Ch. 8; Politics, Immigration, and Urban Life: 1870-1915.

Ch. 8; Politics, Ch. 8; Politics, Immigration, and Immigration, and Urban Life: 1870-Urban Life: 1870-

19151915

Section 1: Politics in the Section 1: Politics in the Gilded AgeGilded Age

This era of politics is referred to as the “Gilded This era of politics is referred to as the “Gilded Age”.Age”.

Coined by Mark Twain, the term states that the era Coined by Mark Twain, the term states that the era was “covered with a thin layer of gold,” suggesting was “covered with a thin layer of gold,” suggesting that a thin, glittering layer of prosperity covered that a thin, glittering layer of prosperity covered the poverty and corruption of greater society.the poverty and corruption of greater society.

Laissez-faire policiesLaissez-faire policies

During Late 1800s, businesses operated During Late 1800s, businesses operated largely without government regulation.largely without government regulation.

Laissez-faire: means “allow to be” in Laissez-faire: means “allow to be” in French.French.

Most Americans believed in laissez-faire Most Americans believed in laissez-faire as a theory, but businesses became as a theory, but businesses became increasingly reliant on government increasingly reliant on government benefits such as tariffs and subsidies.benefits such as tariffs and subsidies.

Credit Mobilier ScandalCredit Mobilier Scandal

The Federal Government’s financial support of the The Federal Government’s financial support of the transcontinental railroad brought corruption.transcontinental railroad brought corruption.

Credit Mobilier charged the government far Credit Mobilier charged the government far beyond the value of work being done.beyond the value of work being done.

It was later discovered that Credit Mobilier bribed It was later discovered that Credit Mobilier bribed congressmen by offering them cheap stock shares.congressmen by offering them cheap stock shares.

Opposing Political Opposing Political PartiesParties

Republicans during this era were Republicans during this era were mostly wealthier, northeastern mostly wealthier, northeastern industrialists, bankers and industrialists, bankers and eastern farmers.eastern farmers. Supported gold standard, tight Supported gold standard, tight

money supply, limited immigration, money supply, limited immigration, high tariffs.high tariffs.

Democrats were mostly those Democrats were mostly those less privileged: urban less privileged: urban immigrants, western farmers, immigrants, western farmers, and laborers. and laborers. Supported increased money supply Supported increased money supply

backed by silver, lower tariffs, less backed by silver, lower tariffs, less government aid to big business.government aid to big business.

Spoils SystemSpoils System

During this era, elected officials could During this era, elected officials could appoint friends and supporters, appoint friends and supporters, regardless of their qualifications.regardless of their qualifications.

This caused a system of bribery, This caused a system of bribery, dishonesty, and a government full of dishonesty, and a government full of unqualified politicians. unqualified politicians.

Dishonest appointees often used their Dishonest appointees often used their jobs for personal profit by favoring jobs for personal profit by favoring their own business ventures with their own business ventures with financing or legislation.financing or legislation.

Hayes fights spoils Hayes fights spoils systemsystem

Rutherford B. Hayes, elected Rutherford B. Hayes, elected president in 1877, tried to president in 1877, tried to clean up the spoils system.clean up the spoils system.

Appointed qualified Appointed qualified independents to Cabinet independents to Cabinet posts and fired old, posts and fired old, unneeded employees. unneeded employees.

This “house cleaning” of This “house cleaning” of government made Hayes government made Hayes unpopular even among his unpopular even among his own party, the Republicans.own party, the Republicans.

Garfield’s assassinationGarfield’s assassination James A. Garfield was elected president in 1880.James A. Garfield was elected president in 1880. In 1881 he was assassinated by a lawyer named In 1881 he was assassinated by a lawyer named

Charles Guiteau.Charles Guiteau. It was discovered that Guiteau had expected a It was discovered that Guiteau had expected a

job from Garfield, but didn’t receive one.job from Garfield, but didn’t receive one.

