Ch5 6 antebellum age ap only

Southern Population-

1820

Southern Population-

1820

Growth of slavery

Growth of slavery

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Missouri Compromise, 1820

Characteristics of the

Antebellum South

Characteristics of the

Antebellum South

1. Primarily agrarian.

2. Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”

3. “Cotton Is King!” * 1860 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports).

4. Very slow development of industrialization.

5. Rudimentary financial system.

6. Inadequate transportation system.

Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi

Plantation

Slaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi

Plantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

Slaves Using the Cotton Gin

Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US Exports

How does this foreshadow the Civil War?

Slave Auction Notice, 1823

Slave Auction Notice, 1823

Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

Slave Auction: Charleston, SC-1856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Slave leg irons

Slave tag, SC

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave ResistanceSlave Resistance2. Refusal to work hard.

3. Isolated acts of sabotage.

4. Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages

Quilt Patterns as Secret Messages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, 1831

Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, 1831

• Nat Turner Rebellion

• lead by slave preacher Nat Turner, a group of 50-60 slaves systematically revolted and killed whites in Virginia

• Fueled fears of a slave uprising

The 2nd Great Awakening

How Religion lead to a shift in society…

The 2nd Great Awakening

How Religion lead to a shift in society…

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States. -- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832

The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion

R1-1

The Second Great Awakening“Spiritual Reform From Within”

[Religious Revivalism]

Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality

Temperance

Asylum &Penal Reform

Education

Women’s Rights

*Abolitionism*

Second Great Awakening • As a result of the Second Great Awakening (a series

of revivals starting in the 1790s-early 1800s), the dominant form of Christianity in America became evangelical Protestantism

• Membership in the major Protestant churches—Congregational, Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist—soared

• By 1840 an estimated half of the adult population was connected to some church, with the Methodists emerging as the largest denomination in both the North and the South

• Anti-Alcohol movement• American Temperance Society formed at Boston-----1826

• sign pledges, pamphlets, anti-alcohol tract10 nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There

• stressed temperance and individual will to resist

The Temperance Movement

The Temperance Movement

• During the next decade

approximately 5000 local

temperance societies were

founded

• As the movement

gained momentum,

annual per capita consumption of alcohol dropped

sharply

• During the next decade

approximately 5000 local

temperance societies were

founded

• As the movement

gained momentum,

annual per capita consumption of alcohol dropped

sharply

From the first glass to the grave, 1846From the first glass to the grave, 1846

The Drunkard’s Progress

Middle-class reformers called for tax-supported education, arguing to business

leaders that the new economic order needed educated workers

By 1860 every state offered free public education to whites. *US had one of the

highest literacy rates*

Educational Reform Educational Reform In 1800 Massachusetts

was the only state requiring free public schools supported by

community funds

Under Horace Mann’s leadership in the 1830s, Massachusetts created a state board of education and adopted a minimum-length school year.

Educational Reform

Provided for training of teachers, and expanded the curriculum to include subjects such as history and geography

“Father of American Education”

The Asylum Movement

The Asylum Movement

• Dorothea Dix, a Boston schoolteacher, took the lead in advocating state supported asylums for the mentally ill

• She attracted much attention to the movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected – being chained, kept in cages and closets,

and beaten with rods• In response to her efforts, 28 states

maintained mental institutions by 1860

• Dorothea Dix, a Boston schoolteacher, took the lead in advocating state supported asylums for the mentally ill

• She attracted much attention to the movement by her report detailing the horrors to which the mentally ill were subjected – being chained, kept in cages and closets,

and beaten with rods• In response to her efforts, 28 states

maintained mental institutions by 1860

The Asylum Movement(orphanages, jails,

hospitals)

The Asylum Movement(orphanages, jails,

hospitals)

• Asylums isolated and separated the criminal, the insane, the ill, and the dependent from outside society

• “Rehabilitation” – The goal of care in

asylums, which had focused on confinement, shifted to the reform of personal character

• Asylums isolated and separated the criminal, the insane, the ill, and the dependent from outside society

• “Rehabilitation” – The goal of care in

asylums, which had focused on confinement, shifted to the reform of personal character

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

Dorothea Dix Asylum - 1849

AbolitionismAbolitionism• William Lloyd Garrison,

publisher of the The Liberator, first appeared in 1831 and sent shock waves across the entire country – He repudiated gradual

emancipation and embraced immediate end to slavery at once

– He advocated racial equality and argued that slaveholders should not be compensated for freeing slaves.

