Chapter 16.2 The Spread of Protestantism · Chapter 16.2 The Spread of Protestantism. Protestantism in Switzerland ... In response to pope’s refusal to annul Henry’s marriage,

Chapter 16.2

The Spread of Protestantism

Protestantism in Switzerland

Before the Peace of Augsburg, Protestantism already began dividing

In Zurich, Switzerland, Ulrich Zwingli led Church reform

Instituted Protestantism in Zurich

1531 CE, war broke out between Swiss Catholics and Protestants

Zurich defeated; Zwingli killed

Swiss Protestant leadership passed to John Calvin

John Calvin

John Calvin: born in France, converted to Protestantism and fled to Switzerland

Calvin believed in predestination (idea that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned)Followers of Calvin (Calvinists) believed

they were predestined for heaven

Calvin created a strict Calvinist theocracy in Geneva

Reformation in England

Henry VIII Wants a Son

Henry VIII has a daughter, needs male heir to rule England

Henry calls for divorce from wife, Catherine of Aragon

Pope refuses to annul marriage

The Reformation Parliament

In response to pope’s refusal to annul Henry’s marriage, English Parliament passes laws ending pope’s power in England

Henry creates new church (Church of England) with himself as leader; remarries

Pope excommunicates Henry

Thomas More refused to go against Catholic Church; beheaded

Reformation in England

Consequences of Henry’s Changes

Henry had 6 wives and 3 children Still practiced Catholicism

Henry dies; 9 year old son Edward VI takes over Church officials move Church of England to

Protestantism

Edward dies at age 16

Henry’s daughter, Mary I takes throne after Edward

Wanted to return England to Catholicism; orders burning alive of ~300 Protestants; “Bloody Mary”

People cling to Protestantism even more as a result

Other Protestant Reformers

Anabaptists: Believed in total separation of church and state; strictly adhered to 10 Commandments

Pacifists; “thou shalt not kill”

Anabaptists considered all believers equal; chose leaders from rich or poor

Catholics and Protestants agreed on one thing: Anabaptists were dangerous radicals

One Catholic army and one Protestant army surround Anabaptist city and capture it; torture and kill Anabaptists

Reformation and Society

Changes in Education

Humanist schools mostly for the wealthy elite

Martin Luther believed all children should be educated to produce good Christians

Free state-run education for children

Changes for Women

No changes; Luther and Calvin viewed women as obedient servants to men; bearer of children

Changes for Jews

None, Jews still hated

Luther insisted Jewish homes and synagogues be destroyed

Catholic Church forced Jews to live in ghettos(cramped, dirty, and segregated city districts)

Counter-Reformation

Catholic Church was losing influence:Germany and Scandinavia became

Lutheran

Switzerland, France, Netherlands, Eastern Europe became Calvinist

England became Anglican

Regained footing under Pope Paul III during 1500s due to three factors:

1. Founding of the Jesuits

2. Papal reform

3. Council of Trent

Counter-Reformation

1. Spanish nobles found Society of Jesus, or Jesuits, in 1540 Officially recognized by the pope; pledge loyalty to

pope Jesuit missionaries spread Catholic education all

throughout Europe

2. Pope Paul III called for official investigation of Church corruption

3. Pope Paul III also called the Council of Trent Church officials gathered to discuss Church

teachings Forbid sale of indulgences; reaffirmed clerical

celibacy Built confidence