Pendleton Civil Service Pendleton Civil Service ActAct

Vice President, Chester Arthur, Vice President, Chester Arthur, became president after Garfield’s became president after Garfield’s death and immediately worked to death and immediately worked to reform the spoils system.reform the spoils system.

Arthur passed Pendleton Civil Service Arthur passed Pendleton Civil Service Act in 1883.Act in 1883.

Act created Civil Service Commission Act created Civil Service Commission that classified government jobs and that classified government jobs and tested applicants’ fitness for them.tested applicants’ fitness for them.

Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland

Grover Cleveland, Grover Cleveland, a democrat from a democrat from New York, won the New York, won the 1884 election.1884 election.

He became the He became the first Democratic first Democratic president since president since 1856.1856.

Regulating Railroads: Regulating Railroads: Munn v. IllinoisMunn v. Illinois

Complaints against railroads: Complaints against railroads: Overcharging customersOvercharging customers Offering rebates or refunds to favored customersOffering rebates or refunds to favored customers Not publicizing ratesNot publicizing rates

In 1877, in Munn v. Illinois, the Supreme Court allowed states to In 1877, in Munn v. Illinois, the Supreme Court allowed states to regulate certain businesses, including railroads, within their borders. regulate certain businesses, including railroads, within their borders.

The act did not allow regulation for traffic that crossed state The act did not allow regulation for traffic that crossed state boundaries.boundaries.

Interstate Commerce ActInterstate Commerce Act Regulated railroad traffic Regulated railroad traffic

that traveled across state that traveled across state borders.borders.

Required …Required … That rates be set in That rates be set in

proportion to the proportion to the distance traveled.distance traveled.

That rates be made That rates be made publicpublic

Outlawed railroad Outlawed railroad companies from giving companies from giving special rates to special rates to powerful customers.powerful customers.

1888 Election1888 Election

Cleveland ran against Republican Benjamin Harrison.Cleveland ran against Republican Benjamin Harrison. Primary issue revolved around tariffs.Primary issue revolved around tariffs.

Cleveland proposed a slight reduction in tariffs.Cleveland proposed a slight reduction in tariffs. Harrison wanted an increase in tariffs.Harrison wanted an increase in tariffs.

Harrison’s position won him the support of big business and the presidency. Harrison’s position won him the support of big business and the presidency.

Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison

Harrison, thought to be a fiscal conservative, Harrison, thought to be a fiscal conservative, ended up spending public money extensively, ended up spending public money extensively, angering many and Grover Cleveland took back angering many and Grover Cleveland took back the presidency in 1892.the presidency in 1892.

Cleveland’s Second TermCleveland’s Second Term Grover Cleveland’s second term was tainted by a Grover Cleveland’s second term was tainted by a

financial panic and depression beginning in 1893.financial panic and depression beginning in 1893. People came to believe that the federal People came to believe that the federal

government should do more for struggling government should do more for struggling citizens.citizens.

Angered farmers and unions by Angered farmers and unions by Repealing the Sherman Silver Purchase ActRepealing the Sherman Silver Purchase Act Sending federal troops to break up the Pullman Strike. Sending federal troops to break up the Pullman Strike.

1896 Election1896 Election Cleveland was not nominated by the democrats for Cleveland was not nominated by the democrats for

another term.another term. Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan, a Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan, a

populist and champion of the lower, working-class. populist and champion of the lower, working-class. Bryan lost to Republican William McKinleyBryan lost to Republican William McKinley McKinley was shot in Buffalo, NY by a mentally ill McKinley was shot in Buffalo, NY by a mentally ill

anarchist in 1901, dying within days.anarchist in 1901, dying within days.

Section 2: ImmigrationSection 2: Immigration In 1865 the population of the US was 31.5 million.In 1865 the population of the US was 31.5 million. Between 1865 and 1920, close to 30 million people Between 1865 and 1920, close to 30 million people

entered the country, doubling the population.entered the country, doubling the population. Immigrants came for various “push” factors including Immigrants came for various “push” factors including

crop failures, shortages of land and jobs, rising taxes, crop failures, shortages of land and jobs, rising taxes, and famine.and famine.

