Chap1: Communication Process

CHAPTER 1: COMMUNICATION PERSPECTIVESBy: Miranda Emery

INTRO: WHY IS ORAL COMM. IMPORTANT?

Communication skills, team work skills, and interpersonal abilities

For example: engineering National Association of Colleges and Employers Top 10 skills from graduates: #1: COMMUNICATION (face-to-face, presentational, and writing)

#3: Teamwork #5: Analytical #8: Interpersonal #9: Problem-solving

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Participants (who)

Sender- Send/transmit

message

Receiver- Interpret message

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Message (what)- verbal, visual,

nonverbal behavior to which meaning is

attributed

Meaning- Your thoughts and interpretation of others’

messageNot

transferable

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

To get meaning, we encode and decode symbols within a

message.

Encode- Putting

thoughts/feelings into words,

nonverbal cues, and images.

Decode- Process of interpreting another’s message.

Symbol- words, sounds, and actions that represent

ideas/feelings.

Form- Organization of

message.

CONTEXT (SETTING)

Context: Setting including what precedes and follows what is said.

5 types: Physical Social Historical Psychological Cultural

CONTEXT (CONTINUED)

Physical: Location, environment (temperature, lighting, noise), distance between participants, and time of day.

Social: Nature of the relationship Historical: Background from previous communication

Psychological: Moods and feelings each participant brings to the interaction

Cultural: Values, beliefs, orientations, underlying assumptions, and rituals prevalent among people in society

CHANNELS: ROUTE AND MEANS

Face-to-face 3 basic channels

Verbal symbols Nonverbal cues Visual images

CHANNELS (CONTINUED)

Technology mediated Same 3 basic channels, though nonverbal cues become emoticons and acronyms

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Interference (noise)- Any stimulus that hinders the process of sharing meaning.

Physical - Sights, sounds,

and other things within

the environment.

Psychological -

•Internal noise

(thoughts)• Semantic

noise (symbols)

COMMUNICATION PROCESS

Feedback- Reactions and responses to a message that

indicate to the sender whether and how the message

was heard, seen, and interpreted.

Confused look, nod, or saying, “I understand.”

COMMUNICATION SETTINGS

Differ by number of participants and interaction characterization (formal/informal)

Types: Intrapersonal: In your mind (talking to yourself)

Interpersonal: Informal between 2 people Small group: 3-20 Public: Communication delivered to more than 20

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

#1: Communication has purpose 5 purposes:

Develop/maintain sense of self Meet social needs Develop/maintain relationships Exchange information Influence others

#2: Communication is continuous

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

#3: Communication messages vary in conscious thought Occur spontaneously (without much thought)

Based on a learned “script” Constructed based on understanding of a situation

#4: Communication is relational Reflect two aspects:

Immediacy: Degree of liking or attractiveness in relationship

Control: Degree one participant is perceived to be dominant/powerful

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

#5: Communication is guided by culture Culture: System of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people. Shared beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors.

The word "swastika" comes from the Sanskrit svastika - "su" meaning "good," "asti" meaning "to be," and "ka" as a suffix.Until the Nazis used this symbol, the swastika was used by many cultures throughout the past 3,000 years to represent life, sun, power, strength, and good luck.

Source: http://history1900s.about.com/cs/swastika/a/swastikahistory.htm

COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES

#6: Communication has ethical implications 5 ethical standards:

Truthfulness and honesty mean refraining from lying, cheating, stealing, and deception

Integrity means maintaining a consistency of belief and action

Fairness means achieving the right balance of interest without regard to one’s own feelings and without showing favor to any side in a conflict

Respect means showing regard or consideration for others and their ideas, even if we don’t agree with them

Responsibility means being accountable for one’s actions and what one says

#7: Communication is learned

COMMUNICATION COMPETENCE

Communication competence: The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation. Communication is effective when it achieves its goals; it is appropriate when it conforms to what is expected in a situation.

Perceptions of competence depend, in part, on personal motivation (want to), knowledge (of what is involved), and skills (goal-oriented actions).

Credibility: perception of speaker’s knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth.

Social ease: Managing so you don’t appear nervous/anxious.

COMMUNICATION APPREHENSION

“The fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.”

4 types: Traitlike: Anxious in most speaking situations

Audience-based: Only to certain people or group

Situational: Short-lived during specific encounter (e.g. job interview)

Context-based: Anxiety in a particular situation

COMMUNICATION SKILLS IMPROVEMENT

1: State the problem 2: State the goal 3: Outline a specific procedure for reaching the goal

4: Devise a method for determining when the goal is reached.

THANK YOU(TY, )