Chapter 16 Section 1 North American Societies. Quick Review… Remember where the North American societies came from? Remember where the North American.

Chapter 16Chapter 16Section 1Section 1

North American North American SocietiesSocieties

Quick Review…Quick Review…

Remember where the North Remember where the North American societies came from?American societies came from?

From Asia over the Bering StraightFrom Asia over the Bering Straight Remember their lifestyle?Remember their lifestyle? Hunter-Gathers (chasing the Hunter-Gathers (chasing the

Mammoths)Mammoths)

Complex Societies of the Complex Societies of the NorthwestNorthwest

The early Americans were located in The early Americans were located in the modern-day Pacific-Northwestthe modern-day Pacific-Northwest– Lots of Natural ResourcesLots of Natural Resources– Abundant foodAbundant food

Used the Pacific Ocean to hunt whalesUsed the Pacific Ocean to hunt whales

– Complex societyComplex society– Potlatch – Families displayed their rank – Families displayed their rank

and prosperity by giving back to the and prosperity by giving back to the communitycommunity Food, Drink, and GiftsFood, Drink, and Gifts

Accomplished Builders of the Accomplished Builders of the SouthwestSouthwest

Those settlers in the southwestern Those settlers in the southwestern portion of North America lived portion of North America lived different lives all together.different lives all together.– FarmersFarmers

Used irrigationUsed irrigation Corn, beans, squashCorn, beans, squash

– Made pots rather than baskets – this is Made pots rather than baskets – this is evidence that they were in contact with evidence that they were in contact with the Mesoamericans.the Mesoamericans.

Tribes of Early AmericaTribes of Early America Anasazi

– Lived near modern-day Lived near modern-day “4-Corners” Area of “4-Corners” Area of Utah, Colorado, New Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and ArizonaMexico, and Arizona

– Cliff-dwellersCliff-dwellers– Lived in Pueblos – Lived in Pueblos –

apartment-like apartment-like buildings of clay and buildings of clay and stonestone Largest (Pueblo Largest (Pueblo

Bonito) housed Bonito) housed about 1,000 peopleabout 1,000 people

Anasazi PicsAnasazi PicsCLIFF DWELLINGS

Pueblos

Tribes of Early AmericaTribes of Early America Iroquois

– Group of 5 tribes in the Northeastern part of America (New York area)

– Formed the Iroquois League Create by Chief

Hiawatha (legend) Political Alliance Promote Defense Spoke similar

language

Tribes of Early AmericaTribes of Early America MississippianMississippian

– Lived in modern Lived in modern “Midwest United “Midwest United States”States”

– Known for being Known for being MOUND BUILDERSMOUND BUILDERS

– Villages based on Villages based on Farming and Farming and TradeTrade

– Used Ohio and Used Ohio and Mississippi Rivers Mississippi Rivers for tradingfor trading

SERPENT MOUND (OHIO)

Cultural ConnectionsCultural Connections Purposes of connections within tribes Purposes of connections within tribes

was primarily was primarily economic and culturaleconomic and cultural..

Economic

Trade

Cultural

Similar religious beliefs

Shared social

patterns

The land was

sacred

Believed in

nature spirits

Rivers were trade routes

Totems – symbol of unity of a group or

clan

TotemsTotems Symbol of the unity Symbol of the unity

of a group of a clanof a group of a clan Defined behaviors Defined behaviors

and relationshipsand relationships Displayed on masks, Displayed on masks,

poles, or boatspoles, or boats Used in rituals (i.e. – Used in rituals (i.e. –

weddings, funerals, weddings, funerals, births, etc.)births, etc.)

This Week...This Week...

We’re going We’re going to spend the to spend the rest of the rest of the week talking week talking about 3 about 3 major major civilizationscivilizations– MayansMayans– AztecsAztecs– IncasIncas

Maya Kings and CitiesMaya Kings and CitiesChapter Chapter

1616

Section 2Section 2

Where are the Maya located?

Yucatan Peninsu

la

Maya Create City-StatesMaya Create City-States

Review – What other group that we Review – What other group that we studied formed city-states??studied formed city-states??

That’s right – That’s right – THE GREEKSTHE GREEKS Review – What were two of the most Review – What were two of the most

popular city states??popular city states?? Yep, Sparta and AthensYep, Sparta and Athens

Maya Create City-StatesMaya Create City-States

Where: Where: Southern Southern Mexico into Mexico into Central AmericaCentral America (Yucatan (Yucatan Peninsula)Peninsula)

When: 250 A.D.When: 250 A.D. They were They were

influenced by the influenced by the OlmecsOlmecs

Mayan City-States: Urban Mayan City-States: Urban CentersCenters

The Mayans built large citiesThe Mayans built large cities– Tikal (in modern Guatemala)Tikal (in modern Guatemala)

Each city-state was independentEach city-state was independent Ruled by a god-kingRuled by a god-king Cities were religious centersCities were religious centers Cities were trade centersCities were trade centers Buildings: Pyramids, temples, Buildings: Pyramids, temples,

palaces, stone carvings, ball court palaces, stone carvings, ball court (for religious and political purposes(for religious and political purposes