The US was viewed as an opportunity for a better life.The US was viewed as an opportunity for a better life.

Crossing the OceanCrossing the Ocean In the late 1800s, steam-In the late 1800s, steam-

powered ships could cross the powered ships could cross the Atlantic in two to three weeks. Atlantic in two to three weeks. By 1900, the crossing took just By 1900, the crossing took just one week.one week.

Most immigrants traveled in Most immigrants traveled in steerage, the large open area steerage, the large open area beneath the ship’s deck. beneath the ship’s deck. Tickets were cheaper but Tickets were cheaper but steerage offered limited toilet steerage offered limited toilet facilities, no privacy, and poor facilities, no privacy, and poor food.food.

Traveling across the Pacific Traveling across the Pacific took much longer.took much longer.

Arriving- who came?Arriving- who came? About one third of immigrants were “birds of passage”. Usually young, About one third of immigrants were “birds of passage”. Usually young,

single men, they worked for several years and then returned home.single men, they worked for several years and then returned home. It is estimated that 10 million immigrants arrived between 1865 and It is estimated that 10 million immigrants arrived between 1865 and

1890. Most coming from Northwestern and Central Europe.1890. Most coming from Northwestern and Central Europe. 2.8 million from Germany2.8 million from Germany 1.8 million from Great Britain (England)1.8 million from Great Britain (England) 1.4 million from Ireland 1.4 million from Ireland

Who came?Who came? The immigrant population The immigrant population

shifted after 1890, more shifted after 1890, more immigrants came from southern immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe and the and eastern Europe and the Middle East. (see graph pg. 299)Middle East. (see graph pg. 299) 10 million Italians, Greeks, 10 million Italians, Greeks,

Slavs, Jews, and Armenians.Slavs, Jews, and Armenians. 3.8 million came from Italy.3.8 million came from Italy. 3 million from Russia, 3 million from Russia,

primarily Jews.primarily Jews. Asians often entered through Asians often entered through

San Francisco.San Francisco. 70% of all immigrants entered 70% of all immigrants entered

through New York City, called through New York City, called the “Golden Door”. the “Golden Door”.

Physical ExamsPhysical Exams In 1892, the government required all new immigrants to undergo In 1892, the government required all new immigrants to undergo

a physical examination.a physical examination. Those found to have a contagious disease such as TB faced Those found to have a contagious disease such as TB faced

quarantine, isolation to prevent disease spread, or even quarantine, isolation to prevent disease spread, or even deportation. deportation.

Serious disease or the eye disease, trachoma, was an automatic Serious disease or the eye disease, trachoma, was an automatic deportation. deportation.

SettlingSettling Immigrants often settled in communities formed by previous settlers Immigrants often settled in communities formed by previous settlers

from their homelands. (thus Little Italy, Chinatown, etc.)from their homelands. (thus Little Italy, Chinatown, etc.) Many stayed in NYC and Boston, some went inland to Detroit, Cleveland, or Chicago, a Many stayed in NYC and Boston, some went inland to Detroit, Cleveland, or Chicago, a

growing port to the west. growing port to the west. Only 2% moved south.Only 2% moved south.

Eager for work, newcomers were often taken advantage of by employers.Eager for work, newcomers were often taken advantage of by employers. Women made less: female seamstresses did the same job as men, working 14 hours Women made less: female seamstresses did the same job as men, working 14 hours

a day, 6 days a week, but earned only half as much as men.a day, 6 days a week, but earned only half as much as men.

GhettosGhettos A ghetto is a neighborhood dominated by one ethnic or A ghetto is a neighborhood dominated by one ethnic or

racial group.racial group. Often sprang up naturally from people of common Often sprang up naturally from people of common

heritage wanting to live near one another.heritage wanting to live near one another. Often impoverished and had poor living conditions.Often impoverished and had poor living conditions. Restrictive Covenants- agreements among homeowners Restrictive Covenants- agreements among homeowners

not to sell real estate to certain groups of people.not to sell real estate to certain groups of people.

