tax hefelt supported slavery. His idea of civil disobedience sug-gested that people had the right to disobey laws they felt wereunjust. This idea would influence future leaders.

Despite the growing call of abolitionists, most Americanscontinued to oppose abolishing slavery. Defenders of slaveryargued that slavery was necessary because it formed the foun-dation of the South’s economy. Increasingly, slavery dividedAmericans like no other issue.

Review Questions1. What was the underground railroad?

2. Why did many Americans oppose the abolition of slavery?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTHE ANTISLAVERY MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

2SECTION 3


17

Note Taking Study GuideTHE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

2SECTION 4

Focus Question: What steps did American women take to advance theirrights in the mid-1800s?

As you read, record the causes and effects of the birth of the women’s rightsmovement.

• Li

mite

d rig

hts

• •

• Bi

rth o

f wom

en’s

right

s

mov

emen

t

• •

• Ca

ll fo

r edu

catio

nal

op

portu

nitie

s

•

Effe

cts

Even

tsCa

uses

Name Class Date


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READING CHECK

Which two women helpedorganize the Seneca FallsConvention?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

Find the word procure in theunderlined sentence. What doesit mean? Circle any nearbywords or phrases that help youfigure out what procure means.

READING SKILL

Identify Causes and EffectsWhat were the effects of theSeneca Falls Convention?

In the early 1800s, American women did not have many rights.However, the push to reform American society created by theSecond Great Awakening provided new opportunities forwomen. Women played leading roles in the temperance andabolition movements. One of the most effective abolitionist lec-turers was Sojourner Truth, a former slave.

In the 1820s and 1830s, the Northeast was industrializing.This provided the first opportunity for women to work outsidethe home. Thousands of young women went to work in thenew mills and factories.

In the 1830s, many urban middle-class northern womenbegan to hire poor women to do their housework. These middle-class women had more time to think about the societyin which they wanted to raise their children. Also, as morewomen began to work in the abolitionist movement, theystarted to see their own situation as similar to slavery. Theybegan to call for increased rights of their own.

Women’s rights reformers began to publish their ideas inpamphlets and books. In 1848, Lucretia Mott and ElizabethCady Stanton helped organize the nation’s first Women’sRights Convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York. Oftencalled the Seneca Falls Convention, the meeting attracted hun-dreds of men and women. The delegates adopted aDeclaration of Sentiments. The declaration called for greateropportunities for women.

The Seneca Falls Convention marked the beginning of thewomen’s rights movement, the campaign for equal rights forwomen, in the United States. It also inspired women such asSusan B. Anthony. Anthony worked to procure women’ssuffrage, or the right to vote. By the mid-1800s, Americanwomen had laid the foundation for future equality.

Review Questions1. How did industrialization affect women’s rights?

2. Explain how the abolitionist movement impacted thewomen’s rights movement.

Name Class Date

Section SummaryTHE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

CHAPTER

2SECTION 4


19

Note Taking Study GuideMANIFEST DESTINY

CHAPTER

2SECTION 5

Focus Question: What were the causes and effects of territorialexpansion?

As you read, record the main ideas relating to westward expansion.

I. Looking Westward

A. Americans Seek New Land

1. Southwest belongs to Mexico.

2.

B. Americans Go West

II.

A.

B.

III. Texas Wins Independence

A. Americans Migrate to Texas

1. Receive cheap land grants

2.

B.

1.

2.

C.

IV.

A.

1.

2.

B.

V.

A.

1.

2.

B.

C.

1.

2.

Name Class Date


20

READING CHECK

What discovery in 1848 led to amass migration to California?

VOCABULARY STRATEGY

What does the wordcommencing mean in theunderlined sentence? Look forcontext clues in the surroundingwords, phrases, and sentences.Circle the word below that is asynonym for commencing.• remaining• beginning

READING SKILL

Identify Main Ideas What wasManifest Destiny?

In the early 1800s, some Americans favored territorial growth.These expansionists wanted to claim the Mexican provinces ofNew Mexico, Texas, and California. In 1845, John L. O’Sullivanexpressed the idea that the United States was destined to ownmost or all of North America. This idea became known as Manifest Destiny.

American merchants and traders had already begun movingwestward. The Santa Fe Trail, the California Trail, and the Oregon Trail all led to the West. Commencing in the spring, thedemanding journey covered almost 2,000 miles over fivemonths. Between 1840 and 1860, about 260,000 Americanscrossed the continent to settle on the West Coast.

Americans began to settle in Texas in the 1820s. Settlers hadto agree to become Mexican citizens, but Texans wanted morecontrol over their own affairs. In 1834, Antonio López de SantaAnna seized power in Mexico. A year later, Texas declared itsindependence.

In December 1845, Congress voted to annex Texas.President James K. Polk endorsed the Texan claim to the landsouth and west of the Nueces River. The Mexicans refused torecognize the annexation. When a Mexican patrol clashed withU.S. soldiers, Congress declared war on Mexico.

The United States won every major battle of the war. In 1848,the Mexicans made peace in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.The treaty, together with the annexation of Texas, increased thesize of the United States by a third. In 1853, the United Statesobtained more land from Mexico in the Gadsden Purchase.

In 1848, workers found flecks of gold in California. The newsquickly spread to the East. By 1849, about 80,000 Americans were headed for California in a mass migrationknown as the California Gold Rush. The new Californianswanted to join the Union as a free state, which contributed to thegrowing conflict between the North and the South.

Review Questions1. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo affect the

United States?

2. Why did Texans rebel when Santa Anna seized power in Mexico?

Name Class Date

Section SummaryMANIFEST DESTINY

CHAPTER

2SECTION 5

CHAPTER 2 Note Taking Study Guide - Jenks Public Schools · 2011-09-08 · Note Taking Study Guide RELIGION AND REFORM CHAPTER 2 SECTION 2 Name Class Date Focus Question: How did

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