Mayan City-States: Agriculture Mayan City-States: Agriculture & Trade Support Cities& Trade Support Cities

Each city state was Each city state was independent, but they were independent, but they were connected with connected with TRADETRADE– Trade itemsTrade items: salt, flint, : salt, flint,

feathers, shells, honey, feathers, shells, honey, cotton textiles, jade cotton textiles, jade ornamentsornaments

– Chocolate beans sometimes Chocolate beans sometimes served as moneyserved as money

Agriculture was bigAgriculture was big– Maize, beans, squashMaize, beans, squash

Mayan Social StructureMayan Social Structure

King

NoblesPriests

Leading Warriors

Merchants, Skilled,

Teachers

Peasants Majority of the population

Religion Shapes Mayan LifeReligion Shapes Mayan Life

Polytheistic – belief in many godsPolytheistic – belief in many gods– ExamplesExamples: god of corn, god of rain, god : god of corn, god of rain, god

of warof war The Maya believed that each day The Maya believed that each day

was a god, whose behavior could be was a god, whose behavior could be predicted with the help of a calendarpredicted with the help of a calendar

Worship included: prayer, offerings, Worship included: prayer, offerings, self-mutilation, human sacrifice self-mutilation, human sacrifice (usually captured enemies)(usually captured enemies)

Mayans and MathMayans and Math

CalendarCalendar– Calculated the year to be 365.2420 days Calculated the year to be 365.2420 days

long (this is only .0002 of a day short of long (this is only .0002 of a day short of our current calendar.our current calendar.

– The did this with careful observation of The did this with careful observation of the sun, stars, and planets. the sun, stars, and planets.

– They used the calendar to decide when They used the calendar to decide when the best time to plant crops, attack an the best time to plant crops, attack an enemy, and crown new rulers.enemy, and crown new rulers.

Concept of ZeroConcept of Zero

Mayan Written LanguageMayan Written Language

Helped preserve their historyHelped preserve their history Alphabet consisted of about 800 Alphabet consisted of about 800

hieroglyphic symbols known as hieroglyphic symbols known as GLYPHSGLYPHS.. Recorded major events in Recorded major events in CODEXCODEX – a book – a book

of bark paper.of bark paper.

http://www.famsi.org/mayawriting/dictionary/montgomery/syllabary_a.htm

SKY HOUSE CHILD

CITY OF PALENQUE KING

Mysterious Maya DeclineMysterious Maya Decline Historians are unsure of why the Mayan Historians are unsure of why the Mayan

Civilization collapsed.Civilization collapsed. Historians have the following “reasons” why Historians have the following “reasons” why

they think that the Mayans disappeared:they think that the Mayans disappeared:1.1. Warfare between the city-states = Trade problems Warfare between the city-states = Trade problems

= Economic issues= Economic issues2.2. Over-population = over-farming = famine & Over-population = over-farming = famine &

diseasedisease

**These two situations lead to weakened **These two situations lead to weakened city-states that were vulnerable to city-states that were vulnerable to invasion from outside peoples.**invasion from outside peoples.**

The Aztecs The Aztecs Control Control Central Central MexicoMexico

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Section 3Section 3

Pre-Aztec MexicoPre-Aztec Mexico

Teotihuacan (tay-oh-tee-wah-kahn)– First major civilization of Central Mexico– Trade center

Most valuable item – obsidian – green or black volcanic glass (used to make razor-sharp weapons)

– About 200,000 inhabitants– Declined for unknown reasons

Pre-Aztec Mexico, continuedPre-Aztec Mexico, continued

Toltecs – Began to dominate central

Mexico after the decline of Teotihuacan.

– Violent people– Worshiped

QUESTZALCOATL (feathered serpent) This god demanded

human blood and sacrifice

The Aztec EmpireThe Aztec Empire

Where: Valley of Mexico, modern Mexico City

Aztecs were preceded in this region by the Olmecs and the Zapotecs (Remember those guys from Chapter 9?)

When: A.D. 1200

Aztec OriginsAztec Origins

How they started:– Originally called the “Mexica”– Poor, nomadic from the desert of North Mexico

Started a city called Tenochtitlan (ten-nach-te-lon)

– It was on an island in the middle of Lake Texcoco Formed the Triple Alliance with two other

large city-states The Aztecs based their power on 1) military

conquests and 2) tribute (taxes) that they collected from the people that they conquered.

