- 1. Part IV The School Years: Biosocial Development Prepared by
Madeleine Lacefield Tattoon, M.A. Chapter Eleven A Healthy Time
Brain Development Children with Special Needs
2. The School Years: Biosocial Development
- no longer do children depend entirely on their families to
dress, feed and wash them
- by age 6 or 7, self-care is routine and attendance at school is
mandated
3. The School Years: Biosocial Development
- there are similarities among all school-age children but also
differences that suddenly become significant (size, health,
learning ability, in almost everything)
4. A Healthy Time
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- the period between early childhood and early adolescences,
approximately from age7 to 11
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- genetic and environmental factors safeguard children most fatal
diseases and accidents occur before age 7
5. A Healthy Time
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- the rate of growth slows down, allowing school-age children to
undertake their basic self-care
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- muscles become stronger; school-age children can master almost
any motor skill
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- lung capacity expandschildren run faster and exercise longer
without breathing more heavily
6. A Healthy Time
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- in an adult, having a BMI (body mass index) of 25 to 29
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- in a child, being above the 85 thpercentile*
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- in an adult, having a BMI of 30 or more
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- in a child, being above the 95 thpercentile*
- *based on the U.S. Centers for Disease Controls 1980 standards
for his or her age and sex
7. A Healthy Time
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- active play benefits children in every way
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- benefits of sports can last a lifetime
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- appreciation of cooperation and fair play
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- improved problem-solving abilities
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- respect for teammates and opponents from many ethnicities and
nationalities
8. A Healthy Time
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- loss of self-esteem as a result of criticism from teammates or
coaches
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- injuries (the famous Little League elbow is one example)
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- reinforcement of prejudices (especially against the other
sex)
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- increases in stress (evidenced by altered hormone levels,
insomnia)
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- time and effort taken away from learning academic skills
9. A Healthy Time
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- neighbor play is flexible
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- children improvise to meet their needs
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- play areas, rules, boundaries, time are adapted to the
children's availability
10. A Healthy Time
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- good gym teachers know developmentally appropriate, cooperative
games and exercises for children
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- school have been pressured to increase academics, while
physical education and recess have declined
11. A Healthy Time
- Athletic Clubs and Leagues
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- private and nonprofit clubs and organizations offer
opportunities for children to play
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- culture and family influence this type of play
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- most children enjoy organized sports
12. A Healthy Time
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- about 13% of all children have special health needs, some get
worse during the school years
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- any chronic condition can limit active play and impede regular
school attendance
13. A Healthy Time
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- a chronic disease of the respiratory system in which
inflammation narrows the airway from the lungs to the nose and
mouth, causing difficulty in breathing. Signs and symptoms include
wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing
14. A Healthy Time
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- three levels of prevention
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- better ventilation of schools and homes
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- eradication of cockroaches
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- construction of many more play areas
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- ridding the house of dust, pets, smoke and other allergens
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- use of injections and inhalers
15. Brain Development
- Advances in Brain Functioning
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- Increasing myelination results by 7 or 8 years of age, in a
massively interconnected brain.
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- the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, either physically
(with a reflexive movement such as an eye blink) or cognitively
(with a thought)
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- the ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring
others
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- a process in which repetition of a sequence of thoughts and
actions makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires
conscious thought
16. Brain Development
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- done via repeated brain scans, such as the fMRI
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- the cortex (the top layers of the brain) is relatively thin at
the beginning of childhood and then grows thicker during the school
years, reaching a peak at about age 8
17. Brain Development
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- the potential to master a particular skill or to learn a
particular body of knowledge
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- tests designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to
lean in school.
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- intelligence was defined as mental age divided by chronological
age, times 100hence the term intelligence quotient, or IQ
18. Brain Development
19. Brain Development
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- measures of mastery or proficiency in reading, math, writing,
science, or any other subject
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- the rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the
decades in many nations
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- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
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- an IQ test designed for school-age children.The test assesses
potential in many areas, including vocabulary, general knowledge,
memory, and spatial comprehension
20. Brain Development
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- Literally, slow, or late, thinking.In practice, people are
considered mentally retarded if they score below 70 on an IQ test
and if they are markedly behind their peers in adaptation to daily
life.
21. Brain Development
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- many developmentalists criticize IQ tests
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- no test can measure potential without also measuring
achievement
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- every test score reflects the culture of the people who wrote,
administer and take it
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- intellectual potential changes over the life span
22. Brain Development
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- a more fundamental criticism concerns the very concept that
there is one general thing called intelligence
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- humans may have multiple intelligences if so, the use one IQ
score is based on a false premise
23. Brain Development
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- Sternberg (1996) describes three distinct types of
intelligence
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- academic measured by IQ and achievement tests
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- creative evidenced by imaginative endeavors
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- practical seen in everyday problem solving
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- emotional intelligence the ability to regulate ones emotions
and perceptive understanding of other peoples feelings
24. Brain Development
- If North American intelligence tests truly reflected all
aspects of the mind, children would be considered mentally slow if
they could not replicate the proper hand, arm, torso and facial
positions of a traditional dance, as this young Indonesian girl
does brilliantly.
25. Brain Development
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- The most influential of all theories is Gardners 8
theories:
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- bodily-kinesthetic (movement)
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- interpersonal (social understanding)
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- intrapersonal (self-understanding)
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- naturalistic (understanding of nature, as in biology, zoology,
or farming)
26. Children with Special Needs
- children who, because of a physical or mental disability,
require extra help in order to learn
- often slowness, impulsiveness, or clumsiness is the first
problem to be noticed; other problems become apparent once formal
education begins
27. Developmental Psychopathology
- the field that uses insights into typical development to study
and treat developmental disorders and vice versa
28. Developmental Psychopathology
- four lessons from developmental psychopathology apply to
everyone:
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- disability changes year by year
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- adulthood may be better or worse
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- diagnosis depends on the social context
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- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-IV-R)
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- The American Psychiatric Associations official guide to the
diagnosis (not treatment) of mental disorders. (IV means fourth
edition, revised.)
29. Attention-Deficit Disorder
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADAH)
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- a condition in which a person not only has great difficulty
concentrating for more than a few moments but also is inattentive,
impulsive, and overactive.
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- the presence of two or more unrelated disease conditions at the
same time in the same person
30. Attention-Deficit Disorder
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- a marked delay in a particular area of leaning that is not
caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation,
or by an unusually stressful home environment
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- unusual difficulty with reading; thought to be the result of
some neurological underdevelopment
31. Attention-Deficit Disorder
- Autistic Spectrum Disorders
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- a developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to
other people normally, extreme self-absorption, and an inability to
acquire normal speech
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- autistics spectrum disorder
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- any of several disorders characterized by inadequate social
skills, usually communication, and abnormal play
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- a specific type of autistic spectrum disorder characterized by
extreme attention to details and deficient social
understanding
32. Educating Children with Special Needs
- Individual education plan (IEP)
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- a document that specifies educational goals and plans for a
child with special needs
- Least restrictive environment (LRE)
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- a legal requirement that children with special needs be
assigned to the most general educational context in which they can
be expected to learn
33. Educating Children with Special Needs
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- a room in which trained teachers help children with special
needs, using specialized curricula and equipment
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- An approach to educating children with special needs in which
they are included in regular classrooms, with appropriate aids and
services, as required by law