Chinese ImmigrationChinese Immigration A quarter of a million A quarter of a million

Chinese were recruited to Chinese were recruited to help build the help build the transcontinental railroad.transcontinental railroad.

As these Chinese settled As these Chinese settled down, they were heavily down, they were heavily discriminated against.discriminated against.

Accepted low wages, Accepted low wages, affecting the rates of pay of affecting the rates of pay of all workers. Unions thought all workers. Unions thought that increased numbers of that increased numbers of Chinese in California would Chinese in California would lower working wages.lower working wages.

Others claimed Asians were Others claimed Asians were un-American, physically and un-American, physically and mentally inferior to white mentally inferior to white Americans.Americans.

Chinese Exclusion ActChinese Exclusion Act In response to union demands and In response to union demands and

national pressure, Congress passed the national pressure, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882.

The act prohibited Chinese laborers from The act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country.entering the country.

Japanese ImmigrationJapanese Immigration Many Japanese settled in the Los Many Japanese settled in the Los

Angeles area.Angeles area. Often involved in private Often involved in private

businesses, Japanese were not as businesses, Japanese were not as discriminated as Chinese, but still discriminated as Chinese, but still dealt with racism and prejudice.dealt with racism and prejudice.

San Francisco’s school board San Francisco’s school board ruled that all Asian students ruled that all Asian students should attend separate schools in should attend separate schools in 1906.1906.

This upset the Japanese This upset the Japanese government so US President government so US President Teddy Roosevelt proposed a Teddy Roosevelt proposed a Gentlemen’s Agreement, an Gentlemen’s Agreement, an informal, unofficial agreement, informal, unofficial agreement, under which San Francisco ended under which San Francisco ended its school policy if Japan would its school policy if Japan would stop issuing passports to laborers.stop issuing passports to laborers.

Mexican ImmigrationMexican Immigration Increased irrigation of Increased irrigation of

southwestern lands southwestern lands created more farming created more farming opportunities in opportunities in southwestern US.southwestern US.

Employers hired Employers hired Mexican laborers who Mexican laborers who also took difficult jobs also took difficult jobs for low wages. for low wages.

The 1910 Mexican The 1910 Mexican Revolution and Civil War Revolution and Civil War also acted as a push also acted as a push factor for immigration.factor for immigration.

Mexican Immigration Mexican Immigration TodayToday

Mexican Immigration is a Mexican Immigration is a pertinent current issue. pertinent current issue.

There are between 10-20 There are between 10-20 million undocumented million undocumented immigrants in America immigrants in America today, a majority of today, a majority of which are Mexicans.which are Mexicans.

Recent Mexican Recent Mexican immigrants, just as in the immigrants, just as in the past, tend to do difficult past, tend to do difficult jobs for little pay.jobs for little pay.

Mexican Immigration Mexican Immigration TodayToday Border control is a major current topic of legislation.Border control is a major current topic of legislation.

A series of walls are currently being built between the A series of walls are currently being built between the US and Mexico to keep new immigrants out.US and Mexico to keep new immigrants out.

A recent, extremely controversial law passed in Arizona A recent, extremely controversial law passed in Arizona adds very strict measurements and requirements on all adds very strict measurements and requirements on all aliens, which critics believe encourages racial profiling.aliens, which critics believe encourages racial profiling.

Section 3: City Section 3: City ChallengesChallenges

Immigration led to a population Immigration led to a population explosion in US cities, bringing many explosion in US cities, bringing many challenges.challenges.

Expanding CitiesExpanding Cities Of the millions of immigrants, almost all settled Of the millions of immigrants, almost all settled

in cities. in cities. Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans Between 1880 and 1920, 11 million Americans

moved from farms to cities.moved from farms to cities. Many African Americans also migrated from the Many African Americans also migrated from the

South to cities, both nearby and in the north.South to cities, both nearby and in the north.

