Chapter 13 Slide Show North And South

Chapter 13 – North and South1820-1860 Section 1

The North’s Economy

TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRYDeveloped in 3 phases

1-manufacturers made products by dividing the work up among workers

1 would spin thread, 1 would weave etc.

2-manufacturers built factories bringing specialized workers togetherProducts could be put together faster this way

-used machinery to do some of the work

3-Power driven looms (more products in less time)

Mass production -began in New England -Elias Howe invented sewing

machine in 1846 -by 1860 Northeast’s 74000

factories produces 2/3 of the countries

manufactured goods (a lot in one place)

Elias Howe’s Sewing Machine

IMPROVED TRANSPORTATION Construction crews built thousands of miles

of new roads and canals between 1800-1850. This allowed new shipping routes by

connecting rivers and lakes Railroads growth another way to transport

goods

Steamboats and Steamships Robert Fulton-1807 inventor of the

steamboat. Carried goods and people cheaply along inland waterways

Canal builders widened and deepened channel and canals, sparked development of cities like Cincinnati, Buffalo, Chicago

Steamboats

Steam also used as a power source for ships to travel across the ocean. “The Great Western” sailed from US to Britain in 1838 (took sails in case it broke down!)

Steam Powered Ocean Liner The “Great Western”

Clipper Ships - improved sailing ships sleek hulls, tall sails, 300 miles per day, they

“clipped” time from long journeys. Cut sailing times in almost half. Famous ships “Flying Cloud” Sea Witch, Cutty Sark, Champion of the Seas

Clipper Ships Flying Cloud Cutty Sark

Locomotives Early trains were drawn by horses instead of engines

(horsepower gets its name) The “Rocket” was first steam powered train 1829 in

England Peter Cooper designed and built first American

steam locomotive in 1830- “Tom Thumb” Raced a horse drawn train and lost due to

engine failure. Steam powered engines improved over the next 10

years

The Race!

Tracks - 1840/3000 of track 1860/31,000 of track mainly in north and Midwest.

Links New York City/Buffalo Philadelphia/Pittsburg Baltimore/Wheeling Virginia

Moving Goods and People past, Mississippi River only route to ship goods to

other countries or to east coast -then, east/west canals and RR allowed products like

grain, live stock, dairy to move directly from Midwest to east, Cheaper way to transport

-since cheaper to transport, could sell cheaper -populations grew in Midwest because of train

transportation (cause) Industries developed (effect)

FASTER COMMUNICATION Invention of Telegraph and Morse Code Samuel Morse-American Inventor Tried for 5 years to win support for his

invention $30000 from congress to build an

experimental line from capitol to Baltimore May 24,1844 he tapped out words “What hath

God Wrought” from the US capitol, moments later the message was tapped back

Telegraph Machine

Morse code – a series of dots and dashes representing letters and numbers

By 1860 more than 50,000 miles of telegraph line strung

Invention of the Printing Press 1846 steam cylinder printing press invented

by Richard Hoe. (Cause) Many newspapers began. (effect)

Richard Hoe Steam Cylinder Rotary Press

REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE Technology in Farming Areas west of Mississippi created challenges in

farming, prairie soil, matted soil, rocky soil, etc. 3 inventions 1- steel-tipped plow from John Deere in 1837

(wooden plows used before that) 2- mechanical reaper – sped up harvesting of

wheat-1834 Cyrus McCormick (used handheld reapers before that)

3- thresher – separated grain from the stalk

John Deere Steel-tipped Plow

Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper

Thresher

Cash Crops Midwest – wheat in large quantities Northeast and middle Atlantic – fruits and

vegetables (grew well in those soils) North turned more to industry.