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831

AbolitionismAbolitionism• Free blacks, such as Frederick

Douglass, who had escaped from slavery in Maryland, also joined the abolitionist movement

• To abolitionists, slavery was a moral, not an economic question

• But most of all, abolitionists denounced slavery as contrary to Christian teaching

• 1845 --> The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass

• 1847 --> “The North Star”

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

1850 --> The Narrative of Sojourner Truth a former slave who lived in Florence, MA in the mid-1800′s, was a nationally known advocate for equality and justice.

R2-10

Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)Harriet Tubman(1820-1913)

• Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.

• $40,000 bounty on her head.

• Served as a Union spy during the Civil War.

“Moses”

“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape

“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves

“Tracks” ==== routes

“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

Antebellum Women- early 1800s

Antebellum Women- early 1800s1.Unable to vote.

2.Legal status of a minor.3.Single --> could own her own

property.4.Married --> no control over

herproperty or her children.

5.Could not initiate divorce.6.Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

1.Unable to vote.2.Legal status of a minor.3.Single --> could own her own

property.4.Married --> no control over

herproperty or her children.

5.Could not initiate divorce.6.Couldn’t make wills, sign a

contract, or bring suit in court without her husband’s permission.

“Separate Spheres” Concept

“Separate Spheres” Concept

Republican Motherhood evolved into the “Cult of

Domesticity”

Republican Motherhood evolved into the “Cult of

Domesticity”• A woman’s “sphere” was in the home (it was a refuge from the cruel world outside).

• Her role was to “civilize” her husband and family.• An 1830s MA minister:

The power of woman is her dependence. A woman who gives up that dependence on

man to become a reformer yields the power God has given her for her protection, and

her character becomes unnatural!

Cult of Domesticity = Slavery

The 2nd Great Awakening inspired women to improve society.

Angelina Grimké Sarah Grimké

Southern Abolitionists who also fought for women’s rights

Lucy Stone American Women’s

Suffrage Assoc. edited Woman’s Journal

R2-9

When abolitionists divided over the issue of female participation, women found it easy to identify with the situation of the

slaves 1848: Feminist reform led to Seneca Falls

ConventionSignificance: launched modern women’s

rights movementEstablished the arguments and the

program for the women’s rights movement for the remainder of the

century

When abolitionists divided over the issue of female participation, women found it easy to identify with the situation of the

slaves 1848: Feminist reform led to Seneca Falls

ConventionSignificance: launched modern women’s

rights movementEstablished the arguments and the

program for the women’s rights movement for the remainder of the

century

Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

What It Would Be Like If Ladies Had Their Own

Way!

R2-8

Women’s Rights

Lucretia Mott Elizabeth Cady Stanton

1848 --> Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments

The first Woman’s rights movement was in Seneca Falls,

New York in 1849……•Educational and professional opportunities•Property rights•Legal equality• repeal of laws awarding the father custody of

the children in divorce.•Suffrage rights

The first Woman’s rights movement was in Seneca Falls,

New York in 1849……•Educational and professional opportunities•Property rights•Legal equality• repeal of laws awarding the father custody of

the children in divorce.•Suffrage rights

Picture/Anthony & Stanton

1830’s to 1900’s• Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Susan B. Anthony• Women’s rights reformers• citizenship• right to vote• education

• Supported the abolition of slavery

Possible DBQ/FR:

“Reform movements in the United States sought to expand democratic ideals.”

Assess (evaluate, judge or appraise) the validity (strength or soundness) of this statement with specific reference to the

years 1825 to 1850.