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Chapter 1R

Apr 05, 2018

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Yusuf Nasir
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    PETROLEUMPRODUCTIONSYSTEM

    Chapter1:

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    ProductionSystem

    Acompleteoilorgasproductionsystem

    consistsof

    a:

    Reservoir

    Well

    Flowline

    Separators

    Pumps

    GasCompressor

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    ProductionSystem

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    Reservoir

    Areservoirisaporousandpermeableunderground

    formationcontaininganindividualbankofhydrocarbons

    confinedby

    impermeable

    rock

    or

    water

    barriers.

    Reservoirswillbeclassifiedintofivegroupsonthebaseof

    fluidbehavior:

    Blackoil

    Volatileoil

    Retrograde

    Gas WetGas

    DryGas

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    Blackoil

    Large,

    Heavy

    &

    nonvolatile

    molecules

    High

    Tc

    and

    Low

    Pc.

    InitialGOR

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    Volatileoil Fewer

    heavy

    and

    more

    intermediate

    molecules.

    TclowerandPcgreaterthanblackoil.

    InitialGORbetween2000&3000scf/STB.

    Usuallygreen,brownandsometimesorangecolor.

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    RetrogradeGases T>Tc whileforblack&volatileoilTT>Tc.

    Iscalledretrogradesinceitisgasinitially,thensomeliquid

    formsinreservoirandlatter somepartofthisliquidtransfer

    togasphaseagain.

    Lightliquid(40

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    Retrogradecontd

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    WetGas

    Low

    molecular

    weight

    gases. T>Cricondentherm Noliquidinreservoir.

    Someliquidformsinsurface.

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    DryGas Mostly

    Methane

    with

    some

    intermediate

    molecules.

    T>>Tc&Cricondenthermandthereisnoliquidformationin

    bothreservoirandsurface.

    Iscalled

    dry

    since

    there

    is

    no

    liquid

    in

    surface.

    SimplyiscalledGasreservoir.

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    OilReservoircondition&drive If

    P>

    Pb(

    bubble

    point

    pressure),

    reservoir

    is

    called

    undersaturatedelseitiscalledsaturatedreservoir.

    Ifmoregascanbesolvedinoil,oiliscalledundersaturated

    andif

    no

    more

    gas

    can

    be

    solved,

    it

    is

    called

    saturated.

    Undersaturatedreservoir Singlephaseflow.

    Saturatedreservoir two(oil&gas)phaseflow.

    Thereisseveraldifferentreservoirdrive:

    1 waterdrivereservoir

    2 gascapdrivereservoir

    3 dissolvedgasdrivereservoir

    Insome

    cases,

    gas

    cap

    and

    water

    drives

    exist

    simultaneously.

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    Waterdrive

    oilis

    in

    contact

    with

    underground

    water(aquifer).

    Watermovesupduringtheproduction,replacestheoiland

    maintainspressure.

    Thereare

    two

    type

    of

    water

    drives:

    Bottom

    &

    Edge

    drive.

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    GasCapdrive

    In

    this

    drive,

    gas

    cap

    above

    the

    oil

    expands,

    forces

    oil

    to

    the

    productionwellsandmaintainspressure.

    Gascapexistinitiallyinsaturatedreservoirsanditwillform

    graduallyin undersaturated.

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    DissolvedgasDrive

    Thisdrive

    is

    the

    result

    of

    oil

    expansion.

    Ithappensjustinisolatedundersaturatedreservoirs.

    Pressuredropssharplyuntil gascapforms.

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    well

    Oil

    and

    gas

    wells

    are

    drilled

    like

    an

    upside

    down

    telescope. Thelargediameterboreholesectionisatthetopofthewell.

    Severalcasingsareusedandthelastoneisproductioncasing.

    After

    cementing

    production

    casing,

    tubing

    is

    run

    into

    the

    well.

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    Flowline

    Transportproduced

    fluid

    from

    bottom

    of

    well

    to

    the

    well

    head

    andsurface.

    Flowlineisplacedinthelastcasing(productioncasing).

    Apacker

    is

    used

    to

    separate

    production

    zone

    from

    other

    zonesandtoguidefluidtoflowinflowline.

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    Separator

    Producedfluid

    usually

    consist

    of

    gas,

    oil

    &

    water

    and

    some

    timessolidparticles.

    Thesefluidsandalsosolidshouldbeseparatedassoonas

    possible

    and

    therefore

    separators

    are

    used

    in

    surface. thereistheretypeofseparators:

    1 horizontal

    2

    vertical3 spherical

    Themostcommonseparatorishorizontalseparators.

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    Pumps

    Afterseparation,

    oil

    is

    pumped

    through

    the

    pipeline

    to

    sale

    point.

    Reciprocatingpumpsareusedforthispurpose.

    Reciprocating

    pumps

    are

    positive

    displacement

    pumps

    (forcingfluidwithapiston).

    Therearetwotypesofthem:Singleaction&Doubleaction.

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    Gascompressor Compressorsareusedforprovidinggaspressurerequiredto

    transportgasinpipelines

    toliftoilingasliftoperations.

    Two

    type

    of

    gas

    compressors

    are

    used:

    reciprocating

    &

    rotary. Reciprocating compressorshavemoremovingpartsand

    therefore havelessmechanicalefficiency.

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    Reference

    PetroleumProductionEngineering,AcomputerAssisted

    Approach;Boyun

    Guo,

    William

    C.Lyons,

    Ali

    Ghalambor;

    ElsevierScience&TechnologyBooks;2007.

    TheProperties

    of

    Petroleum

    Fluids;

    William

    D.

    Mc

    Cain;

    PennwellBooks;1990.