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Chapter 10 Personality
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Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Dec 28, 2015

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Page 1: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Chapter 10Personality

Page 2: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Important qualities of personality

– Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way

– Distinctiveness: acting in ways different from others

Page 3: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Sigmund Freud is arguably the most recognizable person in the field of psychology.

• Freud was a neurologist

– He frequently discovered that neurological symptoms seemed to originate from emotional trauma.

Page 4: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Freud’s theory

• childhood sexuality

• unconscious motivations

Page 5: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Glove Anesthesia

Page 6: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Psychoanalytic Theory Asserts That the Unconscious Mind Controls Behavior

Freud sought advice from neurologist Jean Charcot, who treated patients using hypnosis.

• Freud also sought advice from psychiatrist Joseph Breuer, who used a “talking cure” therapy in which patients reported whatever came to mind.

• Freud adapted these two techniques to his own emerging theory of the human mind.

Page 7: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Psychoanalytic Theory

• Freud’s model of the mind proposed that it was mostly hidden, like an iceberg:

– Conscious mind: relatively small part of the mind the person is aware of at the moment (like the tip of an iceberg)

– Preconscious mind: mental processes that are not currently conscious but could become so (just below the surface)

– Unconscious mind: thoughts, desires, feelings, and memories that are not consciously available to us but nonetheless shape our everyday behavior (hidden section of the iceberg

Page 8: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Psychoanalytic Theory Asserts That the Unconscious Controls Behavior

• Freud’s theory of the mind challenged the prevailing notion that our consciousness—the part of our mind that we identify as ourselves—was the determining factor in the management and control of our lives.

Page 9: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Freud’s Model of Personality Structure

Page 10: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Freud’s Divisions of the Personality

Id: unconscious portion of the mind, contains the basic drives

Ego: develops out of the id

Superego: develops later in childhood

• Each structure has different operating principles and different goals that often conflict with the others’ goals.

Page 11: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Freud’s Divisions of the Personality

• The id: unconscious portion of the mind, contains the basic drives

• Operates on the pleasure principle—it consistently wants to satisfy whatever desire is currently active

Page 12: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Freud’s Divisions of the Personality

• The ego: develops out of the id• Guided by the reality principle—it seeks to

delay gratification of desires until appropriate

Page 13: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Freud’s Divisions of the Personality

• The superego: develops later in childhood

• Several functions, including the task of overseeing the ego and making sure that it acts morally.

Page 14: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Personality Development Occurs in Psychosexual Stages

– Each stage is characterized by a part of the body, called an erogenous zone, through which the id primarily seeks sexual pleasure.

– Critical elements of the personality are formed during each of these stages.

Page 15: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Personality Development Occurs in Psychosexual Stages

– If children experience conflicts when seeking pleasure during a particular psychosexual stage, and if these conflicts go unresolved, they will become psychologically “stuck”—or fixated—at that stage.

– Fixation is a tendency to persist in pleasure-seeking behaviors associated with an earlier psychosexual stage where conflicts were unresolved.

Page 16: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Personality Development Occurs in Psychosexual Stages

• Freud’s psychosexual stages:– Oral stage: encompasses first year of life– Anal stage: encompasses ages 2–3

• Toilet training becomes an area of conflict between children and parents.

– Phallic stage: encompasses ages 4–5• A shift in the erogenous zone to the genitals and pleasure is

being derived largely through self-stimulation. • Accompanying this interest is the association of this

pleasure with the other-sex parent.

Page 17: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Personality Development Occurs in Psychosexual Stages

– Latency stage: encompasses ages 6–11• A psychological period of relative calm

– Genital stage: encompasses puberty and onward• Many of the issues of earlier stages re-emerge

and can be reworked to a certain extent.

Page 18: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Ego Defense Mechanisms Reduce Unconsciously Caused Anxiety

• Repression: automatically banishing unacceptable thoughts, desires & memories from consciousness

• Rationalization: offering logical, self-justifying explanations for actions that are not true

• Reaction formation: expressing the opposite of unacceptable feelings or ideas

Page 19: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Ego Defense Mechanisms Reduce Unconsciously Caused Anxiety

• Displacement: diverting their sexual or aggressive urges toward more acceptable objects

• Regression: psychologically retreating to a more infantile developmental stage where some psychic energy remains fixated.

• Projection: perceiving one’s own aggressive or sexual urges in others

Page 20: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Psychodynamic Perspective

Variations of Psychoanalytic Theory

• Adler’s individual psychology• Downplayed importance of sexual motivation • Stressed social factors and people striving for superiority

• Jung’s analytical psychology• De-emphasized the sex motive• People motivated by a desire for psychological growth and

wholeness, called the need for individuation• Besides personal unconscious, we also have a collective

unconscious, which is that part of the unconscious mind containing inherited memories shared by all human beings.

