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Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1
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Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Dec 31, 2015

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Cory Paul
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Page 1: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Chapter 10Endocrine System

• Endocrine glands are ductless• releases hormones• hormones released to target organs

• Exocrine glands have ducts

10-1

Page 2: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Chemistry of Hormones

Steroid Hormones• derived from cholesterol• sex hormones• adrenal cortex hormones

Nonsteroid Hormones• amines• proteins• peptides• glycoproteins• most hormones

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Page 3: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Actions of Steroid Hormones

• hormone crosses membranes

• hormone combines with receptor in nucleus

• synthesis of mRNA activated

• mRNA enters cytoplasm to direct synthesis of protein

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Page 4: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Actions of Nonsteroid Hormones

• adenylate cyclase activated

• hormone binds to receptor on cell membrane

• ATP converted to cAMP

• cAMP promotes a series of reactions leading to cellular changes• second messenger

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Page 5: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Control of Hormonal Secretions• primarily controlled by negative feedback mechanism

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Page 6: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Negative Feedback

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Page 7: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Major Endocrine Glands

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Page 8: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Pituitary Gland

Two distinct portions• anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)• posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

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Page 9: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Pituitary Gland Control• Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate cells of anterior pituitary to release hormones• Nerve impulses from hypothalamus stimulate nerve endings in the posterior pituitary gland to release hormones

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Page 10: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Hypothalamic Hormones

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Page 11: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Growth Hormone (GH)• stimulates increase in size and rate of body cells• enhances movement of amino acids through membranes• promotes growth of long bones• secretion stimulated by growth hormone-releasing hormone• slows carbohydrate catabolism; increases blood glucose levels

Prolactin (PRL)• sustains milk production after birth• secretion inhibited by prolactin release-inhibiting hormone 10-11

Page 12: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)• controls secretions of hormones from the thyroid gland• controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone• controls secretions of some hormones of adrenal cortex• controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone

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Page 13: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)• stimulates development of egg-containing follicles in ovaries• stimulates follicular cells to secrete estrogen• stimulates production of sperm cells• controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)• promotes secretions of sex hormones• stimulates release of egg from ovary (ovulation)• stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone• controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone

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Page 14: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)• causes kidneys to reduce water excretion• in high concentration, raises blood pressure• controlled by hypothalamus in response to changes in blood water concentration and blood volume

Oxytocin (OT)• stimulates uterine contractions• stimulates mammary glands to release milk• controlled by hypothalamus in response to stretch in uterine and vaginal walls and stimulation of breasts

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Page 15: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Thyroid Gland

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Page 16: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Thyroid Gland Hormones

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)• increases rate of energy release from carbohydrates• accelerates growth• stimulates activity in the nervous system• controlled by TSH

Calcitonin• lowers blood calcium concentrations by inhibiting release of calcium from bones• increases rate at which calcium isdeposited in bones

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Page 17: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Thyroid Gland Disorders

General Hyperthyroidism• high metabolic rate• hyperactivity• weight loss• protruding eyes

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Simple Goiter• deficiency of iodine• leads to deficiency of thyroid hormones• gland enlarges

Page 18: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Parathyroid Glands

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Page 19: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Parathyroid Hormone

• PTH• increases blood calcium levels• stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts• inhibits osteoblasts• stimulates kidneys to retain calcium • promotes calcium absorption into intestine

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Page 20: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Adrenal Glands

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Page 21: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Aldosterone• increases blood volume and pressure by promoting conservation of sodium ions and water

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Page 22: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Cortisol• decreases protein synthesis• increases fatty acid release• stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates• controlled by CRH from hypothalamus and ACTH from anterior pituitary• maintain normal blood pressure• anti-inflammatory effect• released during long term stress

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Page 23: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine• release controlled by sympathetic nervous system• increases heart rate and blood pressure• dilates respiratory airways• promotes breakdown of glycogen• increases metabolic rates

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Page 24: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones

Adrenal androgens• supplement sex hormones from the gonads• may be converted to estrogen• female sexual drive

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Page 25: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Pancreas

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Page 26: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Pancreatic HormonesGlucagon• secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets• stimulates liver to break down glycogen• stimulates liver to convert noncarbohydrates into glucose• controlled by blood glucose concentrations

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Insulin• secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets• promotes formation of glycogen from glucose• enhances movement of glucose into adipose and muscle cells• decreases blood glucose concentrations• controlled by blood glucose concentrations

Page 27: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Other Endocrine Glands

Reproductive Glands• ovaries secrete estrogen and progesterone• testes secrete testosterone• placenta secretes estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropins

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Page 28: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Other Endocrine Glands

Pineal Gland• secretes melatonin• regulates sleep/wake cycles• may control onset of puberty• helps regulate female reproductive cycle

Thymus Gland• secretes thymosins• promotes development of certain lymphocytes

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Page 29: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Clinical Application

Growth Hormone Ups and Downs

• Gigantism - hypersecretion of GH in children • Acromegaly – hypersecretion of GH in adults• Dwarfism – hyposecretion of GH in children

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Page 30: Chapter 10 Endocrine System Endocrine glands are ductless releases hormones hormones released to target organs Exocrine glands have ducts 10-1.

Clinical Application

Diabetes Mellitus

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3 Cardinal signs• polyuria• polyphagia• polydipsia