Section 2 The North’s People

Northern Factories Early 1800’s mills established in Lowell,

Massachusetts Entire production process under one roof

“the factory system” Produced items like textiles, shoes, watches, sewing

machines, guns

Water run mill

Working Conditions System worsened as it developed

Owners wanted longer hours from workers to produce more goods

Average work day was 11.4 hoursO-T-J accidents increased

Machinery did not have safety, protective gear around it Losing fingers, broken bones, kids especially

Working Conditions cont’ Hot and stifling in summer

Air conditioning not invented, machines emitted a lot of heat

Cold in the winter No heat in the factories

Profits over worker comforts $$$ Jobs were few and far between

An unhappy worker was easily replaced No laws existed to protect workers

Working “the line”

Lowell Mills Built clean, simple lodging for employees

Tried to attract young, women workers to the factory

By 1840, practice ended Wages were so low, many forced to live in slums

near the factory

Lowell Girls

Attempts to Organize 1830’s workers began to “organize”

Wanted improved working conditions Skilled workers formed trade unions

Organizations of workers with some trade or skill Unskilled workers formed unions as well

Mid 1830’s skilled workers strike Refusing to work to put pressure on employees

Wanted higher wages 10 hour work days Formed the General Trades Union of New York

The Right to Strike Early 1800’s striking was illegal

Punishable by the law or loss of job 1842 Massachusetts court ruled workers had the

right to strike

African American Workers Slavery disappeared from the North by 1820 Didn’t mean everything was “pie in the sky”

Faced Racial prejudice & Discrimination An unfair opinion on based on facts Unfair treatment of a group

1821 white, non-landowning males could vote African American males could not African Americans could not attend public school Barred from public facilities Forced into separate, segregated schools and hospitals Had to take the lowest paying jobs

Success Storiesfor African Americans Successful Businessmen

Henry Boyd – Owned a furniture Co. in Cincinnati

John B. Russworm-founded Freedom’s Journal 1st African American newspaper

Macon B. Allen – 1st lawyer Most African Americans were extremely poor

Better off than been enslaved in the South Suffered cruel and lasting effects of discrimination

Women Workers Played a major role in development of mill and

factory system Were discriminated against

Paid less then men When unions were formed, women were excluded

Men wanted women out of the workplace to provide more jobs for men

Females attempted to organize in 1830’s & 40’s Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization

founded by Sarah G. Bagleywanted 10 hour dayslegislature ignored because

petition signed by women Paved the way for future women’s movements

The Rise of Cities People flocked to cities were factories were located 1840, 14% of North’s population lived in cities 1860, 26% of North’s population lived in cities Population of cities in 1860

New York City – 1,000,000 Philadelphia- 500,000

Lots of people, Lots of problems Low paying jobs = unaffordable

housing=living in crowded, run-down buildings with no plumbing or heat=unsanitary living conditions=spread of disease and sickness, and=increase in fires because of closely spaced wooden buildings.

ImmigrationMovement of people into a country Do you know where you came from?

Immigration Cont’ Immigration increased between 1840-60

Welcomed by manufacturers Work long hours for little pay

Irish Immigrants Largest group to USA; 1.5 million Settled mostly in Northeast Migrated because of potato famine

An extreme shortage of food Potatoes are eaten at each meal Potato blight (disease) destroyed crop in 1840’s Starvation ensued, more than 1 Million died

Unable to buy land or farm Worked in factories for low pay Performed manual labor Women became servants and factory workers By 1850, 1/3 of all workers in Boston were Irish

Immigration Cont’ German Immigrants

2nd largest group Left Germany because of breakdown in democracy and

for work and future opportunity 1848-1860 1 million, mostly men Had $ to buy farms or start businesses

Prospered, founding their own communities (Germantowns) etc.

Settled in New York, Pennsylvania, Midwest, western territories

Impact of Immigration Immigrants changed the character of the

country Brought their language Customs Religions Unique ways Filters into American way of life

Religion Beginning of Immigration

Mainly only Protestants from Great Britain Most Catholics lived near Baltimore, New

Orleans, St. Augustine Most of the Irish and ½ of the Germans were Catholic Church was source of spiritual guidance, center of

community Germans bring language and religion; use in their

communities; establish German publications and musical societies

Prejudice for Immigrants “native” Americans feared the change in

character People opposed to immigration: nativists

Thought immigrants threatened the future of the native (?) huh

Accused immigrants of taking jobs from “real” Americans

Accused of bringing disease and crime to America because many lived in slum areas

A new political party The Know Nothing Party

Formed by Nativists Secret, anti Catholic society Answered questions about their society by saying “I know

nothing” Urged Americans to fight the alien menace Wanted stricter citizenship laws

Extending the waiting period from 5 years to 14 years Foreign born citizens could not hold office Supported Millard Fillmore for President although he lost to

James Buchanan Mid 1850’s split into two branches- North and South over

slavery issue