Rural to Urban Migration Rural to Urban Migration in USin US

City GrowthCity Growth New Creations: skyscrapers, subways, smog, slums, etc.New Creations: skyscrapers, subways, smog, slums, etc. Early cities were small in size and people commuted by Early cities were small in size and people commuted by

walking.walking. With the introduction of horse-drawn carriages, and With the introduction of horse-drawn carriages, and

then later elevated trains, wealthier people could live then later elevated trains, wealthier people could live out of town and commute in, giving birth to the suburbs.out of town and commute in, giving birth to the suburbs.

Subways & SkyscrapersSubways & Skyscrapers

Subway trains first Subway trains first appeared in Boston in appeared in Boston in 1897.1897.

Cable cars were Cable cars were introduced in San introduced in San Francisco in 1873, Francisco in 1873, allowing transportation allowing transportation in steep hills.in steep hills.

The Bessemer Process The Bessemer Process and the invention of the and the invention of the elevator opened the elevator opened the door for high rising door for high rising “skyscrapers”.“skyscrapers”.

Conditions in the SlumsConditions in the Slums

To meet a growing population, landlords built To meet a growing population, landlords built tenements, low-cost apartment buildings designed to tenements, low-cost apartment buildings designed to pack as many people into them as possible. pack as many people into them as possible.

Hundreds of people would fill a neighborhood/area Hundreds of people would fill a neighborhood/area designed for only a few families.designed for only a few families.

ConcernsConcerns OverpopulationOverpopulation Open sewer systemsOpen sewer systems Poor hygiene raised serious concerns about the Poor hygiene raised serious concerns about the

spread of disease.spread of disease. With the closeness of the tenements, fires were a With the closeness of the tenements, fires were a

constant danger.constant danger.

The Great Chicago FireThe Great Chicago Fire

The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 burned 18,000 buildings and left 100,000 homeless. Property damage was 200 million, 2 billion today.

Dumbbell TenementsDumbbell Tenements In 1879, new legislation required an outside window In 1879, new legislation required an outside window

for every room, encouraging ventilation and lighting.for every room, encouraging ventilation and lighting. Architects responded by designing dumbbell Architects responded by designing dumbbell

tenements, named for their shape.tenements, named for their shape. Met the legislations criteria but interior windows Met the legislations criteria but interior windows

faced small, dirty “courtyards” between houses.faced small, dirty “courtyards” between houses.

Dumbbell TenementsDumbbell Tenements

ConditionsConditions

Scientists linked diseases like cholera and typhoid to Scientists linked diseases like cholera and typhoid to contaminated drinking water.contaminated drinking water.

Fearing water-caused epidemics, Boston, Cincinnati, Fearing water-caused epidemics, Boston, Cincinnati, and New York built reservoirs to collect clean water and New York built reservoirs to collect clean water far from the city and be filtered before use.far from the city and be filtered before use.

How the Other Half LivesHow the Other Half Lives Jacob Riis wrote a book exposing the nation Jacob Riis wrote a book exposing the nation

to the impoverished difficulties of tenement to the impoverished difficulties of tenement life.life.

““Today three-fourths of (New York’s) people live in tenements… Nothing Today three-fourths of (New York’s) people live in tenements… Nothing is left but to make the best of a bad bargain.” –Jacob Riisis left but to make the best of a bad bargain.” –Jacob Riis

Political DivisionsPolitical Divisions Due to the rapid change, growth, and diversity of big Due to the rapid change, growth, and diversity of big

cities like NYC, there was constant political tension and cities like NYC, there was constant political tension and governing issues.governing issues.