• Horney’s neo-Freudian perspective• Social factors play a much larger role in personality development

than sexual influences• Personality problems caused by interpersonal relationships

during childhood

Page 21: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Projective Tests

• Designed to reveal inner feelings, motives, & conflicts

• Ask people to respond to ambiguous stimuli or situations/

• Assume this will reveal unconscious motives and desires– Rorschach Inkblot Test: 10 symmetrical

inkblots– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): make up

stories about ambiguous pictures

Page 22: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Assessing the Unconscious--Rorschach

Page 23: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theory

– A major limitation of his theory is that it is not based on carefully controlled scientific research.

– Despite these limitations Freud’s ideas still have an influence within psychology

Page 24: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Humanistic Perspective

• In the 1950s, the humanistic perspective arose largely due to dissatisfaction with both behaviorism and psychoanalysis.

• This “third wave” in psychology emphasized peoples’– Innate capacity for personal growth – Ability to consciously make choices

Page 25: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Human Nature: Judeo-Christian View

Human NaturePotentially Good Potentially Evil

Image of God Fall of man

Conflict between good & evil

Restoration to good:Redeemed by God (Savior) (repentance/belief)

Willingness to obey God (new nature)

Page 26: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Human Nature: Freudian View

Human Nature

Desire to be good Tendency for Evil

social acceptance selfish desires

Conflict between good & evil

Restoration to good:Internalization of social rules

Understanding/insight

Page 27: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Human Nature: Humanist View

Human Nature

Innately Good Warped by society

Conflict between desire to actualize

Self and pleasing others/society.

Restoration to good:Receive unconditional positive regard

Self-actualize (realize potential)

Page 28: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Theory

• Self-Realization emphasized

• People are basically good

• People are full of potential (and we all are working toward becoming the best that we can be).

• People need unconditional positive regard to achieve their potential. – many of us are frustrated in our potential growth

because we receive conditional positive regard.

Page 29: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Roger’s Person-Centered Theory

• Conveying unconditional positive regard to

others involves three characteristics:

– Genuineness (being open and honest) – Warmth (being caring and nurturant) – Empathy (accurately identifying what the

person is thinking and feeling)

Page 30: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Humanistic Perspective

• Self-Concept– all our thoughts and feelings about

ourselves

– Real vs. ideal self

– Behave according to who we think we are and not who we really are

Page 31: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Maslow’s Self-Actualization Theory

• self-actualization - reaching one’s full potential

Stresses Maximizing Potential

Page 32: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Maslow’s Self-Actualization Theory

• Maslow contended that self-actualized people:– Were secure in the sense of who they were,– Were loving and caring,– Often focused their energies on a task they regarded

as a life mission, and– Reported having peak experiences, which are fleeting

but intense moments of joy, ecstasy, and absorption, in which people feel extremely capable.

.

Page 33: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Criticisms of The Humanistic Perspective

• Overly optimistic

• Fails to acknowledge:– That many people engage in mean-spirited

and even cruel behavior on a fairly regular basis, and

– That some of the forces shaping behavior are outside conscious awareness.

Page 34: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Criticisms of The Humanistic Perspective

• This perspective has not:– Produced a substantial body of testable

hypotheses,

– Clearly defined concepts, or

– Used carefully controlled scientific studies to test the validity of its theories.

Page 35: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Social-cognitive perspective: a psychological perspective that examines how people interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships

Page 36: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Reciprocal Determinism• The belief that personality emerges from an

ongoing mutual interaction among people's cognitions, their actions, and their environment.

• Basic principle of the social-cognitive perspective

• Most important cognitive factor in reciprocal determinism is self-efficacy

Page 37: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Reciprocal Determinism

Page 38: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Self-efficacy

– Perceptions of self-efficacy are largely subjective and tied to specific kinds of activities.

– Success in an activity heightens self-efficacy, while failure lowers it.

– Success breeds self-efficacy, which, in turn, breeds further success.

Page 39: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Feelings of Personal Control or Helplessness

• Julian Rotter contended that through our surroundings we develop beliefs about ourselves as controlling, or controlled by, our environment.

• Locus of control: degree to which we expect that outcomes in our lives depend on our own actions and personal characteristics versus the actions of uncontrollable environmental forces

Page 40: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Locus of Control

• People who believe that outcomes occur because of their own efforts are identified as having an internal locus of control.