Tenochtitlan

Population: as many as Population: as many as 400,000 (bigger than 400,000 (bigger than London at the time)London at the time)

It was an island in the It was an island in the middle of the Lake middle of the Lake Texcoco, that was Texcoco, that was connected to the connected to the mainland by three mainland by three raised roadsraised roads

Other cities circle the Other cities circle the lakelake

Aztec Social StructureAztec Social Structure

Emperor

NoblesGov’t & Religious Officials,

Leading Warriors

Commoners Merchants, Soldiers,

Landowners

Enslaved People

Military Leaders had

great power at the height of

the Aztec Empire

Emperor had absolute power

Religion Rules Aztec LifeReligion Rules Aztec Life Hundreds of temples in their capital 1,000s of gods to worship Many religious festivals to honor various gods The most important god was: Huitzilopochtli

– God of the Sun– Made the sun rise every morning, to maintain this

power, he needed blood.– 1000s were sacrificed (hearts cut out) each year– Many military conquests that the Aztecs fought

were not for more land, but for more people to sacrifice (did not try to kill in battle, but capture)

Illustration of Aztecs Sacrificing PeopleIllustration of Aztecs Sacrificing People

Decline of the AztecsDecline of the Aztecs

Spanish invasion (from Europe) High Taxes (Tribute) made people

mad, and some rebelled People saw “bad omens,” and did not

trust their leader (Montezuma II)– Omens – Lightning Strikes, Solar Eclipse,

etc.

The Inca Create a The Inca Create a Mountain EmpireMountain Empire

Chapter 16Chapter 16

Section 4Section 4

Incan BeginningsIncan Beginnings

Started out in the Started out in the high plateau of the high plateau of the Andes MountainsAndes Mountains

Settled permanently Settled permanently in the Valley of in the Valley of CuzcoCuzco

The city of Cuzco The city of Cuzco was their capital was their capital (religious center too)(religious center too)

Pachacuti Builds an EmpirePachacuti Builds an Empire

PachacutiPachacuti– Great Incan ruler, led the Inca to conquer all of Great Incan ruler, led the Inca to conquer all of

Peru and then neighboring landsPeru and then neighboring lands– By 1500 the Incan Empire had 80 provinces, and By 1500 the Incan Empire had 80 provinces, and

had 16 million inhabitantshad 16 million inhabitants– Incans conquered people thru diplomacy and Incans conquered people thru diplomacy and

military forcemilitary force– The Incan only used force when necessaryThe Incan only used force when necessary– Usually gave their enemies the chance to Usually gave their enemies the chance to

surrendersurrender– Treated those that they conquered rather wellTreated those that they conquered rather well

Trying to gain

loyalty

Incans Create UnityIncans Create Unity The Incans used several strategies to create unity The Incans used several strategies to create unity

in their empirein their empire– Divided into provinces with solid leadership, Divided into provinces with solid leadership,

and a central governmentand a central government– Efficient economic systemEfficient economic system– Extensive road system to connect the provincesExtensive road system to connect the provinces– One official languageOne official language– Similar government buildings in all citiesSimilar government buildings in all cities– All roads led to the capital of CuzcoAll roads led to the capital of Cuzco– Built new cities in conquered areasBuilt new cities in conquered areas

Incan GovernmentIncan Government The Incan Government controlled almost all The Incan Government controlled almost all

social and economic aspects in the empiresocial and economic aspects in the empire Social System of Social System of AYLLUAYLLU was used. was used.

– Communities (extended families) would help Communities (extended families) would help each other out.each other out.

– Example: If an irrigation canal needed to be Example: If an irrigation canal needed to be built, the entire community would help out.built, the entire community would help out.

Paying Tribute in the form of Labor – called Paying Tribute in the form of Labor – called MITAMITA..– Example: All able-bodied citizens had to work Example: All able-bodied citizens had to work

for the state a certain number of days each for the state a certain number of days each year.year.Would

this work now in

the US?

Incan RoadsIncan Roads

Incans were known for their roadwaysIncans were known for their roadways 14,000 miles of road connected the 14,000 miles of road connected the

empireempire A system of runners was posted along A system of runners was posted along

the roads to send communication thru the roads to send communication thru the empirethe empire

Roads allowed troops to easily move Roads allowed troops to easily move to various parts of the empireto various parts of the empire

Incan Record KeepingIncan Record Keeping

Incans never Incans never formed a writing formed a writing systemsystem

History and History and Literature were Literature were passed on thru passed on thru memorizationmemorization

Important!

Inca ReligionInca Religion

Fewer gods than the Aztecs (1000s)Fewer gods than the Aztecs (1000s) Mainly nature spiritsMainly nature spirits Most important: creator god and the Most important: creator god and the

sun godsun god Sacrificed llamasSacrificed llamas Both women and men (virgins) were Both women and men (virgins) were

used in religious ceremony.used in religious ceremony.– This was their job for life!This was their job for life!

Decline of the Incan EmpireDecline of the Incan Empire

Height of the empire was in the Height of the empire was in the 1500s1500s

Their king died, and his sons split the Their king died, and his sons split the empireempire

This led to civil war within the empireThis led to civil war within the empire Spanish took advantage of this – they Spanish took advantage of this – they

eventually conquered the empireeventually conquered the empire

A view of A view of Machu PicchuMachu Picchu, "the , "the Lost CityLost City of of the Incas," This was the last stronghold of the Incas," This was the last stronghold of

the Inca, and now an the Inca, and now an archaeological sitearchaeological site..