Competition for political power in cities was fierce. Competition for political power in cities was fierce. Opposing groups included…Opposing groups included… Middle and upper class nativesMiddle and upper class natives New immigrantsNew immigrants Migrants from the countrysideMigrants from the countryside Different ethnicities within the recent immigrantsDifferent ethnicities within the recent immigrants

Political BossesPolitical Bosses Out of the confusion and Out of the confusion and

clashing interests rose clashing interests rose unofficial political unofficial political organizations known as organizations known as political machines, run by a political machines, run by a single, powerful “boss.”single, powerful “boss.”

Sometimes bosses ran for Sometimes bosses ran for office, but often would office, but often would handpick others to run for handpick others to run for them, and then help that them, and then help that leader win.leader win.

Bosses and political Bosses and political machines often operated machines often operated with corruption, exchanging with corruption, exchanging favors and only looking out favors and only looking out for their own interests and for their own interests and the interests of their the interests of their constituents.constituents.

““Boss” TweedBoss” Tweed William Marcy Tweed was William Marcy Tweed was

the most notorious of such the most notorious of such bosses.bosses.

Powerful and influential, Powerful and influential, Tweed controlled Tweed controlled Tammany Hall, the club Tammany Hall, the club that ran NYC’s Democratic that ran NYC’s Democratic Party.Party.

With access to the city With access to the city treasury, Tweed and his treasury, Tweed and his friends fraudulently friends fraudulently padded money to padded money to themselves through themselves through construction projects and construction projects and fake expenses.fake expenses.

Thomas NastThomas Nast

Thomas Nast, a German Thomas Nast, a German immigrant, helped bring immigrant, helped bring Tweed down by exposing Tweed down by exposing his methods to the public.his methods to the public.

Nast’s cartoons depicted Nast’s cartoons depicted Tweed as a thief and a Tweed as a thief and a manipulative dictator. manipulative dictator.

Tweed eventually died in Tweed eventually died in jail after being convicted jail after being convicted in 1873. in 1873.

Section 4: Ideas for Section 4: Ideas for ReformReform

The challenges and problems caused by The challenges and problems caused by the rapid growth and change of cities the rapid growth and change of cities prompted many different movements prompted many different movements aimed at reforming society. aimed at reforming society.

Helping the NeedyHelping the Needy The expanding gap between rich and The expanding gap between rich and

poor prompted new charities and a poor prompted new charities and a shifting philosophy toward social shifting philosophy toward social responsibility and philanthropy. responsibility and philanthropy.

The Charity Organization The Charity Organization MovementMovement

In 1882, the New York Charity In 1882, the New York Charity Organization Society (COS) was Organization Society (COS) was founded.founded.

Tried to make charity a scientific Tried to make charity a scientific practice by keeping detailed records practice by keeping detailed records of those who received help. of those who received help.

Detailed files allowed the COS to Detailed files allowed the COS to decide who was worthy of help, and decide who was worthy of help, and who was not. This notion at times led who was not. This notion at times led to unkind treatment of the needy.to unkind treatment of the needy.

The Social GospelThe Social Gospel

Attempted to apply Jesus’ teachings Attempted to apply Jesus’ teachings directly to society’s social issues.directly to society’s social issues.

Focused on gospel ideals such as Focused on gospel ideals such as charity and justice.charity and justice.

Rather than blaming immigrants for Rather than blaming immigrants for drinking, gambling, etc., the social drinking, gambling, etc., the social gospel movement sought to fix the gospel movement sought to fix the impoverished environments that led impoverished environments that led people into such lifestyles. people into such lifestyles.

In His StepsIn His Steps by Charles M. Sheldonby Charles M. Sheldon

Foundational to the Social Gospel Movement.Foundational to the Social Gospel Movement. ““What would Jesus Do?”What would Jesus Do?” 3939thth best selling book of all times. best selling book of all times.

In His StepsIn His Steps

What would Jesus Do?What would Jesus Do?