• People who believe that outcomes are outside their own control are identified as having an external locus of control.

• Internals tend to be more successful in life than are externals.

• Externals are less independent than internals, and they are also more likely to be depressed and stressed

Page 41: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Evaluation of The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Complex view of human personality

• Testing its theories using the scientific method.

• Best at explaining rational behavior that is “thought through” - less able to explain behavior that is spontaneous or irrational.

Page 42: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Objective Personality Tests

• ask direct, unambiguous questions about a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior

• Many objective tests measure only one specific component of personality

• Others assess several traits simultaneously.

Page 43: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Trait Theories Describe Basic Personality Dimensions

• A trait is a relatively stable tendency to behave in a particular way over time and across situations.

• Trait perspective is more concerned with describing

how people differ from one another than in explaining why they differ.

• Trait perspective is not based on specific assumptions about human nature.

Page 44: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Factor Analysis Is Used to Identify Personality Traits

• Factor analysis: a statistical technique that allows researchers to identify clusters of variables that are related to—or correlated with—one another.

• Raymond Cattell—the first trait theorist to use factor analysis to identify general traits, or source traits

Page 45: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Factor Analysis Is Used to Identify Personality Traits

• Hans & Sybil Eysenck, using factor analysis, concluded that there are three genetically influenced dimensions of personality:

• Extraversion,• Neuroticism• Psychoticism.

Page 46: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Trait Perspective

• Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation

UNSTABLE

STABLE

cholericmelancholic

phlegmatic sanguineINTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED

MoodyAnxious

RigidSober

PessimisticReserved

Unsociable

Quiet

SociableOutgoing

TalkativeResponsiveEasygoing

LivelyCarefree

Leadership

PassiveCareful

Thoughtful

Peaceful

ControlledReliable

Even-temperedCalm

TouchyRestlessAggressive

ExcitableChangeable

ImpulsiveOptimistic

Active

Page 47: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Five-Factor Model: Five Basic Personality Traits

– Neuroticism: People differ in being anxious, insecure, and self-pitying versus being relaxed, composed, secure, and content.

– Extraversion: Extraverts are confident, energetic, bold, and optimistic, and easily handle social situations, while introverts are shy, quiet, and reserved.

– Openness to experience: People differ in being adventurous, open to new experiences, sensitive and passionate versus being traditional, hardworking, and down-to-earth.

Page 48: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Five-Factor Model Specifies Five Basic Personality Traits

– Agreeableness: People differ in being good-natured, soft-hearted, courteous, and sympathetic versus being irritable, ruthless, rude, and tough-minded.

– Conscientiousness: People differ in being well organized, dependable, hardworking, and ambitious versus being disorganized, undependable, lazy, and easygoing.

• Most studies find that personality traits are remarkably stable over the adult years but somewhat less so during childhood.

Page 49: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Critics Challenge Whether Traits Reliably Predict Behavior • Walter Mischel argued that:

– Personality is not really stable over time & situations – The situation is a much stronger determinant of behavior

• This viewpoint is called situationism:– It asserts that behavior is not determined by stable traits, but is

strongly influenced by the situation.

• Many personality researchers now acknowledge that:• Situations do indeed shape behavior, and• How we behave is often determined by an interaction of personal

and situational factors.

Page 50: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

Objective Personality Tests

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI): an objective personality test consisting of true-false items that measure various personality dimensions and clinical conditions such as depression

• Critics contend that the MMPI has not kept pace with recent advances in personality.

Page 51: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

The Trait Perspective

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profile

Hysteria(uses symptoms to solve problems)

Masculinity/femininity(interests like those of other sex)

T-score

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

0 30 40 50 60 70 80

Hypochondriasis(concern with body symptoms)

Depression(pessimism, hopelessness)

Psychopathic deviancy(disregard for social standards)

Paranoia(delusions, suspiciousness)

Psychasthenia(anxious, guilt feelings)

Schizophrenia(withdrawn, bizarre thoughts)

Hypomania(overactive, excited, impulsive)

Social introversion(shy, inhibited)

Clinicallysignificant

range

After treatment(no scores

in the clinicallysignificant range Before

treatment(anxious,

depressed,and

displayingdeviant

behaviors)

Page 52: Chapter 10 Personality. Important qualities of personality –Consistency: thinking, feeling, and acting in the same way –Distinctiveness: acting in ways.

What Shapes Personality?

• Is it nature?

• Is it nurture?

• Is it an interaction of the two (epigenesis)?

• Is it the soul?