A radical question…A radical question… The modern “WWJD” bracelet turned The modern “WWJD” bracelet turned

the idea into a commercialized the idea into a commercialized cliché, but the question is cliché, but the question is fundamentally radical, as fundamentally radical, as demonstrated in the book…demonstrated in the book… Give up all earthly possessions to those Give up all earthly possessions to those

in need?in need? Sacrifice one’s own needs or desires for Sacrifice one’s own needs or desires for

the needs and desires of others?the needs and desires of others? Love and forgive your enemies, do good Love and forgive your enemies, do good

to those who persecute you? to those who persecute you?

TodayToday

The Settlement The Settlement MovementMovement

Young, educated members of the social Young, educated members of the social gospel movement decided to settle into gospel movement decided to settle into houses within poor neighborhoods.houses within poor neighborhoods.

Designed to act as community centers and Designed to act as community centers and offer social services to the poor.offer social services to the poor.

Hull HouseHull House In 1889, Jane Addams In 1889, Jane Addams

bought the run-down Charles bought the run-down Charles Hull mansion in Chicago.Hull mansion in Chicago.

Repaired and turned into Repaired and turned into settlement house.settlement house.

Opened their doors to Opened their doors to neighbors, many of which neighbors, many of which were immigrants. were immigrants.

Offered…Offered… ClassesClasses Child-careChild-care Playgrounds & clubsPlaygrounds & clubs Summer camps for boys and girlsSummer camps for boys and girls Offices to help people find jobsOffices to help people find jobs Health-care clinics.Health-care clinics.

Settlement HomesSettlement Homes By 1910 there were more than 400 By 1910 there were more than 400

settlement houses in the US.settlement houses in the US. Most were supported by donations Most were supported by donations

and run by volunteers.and run by volunteers.

SociologySociology

The discussion of human problems and The discussion of human problems and interactions created a new field of study: interactions created a new field of study: sociology. sociology.

Sociology: the study of how people Sociology: the study of how people interact with one another in a society.interact with one another in a society.

Sociologists study societies through data Sociologists study societies through data and measurement, like biologists to and measurement, like biologists to biology. biology.

NativismNativism

Anti-immigrant, anti-foreign bias became known Anti-immigrant, anti-foreign bias became known as nativism, the favoring of native-born Americans.as nativism, the favoring of native-born Americans.

The American Protective Association, a nativist The American Protective Association, a nativist group founded in 1887, targeted all immigrants group founded in 1887, targeted all immigrants alike, as well as Catholics. alike, as well as Catholics.

ProhibitionProhibition The late 1800s saw a revival of the temperance The late 1800s saw a revival of the temperance

movement, an organized campaign to eliminate movement, an organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption.alcohol consumption.

Groups opposed drinking on the grounds that it Groups opposed drinking on the grounds that it led to personal tragedies and society’s moral led to personal tragedies and society’s moral decay.decay.

Groups supported prohibition, a ban on the Groups supported prohibition, a ban on the manufacture and sale of all alcoholic beverages.manufacture and sale of all alcoholic beverages.

ProhibitionProhibition

Prohibitionists did not Prohibitionists did not experience much early experience much early success. By 1890, only success. By 1890, only three states had gone three states had gone completely “dry,” Maine, completely “dry,” Maine, Kansas, and North Dakota.Kansas, and North Dakota.

The movement gained The movement gained momentum over time, momentum over time, however, and became however, and became more prominent in the more prominent in the early 1900s. early 1900s.

Purity CrusadersPurity Crusaders As cities grew, so did illegal and As cities grew, so did illegal and

immoral activity such as drugs, immoral activity such as drugs, gambling, and prostitution. gambling, and prostitution.

““Purity crusaders” tried to rid Purity crusaders” tried to rid forms of vice (immoral or corrupt forms of vice (immoral or corrupt behavior) from their behavior) from their communities.communities.

In 1873, Anthony Comstock In 1873, Anthony Comstock founded the New York Society founded the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice, for the Suppression of Vice, which won passage of a law that which won passage of a law that forbid the sending of obscene forbid the sending of obscene materials through US mail.materials through US mail.